en.wikipedia.org

Atelopus - Wikipedia

  • ️Thu Apr 08 2021

Atelopus is a large genus of Bufonidae, commonly known as harlequin frogs or toads, from Central and South America, ranging as far north as Costa Rica and as far south as Bolivia. Atelopus species are small, generally brightly colored, and diurnal. Most species are associated with mid-to-high elevation streams.

Almost 40% of the described species in the genus are considered possibly extinct; this is raised to 45% when data deficient species are added; this number may be even higher, given that the genus contains many undescribed species that could also be extinct, and many of the species considered critically endangered but extant may have gone extinct after the last surveys that detected them, or could go extinct in the future.[4] For example, there are 32 known Atelopus species (including half a dozen undescribed) in Ecuador. One of these is data deficient (its status is unclear), two are endangered and the remaining are critically endangered.[5] Almost half the Ecuador species have not been recorded in a decade or more and are likely extinct. In some species conservationists have established captive colonies as a safeguard.[5] However, of 80 species that had not been seen since the 1950s, 32 have been sighted in the 21st Century, albeit at dangerously low population numbers.[1] Among the Atelopus species that have been rediscovered decades after their last sighting have been A. arsyescue, A. mindoensis, A. bomolochos, A. ignescens, A. balios, A. longirostris, A. subornatus, A. varius, A. carbonerensis and possibly A. guanujo. The mechanism whereby these species survived extinction remains to be discovered.[1][6]

New Atelopus species are discovered with some regularity, and many new species have been described in the last decade. Among others, a new subspecies, popularly dubbed the purple fluorescent frog, was discovered in 2007 by scientists Paul Ouboter and Jan Mol during a follow-up survey of the Nassau plateau in Suriname.[7] Leeanne Alonso from Conservation International, the organisation that led the expedition, said this frog may be threatened by illegal gold mining.[8] It was described as a new subspecies of Atelopus hoogmoedi (itself considered a subspecies of A. spumarius by some), named A. h. nassaui in 2012.[9] Two new species were also described in 2020: A. manauensis and A. moropukaqumir, both of which are highly threatened by the chytrid fungus and habitat destruction.[10][11] Another new species, A. frontizero, was described in 2021.[12]

Image Common name Binomial name Conservation status Andes stubfoot toad Atelopus andinus Rivero, 1968 EN IUCN Angelito stubfoot toad Atelopus angelito Ardila-Robayo and Ruiz-Carranza, 1998 CR IUCN (possibly extinct) Ardila's stubfoot toad Atelopus ardila Coloma, Duellman, Almendariz, Ron, Teran-Valdez, and Guayasamin, 2010 CR IUCN (possibly extinct) Starry night harlequin toad Atelopus arsyecue Rueda-Almonacid, 1994 CR IUCN Arthur's stubfoot toad Atelopus arthuri Peters, 1973 CR IUCN Rio Pescado stubfoot toad Atelopus balios Peters, 1973 CR IUCN Purple harlequin toad Atelopus barbotini Lescure, 1981 LC IUCN Azuay stubfoot toad Atelopus bomolochos Peters, 1973 CR IUCN Boulenger's stubfoot toad Atelopus boulengeri Peracca, 1904 CR IUCN Atelopus calima Velásquez Trujillo, Castro Herrera, Lötters & Plewnia, 2024 Rio Carauta stubfoot toad Atelopus carauta Ruiz-Carranza & Hernández-Camacho, 1978 DD IUCN Venezuelan yellow frog or La Carbonera stubfoot toad Atelopus carbonerensis Rivero, 1974 CR IUCN Guajira stubfoot toad Atelopus carrikeri Ruthven, 1916 EN IUCN Darien stubfoot toad or Toad Mountain harlequin frog Atelopus certus Barbour, 1923 CR IUCN Chiriqui harlequin frog †Atelopus chiriquiensis Shreve, 1936 EX IUCN Atelopus chirripoensis Savage and Bolaños, 2009 DD IUCN Chocó stubfoot toad Atelopus chocoensis Lötters, 1992 CR IUCN (possibly extinct) Atelopus chrysocorallus La Marca, 1996 CR IUCN Atelopus colomai Plewnia, Terán-Valdez, Culebras, Boistel, Paluh, Quezada Riera, Heine, Reyes-Puig, Salazar-Valenzuela, Guayasamin & Lötters, 2024 Rio Faisanes stubfoot toad Atelopus coynei Miyata, 1980 CR IUCN Veragua stubfoot toad Atelopus cruciger (Lichtenstein & Martens, 1856) CR IUCN Atelopus dimorphus Lötters, 2003 DD IUCN Huila stubfoot toad Atelopus ebenoides Rivero, 1963 (possibly extinct) CR IUCN (possibly extinct) Elegant stubfoot toad Atelopus elegans (Boulenger, 1882) EN IUCN Peruvian harlequin frog Atelopus epikeisthos Lötters, Schulte & Duellman, 2005 EN IUCN Carabaya stubfoot toad Atelopus erythropus Boulenger, 1903 CR IUCN (possibly extinct) Malvasa stubfoot toad Atelopus eusebianus Rivero & Granados-Díaz, 1993 CR IUCN (possibly extinct) Atelopus eusebiodiazi Venegas, Catenazzi, Siu-Ting & Carrillo, 2008 CR IUCN (possibly extinct) Mazán jambato frog Atelopus exiguus Boettger, 1892 EN IUCN Atelopus famelicus Rivero & Morales, 1995 CR IUCN Forest stubfoot toad Atelopus farci Lynch, 1993 CR IUCN (possibly extinct) Cayenne stubfoot toad Atelopus flavescens Duméril & Bibron, 1841 VU IUCN Central Coast stubfoot toad Atelopus franciscus Lescure, 1974 LC IUCN Border harlequin frog Atelopus frontizero Veselý & Batista, 2021 Antado stubfoot toad Atelopus galactogaster Rivero & Serna, 1993 DD IUCN Giant stubfoot toad Atelopus gigas Coloma, Duellman, Almendáriz, Ron, Terán-Valdez, and Guayasamin, 2010 CR IUCN (possibly extinct) Pirri Range harlequin frog Atelopus glyphus Dunn, 1931 CR IUCN Guanujo stubfoot toad Atelopus guanujo Coloma, 2002 CR IUCN (possibly extinct) La Guitarra stubfoot toad Atelopus guitarraensis Osorno-Muñoz, Ardila-Robayo & Ruiz-Carranza, 2001 DD IUCN Morona-Santiago stubfoot toad Atelopus halihelos Peters, 1973 CR IUCN (possibly extinct) Atelopus harlequin Coloma, Plewnia, Böning, Boistel, Ellwein, Lötters, Paluh, Roca-Rey Ross & Venegas, 2025 Atelopus histrionicus Lötters, Plewnia, Böning, Boistel, Chaparro, Coloma, Ellwein, Orsen, Paluh & Venegas, 2025 Hoogmoed harlequin toad Atelopus hoogmoedi Lescure, 1974 Quito stubfoot toad Atelopus ignescens (Cornalia, 1849) CR IUCN San Lorenzo stubfoot toad Atelopus laetissimus Ruiz-Carranza, Ardila-Robayo & Hernández-Camacho, 1994 EN IUCN Limosa harlequin frog Atelopus limosus Ibáñez, Jaramillo & Solís, 1995 CR IUCN Atelopus loettersi De la Riva, Castroviejo-Fisher, Chaparro, Boistel, and Padial, 2011 NT IUCN El Tambo stubfoot toad Atelopus longibrachius Rivero, 1963 EN IUCN Longnose stubfoot toad Atelopus longirostris Cope, 1868 CR IUCN Atelopus lozanoi Osorno-Muñoz, Ardila-Robayo & Ruiz-Carranza, 2001 (endangered) EN IUCN Lynch's stubfoot toad Atelopus lynchi Cannatella, 1981 CR IUCN (possibly extinct) Manaus harlequin frog Atelopus manauensis Jorge, Ferrão & Lima, 2020 Atelopus mandingues Osorno-Muñoz, Ardila-Robayo & Ruiz-Carranza, 2001 DD IUCN Atelopus marinkellei Cochran and Goin, 1970 EN IUCN Mindo stubfoot toad Atelopus mindoensis Peters, 1973 CR IUCN Colombian stubfoot toad Atelopus minutulus Ruiz-Carranza, Hernández-Camacho & Ardila-Robayo, 1988 CR IUCN (possibly extinct) Mittermeier's stubfoot toad Atelopus mittermeieri Acosta-Galvis, Rueda-Almonacid, Velásquez-Álvarez, Sánchez-Pacheco & Peña Prieto, 2006 EN IUCN Hernandez's stubfoot toad Atelopus monohernandezii Ardila-Robayo, Osorno-Muñoz & Ruiz-Carranza, 2002 CR IUCN (possibly extinct) Atelopus moropukaqumir Herrera-Alva, Díaz, Castillo, Rodolfo & Catenazzi, 2020 Mucubaji stubfoot toad Atelopus mucubajiensis Rivero, 1974 CR IUCN La Arboleda stubfoot toad Atelopus muisca Rueda-Almonacid & Hoyos, 1992 CR IUCN Atelopus nahumae Ruiz-Carranza, Ardila-Robayo & Hernández-Camacho, 1994 EN IUCN Sad harlequin frog Atelopus nanay Coloma, 2002 CR IUCN Gualecenita stubfoot toad Atelopus nepiozomus Peters, 1973 EN IUCN Niceforo's stubfoot toad Atelopus nicefori Rivero, 1963 CR IUCN (possibly extinct) Nocturnal harlequin toad Atelopus nocturnus Bravo-Valencia and Rivera-Correa, 2011 CR IUCN Atelopus onorei Coloma, Lötters, Duellman & Miranda-Leiva, 2007 CR IUCN (possibly extinct) Atelopus orcesi Coloma, Duellman, Almendáriz, Ron, Terán-Valdez & Guayasamin, 2010 CR IUCN (possibly extinct) Atelopus oxapampae Lehr, Lötters, and Lundberg, 2008 EN IUCN Rednose stubfoot toad Atelopus oxyrhynchus Boulenger, 1903 CR IUCN (possibly extinct) Schmidt's stubfoot toad Atelopus pachydermus (Schmidt, 1857) CR IUCN (possibly extinct) Andersson's stubfoot toad Atelopus palmatus Andersson, 1945 CR IUCN Pastuso harlequin frog Atelopus pastuso Andersson, 1945 CR IUCN (possibly extinct) Pataz stubfoot toad Atelopus patazensis Venegas, Catenazzi, Siu-Ting & Carrillo, 2008 CR IUCN San Isidro stubfoot toad Atelopus pedimarmoratus Rivero, 1963 CR IUCN (possibly extinct) Peru stubfoot toad Atelopus peruensis Gray & Cannatella, 1985 CR IUCN (possibly extinct) Peters' stubfoot toad Atelopus petersi Coloma, Lötters, Duellman & Miranda-Leiva, 2007 CR IUCN (possibly extinct) Painted stubfoot toad Atelopus petriruizi Ardila-Robayo, 1999 CR IUCN (possibly extinct) Atelopus pictiventris Kattan, 1986 CR IUCN (possibly extinct) Pinango stubfoot toad Atelopus pinangoi Rivero, 1982 CR IUCN (possibly extinct) Napo stubfoot toad Atelopus planispina Jiménez de la Espada, 1875 CR IUCN (possibly extinct) Podocarpus stubfoot toad Atelopus podocarpus Coloma, Duellman, Almendáriz, Ron, Terán-Valdez, and Guayasamin, 2010 CR IUCN Río Huallaga stubfoot toad Atelopus pulcher Boulenger, 1882 VU IUCN Atelopus pyrodactylus Venegas & Barrio, 2006 CR IUCN Quimbaya toad Atelopus quimbaya Ruiz-Carranza & Osorno-Muñoz, 1994 CR IUCN (possibly extinct) Atelopus reticulatus Lötters, Haas, Schick & Böhme, 2002 DD IUCN Anori stubfoot toad Atelopus sanjosei Rivero & Serna, 1989 CR IUCN Upper Amazon stubfoot toad Atelopus seminiferus Cope, 1874 EN IUCN Pass stubfoot toad †Atelopus senex Taylor, 1952 EX IUCN Baldias harlequin toad Atelopus sernai Ruiz-Carranza & Osorno-Muñoz, 1994 CR IUCN (possibly extinct) Camouflaged harlequin toad Atelopus simulatus Ruiz-Carranza & Osorno-Muñoz, 1994 CR IUCN (possibly extinct) Atelopus siranus Lötters &Henzl, 2000 DD IUCN Sonsón stubfoot toad Atelopus sonsonensis Vélez-Rodriguez & Ruiz-Carranza, 1997 CR IUCN (possibly extinct) Cloud forest stubfoot toad Atelopus sorianoi La Marca, 1983 CR IUCN (possibly extinct) Pebas stubfoot toad Atelopus spumarius Cope, 1871 VU IUCN Condoto stubfoot toad Atelopus spurrelli Boulenger, 1914 NT IUCN Bogota stubfoot toad Atelopus subornatus Werner, 1899 CR IUCN Venezuela stubfoot toad Atelopus tamaensis La Marca, García-Pérez & Renjifo, 1990 CR IUCN Three-colored stubfoot toad Atelopus tricolor Boulenger, 1902 CR IUCN Veragoa stubfoot toad Atelopus varius (Lichtenstein & Martens, 1856) CR IUCN Maracay harlequin frog †Atelopus vogli Müller, 1934 EX IUCN Walker's stubfoot toad Atelopus walkeri Rivero, 1963 DD IUCN Panamanian golden frog Atelopus zeteki Dunn, 1933 CR IUCN (possibly extinct in the wild)