THE KUMEYAAY TRIBES GUIDE of Southern California Tribal Bands of Kumeyaay Nation Diegueno San Diego County Baja California Mexico
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Español | 中文 | 日本 | Française | Italiano | Deutsch | 한국어 | Россию | پارس 600 GENERATIONS IN SAN DIEGO COUNTY After hundreds of years of diligent archaeological research and hard artifactual evidence gleaned from many Southern California indigenous sites, it is widely agreed among scholars that the Kumeyaay (Iipai-Tipai-Diegueño) people have occupied this region for at least 12,000 years, 600 generations! TIMELINE: 1542 FIRST CONTACT: First European explorer in California, Juan Cabrillo, sailed into what is known today as San Diego Bay and made first contact with the Kumeyaay people. 1769 FIRST SPANISH MISSIONARY: Father Junípero Serra, established the first Franciscan mission in California near the ancient Kumeyaay village of Kosa'aay (Cosoy), known today as Old Town, San Diego. 1848 THE MEXICAN AMERICAN WAR: The Mexican-American War ended with signing of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo. This treaty, between the Mexican and American governments, established the current US-Mexico border and divided California from Mexico. Moreover, it cut the international border through the heart of the Kumeyaay ancestral homelands. This North American border region is known today as Southern California (County of San Diego) and Baja California Norte (Mexico), and it is located in the extreme southwestern corner of the U.S.A.
Kumeyaay History, circa 1900: Two Diegueño (Kumeyaay) men with child wearing Kumeyaay basket hats in front of an ewaa-style thatched shelter pose for a photograph, circa late 1800s or early 1900s. Man standing holding a staff, a tump line slung over his head supporting a bundle of fibrous material or basket container. Baskets and agave cordage net bags hanging off of exterior walls. |
| MAPS OF KUMEYAAY ANCESTRAL HOMELANDS
HISTORICAL TERRITORIES COMPARED TO PRESENT DAY |
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KUMEYAAY TERRITORY
Right map highlights the Kumeyaay ancestral territory in gray prior to European immigration — the dots on the modern left map show present-day locations of the thirteen small U.S. Kumeyaay Indian reservations, and four Kumiai Indio tribal community ranches in Baja California, Mexico, at the turn of the 21st century. DOWNLOAD high-resolution Kumeyaay map for educational use. See our extended KUMEYAAY TIMELINE history essay for more in-depth historical analysis of the Kumeyaay of Southern California. |
| Kumeyaay — Turn of the 21st Century |
| HERE AT THE TURN OF THE 21ST CENTURY the 12 surviving North American Kumeyaay bands in the United States are recognized by the federal government as SOVEREIGN TRIBAL GOVERNMENTS. Four Kumeyaay tribal communities survive south of the border in Baja California, Mexico.
Citlalli Salazar, Kumiai, a young 18-year-old female ethnographic artist, is pictured wearing an antique Southern California Indian basket hat (probably of desert Cahuilla origin) — her Baja tribal ejido landscape pictured in background, a rare antique painted polychrome Kumeyaay clay pot to right. |
| SOVEREIGN TRIBAL GOVERNMENTS |
| The U.S. Kumeyaay bands are federally-recognized Indian tribes.
As such, the United States federal government recognizes their reservations as sovereign lands, and their tribal councils as sovereign tribal governments. For more information about tribal sovereignty in America, please see our NATIVE AMERICAN INDIAN SOVEREIGNTY GUIDE. |
| THE KUMEYAAY-DIEGUENO NATION |
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Kumeyaay Bands of the United States: Southern California Tribes, 13 Federally-Recognized Kumeyaay Reservations, official tribal websites — click on each band's History and Culture links for their Kumeyaay perspectives directly from their official tribal archivists and historians:
HOW TO CONTACT San Diego County Reservations: The Baja California, Mexico, Kumiai Bands:
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| KUMEYAAY CASINOS & RESORTS |
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COMPLETE GUIDE TO KUMEYAAY CASINOS: Play at the best San Diego County Kumeyaay Indian casinos, resorts, hotels, restaurants, entertainment, golf courses — find the official Kumeyaay casino and tribal websites on our Kumeyaay mapping project maps. |
| SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA TRIBES |
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COMPLETE SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA TRIBAL INDEX Maps of the Southern California Indian tribal reservations: Kumeyaay-Diegueno, Luiseño, Cupeño and Cahuilla Indians.... |
| KUMEYAAY CULTURAL RESOURCES |
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50 Frequently Asked Questions about American Indian tribes — "American Indian or Native American?" | "Tribe or Band?" | "Who is an American Indian?" | "What is Indian Country?" | "What is trust land?" | "What is sovereign immunity?"... 12,000-YEAR HISTORY OF KUMEYAAY in San Diego. HOW TO RESEARCH Kumeyaay of Southern California. KUMEYAAY & TRIBAL SOVEREIGNTY in the U.S.A. KUMEYAAY NEWS daily and breaking news blogs. ETHNOGRAPHIC OVERVIEW of the Kumeyaay. KUMEYAAY GUIDE a (3rd & 4th grade) Teacher's Guide to Historical and Contemporary Kumeyaay Culture. WIKIPEDIA probably the largest online research project about the Kumeyaay people.
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