cingulate cortex: Information and Much More from Answers.com

Brain: Cingulate cortex
Medial surface of left cerebral hemisphere.
Medial surface.
Latin	gyrus cingulatus
Gray's	subject #189 825
Part of	Cerebral cortex
Artery	Anterior cerebral
Vein	Superior sagittal sinus
Acronym(s)	Cg
NeuroNames	hier-141
MeSH	Gyrus+Cinguli

The cingulate cortex is a part of the brain situated in the medial aspect of the cortex. It is extended from the corpus callosum below to the cingulate sulcus above, at least anteriorly.

History

Cingulum means belt in Latin. The name was likely chosen because this cortex, in great part, surrounds the corpus callosum. Cingulate is an adjective (cingularis or cingulatus). The cingulate cortex is a part of the "grand lobe limbique" of Broca (1898) that consisted (in addition to the olfactory part, which is no more considered there today) of a superior cingulate part, supracallosal; and an inferior hippocampic part, infracallosal. The limbic cortex was separated from the remainder of the cortex by Broca for two reasons: first that it is not convoluted, and second that the gyri are directed parasagitally (contrary to the transverse gyrification). Since the parasagittal gyrification is observed in non-primate species, the limbic lobe was thus declared to be "bestial". As with other parts of the cortex, there have been and continue to be discrepancies concerning boundaries and naming. Brodmann (1909), a student of C. and O.Vogt, who worked on cercopithecus (and not much in human (Bailey and von Bonin)), elaborated a system of numeration that had unfortunately no typological logics (1, 2 and 3 are sensory, 4 is motor, 5 is parietal, 6 is premotor and 7 is again parietal!). Area 25 was even not placed by him in the same place in the human brain. Area 24 (anterior) was distinguished from 23 (posterior) on the basis that it was agranular. More recently, the typographical von Economo's system was adopted by Bailey and von Bonin. Simple typographical naming should be preferred, for evident heuristic purposes.

Subdivisions

Based on cytoarchitectonics it has been divided into the Brodmann areas 23, 24, 26, 29, 30, 31 and 32. The areas 26, 29 and 30 are usually referred to as the retrosplenial areas.

Anterior cingulate cortex

This corresponds to the area 24 of Brodmann LA of von Economo and Bailey and von Bonin. It is continued anteriorly by the subgenual cortex (area 25). It is cytoarchitectonically agranular. It has a gyral part on the surface and a sulcal part. Anterior cingulate cortex can further be divided in the perigenual anterior cingulate cortex and midcingulate cortex. The anterior cingulate cortex receives primarily its afferent axons from the anterior nucleus (nucleus anterior of the thalamus, see thalamus). The nucleus anterior receives mamillo-thalamic afferences. The mamillary neurons receive axons from the subiculum. The whole forms a part of Papez' circuit.The anterior cingulate cortex sends axons to the anterior nucleus and through the cingulum to other Broca's limbic areas.

Posterior cingulate cortex

Corresponds to area 23 of Brodmann, LP of von Economo and Bailey and von Bonin. It is granular. It is followed posteriorly by the retrosplenial cortex (area 29). Dorsally is the granular area 31. The posterior cingulate cortex receives a great part of its afferent axons from the superficial nucleus (or nucleus superior- falsely LD-) of the thalamus (see thalamus), which itself receives axons from the subiculum. To some extent it thus duplicates Papez' circuit. It receives also direct afferents from the subiculum of the hippocampus.

Cingulum and interconnections

At the base of the cingulate cortex is a thick parasagittal bundle , strongly increasing in evolution, the cingulum. In humans, it can even be dissected. The cingulum is used for the connections of the 2 above described subdivisions and with the parahippocampic gyrus

Cingulate cortex can also be differentiated based on its thalamic connections¹: midlline and intralaminar nuclei .

External links

• Four Regions of Cingulate Cortex and Disease Vulnerability, Brent A. Vogt.
• BrainMaps at UCDavis Cingulate
• Mapping 'self' and 'other' in the brain

References

1. Vogt BA, Rosene DL, Pandya DN, Science 204:205+

Brain: telencephalon (cerebrum, cerebral cortex, cerebral hemispheres)
Primary sulci/fissures	Medial longitudinal, Lateral, Central, Parietoöccipital, Calcarine, Cingulate, Callosal Collateral fissure
Frontal lobe	Precentral gyrus (Primary motor cortex, 4), Precentral sulcus, Superior frontal gyrus/Frontal eye fields (6, 8, 9), Middle frontal gyrus (46), Inferior frontal gyrus (44-Pars opercularis, 45-Pars triangularis), Orbitofrontal cortex (10, 11, 12, 47)
Parietal lobe	Somatosensory cortex (Primary (1, 2, 3, 43), Secondary (5)), Precuneus (7m), Parietal lobules (Superior (7l), Inferior (40)), Angular gyrus (39), Intraparietal sulcus, Marginal sulcus
Occipital lobe	Primary visual cortex (17), Cuneus, Lingual gyrus, 18, 19 - Lateral occipital sulcus
Temporal lobe	Primary auditory cortex (41, 42), Superior temporal gyrus (38, 22), Middle temporal gyrus (21), Inferior temporal gyrus (20), Fusiform gyrus (37) Medial temporal lobe (Amygdala, Hippocampus, Parahippocampal gyrus (27, 28, 34, 35, 36)
Cingulate cortex/gyrus	Subgenual area (25), anterior cingulate (24, 32, 33), Posterior cingulate (23, 31), Retrosplenial cortex (26, 29, 30), Supracallosal gyrus
white matter tracts	Corpus callosum (Splenium, Genu, Rostrum, Tapetum), Septum pellucidum, Ependyma, Internal capsule, Corona radiata, External capsule, Olfactory tract, Fornix (Commissure of fornix), Anterior commissure, Posterior commissure Terminal stria
Basal ganglia	Striatum (Putamen,Caudate nucleus, Nucleus accumbens), Globus pallidus, Claustrum, Subthalamic nucleus, Substantia nigra
Other	Insular cortex Olfactory bulb, Anterior olfactory nucleus Septal nuclei Basal optic nucleus of Meynert
Some categorizations are approximations, and some Brodmann areas span gyri.