-ir - Wiktionary, the free dictionary

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary

Inherited from Latin -īre, the ending of the present active infinitive form of fourth conjugation verbs, which merged with -ēscere, -īscere, from which come the -eix- infix.

• IPA^(key): (Central, Balearic) [ˈi]
• IPA^(key): (Valencia) [ˈiɾ]

-ir

1. forms infinitives

• Dir does not count as a third conjugation verb, belonging to the second conjugation.

• “-ir”, in Gran Diccionari de la Llengua Catalana, Grup Enciclopèdia Catalana, 2025

Inherited from Latin -īre, the ending of the present active infinitive form of fourth conjugation verbs. Cognate with Spanish -ir, Italian -ire, Romanian -i and -î, etc.

• IPA^(key): /iʁ/

-ir

1. (non-productive) forms the infinitives of many verbs

• Most verbs with infinitives in -ir are marked by the once-inchoative infix -iss- in many parts of their conjugation, as well as in various derived words; two such verbs are choisir (“to choose”) and pourrir (“to rot”). A fair number of these have English counterparts in -ish; some such examples are finir (“to finish”), nourrir (“to feed, to nourish”), accomplir (“to accomplish”), and polir (“to polish”).
• Many verbs with infinitives in -ir have an inchoative meaning. Examples include blanchir (“to whiten, to bleach, to make whiter, to become pale”), durcir (“to harden, to make more rigid, to become stronger”), grandir (“to become bigger, to magnify, to make bigger”), rougir (“to redden, to blush, to become redder, to make redder”), and vieillir (“to age, to become older, to make older”).
• A sizable group of verbs have infinitives in -ir but do not use the infix -iss-, and are otherwise fairly regular; these include, among others, the common verbs sortir (“to go out, to take out”), partir (“to leave”), dormir (“to sleep”) (but these examples are also irregular, with sors instead of *sortis). An irregular -ir verb which is truly conjugated exactly as a regular -ir verb except only without the infix (although it is dated and has a regular alternative conjugation) is chauvir.
• This suffix is spelled -ïr on a few verbs where the previous syllable ends in a vowel, such as haïr (“to hate”) and ouïr (“to hear”). Additionally, it is spelled -ire on the verb maudire (“to curse”), by analogy with the related but irregular verb dire (“to say”), and the verb bruire.
• Not all verbs whose infinitives happen to end in these letters can truly be said to have this suffix; in particular, a fair number of irregular verbs have infinitives in the unrelated suffix -oir.

This is a regular verb of the second conjugation, like finir, choisir, and most other verbs with infinitives ending in -ir. One salient feature of this conjugation is the repeated appearance of the infix -iss-.

• -er
• -ire
• -oir
• -re

-ir

1. (Pulaar) indicates that the action is performed with an instrument or tool, (by means of)

   ‎winndude (“to write”) + ‎-ir → ‎winndirde (“to write with...”)

   ‎helde (“to break”) + ‎-ir → ‎helirde (“to break with.../to break by means of”)

2. when a nominalizing class-marker suffix is affixed, it forms an instrumental deverbal (a noun indicating the means by which a verb is accomplished)

   ‎wuppude (“to do laundry”) + ‎-ir → ‎wuppirgal (“a tool used to do laundry”)

• affixed following the verb stem
• This form follows -u in active voice verbs
• following -aa in middle voice verbs the affix becomes -oraa

• M. Niang, Pulaar-English English-Pulaar Standard Dictionary, New York: Hippocrene Books, 1997.
• Mamadou Saliou Diallo, La Suffixation Verbal en Pulaar (Peul): Morphologie et Phonologie des Suffixes Verbaux dans le Pulaar du Fouta-Djallon (Guinée), Thèse, Faculté des Lettres et des Sciences Humaines, Université Mohammed V, Rabat, Maroc, (1992)

Modeled after -ar and -is.

-ir

1. Used to denote the past infinitive of a verb.

   Me devas telefonir tu.

   I should have called you.

• -ar (present infinitive tense)
• -or (future infinitive tense)

From Latin -īre, the ending of the present active infinitive form of fourth conjugation verbs, which merged with -ēscere, -īscere, from which come the -iss- and -isc- infix.

• IPA^(key): /ˈi/

-ir

1. A verb ending for infinitives.

From Latin -īre, the ending of the present active infinitive form of fourth conjugation verbs.

-ir

1. used to form infinitives of second conjugation verbs

• Appendix:Old French verbs
• -er

From Proto-Norse -ᛃᚨᛉ (-jaʀ), from Proto-Germanic *-jaz.

-ir m

1. (rare) used to create agent nouns from class 1 weak verbs

   Synonyms: -andi, -ari, -i

   ‎myrða (“to murder”) + ‎-ir → ‎myrðir (“murderer”)

   ‎stilla (“to still; control”) + ‎-ir → ‎stillir (“stiller, controller; ruler”)

• Agent nouns formed with this suffix are rare, and mostly found in old poetry. The oldest instance is Proto-Norse ᚱᚨᚢᚾᛁᛃᚨᛉ (raunijaʀ) on the Øvre Stabu spear head, from circa 210–240.

From Old Galician-Portuguese -ir, from Latin -īre, the ending of the present active infinitive form of fourth conjugation verbs. In some verbs, it is a reflex of Latin -ere of the third conjugation.

• (Caipira) IPA^(key): /ˈi(ɻ)/
• (Northeast Brazil) IPA^(key): /ˈi(χ)/
• Homophone: -i (Brazil, with dropped -r)

-ir (verb-forming suffix, first-person singular present -o, first-person singular preterite -i, past participle -ido)

1. (non-productive) forms the infinitive of the third-conjugation verbs

From Latin -īre, the ending of the present active infinitive form of fourth conjugation verbs.

-ir (verb-forming suffix, first-person singular present -o, first-person singular preterite -í, past participle -ido)

1. a verb ending for infinitives

Below are the suffixes for the regular conjugation of -ir verbs

• -ar
• -er

• IPA^(key): /ɪr/

-ir

1. (literary) verb suffix for the impersonal present indicative/future

-ir causes i-affection of internal vowels, for example, ‎canu (“to sing”) + ‎-ir → ‎cenir (“is sung, one sings, will be sung, one will sing”).