Oxidation of carbohydrate feedings during prolonged exercise: current thoughts, guidelines and directions for future research - PubMed

Review

Oxidation of carbohydrate feedings during prolonged exercise: current thoughts, guidelines and directions for future research

A E Jeukendrup et al. Sports Med. 2000 Jun.

Abstract

Although it is known that carbohydrate (CHO) feedings during exercise improve endurance performance, the effects of different feeding strategies are less clear. Studies using (stable) isotope methodology have shown that not all carbohydrates are oxidised at similar rates and hence they may not be equally effective. Glucose, sucrose, maltose, maltodextrins and amylopectin are oxidised at high rates. Fructose, galactose and amylose have been shown to be oxidised at 25 to 50% lower rates. Combinations of multiple transportable CHO may increase the total CHO absorption and total exogenous CHO oxidation. Increasing the CHO intake up to 1.0 to 1.5 g/min will increase the oxidation up to about 1.0 to 1.1 g/min. However, a further increase of the intake will not further increase the oxidation rates. Training status does not affect exogenous CHO oxidation. The effects of fasting and muscle glycogen depletion are less clear. The most remarkable conclusion is probably that exogenous CHO oxidation rates do not exceed 1.0 to 1.1 g/min. There is convincing evidence that this limitation is not at the muscular level but most likely located in the intestine or the liver. Intestinal perfusion studies seem to suggest that the capacity to absorb glucose is only slightly in excess of the observed entrance of glucose into the blood and the rate of absorption may thus be a factor contributing to the limitation. However, the liver may play an additional important role, in that it provides glucose to the bloodstream at a rate of about 1 g/min by balancing the glucose from the gut and from glycogenolysis/gluconeogenesis. It is possible that when large amounts of glucose are ingested absorption is a limiting factor, and the liver will retain some glucose and thus act as a second limiting factor to exogenous CHO oxidation.

Similar articles

• Exogenous carbohydrate oxidation from maltose and glucose ingested during prolonged exercise.

  Hawley JA, Dennis SC, Nowitz A, Brouns F, Noakes TD. Hawley JA, et al. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol. 1992;64(6):523-7. doi: 10.1007/BF00843762. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol. 1992. PMID: 1618190

• The use of carbohydrates during exercise as an ergogenic aid.

  Cermak NM, van Loon LJ. Cermak NM, et al. Sports Med. 2013 Nov;43(11):1139-55. doi: 10.1007/s40279-013-0079-0. Sports Med. 2013. PMID: 23846824 Review.

• Oxidation of carbohydrate ingested during prolonged endurance exercise.

  Hawley JA, Dennis SC, Noakes TD. Hawley JA, et al. Sports Med. 1992 Jul;14(1):27-42. doi: 10.2165/00007256-199214010-00003. Sports Med. 1992. PMID: 1641541 Review.

• Carbohydrate ingestion during prolonged exercise: effects on metabolism and performance.

  Coggan AR, Coyle EF. Coggan AR, et al. Exerc Sport Sci Rev. 1991;19:1-40. Exerc Sport Sci Rev. 1991. PMID: 1936083 Review.

• Nutritional manipulations before and during endurance exercise: effects on performance.

  Coggan AR, Swanson SC. Coggan AR, et al. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1992 Sep;24(9 Suppl):S331-5. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1992. PMID: 1406206

Cited by

• Comparison of Watermelon and Carbohydrate Beverage on Exercise-Induced Alterations in Systemic Inflammation, Immune Dysfunction, and Plasma Antioxidant Capacity.

  Shanely RA, Nieman DC, Perkins-Veazie P, Henson DA, Meaney MP, Knab AM, Cialdell-Kam L. Shanely RA, et al. Nutrients. 2016 Aug 22;8(8):518. doi: 10.3390/nu8080518. Nutrients. 2016. PMID: 27556488 Free PMC article. Clinical Trial.

• Primary, Secondary, and Tertiary Effects of Carbohydrate Ingestion During Exercise.

  Rollo I, Gonzalez JT, Fuchs CJ, van Loon LJC, Williams C. Rollo I, et al. Sports Med. 2020 Nov;50(11):1863-1871. doi: 10.1007/s40279-020-01343-3. Sports Med. 2020. PMID: 32936440 Free PMC article.

• Substrate utilization during prolonged exercise with ingestion of (13)C-glucose in acute hypobaric hypoxia (4,300 m).

  Péronnet F, Massicotte D, Folch N, Melin B, Koulmann N, Jimenez C, Bourdon L, Launay JC, Savourey G. Péronnet F, et al. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2006 Jul;97(5):527-34. doi: 10.1007/s00421-006-0164-2. Epub 2006 May 23. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2006. PMID: 16775741 Clinical Trial.

• Restoration of Muscle Glycogen and Functional Capacity: Role of Post-Exercise Carbohydrate and Protein Co-Ingestion.

  Alghannam AF, Gonzalez JT, Betts JA. Alghannam AF, et al. Nutrients. 2018 Feb 23;10(2):253. doi: 10.3390/nu10020253. Nutrients. 2018. PMID: 29473893 Free PMC article. Review.

• Lactose-free milk prolonged endurance capacity in lactose intolerant Asian males.

  Sudsa-Ard K, Kijboonchoo K, Chavasit V, Chaunchaiyakul R, Nio AQ, Lee JK. Sudsa-Ard K, et al. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2014 Oct 23;11(1):49. doi: 10.1186/s12970-014-0049-4. eCollection 2014. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2014. PMID: 25374482 Free PMC article.

References

Publication types

MeSH terms

Substances

LinkOut - more resources

• Full Text Sources

  • Ovid Technologies, Inc.
  • Springer

• Other Literature Sources

  • The Lens - Patent Citations Database

• Medical

  • MedlinePlus Consumer Health Information
  • MedlinePlus Health Information