Tsetse fly
The tsetse fly was an insect native to Africa on Earth.
In Data's Sherlock Holmes holoprogram, Countess Regina Barthalomew's mother took to her bed for fear that her daughter would be bitten by a tsetse fly while on a safari with her uncle. (TNG: "Ship In A Bottle")
According to the Star Trek Encyclopedia, 3rd ed., p. 527, the tsetse fly transmitted the African sleeping sickness.