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descriptive statistics

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Geography Dictionary: descriptive statistics

As opposed to inferential statistics, which predict the state of a population from a sample, descriptive statistics, as the name suggests, draw on complete surveys of the dataset to summarize a state which exists at the present (or existed in the past), using

means

, medians, modes, standard deviations, correlations, and so on.

Thus, a shopping centre survey which included every user of that centre, rather than a sample, would draw on descriptive statistics.

Wikipedia: descriptive statistics

Descriptive statistics are used to describe the basic features of the data in a study. They provide simple summaries about the sample and the measures. Together with simple graphics analysis, they form the basis of virtually every quantitative analysis of data. Various techniques that are commonly used are classified as:

1. Graphical description in which we use graphs to summarize data.
2. Tabular description in which we use tables to summarize data.
3. Summary statistics in which we calculate certain values to summarize data.

In general, statistical data can be described as a list of subjects or units and the data associated with each of them. Although most research uses many data types for each unit, we will limit ourselves to just one data item each for this simple introduction.

We have two objectives for our summary:

1. We want to choose a statistic that shows how different units seem similar. Statistical textbooks call the solution to this objective, a measure of central tendency.
2. We want to choose another statistic that shows how they differ. This kind of statistic is often called a measure of statistical variability.

When we are summarizing a quantity like length or weight or age, it is common to answer the first question with the arithmetic mean, the median, or the mode. Sometimes, we choose specific values from the cumulative distribution function called quantiles.

The most common measures of variability for quantitative data are the variance; its square root, the standard deviation; the range; interquartile range; and the average absolute deviation (average deviation).

Steps in descriptive statistics

1. Collect data
2. Classify data
3. Summarize data
4. Present data
5. Proceed to inferential statistics if there are enough data to draw a conclusion.

See also

• level of measurement
• statistical regularity
• planning statistical research
• statistical inference
• inferential statistics
• summary statistics
• data mining

External links

• Descriptive Statistics Lecture: University of Pittsburgh Supercourse: http://www.pitt.edu/~super1/lecture/lec0421/index.htm
• http://www.socialresearchmethods.net/kb/statdesc.php

Statistics
Descriptive statistics	Mean (Arithmetic, Geometric) - Median - Mode - Power - Variance - Standard deviation
Inferential statistics	Hypothesis testing - Significance - Null hypothesis/Alternate hypothesis - Error - Z-test - Student's t-test - Maximum likelihood - Standard score/Z score - P-value - Analysis of variance
Survival analysis	Survival function - Kaplan-Meier - Logrank test - Failure rate - Proportional hazards models
Probability distributions	Normal (bell curve) - Poisson - Bernoulli
Correlation	Confounding variable - Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient - Rank correlation (Spearman's rank correlation coefficient, Kendall tau rank correlation coefficient)
Regression analysis	Linear regression - Nonlinear regression - Logistic regression