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Recurrent speciation of a tomato yellow leaf curl geminivirus in Portugal by recombination - PubMed

  • ️Tue Jan 01 2019

Recurrent speciation of a tomato yellow leaf curl geminivirus in Portugal by recombination

Elvira Fiallo-Olivé et al. Sci Rep. 2019.

Abstract

Recurrent evolution can involve interspecific interactions, recognized to play a primary role in the diversification and organization of life. Both in the plant and animal kingdoms, the recurrent formation of allopolyploid species has been described. In the virosphere, recombination between isolates of different species has been shown to be a source of speciation. In this work, complete genome analysis showed that speciation through recombination of an emergent DNA plant virus, tomato yellow leaf curl Malaga virus (genus Begomovirus, family Geminiviridae), has occurred independently in Portugal and Spain, confirming previous observations with tomato yellow leaf curl Axarquia virus, also originated independently in Spain and Italy. These results will guide future research to discover new cases of recurrent emergence of recombinant virus species in geographical areas where the putative parents co-exist or can be introduced. This will reveal the role that recurrent speciation through recombination plays in the evolution of the virosphere and will help to understand the consequences of this phenomenon on the diversification of life.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no competing interests.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1

Genomic organization of the begomovirus isolates described in this work, belonging to the species Tomato yellow leaf curl Sardinia virus (TYLCSV), Tomato yellow leaf curl Malaga virus (TYLCMaV) and Tomato yellow leaf curl Axarquia virus (TYLCAxV). The origin of the recombinant fragments present in TYLCMaV and TYLCAxV isolates is indicated with different colors (blue, TYLCSV-ES; red, Tomato yellow leaf curl virus-Mld [TYLCV-Mld]; yellow, Tomato yellow leaf curl virus-IL [TYLCV-IL]). Arrows represent genes with the proteins products indicated: V2, movement-like protein; CP, coat protein; REn, replication enhancer protein; TrAP, transcription activator protein; Rep, replication-associated protein, C4, C4 protein. IR, intergenic region containing the origin of replication within a stem-loop structure.

Figure 2
Figure 2

Map of the Mediterranean basin showing the countries where the recombinant species of the tomato yellow leaf curl virus complex, Tomato yellow leaf curl Malaga virus (TYLCMaV) (in blue) and Tomato yellow leaf curl Axarquia virus (TYLCAxV) (in red) have been reported to date. ES, Spain; IT, Italy; JO, Jordania; MA, Morocco; PT, Portugal; TN, Tunisia.?, to be confirmed by complete genome sequencing.

Figure 3
Figure 3

Genealogical relationships between the sequences of the TYLCSV (a,c) and TYLCV (b,d) moieties of the recombinant begomoviruses TYLCMaV (a,b) and TYLCAxV (c,d) found in Portugal and Spain, and their parental viruses (TYLCSV-ES, TYLCV-Mld and TYLCV-IL). Maximum parsimony networks at 95% connection limit were constructed with the TCS program and identify both the relationships between the begomovirus sequences and the number of nucleotide substitutions connecting them. The small circles indicate mutational changes between the linked sequences. The sequences from Portugal are in bold inside rounded rectangles.

Figure 4
Figure 4

Phylogenetic relationships between the sequences of the TYLCSV (left trees) and TYLCV (right trees) moieties of the recombinant begomoviruses TYLCMaV (upper trees) and TYLCAxV (lower trees) found in Portugal and Spain, and their parental viruses (TYLCSV-ES, TYLCV-Mld and TYLCV-IL). The trees were constructed by the maximum-likelihood method (500 replicates) with the MEGA X program using the best-fit model, T92. The tree for the TYLCSV moiety of TYLCAxV was condensed with a cutoff value of 50%. The tree for the TYLCV moiety of TYLCAxV could not be submitted to bootstrapping because only three sequences are available. The bars below the trees indicate nucleotide substitutions per site. The sequences from Portugal are in red and underlined.

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