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KDE

  • ️Sat Dec 04 2010
KDE
KDE logo.svg
Founders Matthias Ettrich[1]
Type Community
Founded 14 October 1996[1]
Key people Cornelius Schumacher
Products KDE Software Compilation, Calligra Suite, KDevelop, Extragear
Focus Free software
Method Artwork, Development, Documentation, Promotion, and Translation.[2]
Motto Experience Freedom!
Website KDE.org

KDE (pronounced /ˌkeɪdiːˈiː/) is an international free software community producing an integrated set of cross-platform applications designed to run on Linux, FreeBSD,[3] Solaris,[4][5] Microsoft Windows[6] and Mac OS X[7] systems. It is best known for its Plasma Desktop, a desktop environment provided as the default working environment on many Linux distributions, such as openSUSE, Mandriva Linux, Kubuntu, Pardus, and Chakra GNU/Linux.[8][9]

The goal of the community is to provide basic desktop functions and applications for daily needs as well as tools and documentation for developers to write stand-alone applications for the system. In this regard, the KDE project serves as an umbrella project for many standalone applications and smaller projects that are based on KDE technology. These include Calligra Suite, KDevelop, Rekonq, K3b and many others.

KDE software is based on the Qt framework. The original GPL version of this toolkit only existed for the X11 platform, but with the release of Qt 4, LGPL versions are available for all platforms. This allows KDE software based on Qt 4 to also be distributed to Microsoft Windows and Mac OS X.[10]

History

Origins

Matthias Ettrich, Founder of KDE

KDE was founded in 1996 by Matthias Ettrich, who was then a student at the Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen. At the time, he was troubled by certain aspects of the Unix desktop. Among his qualms was that none of the applications looked, felt, or worked alike. He proposed the formation of not only a set of applications, but rather a desktop environment, in which users could expect things to look, feel, and work consistently. He also wanted to make this desktop easy to use; one of his complaints with desktop applications of the time was that his girlfriend could not use them. His initial Usenet post spurred a lot of interest, and the KDE project was born.[1]

The name KDE was intended as a word play on the existing Common Desktop Environment, available for Unix systems. CDE was an X11-based user environment jointly developed by HP, IBM, and Sun, through the X/Open Company, with an interface and productivity tools based on the Motif graphical widget toolkit. It was supposed to be an intuitively easy-to-use desktop computer environment.[11] The K was originally suggested to stand for "Kool", but it was quickly decided that the K should stand for nothing in particular – thus the KDE acronym expanded to "K Desktop Environment".

Product releases

Latest Plasma Desktop in KDE 4.6, showing Gwenview and Krunner

Matthias Ettrich chose to use Trolltech’s Qt framework for the KDE project.[12] Other programmers quickly started developing KDE/Qt applications, and by early 1997, a few applications were being released. On 12 July 1998 the first version of the desktop environment, called KDE 1.0, was released.

On 23 October 2000, 2.0 was released. 3.0 was released on April 3, 2002. 4.0 was released on January 11, 2008.

Licensing

In November 1998, the Qt framework was dual-licensed under the free and open source Q Public License (QPL) and a commercial license for proprietary software developers. The same year, the KDE Free Qt foundation was created which guarantees that Qt would fall under a variant of the very liberal BSD license should Trolltech cease to exist or no free version of Qt be released during 12 months.[13]

Debate continued about compatibility with the GNU General Public License (GPL), hence in September 2000 Trolltech made the Unix version of the Qt libraries available under the GPL in addition to the QPL which eliminated the concerns of the Free Software Foundation.[14] Trolltech continued to require licenses for developing proprietary software with Qt. The core libraries of KDE are collectively licensed under the GNU LGPL but the only way for proprietary software to make use of them was to be developed under the terms of the Qt proprietary license.

Starting with Qt 4.5, Qt was also made available under the LGPL version 2.1,[15] now allowing proprietary applications to legally use the open source Qt version.

Brand repositioning

On 24 November 2009 the KDE Marketing Team announced an official rebranding of the KDE project components, motivated by the perceived shift from building a desktop environment to a complete project around a community of "people who create software". The rebranding focused on de-emphasizing the desktop environment as "just another product", and emphasizing both the community and the other technologies provided as KDE software. After the repositioning, the name KDE no longer stands for K Desktop Environment, as it now acts as an umbrella brand for software produced by the community. What would have been previously known as KDE 4.4 will now be referred as "KDE Software Compilation 4.4" (abbreviated "KDE SC 4.4").[16]

Featured Partners
Occupation Name From
Graphic Designer Nuno Pinheiro Portugal
David Vignoni Italy
Eugene Trounev Canada
Programmer Aaron Seigo Canada
David Faure France
Duncan Mac-Vicar Prett Chile
Dirk Mueller
Eva Brucherseifer
George Staikos
Lars Knoll
Matthias Ettrich Germany
Volker Krause Germany
Waldo Bastian

Like many free/open source software projects, KDE is primarily a volunteer effort, although various companies, such as Novell, Nokia, and Mandriva, employ developers to work on the project. Since a large number of individuals contribute to KDE in various ways (e.g. code, translation, artwork), organization of such a project is complex.

Communication within the community takes place via mailing lists, IRC, blogs, forums, news announcements, wikis, and conferences.[17][18] Most problems are discussed on a number of different mailing lists.[19] Discuss are also activity on forums. The forums have Brainstorm for user submit ideas to developers. The wish can be approved or disapproved by other users. Every few months, the highest-voted features will then be submitted to the developers.[20] The forums have IRC bots that can announce new threads and posts on IRC channels, briding forum posts to mailinglist messages and offering RSS feeds. [21] And IRC channels is real-time discuss way.[22]

KDE.News and kde-announce mailing list is the source of news announcements.[23][24] KDE has three wikis.[25] UserBase provides documentation for end user.[26] TechBase provides technical documentation for developers and system administrators.[27] Community Wiki provides a place for coordinating community teams.[28] KDE Buzz tracks identi.ca, Twitter, Picasa, Flickr and Youtube to show stuff concerning KDE.[29] KDE Pastebin allows for posting of source code snippets and uses syntax highlighting which adds ease to reviewing code. The pastes can be password protected. And use RSS notification to get aware of new posts.[30] Anyone can report bugs that you found in the software, through accesses bug tracking system. Bug tracking uses Bugzilla.[31] Behind KDE is a site that interviews contributer of KDE. The Community has the Code of Conduct for acceptable behaviour within the community.[32]

Organization

KDE e.V. is a German non-profit organization. It represents the members in all financial and legal matters and help in organizing the conferences and meetings of the community members.[33] KDE e.V. helps running the servers needed by the KDE community. It owns the trademark on KDE and the logo.[34] The working groups are a structure which will formalize some roles within KDE and enhance coordination within KDE, communication between parts of KDE.[35] KDE e.V. has no influence on development. KDE e.V. logo has been contributed by David Vignoni. The three flags on top of the logo represent the three main tasks of the KDE e.V.: supporting the community, representing the community, and governing the community.[36]

KDE-AR Logo

In some countries, KDE has local branches. These are either informal organizations (KDE India) or like the KDE e.V., given a legal form (KDE France). Most local organizations have themself mailing lists, IRC and websites.[37] KDE España was registered as an association under the Spanish law in 2009. The aim is stimulating the development and use of the KDE software in the Spain. The supreme governing body is general assembly, which is ordinary or extraordinary. The ordinary general assembly is held at least once a year. The extraordinary general assembly is held as necessary. The board consists of president, vice president, secretary, treasurer and members. Current president is Albert Astals Cid. In addition, KDE España is the official representative of KDE e.V. in Spain.[38] Japan KDE Users' Group (JKUG/日本 KDE ユーザ会) is Japanese local users' group of KDE. The membership type of the association are corporate members (法人会員) and individual members (個人会員). The officers include one president, two vice president and one accountant. Current president is Daisuke Kameda (亀田大輔). The association will hold an annual general assembly in December.[39] KDE-AR is the group of KDE in Argentina. It officially opened in November 2008. KDE GB is a KDE community with a constitution in Britain. At October 2010 meeting they agreed to register as a charity.[40]

Development

The overall direction of the KDE Platform are made on the KDE Core Team. These are developers who have made significant contributions to KDE over a long period of time. This team communicates using the kde-core-devel mailing list, which is publicly archived and readable, but joining requires approval. KDE does not have a single central leader who can veto important decisions. Instead, the KDE core team consisting of several dozen contributors takes decisions. The decisions do not take a formal vote, but through discussions.[41]

The Developers also organize alongside topical teams. For example, the KDE Edu team develops free educational software.[42] While these teams work mostly independent and do not all follow a common release schedule. Each team has its own messaging channels, both on IRC and on the mailinglists.[43]

Most KDE software is built using the Qt framework which runs on most Unix and Unix-like systems, Mac OS X, and Microsoft Windows. Currently CMake is used as the build tool. This allowed KDE to support a wider range of platforms, including Microsoft Windows.[44] GNU gettext is used for translation. Doxygen is used to generate api documentation.[45] KDE has a human interface guidelines (HIG) for a standardized layout.[46]

Currently KDE community use the Subversion repository,[47] but they have begun migrating to Git. KDE Projects site give an overview of all projects within Git repository.[48] gitweb.kde.org is orther repository browser. It shows all the git repositories. ReviewBoard site give patch review.[49] Commitfilter will sends an email with each commit for the projects you want to watch, without either getting tons of mails or getting infrequent and redundant information. English Breakfast Network (EBN) is a collection of machines that do automated KDE source artifact quality checking. The EBN provides KDE API documentation validation, user documentation validation, source code checking. It is operated by Adriaan de Groot and Allen Winter.[50] Commit-Digest site give a weekly overview of the development activity.[51] LXR indexes classes and methods used in KDE.

On 20 July 2009, KDE announced that the one millionth commit has been made to its Subversion repository.[52] On October 11, 2009, Cornelius Schumacher, a main developer within KDE,[53] wrote about the estimated cost (using the COCOMO model with SLOCCount) to develop KDE software package with 4,273,291 LoC, which would be about US$175,364,716.[54] This estimation does not include Qt, Calligra Suite, Amarok, Digikam, and other applications that are not part of KDE core.

The work can be measured in figures:

  • Over 6 million lines of code. This does not include Qt.[55]
  • More than 1800 contributors help develop KDE.[55] About 20 new developers contribute their first code each month.[52]
  • KDE is translated in over 108 languages.[56]
  • KDE has more than 104 official FTP mirrors in over 34 countries.[57]
  • The KDE community is the second largest Free Software community behind the Linux kernel community.[55]

Other groups

The KDE community has many smaller teams working towards specific goals. For example, the Web team maintains KDE’s web presence. The Accessibility team make KDE accessible to all users, including those with physical handicaps.[58] The Bugsquad team keeps track of incoming bugs.[59] The Artists team creates artwork like icons, splash screens and themes[60] Discuss of the team is most active on the IRC channel.[61] The Documentation team writing documentation for application.[62] The team uses the DocBook format and custom tools to create documentation.[63] The Localization team translate KDE software into many different languages.[64] This team works beside the Documentation team.[65] The Release team defines and executes the official software releases. The Team is responsible for setting release schedules for the official releases. This includes release dates, deadlines for individual release steps and restrictions for code changes. The Release Team coordinates release dates with the marketing and press efforts of KDE.[66] The Marketing and Promotion team manages marketing and promotion.[67] The team writes news articles, release announcements and other webpages on KDE websites. The articles of KDE.News is submitted by the team.[68] It also has channels at social media sites for communication and promotion.[69] The team attends conference events.[70]

The KDE community's developer meetings, servers and related events are frequently sponsored by individuals, universities, and businesses.[71][72] The supporting members of the KDE e.V. are extraordinary members supporting the KDE through financial or material contributions.[73] Supporting members are entitled to display the "Member of KDE" logo on their website or in printed materials. The Patron of KDE is the highest level of supporting member. The patrons of KDE also are entitled to display the exclusive "Patron of KDE" logo on their website or in printed materials.[74] On 15 October 2006, it was announced that Mark Shuttleworth had become the first Patron of KDE.[75] On 7 July 2007, it was announced that Intel Corporation and Novell had also become patrons of KDE.[76] In January 2010, Google become supporting member. On 9 June 2010, KDE e.V. launched the "Join the Game" campaign. This campaign promotes the idea of becoming a supporting member for individuals. It is made available for those who would like to support KDE, but do not have enough time to do so. Georg Greve, founder of the FSFE was first to 'join the game'.[77][78]

Identity

Konqi, mascot of the KDE community

The KDE community’s mascot is a green dragon named Konqi.[79] Kandalf the wizard was the former mascot for the KDE community during its 1.x and 2.x versions, but he was dropped due to copyright issues (his resemblance to Gandalf).

KDE has a community identity guidelines (CIG) for definitions and recommendations which help the community to establish a unique, characteristic, and appealing design.[80] The KDE official logo displays the white trademarked K-Gear shape on a blue square with mitered corners.[81] The KDE software labels are used producers of software to show that they are part of KDE community or that they use the KDE Platform. They include three labels. The Powered by KDE label means the software that derives its strength from KDE community and from the KDE development platform. The Built on the KDE Platform label has been chosen for this application uses the KDE platform. The Part of the KDE family label for application authors as part of the KDE community.[82]

  • Line art logo

  • Oxygen Logo

  • Crystal logo

  • Crystal logo

  • Classic logo

Many KDE applications have a K in the name, mostly as an initial letter. The K in many KDE applications is obtained by spelling a word which originally begins with C or Q differently, for example Konsole and Kaffeine. Also, some just prefix a commonly used word with a K, for instance KGet. Among KDE SC 4 applications and technologies, however, the trend is not to have a K in the name at all, such as Stage and Dolphin.

Activities

The two most important conferences of KDE are Akademy and Camp KDE. Each event is on a large scale, both thematically and geographically. KDE e.V. pays for travel to meetings, and subsidizes events.

Wikimedia UX at KDE aKademy 2010.ogv

The presentation about Wikimedia UX at Akademy 2010

Akademy is the annual world summit, held each summer at varying venues in Europe.[83] The primary goals of Akademy are to act as a community building event, to communicate the achievements of community, and to provide a platform for collaboration with community and industry partners. Secondary goals are to engage local people, and to provide space for getting together to write code. KDE e.V. assist with procedures, advice and organization. Akademy including conference, KDE e.V. general assembly, hacking session, and social program.[84] The KDE community held KDE One that was first conference in Arnsberg, Germany in 1997 to discuss the first KDE release. Initially, each conference was numbered after the release, and not regular hold. Since 2003 the conferences were hold one a year. And they were named Akademy since 2004. The yearly Akademy conference gives Akademy Awards, are awards that the KDE community gives to KDE contributors. Their purpose is to recognize outstanding contribution to KDE. There are three awards, best application, best non-application and jury's award. As always the winners are chosen by the winners from the previous year.[85] First winners received a framed picture of Konqi signed by all attending KDE developers.[86]

Camp KDE is another annual contributor’s conference of the KDE community. It is held in the Americas since 2009.

Camp KDE
Year Venue Date
2009[87] Negril, Jamaica 1/17-1/18
2010[88] San Diego, USA 1/15-1/22
2011[89] San Francisco, USA 4/4-4/5

Akademy-es is a conference for Spanish community since 2006. The event is organized by Spanish local organization. The annual KDE España Assembly, that took place during the event.

Akademy-es
Year Venue Date
2006[90] Barcelona 3/3-3/5
2007[91] Zaragoza 11/17-11/18
2008[92] A Coruña 11/21-11/23
2009[93] Gran Canaria 7/10-7/11
2010[94] Bilbao 5/7-5/9

Akademy-BR was addressed to Brazilian community.[95]

Akademy-BR
Year Venue Date
2010 Praia do Forte 4/9-4/11

conf.KDE.in is a conference in India.[96]

conf.KDE.in
Year Venue Date
2011 Bengaluru 3/9-3/13

KDE also participates other conferences that around free software.

Developer Sprints

In addition to Camp KDE and Akademy there are other conferences, which is called Developer Sprints. The Developer Sprints are focused gatherings of developers to work on a specific part of KDE. For example, Tokamak is the meeting of designers and developers of Plasma, KWin, and Oxygen.[97] Usually there are 10-15 people at the meetings. The meetings have a newbie quota, so at least one or two new developers are invited as well. The results of meetings are documented on the KDE.News.[98]

Technology platform

KDE brand map

The KDE technology platform consists of three parts: KDE Development Platform, KDE Workspace and KDE Applications.[55]

KDE Platform consists of libraries and services which are needed to run KDE applications. They include a number of libraries: Akonadi, Solid, Nepomuk, Phonon, Plasma, etc. And packages include: kdelibs, kdepimlibs and kdebase-runtime. The libraries must be licensed under one of the LGPL, BSD license, MIT license and X11 license.[99] While the Platform is mainly written in C++, it includes bindings for other programming languages.[100][101]

KDE Plasma Netbook

The Plasma Workspaces provide the environment for running and managing applications.[102] It include many components such as KWin, KDM, Plasma core libraries, Klipper, KSysguard, and System Settings. There are different available GUI environments: Plasma Desktop for desktop computers,[103] Plasma Netbook for netbooks,[104] Plasma Mobile for smartphones[105] and Plasma Tablet for Tablet PCs.[106]

KDE Applications are built on top of the KDE Platform like Okular, KTorrent, Krita and KDE Partition Manager.[107] KDE applications can potentially be portable between operating systems and independent of a particular workspace or desktop environment. There are a few brands which are used to identify application suites built up from several applications, such as KDE Games, Kontact and KDE Utilities. Some applications are part of the regular Software Compilation releases, others are part of Extragear and release to their own schedule.

Software

  • KDE Software Compilation: KDE Software Compilation (KDE SC) is the coordinated releases of new software versions, gathering elements from the previous components to build an integrated core of software. The KDE SC is not a product as a single entity.[108]
  • Calligra Suite: Integrated office suite.
  • KDEWebdev: Web development tools.
  • KDE-Extragear: Extragear is a collection of applications associated with KDE. Those applications are not part the official software compilation, but they are still part of the project.
  • KDE-Playground: This package contains pre-release and unstable software. It is a place for applications to mature.[109]

Collaborations with other organizations

Wikimedia

Amarok with information retrieved from Wikipedia.

On 23 June 2005, chairman of the Wikimedia Foundation announced that the KDE community and the Wikimedia Foundation begin cooperation.[110] Fruits of that cooperation are MediaWiki syntax highlighting in Kate and accessing Wikipedia content within KDE applications, such as Amarok and Marble.

On 4 April 2008, the KDE e.V. and Wikimedia Deutschland e.V. have opened shared offices in Frankfurt.[111] However, in September 2009 KDE e.V. moved out and Wikimedia uses these offices for themselves.

Free Software Foundation Europe

In May 2006, KDE e.V. became an Associate Member of the Free Software Foundation Europe (FSFE).[112]

On 22 August 2008, KDE e.V. and FSFE announced that after working with FSFE’s Freedom Task Force one and a half years KDE adopts FSFE’s Fiduciary Licence Agreement. Using that, KDE developers can – on a voluntary basis – assign their copyrights to KDE e.V.[113]

In September 2009, KDE e.V. and FSFE moved into shared offices in Berlin.[114]

Commercial enterprises

Nokia use Calligra Suite as base for their Office Viewer application for Maemo/MeeGo.[115][116] They have also been contracting KO GmbH to bring MS Office 2007 file format filters to Calligra.[117] Nokia also employs several KDE developers directly – either to use KDE software for MeeGo (e.g. KCal[118]) or as sponsorship.

The software development and consulting companies Intevation GmbH of Germany and the Swedish Klarälvdalens Datakonsult AB (KDAB) use Qt and KDE software – especially Kontact and Akonadi for Kolab – for their services and products, therefore both employ KDE developers.

Others

KDE participates in freedesktop.org, an effort to standardize Unix desktop interoperability.

Since 2009, GNOME and KDE co-host their conferences Akademy and GUADEC every two years under the Desktop Summit label.[119]

In December 2010 KDE e.V. became a licensee of the Open Invention Network.[120][121]

Many Linux distributions and other free operating systems are involved in the development and distribution of the software, and are therefore also active in the KDE community. These include commercial distributors such as Novell, Mandriva, Red Hat, or Canonical, but also government-funded non-commercial organizations such as the Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey with its Linux distribution Pardus.

See also

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