George P. Shultz: Biography and Much More from Answers.com

• Born: 13 December 1920
• Birthplace: New York, New York
• Best Known As: United States Secretary of State, 1982-89

George Pratt Shultz is an economist and Republican presidential adviser known best as the secretary of state under Ronald Reagan. An academic who thrust himself into politics, Shultz graduated from Princeton in 1942 with an economics degree, served in the Marine Corps Reserves, and earned a PhD. in Industrial Economics from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). He taught at MIT (1948-57), was a professor and dean at the University of Chicago (1962-68) and a fellow at Stanford University's Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences (1968-69) before joining Richard M. Nixon's administration in 1969. He served as secretary of labor, director of the Office of Management and Budget and secretary of the treasury under Nixon. He returned to the private sector in 1974, a few months before Nixon's resignation, and became president and director of the Bechtel Group, a San Francisco-based engineering and financial firm. Already an economic advisor to President Ronald Reagan, Shultz left his post at Bechtel to replace Alexander Haig as secretary of state in 1982. He served for the remainder of Reagan's term, staying out of the spotlight and emerging unscathed from the Iran-Contra scandal. Shultz has since continued his long association with Bechtel as a board member, and has been a fellow at Stanford's Hoover Institution since 1989. A Washington insider with close ties to military contractors, Shultz has been the target of critics who argue that his brand of free-market economics encourages perpetual armed conflict and benefits the haves more than the have-nots. He was awarded the Medal of Freedom by Ronald Reagan in 1989.

Shultz reportedly has a tattoo of a tiger, the mascot of Princeton, on his bottom. When asked about the alleged tattoo by editors of The San Francisco Chronicle in 2006, Shultz said wryly, "I have a no-confirm-or-deny policy."

Shultz, George Pratt (1920?-) secretary of state and educator. A New York City native, Shultz headed the business school at the University of Chicago (1962-68) and then took on a variety of federal positions, including secretary of labor (1969-70), director of the Office of Management and Budget (1970-72), and secretary of the Treasury (1972-74). He then left Washington to head a major defense contractor. In 1982 he returned to the cabinet as secretary of state to President Ronald Reagan; he served until 1989. Shultz was considered a conciliatory and reliable secretary.

See the Introduction, Abbreviations and Pronunciation for further details.

George Pratt Shultz (born 1920), a labor and economics specialist, educator, author, businessman, and international negotiator, served under three U.S. presidents. He was the first director of the Office of Manpower and Budget and served as secretary of the Department of Labor, of the Department of the Treasury, and of the Department of State.

George P. Shultz was born in New York City on December 13, 1920, the only child of Birl E. and Margaret Lennox (Pratt) Shultz. He spent his childhood in Englewood, New Jersey, and attended private school in Windsor, Connecticut. He majored in economics at Princeton University, where he received a B.A. degree in 1942. During World War II he joined the United States Marine Corps, served in the Pacific arena, and advanced to the rank of captain. While in Hawaii he met Helena Maria O'Brien, an Army nurse. They were married on February 16, 1946, and had three daughters and two sons.

Shultz resumed his academic career by enrolling at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1945. He earned his Ph.D. degree in 1949 within the program of industrial economics, specializing in the problems of labor relations, employment, and unemployment. Shultz stayed on at the university until 1957 to teach industrial relations. During this time period he began to serve on arbitration panels for labor-management conflicts, a role he was to enact many times over the next decade. He also served at the first of his many national government posts when he was appointed senior staff economist to President Dwight Eisenhower's Council of Economic Advisors.

In 1957 Shultz joined the University of Chicago Gruate School of Business, where he also taught industrial relations. He became dean of the school in 1962. Presidents John Kennedy and Lyndon Johnson appointed him to serve on several government task forces and committees related to labor-management and employment policies.

President Richard Nixon named Shultz to the post of secretary of labor on December 11, 1968. Although he advocated that the government not intervene in labor bargaining or strikes, circumstances thrust the secretary into many such disputes. One major crisis that forced his attention was the 1970 postal workers strike, which required sending the National Guard into New York City to sort the mail. During his term in office Shultz defended the Nixon administration's reluctance to pursue affirmative action programs aggressively and the administration's active campaign on union reform. He worked hard to keep wages from rising in both the private and public sectors.

After 18 months at the Labor Department, he accepted President Nixon's appointment to become the first director of the Office of Management and Budget (which replaced the Bureau of the Budget in a major administrative reorganization). In this position he continued to face problems of wage control and price freezes, as well as major private industry strikes.

In May 1972 Shultz again changed posts in the Nixon administration. He was appointed secretary of the treasury, where he became a key adviser to the president on matters of the federal debt and both domestic and international economic policies. On the domestic front, Shultz was involved in efforts to defeat the rising inflation of the early 1970s. On the international side, he travelled abroad many times to negotiate a multi-national "floating" currency system with exchange rates set by the marketplace and several trade agreements with the former Soviet Union (now the Russian Federation, comprised of 21 autonomous republics, 49 oblasts, and 6 krays). When the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) drastically increased oil prices after October 1973, causing rapid inflation, Shultz's call for an international rollback of prices went unheeded and he worked hard to stop the recession in the American economy.

Shultz resigned from government service in March 1974 and entered the business community. He became an executive vice president of the Bechtel Corporation, an international construction and engineering firm based in San Francisco. He later became president and a director of the Bechtel Group, Inc.

Nominated as the 60th secretary of state by President Ronald Reagan, Shultz was sworn in on July 16, 1982. As the nation's major adviser and negotiator of international affairs, Shultz was intimately involved with the important problems of the world. He sought plans to end conflicts in the Middle East and in Central America and to deal with international terrorism. As a member of the president's team, he supported a strong American defense program, including a space-based anti-missile defense system (the Strategic Defense Initiative, or Star Wars). He guided U.S. arms limitation talks with the Soviet Union. A constant international traveller, he attended President Reagan's meetings with Soviet leaders. His academic and labor arbitration background molded his approach to his work as secretary of state. He proved to be a thoughtful and careful operator and a firm believer in quiet diplomacy. He served as Secretary of State from 1982 to 1989, at which time he returned to the private sector as an educator (Stanford University's Hoover Institute and Graduate School of Business) and writer. His entire cabinet service spanned over twelve years and covered four separate cabinet posts (Secretary of State, Secretary of Labor, Secretary of Treasury, and Director of OMB.) He maintained a residence in Stanford, California.

Further Reading

Shultz authored a semi-autobiographical novel, Turmoil and Triumph: My Years as Secretary of State (1993), which was well reviewed. Accounts of his career during President Nixon's administration are in Dan Rather and Gary Paul Gates, ThePalace Guard (1974) and in William Safire, Before the Fall (1975). His early days in the Reagan administration are discussed in Laurence I. Barrett, Gambling With History: Reagan in the White House (1983). Shultz has written several works on economic policy and labor relations. One book that contains his insights and thoughts on economic policy issues and the government's role is George Shultz and Kenneth W. Dam, Economic Policy Beyond the Headlines (1978).

1920–, American public official, b. New York City, grad. Princeton Univ., 1942, Ph.D., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1949. A professor of industrial relations, Shultz taught at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (1946–57) and the Univ. of Chicago (1957–68). Under President Richard Nixon, he served as secretary of labor (1969–70), director of the Office of Management and Budget (1970–72), and secretary of the treasury (1972–74). After several years in private business, he served as secretary of state (1982–89) in President Ronald Reagan's administration. Known for his ability to effect compromises, he was criticized for failing to oppose more strongly the operations that led to the Iran-contra affair.

1920 -

U.S. secretary of state, 1982 to 1989.

George Shultz was born in New York City on 13 December 1920. He earned an economics B.A. from Princeton in 1942, and a Ph.D. from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in 1949. During World War II he joined the Marine Corps Reserve. Shultz pursued an academic career at MIT, as a member of the U.S. Senate staff, and at the University of Chicago. In the late 1960s he started his political career as secretary of labor and then director of the Office of Management and Budget.

While secretary of the treasury in the administration of U.S. president Richard Nixon, George Shultz was confronted with the Oil Crisis. During a business career he established a solid economic knowledge of the Middle East. Following Alexander Haig as the second secretary of state of the administration of Ronald Reagan, Shultz had to tackle the aftermath of the Iranian Revolution and the Israeli invasion within the Lebanese civil war. His time in office as secretary of state was marked by the final stages of the Cold War, from a deterioration of relations up to the beginning of the U.S. - Soviet honeymoon in the short period before the collapse of the Soviet Union.

Despite Israeli - U.S. tensions that flared over the Reagan Plan, which linked Palestinian self-rule with Jordan, and escalated during the Lebanon invasion and the Pollard spy case, bilateral relations between Israel and the United States were largely improved as - due to the political wills of Shultz and Reagan - Israel was declared a strategic ally.

The Iran-Contra Affair and the clandestine U.S. involvement in the anti-Soviet resistance in Afghanistan were not shaped by Shultz. New approaches in engaging an Arab-Israeli peace process were only possible shortly after his term in office, when the end of the Cold War and the Kuwait crisis profoundly reshaped the political landscape of the Middle East.

Bibliography

Shultz, George P. Turmoil and Triumph: My Years as Secretary ofState. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1993.

— OLIVER BENJAMIN HEMMERLE

George Pratt Shultz
60th United States Secretary of State
In office July 16 1982 – January 20 1989
Preceded by	Alexander Haig
Succeeded by	James Baker
Born	December 13 1920 (age 86) New York City, New York
Political party	Republican
Spouse	Helena Maria O'Brien Charlotte Mailliard Shultz
Profession	Economist, Politician
Religion	Episcopalian

George Pratt Shultz (born December 13, 1920) served as the United States Secretary of Labor from 1969 to 1970, as the U.S. Secretary of the Treasury from 1972 to 1974, and as the U.S. Secretary of State from 1982 to 1989.

George Shultz was born in New York City. In 1938, Shultz graduated from the Loomis Chaffee School in Windsor, Connecticut, after which he received an A.B. degree in economics from Princeton University in 1942. That same year he joined the U.S. Marine Corps and served until 1945, attaining the rank of Captain. In 1949, Shultz earned a Ph.D. from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. His degree was in industrial economics.

Whilst serving with the Navy in Hawaii, he met his future wife, nurse lieutenant Helena Maria "Obie" O'Brien (1915-1995). They had five children. In 1997 after the death of Helena, he married Charlotte Mailliard Swig, a prominent San Francisco socialite. Their marriage was called the "Bay Area Wedding of the Year" and they remain a power couple in San Francisco.

He taught in both the MIT Department of Economics and the MIT Sloan School of Management from 1948 to 1957, with a leave of absence in 1955 to serve on President Dwight Eisenhower's Council of Economic Advisers as a senior staff economist.

In 1957, Shultz joined the University of Chicago Graduate School of Business as professor of industrial relations. Later, he was named dean in 1962.

Shultz's signature, as used on American currency

Shultz served as President Richard Nixon's secretary of labor from 1969 to 1970, after which he was director of the Office of Management and Budget. He then became secretary of the Treasury from May 1972 to May 1974. It was during this period that Shultz, along with Paul Volcker and Arthur Burns, supported the decision of the Nixon administration to end the gold standard and the Bretton Woods system.[1]

Secretary of State

Shultz in his official D.O.L. portrait.

In 1974, he left government service to become president and director of Bechtel Group. On July 16, 1982, he was appointed by President Ronald Reagan to serve as the sixtieth U.S. secretary of state. Considered by some to be a dove on foreign policy within the Reagan administration, he frequently clashed with the more hawkish members of the administration. In particular, he was well known for outspoken opposition to the "arms for hostages" scandal that would eventually become the Iran Contra situation. On the other hand, Shultz was a leading proponent of a U.S. invasion of Nicaragua. In a 1983 testimony before Congress he said "we must cut the Nicaraguan cancer out." He was also opposed to any negotiation with the government of Daniel Ortega, "Negotiations are a euphemism for capitulation if the shadow of power is not cast across the bargaining table." During the First Intifada (see Arab-Israeli conflict), Shultz "proposed ... an international convention in April 1988 ... on an interim autonomy agreement for the West Bank and Gaza Strip, to be implemented as of October for a three-year period" (Oded, 135). However, this never materialized.

Comedians best know Shultz for State Department Spokeswoman Phyllis Oakley's response to a question about the Princeton tiger tattooed on Shultz's posterior: I'm not in a position to know. Spy Magazine featured Shultz and the Cowardly Lion from the Wizard of Oz in "Separated at Birth."

Later life

George Shultz left office on January 20, 1989 but continues to be a strategist for the Republican Party. He was an advisor for the George W. Bush 2000 Campaign, and senior member of the so-called "Vulcans," a group of policy mentors for Bush which also included among its members Dick Cheney, Paul Wolfowitz and Condoleezza Rice. One of his most senior advisors and confidants is former ambassador Charles Hill, who holds dual positions at the Hoover Institution and Yale University. Shultz has been called the father of the Bush Doctrine, because of his advocacy of preventive war. [2] He generally defends the neoconservatism of the Bush administration. [3]

After leaving public office in 1989, Shultz surprised many of his fellow conservatives by becoming the first prominent Republican to call for the legalization of recreational drugs. He went on to add his signature to an advertisement, published in the New York Times on June 8, 1998, entitled "We believe the global war on drugs is now causing more harm than drug abuse itself."

In August of 2003, Shultz was named co-chair (along with Warren Buffett) of California's Economic Recovery Council, an advisory group to the campaign of California gubernatorial candidate Arnold Schwarzenegger.

On January 5, 2006, he participated in a meeting at the White House of former Secretaries of Defense and State to discuss United States foreign policy with Bush administration officials.

Shultz is the chairman of the JP Morgan Chase bank's International Advisory Council and an honorary director of the Institute for International Economics. He is a member of the Hoover Institution at Stanford, American Enterprise Institute, the Washington Institute for Near East Policy (WINEP) Board of Advisors, the New Atlantic Initiative, the prestigious Mandalay Camp at the Bohemian Grove, the Committee for the Liberation of Iraq and the Committee on the Present Danger. He is honorary chairman of The Israel Democracy Institute (www.idi.org.il). He also serves on the board of directors for the Bechtel Corporation, Accretive Health, and Charles Schwab Corporation. Shultz was a member of the board of directors of Gilead Sciences from January 1996 to December 2005.

Honors and prizes

1. Received the Presidential Medal of Freedom (January 19, 1989).
2. Received the Seoul Peace Prize (1992).
3. Received the United States Military Academy's Sylvanus Thayer Award (1992).
4. Received the Woodrow Wilson Award for Public Service (2000).
5. Received the Eisenhower Medal for Leadership (2001).
6. Received the Lead21 Lifetime Achievement Award (2005).
7. Received the Emma Lazarus Statue of Liberty Award (April 25, 2007).
8. Received the Truman Medal for Economic Policy October 1, 2007.

Further reading

• Oded, Eran. "Arab-Israel Peacemaking." The Continuum Political Encyclopedia of the Middle East. Ed. Avraham Sela. New York: Continuum, 2002.
• Reference(1):Biography
• Shultz, George Pratt. "Turmoil and Triumph: My Years as Secretary of State" New York : Scribner's 1993.

External links

• Brief Biography The Hoover Institution
• U.S. Department of Labor Biography
• Tony Blair: Partying with the super rich in America A Daily Mail article on Tony Blair's attendance at a party arranged by Shultz's wife in San Francisco in July, 2006.
• George Shultz speech at Milton Friedman's 90th birthday.
• Phyllis Oakley and the tattoo

Video

• George Shultz on panel (aired on Democracy Now! program, September 6, 2007

Preceded by W. Willard Wirtz	United States Secretary of Labor 1969–1970	Succeeded by James D. Hodgson
Preceded by Robert Mayo	Director of the United States Office of Management and Budget 1970–1972	Succeeded by Caspar Weinberger
Preceded by John B. Connally	United States Secretary of the Treasury 1972–1974	Succeeded by William E. Simon
Preceded by Alexander Haig	United States Secretary of State 1982–1989	Succeeded by James Baker

United States Secretaries of State

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Directors of the United States Office of Management and Budget
Dawes • Lard • Roop • Douglas • D W Bell • Smith • Webb • Pace • Lawton • Dodge • Hughes • Brundage • Stans • D E Bell • Gordon • Schultze • Zwick • Mayo • Shultz • Weinberger • Ash • Lynn • Lance • McIntyre • Stockman • Wright • Miller • Wright • Darman • Panetta • Rivlin • Raines • Lew • Daniels • Bolten • Portman • Nussle

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