Pennsylvania State House

July 14, 1778 (Tuesday):
Congress begins discussions on the possibility of launching new offensives against British-held territories in the south, as British attention was now shifting toward campaigns in Georgia and the Carolinas.

July 20, 1778 (Monday):
Congress appoints new officers to the restructured Commissary Department, continuing efforts to reform the supply chain for the army. The effectiveness of this department was critical to maintaining the army’s ability to fight.

July 25, 1778 (Saturday):
Congress adopts measures to promote desertion among British mercenaries, particularly Hessians, by offering land and citizenship in exchange for leaving the British service.

August 1778

August 3, 1778 (Monday):
Congress receives word of French naval forces arriving in American waters, under the command of Admiral d’Estaing. The French fleet’s presence marks the first direct military support from France following the signing of the alliance.

August 6, 1778 (Thursday):
Congress orders the reinforcement of American forces in Rhode Island, where French and American forces were planning a joint operation against British positions. This cooperation was an early test of the Franco-American military alliance.

August 10, 1778 (Monday):
Congress appoints new officers to the Continental Army’s southern department, as British forces had begun a campaign to capture key southern cities like Savannah.

August 15, 1778 (Saturday):
Congress resolves to increase the recruitment of African Americans into the Continental Army. Although initially hesitant, Congress recognized the need for additional manpower and the contributions made by African American soldiers.

August 20, 1778 (Thursday):
Congress receives reports of the failed attempt to retake Newport, Rhode Island. The joint Franco-American operation had been disrupted by a British fleet, and Admiral d’Estaing’s forces were forced to withdraw. Despite the setback, the alliance with France remained strong.

August 25, 1778 (Tuesday):
Congress orders an investigation into the failed Newport operation, aiming to understand what went wrong and to improve coordination with French forces in future engagements.

August 30, 1778 (Sunday):
Congress adopts a resolution to improve the defenses of Charleston, South Carolina, as British forces were preparing to invade the southern colonies.

September 1778

September 1, 1778 (Tuesday):
Congress orders the expansion of the Continental Army in the southern department, recognizing the growing threat posed by British campaigns in Georgia and the Carolinas.

September 5, 1778 (Saturday):
Congress debates the continued funding of privateers and adopts new regulations to ensure that privateering efforts remain focused on disrupting British supply lines rather than pursuing personal profit.

September 10, 1778 (Thursday):
Congress receives reports of increased Loyalist activity in the southern colonies and adopts measures to suppress these Loyalist forces, which were working with the British to undermine the revolutionary cause.

September 15, 1778 (Tuesday):
Congress adopts new recruitment regulations, focusing on increasing the number of soldiers in the Continental Army as the war enters a critical phase. Recruitment efforts were especially urgent in the southern colonies.

September 20, 1778 (Sunday):
Congress adopts a resolution to strengthen the defenses of Savannah, Georgia, as British forces were moving to capture the city. The fall of Savannah would be a major blow to American efforts in the south.

September 25, 1778 (Friday):
Congress appoints a committee to negotiate with Native American tribes in the western territories, aiming to secure their neutrality or support in the war. Relations with Native Americans were complex, as different tribes sided with either the British or the Americans.

September 30, 1778 (Wednesday):
Congress debates proposals for new financial reforms to address inflation and the depreciation of Continental currency. These economic issues were becoming increasingly problematic as the war dragged on, making it difficult to maintain public confidence in paper money.

October 1778

October 2, 1778 (Friday):
Congress extends the embargo on exports to January 31, 1779, and requests that states seize provisions to prevent "engrossing" (hoarding) and speculation. These measures were aimed at ensuring supplies for the Continental Army and preventing profiteering during wartime.

October 3, 1778 (Saturday):
Congress informs General Casimir Pulaski, who had been leading a cavalry unit, that "it is the duty of every military officer in the service of these states to yield obedience" to the laws of the states. This was a response to disputes over Pulaski’s independent command style, emphasizing the need for military officers to follow legal protocols.

October 5, 1778 (Monday):
Congress conducts an examination of William Carmichael regarding the activities of Silas Deane in France. Deane, a former commissioner to France, was under investigation for financial mismanagement and his controversial dealings with foreign officers.

October 6, 1778 (Tuesday):
Congress invites the British philosopher and economist Dr. Richard Price to become a citizen of the United States and assist "in regulating their finances." Price was a strong supporter of the American Revolution and had written extensively on economic and political reform.

October 8, 1778 (Thursday):
Congress lifts limitations on the price of silver and gold, removing government controls over these critical commodities in the hope of stabilizing the currency and addressing inflation.

October 12, 1778 (Monday):
Congress adopts resolutions to suppress "theatrical entertainments, horse racing, gaming, and such other diversions as are productive of idleness, dissipation, and vice." These measures reflect the desire to maintain moral discipline and focus on the war effort.

October 13, 1778 (Tuesday):
Congress orders General George Washington to take measures for the defense of the western frontier, which was vulnerable to British and Native American attacks. This was part of the ongoing effort to protect settlers in the frontier regions.

October 14, 1778 (Wednesday):
Congress receives documents from Silas Deane and schedules further inquiry into the charges made against him. Deane’s financial dealings in Europe continued to be a contentious issue.

October 15, 1778 (Thursday):
Congress receives intelligence about the distribution of a "Manifesto and Proclamation" from British peace commissioners. These proclamations, intended to undermine American morale, promised pardons to rebels who would return to British loyalty.

October 16, 1778 (Friday):
Congress orders the seizure of anyone attempting to distribute the British commissioners’ manifestos and orders the removal of the Convention Army (British troops captured at Saratoga) to Charlottesville, Virginia, to prevent escape or rescue.

October 17, 1778 (Saturday):
Congress commends the comte d'Estaing for his attempts to assist American forces. D'Estaing had led French naval forces in a failed attempt to retake Newport, Rhode Island, from the British, but his efforts were nonetheless appreciated.

October 21, 1778 (Wednesday):
Congress orders the arrest of the British commissary of prisoners in Philadelphia and declares opposition to "partial and parole exchanges" of prisoners of war in favor of "a general exchange." Congress also commends the marquis de Lafayette and expresses gratitude to the king of France for his continued support.

October 22, 1778 (Thursday):
Congress assigns General Horatio Gates to command the eastern department of the army, which included the defense of key locations like New York and Rhode Island. Congress also adopts instructions for the American minister to France and a plan for an attack on Quebec.

October 26, 1778 (Monday):
Congress appoints a committee to prepare a publication on "matters relating to" the negotiations with the British peace commissioners, aiming to clarify the American position and refute British propaganda.

October 27, 1778 (Tuesday):
Congress responds to the Governor of Havana, thanking him for introducing Juan de Miralles, an unofficial Spanish agent to the United States. Miralles would play a key role in securing Spanish support for the American cause.

October 29, 1778 (Thursday):
Congress reorganizes the Board of War to improve the administration of military operations, reflecting ongoing efforts to make the war effort more efficient and better coordinated.

October 30, 1778 (Friday):
Congress adopts a "Manifesto" vowing to take "exemplary vengeance" against any future acts of British barbarity, such as the mistreatment of American prisoners of war or attacks on civilians.

October 31, 1778 (Saturday):
Congress rejects a proposal from the Spanish Governor of New Orleans for an attack on British-controlled West Florida. While Spain supported the American cause, Congress chose not to undertake this particular offensive at the time.

November 1778

November 2, 1778 (Monday):
Congress authorizes an attack on East Florida, another British-controlled territory, as part of its broader strategy to undermine British power in the southern colonies.

November 3, 1778 (Tuesday):
Congress appoints a comptroller, auditor, treasurer, and commissioners of accounts for the reorganized Treasury office, continuing efforts to improve the management of war finances.

November 4, 1778 (Wednesday):
Congress orders the printing of the Franco-American treaties to ensure wider distribution of these key documents. Congress also resolves to emit an additional $10 million in Continental currency to help finance the war effort.

November 7, 1778 (Saturday):
Congress sets December 30 as "a day of general thanksgiving" to celebrate the victories of the past year and the growing international support for the American cause. Congress also reaches a compromise over the provisioning of prisoners of war, addressing disputes over how to treat captured British soldiers.

November 10, 1778 (Tuesday):
Congress augments the plans for the expedition against East Florida, further strengthening American efforts to capture the British-held territory.

November 11, 1778 (Wednesday):
Congress exempts embargoed flour purchased in Virginia for the French navy, recognizing the importance of supporting French forces as part of the alliance.

November 12, 1778 (Thursday):
Congress denies John Connolly's plea to be treated as a prisoner of war due to his violations of parole. Connolly, a Loyalist officer, had been caught attempting to organize a British uprising in the western frontier.

November 14, 1778 (Saturday):
Congress adopts new incentives to encourage naval enlistments, recognizing the importance of maintaining a strong Continental Navy to challenge British dominance at sea.

November 17, 1778 (Tuesday):
Congress orders the closer confinement of John Connolly for his parole violations. Congress also reaffirms the thanksgiving day resolve for December 30.

November 19, 1778 (Thursday):
Congress authorizes General Washington to appoint commissioners to negotiate a prisoner exchange with the British. Congress also receives formal charges from Thomas McKean against General William Thompson, initiating an inquiry into the matter.

November 20, 1778 (Friday):
Congress hears General William Thompson’s denial of the charges brought against him by Thomas McKean, marking the beginning of a dispute that would require further investigation.

November 23, 1778 (Monday):
Congress examines witnesses in the McKean-Thompson dispute, continuing its inquiry into the charges of misconduct against General Thompson.

November 24, 1778 (Tuesday):
Congress adopts rules for settling rank and seniority disputes in the Continental Army, addressing issues of military hierarchy and promotions. Congress also authorizes the Board of War "to finish the arrangements of the army agreeably to the resolutions of Congress."

November 26, 1778 (Thursday):
Congress receives New Jersey’s ratification of the Articles of Confederation, a crucial step toward the formal unification of the states under a common government.

November 27, 1778 (Friday):
Congress rejects a petition to exempt grain for Bermuda from the embargo, prioritizing American and allied needs over those of neutral or British-controlled territories.

November 28, 1778 (Saturday):
Congress responds to a threat from British Admiral James Gambier, who had warned of retaliation against American prisoners of war. Congress reaffirms its commitment to humane treatment of prisoners while preparing to defend American captives.

December 1778

December 3, 1778 (Thursday):
Congress confirms General Philip Schuyler’s acquittal by court-martial, clearing him of any misconduct during his command. Congress also receives letters recommending John Temple, a suspected British agent, for further investigation.

December 5, 1778 (Saturday):
Congress endorses General Washington’s recommendation to suspend preparations for a Canadian invasion, recognizing the logistical challenges of such an undertaking. Congress also confirms General Charles Lee’s conviction by court-martial for insubordination and poor conduct during the Battle of Monmouth.

December 7, 1778 (Monday):
Congress orders Silas Deane to submit a written report detailing "his agency . . . in Europe" as part of the ongoing investigation into his diplomatic and financial activities. Congress also hears testimony in the McKean-Thompson dispute.

December 9, 1778 (Wednesday):
Henry Laurens resigns as president of Congress after serving in the role since November 1777. Laurens had helped guide Congress through the challenging period of the British occupation of Philadelphia and the subsequent return to the city.

December 10, 1778 (Thursday):
John Jay is elected as the new president of Congress, succeeding Henry Laurens. Jay would later become a key figure in American diplomacy. On the same day, Congress endorses the French minister Gérard’s proposal for encouraging privateering, a critical tool in disrupting British trade and supply lines.

December 14, 1778 (Monday):
Congress resolves to emit an additional $10 million in Continental currency to finance the war, despite growing concerns about inflation and the depreciation of paper money.

December 16, 1778 (Wednesday):
Congress resolves to contract the supply of Continental currency in an effort to combat inflation. Congress also accepts presidential expenses as a public charge and asks the states to raise $15 million in taxes to fund the war. On this day, Congress also confirms the acquittal of General Arthur St. Clair, who had been court-martialed for his role in the loss of Fort Ticonderoga.

December 18, 1778 (Friday):
Congress directs General Washington to attend Congress for a "personal conference," following his suggestion that a face-to-face meeting would be beneficial for discussing strategy and the state of the army.

December 22, 1778 (Tuesday):
Silas Deane appears before Congress and "reads his written information" concerning his agency in Europe. This marks the beginning of a formal hearing into his activities, which had been mired in controversy.

December 23, 1778 (Wednesday):
Congress continues the Silas Deane hearing, seeking to resolve the questions surrounding his financial dealings and diplomatic efforts. Congress also continues the hearing into the McKean-Thompson dispute.

December 24, 1778 (Thursday):
General Washington arrives in Congress for his personal conference, as requested. Congress also continues the McKean-Thompson dispute hearing, ultimately accepting General William Thompson’s "apology" in the matter.

December 25, 1778 (Friday):
Congress observes Christmas.

December 26, 1778 (Saturday):
Congress adopts new regulations for the exchange of Continental bills through loan offices, continuing its efforts to stabilize the wartime economy.

December 29, 1778 (Tuesday):
Congress adopts Gérard’s proposal for protecting American-grown masts, crucial for shipbuilding and the war effort. Congress also appoints three additional Continental brigadier generals, reflecting the need for leadership in the expanding army.

December 31, 1778 (Thursday):
Congress continues the hearing into Silas Deane’s conduct and adopts additional fiscal resolutions aimed at addressing the financial strains of the war.

Journals of the Continental Congress – United States of America - 1781

January 1781

January 3, 1781 (Wednesday):
Congress appoints a committee to confer with Pennsylvania officials regarding the mutiny of the Pennsylvania Line, a significant crisis in which Continental soldiers stationed in Pennsylvania mutinied over pay and poor conditions. The committee is tasked with addressing the soldiers' grievances while maintaining order.

January 5, 1781 (Friday):
The committee on the Pennsylvania Line mutiny is empowered to "take such measures as may appear necessary to quiet the disturbances." This move reflects the urgency of the situation, as the mutiny had the potential to destabilize military morale. On the same day, Congress issues a threat of retaliation against the British for their mistreatment of American prisoners of war.

January 6, 1781 (Saturday):
Congress revives a committee to focus on the reorganization of the executive departments. This indicates a push to streamline and improve the management of key governmental functions, especially as the war dragged on and the need for more efficient administration became apparent.

January 8, 1781 (Monday):
Congress endorses a proposal to receive a delegation from the Delaware Native American tribe, underscoring the importance of maintaining good relations with Native American allies during the war.

January 9, 1781 (Tuesday):
Congress recommends the prosecution of former Clothier General James Mease for "a high abuse of office," likely connected to corruption or mismanagement in the distribution of military supplies.

January 10, 1781 (Wednesday):
Congress authorizes the establishment of a permanent office for the Department of Foreign Affairs, recognizing the growing importance of diplomatic efforts and the need for a stable structure to manage foreign relations, particularly with France, Spain, and other European powers.

January 12, 1781 (Friday):
Congress endorses a treasury inquiry report that acquits the commissioners of the chambers of accounts. This likely involved a review of financial conduct to ensure transparency and accountability in the handling of public funds.

January 15, 1781 (Monday):
A new fiscal appeal to the states from New Hampshire to Pennsylvania is adopted, reflecting Congress’s ongoing attempts to secure funding from the states in order to sustain the war effort.

January 17, 1781 (Wednesday):
Congress appoints John Cochran as the Director of the Hospital Department, responsible for overseeing the medical care of soldiers. John Pierce is also appointed Paymaster General, tasked with managing the payment of troops, a critical position given the ongoing issues with pay.

January 19, 1781 (Friday):
Congress opens debate on the fiscal crisis, which had been exacerbated by inflation, the depreciation of Continental currency, and the states’ reluctance or inability to meet financial requisitions.

January 24, 1781 (Wednesday):
Congress receives a report on the mutiny of the Pennsylvania Line, which provides details on the causes and current status of the situation, as the unrest among the soldiers posed a serious threat to military discipline and the overall war effort.

January 31, 1781 (Wednesday):
A recommendation from the committee of the whole is received, advocating for a 5 percent impost (a tax on imported goods) to help address the fiscal crisis. This proposal was part of Congress’s ongoing attempts to generate revenue independent of the states.

February 1781

February 2, 1781 (Friday):
Congress rejects Pennsylvania’s appeal for an emergency pay response to address the grievances of the Pennsylvania Line mutineers. This decision underscores the financial constraints Congress faced, despite the pressing need to restore order.

February 3, 1781 (Saturday):
Congress recommends that the states empower it to levy a 5 percent impost, further pressing for a centralized means of raising revenue to fund the war. The lack of financial independence was a major weakness of Congress under the Articles of Confederation.

February 5, 1781 (Monday):
Congress commends General Samuel Parsons' troops for their successful attack at Morrisania, New York, reflecting the ongoing military engagements with British forces. Congress also defines alien property rights under the Franco-American treaties, ensuring that French citizens’ property would be protected under U.S. law.

February 7, 1781 (Wednesday):
Congress adopts a plan to create three new departments: finance, war, and marine. This reorganization was designed to improve the management and oversight of the critical functions of government, particularly as the war placed immense strain on resources.

February 8, 1781 (Thursday):
News arrives of General Daniel Morgan's stunning victory at the Battle of Cowpens in South Carolina. This pivotal battle was a major morale boost for the Continental Army in the southern theater of the war.

February 12, 1781 (Monday):
Congress receives Maryland’s act authorizing the ratification of the Articles of Confederation. Maryland had been the last holdout, primarily due to disputes over western land claims, and its ratification was a significant step toward formalizing the framework of the new government.

February 15, 1781 (Thursday):
Congress authorizes expenditures to support the eastern Native American department and permits John Jay, the U.S. envoy to Spain, to recede from his previous instructions that insisted on the free navigation of the Mississippi River. This change in instructions likely reflected the complexities of negotiating with Spain over territorial and navigation rights.

February 19, 1781 (Monday):
Congress orders an inquiry into the causes of delays in the shipment of clothing and arms from France, recognizing the vital importance of these supplies in sustaining the war effort.

February 20, 1781 (Tuesday):
Congress orders reinforcements and resupply of the southern department, where the Continental Army was fighting to hold off British advances. On the same day, Robert Morris is appointed Superintendent of Finance, marking a critical step in reforming the country’s financial system.

February 22, 1781 (Thursday):
Congress assigns March 1, 1781, as the date for completing and ratifying the Articles of Confederation. This would formalize the union of the states and establish a more permanent structure for governance.

February 23, 1781 (Friday):
Congress debates and recommits the report on the Hartford economic convention, which had focused on financial and economic matters among the New England states.

February 24, 1781 (Saturday):
Congress doubles postage rates, likely in an effort to raise additional revenue, and adopts a plan for ratification ceremonies to mark the official adoption of the Articles of Confederation.

February 27, 1781 (Tuesday):
Congress commends John Paul Jones for his "distinguished bravery and military conduct," particularly for his victory over the British ship Serapis during the famous naval battle off the coast of England. On the same day, Alexander McDougall is elected Secretary of Marine.

February 28, 1781 (Wednesday):
Congress postpones the election of the Secretary at War to October 1. Additionally, it imposes restrictions on ornate military uniforms and decorations, perhaps in response to financial constraints and concerns over military discipline. Old business is referred to the newly established United States in Congress Assembled, the formal government structure under the Articles of Confederation.

First USCA: March 2, 1781
Samuel Huntington,  USCA President

USCA Journals – United States of America - 1781

March 1781

March 1, 1781 (Thursday):

• New York’s Cession of Western Land Claims: Congress receives New York’s formal cession of its western land claims. This was a significant step in addressing the contentious issue of state claims to western territories, which had delayed the ratification of the Articles of Confederation.
• Maryland Delegates Sign the Articles of Confederation: Maryland, the final state to ratify the Articles, formally signs the document, marking the completion of the Confederation. This ended years of debate and negotiation over the structure of the new government.
• Celebration of the Confederation’s Completion: The ratification of the Articles was celebrated as a major achievement, officially bringing all 13 states into a union under a central government, albeit with limited powers.

March 2, 1781 (Friday):

• First Session of the United States in Congress Assembled (USCA): Congress convenes its first session under the newly ratified Articles of Confederation. Samuel Huntington continues to serve as President of Congress.
• Debates on Representation Rules: Congress begins debating the rules for state representation in the new Confederation Congress. This involved questions about how voting would be structured and how to balance the interests of large and small states.
• Committee to Revise the Rules of Congress: A committee is appointed to revise the rules under which Congress would operate, now that it was functioning under the Articles of Confederation.

March 3, 1781 (Saturday):

• Removal of the Convention Army Prisoners: Congress orders the removal of the "Convention Army" (British and German troops captured at Saratoga in 1777) from Virginia. This was part of efforts to relocate prisoners of war to safer and more secure locations.

March 6, 1781 (Tuesday):

• Plan for Executing Congressional Acts: Congress orders the preparation of a comprehensive plan for “carrying into execution” all acts and resolutions passed by Congress. This directive sought to ensure that the new government under the Articles of Confederation had the administrative capacity to implement its decisions effectively.

March 7, 1781 (Wednesday):

• Depreciation Allowances: Congress orders depreciation allowances for staff department officers. This move was aimed at addressing the financial strain caused by rampant inflation and the declining value of Continental currency, which affected the salaries and morale of government officials and military officers.

March 9, 1781 (Friday):

• Commendation for Victory at the Battle of Cowpens: Congress commends the Continental Army troops for their victory at the Battle of Cowpens in South Carolina on January 17, 1781. This decisive American victory, led by General Daniel Morgan, was a turning point in the southern campaign of the Revolutionary War.

March 10-14, 1781:

• Debates on Continental Finances: Congress holds debates on the dire state of Continental finances, trying to find solutions to fund the war effort and stabilize the economy. These discussions were driven by the ongoing fiscal crisis caused by inflation, currency depreciation, and the lack of reliable revenue sources.

March 15, 1781 (Thursday):

• Connecticut Act on Continental Imposts: Congress receives an act from Connecticut authorizing Congress to levy imposts (taxes on imports) for a limited time. This was part of broader efforts to give Congress the authority to raise revenue directly, rather than relying solely on state contributions.

March 16, 1781 (Friday):

• Continental Bills as Legal Tender: Congress urges the states to pass laws making Continental bills legal tender. This was an attempt to ensure that the Continental currency remained in circulation and to combat the refusal of businesses and individuals to accept the increasingly devalued paper money.
• Appeals to Meet Fiscal Quotas: Congress appeals to the states to meet their fiscal quotas, urging them to provide the necessary funds to support the war effort.

March 19, 1781 (Monday):

• Bills of Exchange on Benjamin Franklin: Congress authorizes the drawing of bills of exchange on Benjamin Franklin in France, using him as a financial intermediary to secure loans and manage the flow of money from America’s European allies.

March 20, 1781 (Tuesday):

• Fast Day Proclamation: Congress adopts a proclamation for a day of fasting, humiliation, and prayer. Such proclamations were common during moments of national crisis and were intended to seek divine guidance and bolster public morale during the hardships of the war.
• Robert Morris’s Conditions for Finance Position Accepted: Congress accepts Robert Morris’s conditions for serving as Superintendent of Finance. Morris, a prominent merchant and financier, had demanded significant authority to manage the nation’s finances effectively.

March 22, 1781 (Thursday):

• Connecticut’s Impost Repeal Request: Congress urges Connecticut to repeal the time limitation from its approval of a Continental impost, pushing for broader and longer-lasting authority to levy taxes on imports.

March 24, 1781 (Saturday):

• French Military Support Pledge: Congress receives a pledge of continued French military support but is also warned of the impending end of French financial aid. This highlighted the precarious nature of America’s reliance on its European allies.

March 27, 1781 (Tuesday):

• Ordinance on Prize Capture: Congress adopts an ordinance regulating the capture and condemnation of prizes, outlining the procedures for dealing with enemy ships captured by American privateers.

March 28, 1781 (Wednesday):

• Board of Admiralty Report: Congress receives a report from the Board of Admiralty on the delay of supplies from France, highlighting logistical challenges and the need for better coordination with America’s allies.

March 30, 1781 (Friday):

• Rejection of McDougall’s Terms: Congress rejects the terms set by General Alexander McDougall for accepting the appointment as Secretary of Marine, which included requests for greater authority than Congress was willing to grant.

March 31, 1781 (Saturday):

• Morris’s Authority in Finance Office: Congress rejects a motion to grant Robert Morris removal authority in the Office of Finance, indicating reluctance to give him complete control over personnel decisions.

April 1781

April 2, 1781 (Monday):

• New York Militia Regiments: Congress authorizes New York to raise two militia regiments at Continental expense to strengthen its defenses, particularly in the face of British military threats in the region.

April 3, 1781 (Tuesday):

• General Burgoyne’s Recall: Congress orders the recall of British General John Burgoyne from his parole, likely in response to his role as a British commander during the Saratoga campaign and his subsequent capture.
• Condemnation of British Treatment of Henry Laurens: Congress prepares a manifesto condemning the British treatment of Henry Laurens, a former president of Congress, who had been captured by the British and imprisoned in the Tower of London.

April 4, 1781 (Wednesday):

• Interest on New Emission Bills: Congress resolves against paying interest on bills of new emission, part of the broader efforts to stabilize the nation’s finances and reduce the fiscal strain caused by currency depreciation.

April 5, 1781 (Thursday):

• Courts of Admiralty Ordinance: Congress adopts an ordinance for establishing courts of admiralty, which would handle legal cases related to maritime law, prize captures, and other naval matters.

April 7, 1781 (Saturday):

• Privateer Regulations: Congress adopts new instructions regulating privateers, ensuring that American privateers acted within the bounds of the law and contributed to the war effort without overstepping their authority.

April 8, 1781 (Sunday):

• Sunday Session on Delmarva Invasion Threat: In a rare Sunday session, Congress convenes to prepare against a threatened British invasion of the Delmarva Peninsula (Delaware, Maryland, and Virginia). This reflects the urgency of military threats on the home front.

April 10, 1781 (Tuesday):

• Limitation on Bills of Exchange: Congress orders a limitation on bills of exchange drawn on American ministers abroad, particularly to manage the financial commitments being made in Europe.

April 11, 1781 (Wednesday):

• Magazines for French Forces: Congress orders the establishment of magazines for provisioning French forces, including efforts to defray a credit of $400,000 that had been drawn for Benjamin Franklin in France to support the war effort.

April 14, 1781 (Saturday):

• Commendation for John Paul Jones: Congress commends John Paul Jones, the naval hero who had led daring raids against British ships, including his famous victory over the Serapis.

April 16, 1781 (Monday):

• Continental Officers and Civil Appointments: Congress reaffirms its prohibition against Continental officers holding civil appointments, seeking to maintain a separation between military and civil responsibilities.

April 18, 1781 (Wednesday):

• Public Debt Report Circulation: Congress orders the circulation of a report on the public debt to the states, urging them to take action to address the growing financial crisis facing the new nation.

April 21, 1781 (Saturday):

• Morris’s Removal Authority Granted: Congress grants Robert Morris the authority to remove personnel in the Office of Finance, giving him greater control over the department he was tasked with managing.

April 23, 1781 (Monday):

• Impost Ordinance Preparation: Congress appoints a committee to prepare an ordinance on the impost, aiming to secure a stable source of revenue by taxing imports, which would help fund the war effort.

April 27, 1781 (Friday):

• Actions on Bills of Exchange: Congress orders immediate steps to prevent the drawing of further bills of exchange on John Jay and Henry Laurens abroad, recognizing the risks posed by overextending the nation’s financial commitments.

May 1781

May 1, 1781 (Tuesday):

• Failure to Convene Quorum: Congress fails to convene a quorum, delaying its ability to conduct official business. This reflects ongoing challenges with attendance, as delegates struggled to meet their obligations amidst the war.

May 3, 1781 (Thursday):

• Fast Day Observance: Congress observes a national Fast Day, a tradition calling for prayer, fasting, and reflection during times of crisis.

May 4, 1781 (Friday):

• Revised Congressional Rules Adopted: Congress adopts revised rules for its proceedings, likely aimed at improving efficiency and addressing the procedural challenges that had emerged during the war.

May 8, 1781 (Tuesday):

• Inauguration of “Committee of the Week” Reports: Congress receives a report from the “Committee of the Week,” inaugurating a new procedure designed to expedite the consideration of business. This innovation was intended to streamline congressional decision-making.

May 14, 1781 (Monday):

• Robert Morris Accepts Finance Position: Congress receives Robert Morris’s formal acceptance of the position of Superintendent of Finance. Morris would play a crucial role in stabilizing the nation’s finances and organizing funding for the war effort.
• “Ways and Means” Measures Adopted: Congress adopts new “ways and means” measures for defraying the costs of the upcoming campaign, continuing efforts to secure the necessary financial resources for the war.

May 16, 1781 (Wednesday):

• Authorization to Sell the America: Congress authorizes John Jay to sell the America, a 74-gun ship of the line still under construction in Portsmouth, to Spain. This sale was intended to raise funds and build stronger ties with Spain, a key ally.

May 18, 1781 (Friday):

• Authorization for General Wayne to Impress Provisions: Congress authorizes General Anthony Wayne, known for his aggressive military tactics, to impress provisions (forcibly requisition supplies) to support the army in the southern theater of the war.

May 21, 1781 (Monday):

• Proposal for a National Bank: Congress receives a proposal from Robert Morris to establish a national bank. Morris believed that a stable banking system would provide the financial support needed to win the war and stabilize the economy.

May 26, 1781 (Saturday):

• Approval of Plan for a National Bank: Congress approves Morris’s plan for establishing a national bank in the United States. This would lead to the creation of the Bank of North America, the first commercial bank in the U.S., designed to stabilize currency and facilitate government borrowing.

May 28, 1781 (Monday):

• Navigation of the Mississippi River: Congress authorizes John Jay to recede from the demand for free navigation of the Mississippi River, a key issue in negotiations with Spain. This concession was part of efforts to secure Spain’s support for the war.
• Austro-Russian Mediation Offer: Congress considers a report on a conference with the French minister, La Luzerne, regarding an offer by Austria and Russia to mediate peace between the United States and Britain.

May 31, 1781 (Thursday):

• Emergency Call for Troops: Congress issues an emergency call for additional troops to reinforce the southern department, where the British were still conducting aggressive campaigns.

June 1781

June 1, 1781 (Friday):

• Appeals to States to Meet Quotas: Congress appeals to the states to meet their fiscal and manpower quotas, emphasizing the urgency of maintaining the Continental Army’s strength and securing funding for the war.

June 4, 1781 (Monday):

• Allocation of French Financial Aid: Congress authorizes the Superintendent of Finance, Robert Morris, to allocate financial aid received from France. This aid was essential for continuing the war effort and keeping the Continental Army supplied.

June 7-9, 1781:

• Revised Peace Negotiation Instructions: Congress adopts revised instructions for the minister plenipotentiary, outlining the terms and strategy for negotiating peace with Britain. The instructions were updated to reflect the changing geopolitical situation and America’s relationship with its European allies.
• Rejection of Additional Peace Commissioners: A motion to appoint additional peace commissioners is rejected, reflecting Congress’s desire to keep the negotiations streamlined and focused.

June 11, 1781 (Monday):

• Appointment of Additional Peace Commissioners: Congress resolves to appoint two additional peace commissioners to assist in negotiating the eventual peace treaty with Britain. This decision was likely influenced by the complexity of the negotiations and the need to balance multiple diplomatic priorities.

June 13, 1781 (Wednesday):

• John Jay Appointed Peace Commissioner: John Jay, already serving as the U.S. minister to Spain, is appointed as an additional commissioner to negotiate peace. Jay’s experience and diplomatic skills made him a valuable asset to the negotiating team.
• Letter of Thanks to King of France: Congress adopts a formal letter of thanks to the King of France, Louis XVI, acknowledging France’s continued military and financial support during the war.

June 14, 1781 (Thursday):

• Exchange of John Burgoyne for Henry Laurens: Congress authorizes the exchange of British General John Burgoyne for Henry Laurens, the American diplomat and former president of Congress who had been imprisoned by the British. This exchange was seen as a significant diplomatic victory.
• Appointment of Additional Peace Commissioners: Congress resolves to appoint Benjamin Franklin, Henry Laurens, and Thomas Jefferson to negotiate peace with Britain, assembling a highly skilled diplomatic team to secure a favorable treaty.

June 15, 1781 (Friday):

• Instructions for Minister Plenipotentiary: Congress adopts new instructions for the minister plenipotentiary, updating diplomatic guidelines for negotiations with foreign powers, particularly concerning peace talks and alliances. This was part of Congress’s ongoing efforts to manage relations with European nations.

June 16, 1781 (Saturday):

• Corporal Punishment for Troops: A motion is introduced to increase the severity of corporal punishment for Continental troops, but Congress rejects the proposal. The rejection reflects concerns over maintaining troop morale and discipline in a way that did not overly rely on harsh punishment.

June 18, 1781 (Monday):

• Regulations for the Clothier General's Department: Congress adopts new regulations for the office of the clothier general, the official responsible for supplying clothing to the Continental Army. These reforms were necessary to address the ongoing supply shortages affecting the army.

June 19, 1781 (Tuesday):

• Instructions for Benjamin Franklin: Congress adopts further instructions for Benjamin Franklin, the U.S. minister to France. The instructions likely pertain to ongoing diplomatic and financial negotiations with the French government.
• Franklin's Resignation Request Rejected: Congress rejects Franklin’s request to resign from his diplomatic post. Franklin had previously indicated a desire to retire due to health and age, but his importance to the American diplomatic mission was too great for Congress to accept his resignation.

June 23, 1781 (Saturday):

• Launch of the America: Congress directs Robert Morris, Superintendent of Finance, to expedite the launch of the America, a 74-gun ship of the line under construction for the Continental Navy. This ship was seen as critical to bolstering American naval power.

June 25, 1781 (Monday):

• Appointment of Appeals Judges Rejected: Congress rejects a motion to appoint judges for appeals cases “during good behaviour,” which would have meant lifetime appointments. The decision reflects Congress’s wariness about concentrating too much power in unelected officials during the war.

June 26, 1781 (Tuesday):

• John Paul Jones Appointed to Command the America: Congress appoints the famed naval commander John Paul Jones to take command of the America. Jones was a celebrated hero for his victories at sea, and this command represented a major responsibility for him.
• Francis Dana Appointed Secretary to the Peace Commissioners: Francis Dana is appointed as the Secretary to the Peace Commissioners, further strengthening the team involved in negotiating the peace with Britain.

June 27, 1781 (Wednesday):

• Appointment of Robert Smith as Agent at Havana: Congress appoints Robert Smith as the American agent in Havana, Cuba. His role was likely related to diplomatic and commercial activities, as well as coordinating with Spanish authorities and ensuring aid flowed through Havana.

July 1781

July 2, 1781 (Monday):

• Approval of 300 Pennsylvania Riflemen for Washington: Congress approves General George Washington’s request for the deployment of 300 riflemen from Pennsylvania. These troops were likely intended to reinforce Washington’s forces as he prepared for major military operations.

July 4, 1781 (Wednesday):

• Independence Day Observance: Congress observes Independence Day, marking the fifth anniversary of the Declaration of Independence. Celebrations of this day took on special significance in the midst of ongoing military campaigns.

July 6, 1781 (Friday):

• Samuel Huntington’s Resignation: President of Congress Samuel Huntington formally submits his resignation. Huntington had served as president since 1779, but he was stepping down due to health concerns.

July 9, 1781 (Monday):

• Election of Samuel Johnston as President of Congress: Congress elects Samuel Johnston, a delegate from North Carolina, as the new president of Congress. However, Johnston declines the position, citing personal reasons.

Thomas McKean, USCA President

July 10, 1781 (Tuesday):

• Election of Thomas McKean as President of Congress: After Johnston’s declination, Congress elects Thomas McKean of Delaware as the new president of Congress. McKean, a veteran statesman and legal scholar, accepts the position.
• Instructs Thomas Barclay: Congress instructs Thomas Barclay, the U.S. vice-consul to France, on diplomatic and financial matters, particularly concerning the interests of American merchants and shipowners.

July 11, 1781 (Wednesday):

• Authorization for Robert Morris to Negotiate Loans: Congress authorizes Robert Morris, the Superintendent of Finance, to negotiate loans in Spain and Portugal, aiming to secure much-needed funds for the war effort.

July 12, 1781 (Thursday):

• Revocation of John Adams' Commercial Treaty Commission: Congress revokes John Adams' commission to negotiate a commercial treaty with Britain. The move reflects shifting priorities in light of the ongoing war and changing diplomatic dynamics.

July 16, 1781 (Monday):

• Reinstatement of General Lachlan McIntosh: General Lachlan McIntosh, a prominent officer in the Continental Army who had been sidelined after a personal conflict with another officer, is reinstated to active duty.

July 20, 1781 (Friday):

• Report on New Hampshire Grants Claims: Congress receives a report on the competing claims to the New Hampshire Grants (the area that would become Vermont). These claims involved a territorial dispute between New York and New Hampshire, as well as local settlers seeking to form a separate state.

July 23, 1781 (Monday):

• Relief Fund for South Carolina and Georgia Refugees: Congress endorses the creation of a relief fund for refugees from South Carolina and Georgia, two states that had been particularly hard hit by British occupation and military campaigns.

July 25, 1781 (Wednesday):

• Commendation of General Nathanael Greene: Congress officially commends General Nathanael Greene for his leadership and successes in the southern campaign against British forces. Greene had played a pivotal role in turning the tide in the South.

July 26, 1781 (Thursday):

• Committee to Confer with Washington on Troop Arrangements: Congress appoints a committee to confer with General Washington on troop arrangements for the next year, indicating early planning for the 1782 campaign, as well as managing resources for the remainder of 1781.

July 27, 1781 (Friday):

• Consular Convention Plan from France: Congress receives a plan for a consular convention from the French minister. This would have outlined regulations and guidelines for French consuls operating in the United States, reflecting the deepening alliance between France and America.

July 31, 1781 (Tuesday):

• Superintendent of Finance and War Board to Confer with Washington: Congress orders that Robert Morris, the Superintendent of Finance, and a member of the Board of War confer with General Washington at his headquarters to discuss military financing and logistics.
• Support for Delaware Indian Youths: Congress approves financial support for three Delaware Indian youths to attend Princeton College, indicating efforts to build relationships with Native American communities through education.

August 1781

August 1, 1781 (Wednesday):

• Plan for Post Office Reform: Congress orders the preparation of a plan to reform the Post Office, reflecting concerns about the efficiency and financial sustainability of the postal system during wartime.

August 3, 1781 (Friday):

• New York Memorial on New Hampshire Grants: Congress reads a memorial from New York regarding the contentious issue of the New Hampshire Grants, with New York reaffirming its claims over the disputed territory.

August 7, 1781 (Tuesday):

• Request for Connecticut to Revoke Property Seizure Commissions: Congress requests that Connecticut revoke commissions it had issued authorizing the seizure of property on Long Island, likely reflecting concerns about legal overreach and property rights during the war.
• Conference with Vermont Agents on Independence: Congress authorizes a committee to confer with agents from Vermont regarding their claim to independence, despite ongoing disputes over the legitimacy of their credentials.

August 10, 1781 (Friday):

• Election of Robert R. Livingston as Secretary for Foreign Affairs: Congress elects Robert R. Livingston as Secretary for Foreign Affairs, a critical role overseeing diplomatic relations and negotiations during the war.
• Mississippi Navigation Claim Rejected: Congress rejects a motion to cede the U.S. claim to the navigation of the Mississippi River, reflecting the importance of this issue in future negotiations with Spain and western expansion.

August 14, 1781 (Tuesday):

• Authorization for Salt Importation: Congress authorizes the importation of salt, a vital resource for food preservation and the war effort.

August 16, 1781 (Thursday):

• Instructions to John Adams for Dutch Alliance Negotiations: Congress adopts instructions for John Adams, who was negotiating with the Dutch Republic to secure an alliance and financial support for the United States.

August 17, 1781 (Friday):

• Conference with Vermont Agents: Congress instructs its committee to continue conferring with agents from Vermont, despite the ongoing dispute over the legitimacy of Vermont's independence claims and the credentials of its agents.

August 20-21, 1781 (Monday-Tuesday):

• Conditions for Vermont Independence: Congress declares that Vermont’s acceptance of prescribed boundaries would be a condition for Congress’s acceptance of its independence. Vermont's claims were controversial due to territorial disputes with New York.

August 21, 1781 (Tuesday):

• Expansion of Washington’s Prisoner Exchange Authority: Congress enlarges General Washington’s authority to negotiate prisoner exchanges with the British. This was crucial as prisoner exchanges were an important issue for both sides during the war.

August 23, 1781 (Thursday):

• Appeal for State Representation in Congress: Congress exhorts the states to maintain their representation in Congress. Ensuring full representation was essential for quorum and the efficient functioning of the legislative body.

August 24, 1781 (Friday):

• Provision for Civil List: Congress directs the superintendent of finance, Robert Morris, to make provisions for the support of the civil list, referring to salaries for government officials, as financial pressures were mounting.

August 29, 1781 (Wednesday):

• Debate on Retaliation for Col. Isaac Hayne’s Execution: Congress debates whether to retaliate for the British execution of Colonel Isaac Hayne, a controversial act that inflamed American public opinion. Retaliation was considered, but no final decision was made at this time.
• Appointment of Agent of Marine: Congress resolves to appoint an agent of marine, tasked with overseeing naval affairs in the absence of a formal secretary of marine.

August 31, 1781 (Friday):

• Recognition of French Consul to New England: Congress authorizes the recognition of Philippe de L’Etombe as French consul to the New England states, further strengthening diplomatic and commercial ties with France.

September 1781

September 3, 1781 (Monday):

• John Laurens’ Mission to France: Congress receives a detailed account of John Laurens’ mission to France. Laurens had been instrumental in securing further financial and military aid from France for the American war effort.

September 4, 1781 (Tuesday):

• Investigation of British Treatment of Prisoners: Congress directs General Washington to investigate British treatment of American prisoners. Reports of mistreatment were common, and retaliatory measures were frequently discussed by Congress.

September 5, 1781 (Wednesday):

• Inquiry into General Robert Howe’s Command: Congress orders an inquiry into General Robert Howe’s performance as a commander in the southern department, where American forces had struggled against British troops.

September 7, 1781 (Friday):

• Recognition of French Consul to New England: Congress formally recognizes Philippe Letombe’s appointment as the French consul to New England, continuing the process of establishing formal diplomatic representatives from France in various regions.
• Robert Morris Appointed Agent of Marine: Congress appoints Robert Morris as the agent of marine, consolidating his role as the key financial and administrative figure in charge of the war effort and naval affairs.

September 10, 1781 (Monday):

• Recognition of French Consul to Mid-Atlantic: Congress recognizes Jean Holker’s appointment as the French consul to the mid-Atlantic states, extending formal diplomatic relations with France.
• Militia Call in New Jersey and Pennsylvania: Congress orders a call for militia in New Jersey and Pennsylvania, reflecting the continued need for local forces to defend against British incursions.

September 11, 1781 (Tuesday):

• New Treasury Ordinance Adopted: Congress adopts a new ordinance for managing the treasury, which was an essential part of the ongoing efforts to stabilize and improve the nation’s finances during the war.

September 12, 1781 (Wednesday):

• Navy Placed Under Agent of Marine’s Control: Congress places control of the U.S. navy under the newly appointed agent of marine, Robert Morris. This move centralized authority and was intended to improve the efficiency of naval operations.

September 13, 1781 (Thursday):

• Day of Thanksgiving Set: Congress sets a day of thanksgiving in recognition of the recent successes of the American forces and the ongoing support of France.

September 18, 1781 (Tuesday):

• Orders Retaliation for Isaac Hayne's Execution: Congress orders plans for retaliation against the British for the execution of Colonel Isaac Hayne. The retaliatory measures reflect the emotional response to this event, which had become a symbol of British cruelty.
• Retaliation for Prisoner Mistreatment: Congress also plans retaliation for any further mistreatment of American prisoners by British forces, continuing to monitor and respond to reports of British violations of wartime agreements.

September 19, 1781 (Wednesday):

• Delaware Militia Call: Congress orders a call for Delaware militia to support the ongoing war effort, reinforcing local defense capabilities.
• Appointment of Treasury Officers: New officers are appointed to manage the treasury, part of the broader effort to stabilize finances and improve the efficiency of financial operations.

September 20, 1781 (Thursday):

• Reorganization of the Hospital Department: Congress adopts a reorganization plan for the hospital department, which had been criticized for inefficiencies and shortages. The goal was to improve medical care for Continental troops.

September 21, 1781 (Friday):

• French Minister's Report on Peace Offers: Congress receives a report from the French minister concerning peace overtures and mediation offers from Britain and its allies. These offers were becoming more frequent as the tide of war began to turn in favor of the Americans.

September 24, 1781 (Monday):

• William Irvine Appointed to Fort Pitt Command: Congress appoints General William Irvine to command Fort Pitt, a crucial position for defending the western frontier and coordinating with Native American allies.

September 25, 1781 (Tuesday):

• Memorial from Spanish Agent Rendon: Congress receives a memorial from Spanish agent Francisco Rendon. Spain was a key ally, and such communications were important for maintaining coordination between the two nations.
• Reassurance to Northern Indians: Congress issues a statement of reassurance to northern Native American tribes, reaffirming commitments to peace and cooperation in the midst of British efforts to win over these communities.

October 1781

October 1, 1781 (Monday):

• Salaries for War and Marine Secretaries Set: Congress sets the salaries for the secretaries of war and marine, reflecting the importance of these two positions in the overall management of the military and naval operations.

October 5, 1781 (Friday):

• Thomas Barclay Appointed Consul to France: Congress appoints Thomas Barclay as consul to France, a key diplomatic position aimed at managing American interests in the country that had become its most important ally.
• Discharge of Delaware and Pennsylvania Militias: Congress orders the discharge of Delaware and Pennsylvania militia forces, likely reflecting changes in the immediate military needs in those regions.

October 11-12, 1781 (Thursday-Friday):

• Debates on Yorktown Campaign Plans: Congress holds debates on plans for the Yorktown campaign, signaling the importance of this decisive moment in the war. The planning involved coordination between American and French forces for what would become the climactic victory of the war.

October 16-17, 1781 (Tuesday-Wednesday):

• Debates on Continental Jurisdiction over Virginia Lands: Congress debates the exercise of Continental jurisdiction over claims within Virginia’s western lands, an issue tied to the broader debate over western expansion and state versus federal authority.

October 19, 1781 (Friday):

• Post Office Department Reform: Congress reforms the Post Office department, aiming to improve communication and efficiency during the war, especially as military campaigns intensified.

October 23, 1781 (Tuesday):

• Thomas McKean’s Resignation Accepted: Congress accepts the resignation of Thomas McKean as president of Congress, though he agrees to remain in office until the new Congress convenes in November.

October 24, 1781 (Wednesday):

• News of the Yorktown Victory Received: Congress receives the momentous news of the American and French victory at Yorktown. The victory effectively sealed the fate of the British war effort in North America. In response, Congress observes “divine service” conducted by Chaplain George Duffield to commemorate the occasion.

October 26, 1781 (Friday):

• Thanksgiving Proclamation Adopted: Congress adopts a proclamation declaring a day of thanksgiving to celebrate the victory at Yorktown.
• Virginia's Motion to Curtail Land Investigations Rejected: Congress rejects a motion from Virginia to curtail a committee investigation of land companies' claims to western lands. This reflects ongoing tensions over western expansion and land ownership.

October 29, 1781 (Monday):

• Thanks to Yorktown Victors: Congress officially thanks the American and French forces for their victory at Yorktown, recognizing the efforts of both nations in bringing about this critical victory.
• Thanks to Nathanael Greene and the Southern Army: Congress also thanks General Nathanael Greene and his southern army for their perseverance and successes against British forces in the southern theater of the war.

October 30, 1781 (Tuesday):

• Gen. Benjamin Lincoln Appointed Secretary at War: Congress appoints General Benjamin Lincoln as the new secretary at war. Lincoln had played a prominent role in the war and was seen as a capable administrator.
• Fiscal Quota for 1782 Set: Congress sets an $8 million fiscal quota for the upcoming year, reflecting the need for continued funding even as the war was drawing to a close.

November 1781

November 1, 1781 (Thursday):

• Endorsement of General Greene's Plans with Cherokee and Chickasaw: Congress endorses General Nathanael Greene’s plans to negotiate with the Cherokee and Chickasaw tribes. These negotiations aimed to secure peace and prevent these Native American nations from siding with the British, which was crucial for maintaining stability in the southern frontier after the Yorktown victory.

November 2, 1781 (Friday):

• Apportioning of 1782 Fiscal Quotas: Congress apportions the fiscal quotas for 1782 among the states, setting the amount each state was responsible for contributing to the war effort. This action was critical as Congress sought to meet financial obligations and fund military operations in the final stages of the war.
• Quartermaster Certificates Authorized as Payment for Quotas: Congress authorizes the acceptance of quartermaster certificates (essentially IOUs issued to suppliers) as payment for the states' fiscal quotas. This was a measure to address liquidity issues, as many states were struggling to raise funds in hard currency.

Second USCA: November 5, 1781 - 
John Hanson USCA President

November 5, 1781 (Monday):

• New Congress Convenes: The newly formed United States in Congress Assembled convenes for the first time under the Articles of Confederation. This marks a transition to a formal confederation government, as the Articles had only been ratified in March.
• Election of John Hanson as President: Congress elects John Hanson of Maryland as the new president of Congress. Though often considered a ceremonial role, the position of president was important for overseeing congressional proceedings and managing correspondence.

November 8, 1781 (Thursday):

• Prosecution of Spies: Congress authorizes the Board of War to prosecute spies under the Articles of War. This action reflects the importance of safeguarding military secrets and protecting the Continental Army from espionage, particularly in light of the ongoing conflict with Britain.

November 9, 1781 (Friday):

• Restriction on Yorktown Prisoners: Congress restricts the travel of British prisoners from the Battle of Yorktown who were out on parole. These parolees, including high-ranking officers, were typically granted limited freedom in exchange for promises not to rejoin the war, but Congress took precautions to prevent abuses of this privilege.

November 12, 1781 (Monday):

• Repeal of Quartermaster Certificates as Payment: Congress repeals the previous resolve allowing quartermaster certificates to be used as payment for state quotas. The reversal suggests concerns about the practicality or misuse of this system in meeting fiscal responsibilities.

November 14, 1781 (Wednesday):

• Call for States to Maintain Representation: Congress urges the states to maintain consistent representation in Congress, which had been a recurring issue throughout the war. Full representation was essential for making decisions, achieving quorums, and managing the war effort effectively.
• Date Set for Connecticut-Pennsylvania Boundary Dispute: Congress schedules a date to hear the long-standing boundary dispute between Connecticut and Pennsylvania over claims to lands in the Wyoming Valley. Such territorial disputes were common in the newly independent states.

November 20, 1781 (Tuesday):

• Augmentation of Secretary of Marine's Authority: Congress increases the authority of the Secretary of Marine, tasked with overseeing naval operations. This action reflects the growing importance of naval affairs and maritime strategy in the war, especially in light of the French alliance.

November 23, 1781 (Friday):

• Recommendation for States to Punish Violations of International Law: Congress recommends that the states pass legislation to punish violations of international law, particularly concerning privateers and the treatment of foreign nationals. This move was likely part of Congress’s effort to maintain good relations with European allies and avoid conflicts stemming from unlawful behavior by American citizens or privateers.

November 28, 1781 (Wednesday):

• Audience with General Washington: Congress holds an audience with General George Washington, who had recently led the American and French forces to victory at Yorktown. Washington’s presence signified his continued leadership and the critical role of the Continental Army as peace negotiations were beginning to take shape.

December 1781

December 4, 1781 (Tuesday):

• Ordinance on "Captures on Water": Congress adopts an ordinance concerning the capture of enemy vessels at sea. This ordinance outlined rules and procedures for handling naval captures, including the distribution of prizes, which was important for regulating privateering and maintaining order in naval operations.

December 5, 1781 (Wednesday):

• New York Protest Against Vermont Resolves: Congress receives a formal protest from New York against its earlier resolves concerning Vermont’s status. Vermont had declared independence from New York, but Congress’s handling of the situation was controversial, and New York’s opposition reflected ongoing tensions over Vermont’s legitimacy as a separate entity.

December 10, 1781 (Monday):

• Call for States to Complete Troop Quotas: Congress exhorts the states to complete their troop quotas for the Continental Army. Even though major victories like Yorktown had been achieved, Congress still needed sufficient manpower to maintain military readiness and pressure on British forces.

December 11, 1781 (Tuesday):

• Call for Census of White Inhabitants: Congress calls on the states to conduct a census of "the white inhabitants thereof." This census would provide vital information for apportioning taxes and representation, as well as assessing the population size and distribution across the newly formed nation.

December 13, 1781 (Thursday):

• Day of Thanksgiving Observed: Congress observes a national day of thanksgiving, celebrating the victory at Yorktown and the ongoing alliance with France. Such proclamations were intended to unify the nation and acknowledge divine support for the American cause.

December 17, 1781 (Monday):

• Appeal to States for Men and Money: Congress issues an appeal to the states for both manpower and financial contributions, underlining the continued need for resources to sustain the war effort and secure the gains made through recent military victories.

December 19, 1781 (Wednesday):

• Supernumerary Generals on Half Pay: Congress orders that supernumerary (extra) generals be placed on half pay, reflecting an effort to reduce military expenses as the war wound down. This move was part of a broader attempt to rationalize the structure and costs of the Continental Army.

December 20, 1781 (Thursday):

• Exchange of Governor Thomas Burke Authorized: Congress authorizes the exchange of Governor Thomas Burke of North Carolina, who had been captured by the British. The exchange of high-ranking prisoners was a common practice, and Burke’s release was important for his state.

December 31, 1781 (Monday):

• Incorporation of the Bank of North America: Congress adopts an ordinance formally incorporating the Bank of North America. Established by Robert Morris, the Superintendent of Finance, this institution was the first national bank of the United States, designed to stabilize the nation's finances, facilitate loans, and manage public credit.

USCA Journals – United States of America - 1782

January 1782

January 2, 1782 (Wednesday):

• Exhorts States to Suppress Trade with the Enemy: Congress urges the states to crack down on illicit trade with British forces and loyalists, which was a significant issue as certain regions engaged in commerce with the enemy despite the ongoing war. This measure sought to enforce unity and prevent any undermining of the Continental cause.

January 3, 1782 (Thursday):

• Reforms Medical Department: Congress enacts reforms to improve the management and efficiency of the Continental Army's medical department, including the system for treating the wounded and preventing disease among the troops. This action was in response to longstanding challenges in providing adequate medical care during the war.

January 8, 1782 (Tuesday):

• Amends Ordinance on Captures on Water: Congress revises regulations governing the capture of enemy vessels at sea, refining procedures related to naval operations and the division of prizes taken from British ships.
• Rejects Motion to Enlarge Peace Ultimata: A motion to expand the terms Congress was willing to accept in peace negotiations was rejected, signaling that Congress remained focused on key issues like independence and territorial boundaries without broadening the scope of demands.

January 9, 1782 (Wednesday):

• Authorizes Negotiation of Consular Convention with France: Congress approves the negotiation of a consular convention with France, aiming to formalize diplomatic relations and regulate trade and legal matters between the two nations.

January 10, 1782 (Thursday):

• Reforms Inspector General's Department: Congress introduces reforms to the Inspector General's Department, which was responsible for maintaining discipline and enforcing regulations within the Continental Army. These reforms likely aimed to streamline operations and enhance military efficiency.

January 17, 1782 (Thursday):

• Investigates Silas Deane's Letters: Congress launches an investigation into letters written by Silas Deane, a former American diplomat, which appeared to advocate conciliation with Britain. Deane’s correspondence had caused controversy, as some viewed it as sympathetic to British interests.

January 22, 1782 (Tuesday):

• Instructs Peace Commissioners on Fisheries and Boundaries: Congress instructs American peace commissioners, including John Jay and Benjamin Franklin, to communicate informal demands on fisheries and boundaries during negotiations with Britain. These issues were critical in defining U.S. territorial and economic rights after the war.

January 25, 1782 (Friday):

• Amends Consular Convention: Congress revises the terms of the consular convention under negotiation with France, refining the diplomatic agreement intended to manage commercial and legal affairs between the two nations.

January 28, 1782 (Monday):

• Enlarges Duties of Secretary Charles Thomson: To relieve the president of Congress from an overwhelming workload, Congress expands the responsibilities of Charles Thomson, the long-serving secretary, enabling him to handle more administrative tasks.

January 29, 1782 (Tuesday):

• Advised of Diminution of French Aid: Congress receives notice that French financial aid would be reduced. This development added to the ongoing financial strain on the United States, which was heavily reliant on French support to continue the war effort.

February 1782

February 1, 1782 (Friday):

• Instructs Benjamin Franklin on Repayment of Dutch Loan: Congress instructs Benjamin Franklin, serving as a diplomat in France, on the repayment of a loan the United States had obtained from the Dutch through French intermediaries.

February 8, 1782 (Friday):

• Authorizes Franklin to Borrow Additional 12 Million Livres from France: Congress authorizes Franklin to negotiate an additional loan of 12 million livres from France to help finance the war and address the fiscal shortfall caused by the reduction in direct aid.

February 11, 1782 (Monday):

• Authorizes Export of Tobacco by Yorktown "Capitulants": Congress allows tobacco exports from Yorktown prisoners of war ("capitulants") under controlled conditions. This decision addressed economic issues related to the southern colonies and the post-surrender handling of British prisoners.
• Rejects Appeal to Allow States to Clothe Their Own Continental Troops: A proposal to allow individual states to provide clothing for their troops instead of relying on centralized provisioning was rejected, maintaining uniformity in supply operations.

February 18, 1782 (Monday):

• Authorizes Washington to Negotiate General Prisoner Exchange: Congress empowers General Washington to negotiate a general exchange of prisoners with the British. The fair treatment and return of prisoners had become a significant issue during the war, as both sides had suffered from delays in exchanges.

February 20, 1782 (Wednesday):

• Seeks Authorization to Apportion War Expenses Outside Articles of Confederation Quota Formula: Congress seeks authority to apportion war expenses in a manner that deviates from the rigid formula established by the Articles of Confederation, likely to address disparities in states' ability to contribute financially.

February 21, 1782 (Thursday):

• Authorizes Establishment of a Mint: Congress authorizes the creation of a national mint to produce a stable currency for the United States. This was an important step toward financial independence and stability.

February 22, 1782 (Friday):

• Reorganizes Department of Foreign Affairs: Congress reorganizes the Department of Foreign Affairs to improve the management of U.S. diplomacy and international relations, a sign of the increasing complexity of America's role on the global stage.

February 23, 1782 (Saturday):

• Authorizes Exchange of Cornwallis for Henry Laurens: Congress authorizes the exchange of British General Lord Cornwallis for Henry Laurens, the former American president of Congress who had been captured and held by the British. This was a significant development in prisoner exchanges following Cornwallis's surrender at Yorktown.

February 26, 1782 (Tuesday):

• Amends Ordinance on Captures on Water: Congress once again refines regulations regarding naval captures, reflecting ongoing adjustments to how privateers and naval forces were authorized to seize enemy vessels.

February 27, 1782 (Wednesday):

• Adopts Plan for Settlement of State Accounts: Congress adopts a plan to settle financial accounts with the states, addressing issues related to war expenses, contributions, and reimbursements. This was part of a broader effort to bring financial order to the war effort.

March 1782

March 1, 1782 (Friday):

• Sets Conditions for Recognizing Vermont Independence: Congress outlines specific conditions under which Vermont could be recognized as an independent state, reflecting ongoing tensions over Vermont's break from New York and other territorial disputes.

March 7, 1782 (Thursday):

• Revises Rules of Court of Appeals: Congress revises the rules governing the Court of Appeals in cases of admiralty and prize claims, ensuring a fair and consistent legal framework for dealing with captured vessels and goods.

March 11, 1782 (Monday):

• Orders Settlement of Bonhomme Richard Prize Claims: Congress orders the settlement of claims related to the Bonhomme Richard, the famous ship commanded by John Paul Jones. This was an important step in resolving financial matters related to naval victories.
• Refers Indian Petition to New York: Congress refers a petition from Native American tribes regarding territorial disputes to New York, reflecting the complexity of land issues involving Native populations.

March 15, 1782 (Friday):

• Drafts Fiscal Appeal to the States: Congress drafts a new appeal to the states for financial contributions, addressing the persistent issue of underfunding and the need to meet military and other national expenses.

March 19, 1782 (Tuesday):

• Adopts Fast Day Proclamation: Congress adopts a proclamation for a day of fasting, prayer, and reflection, a common practice during the war to unite the nation in solemn observance and to seek divine favor.

March 21, 1782 (Thursday):

• Holds Audience with General Washington: Congress meets with General George Washington to discuss the state of the war and military strategy, reaffirming Washington's leadership as the war approached its final stages.

March 27, 1782 (Wednesday):

• Orders Study of Continental Army Staffing Needs: Congress orders a study to assess the staffing needs of the Continental Army, a reflection of the desire to streamline the military and reduce unnecessary expenditures as the war drew closer to its end.

March 30, 1782 (Saturday):

• Adopts Measures to Curtail Prisoner-of-War Escapes: Congress adopts measures aimed at preventing the escape of prisoners of war, likely in response to security concerns related to British POWs held by American forces.

April 1782

April 1, 1782 (Monday):

• Rejects Fiscal Quota Reduction Appeal: Congress rejects an appeal from states seeking to reduce their fiscal quotas, reinforcing the need for all states to meet their financial obligations to fund the war effort.

April 3-4, 1782:

• Debates Vermont's Compliance with Independent Statehood Conditions: Congress engages in a debate over whether Vermont had met the conditions set for its recognition as an independent state, continuing the complicated discussions over Vermont’s political status.

April 8, 1782 (Monday):

• Revises Paymaster Regulations: Congress revises the regulations governing the paymaster's office to improve the management of troop payments, an essential issue for maintaining morale in the Continental Army.

April 9, 1782 (Tuesday):

• Orders Submission of Comprehensive Army Returns: Congress orders the submission of comprehensive reports on troop numbers, equipment, and readiness from all Continental Army units, ensuring accurate records for military planning.

April 15, 1782 (Monday):

• Elects Daniel Carroll as Chairman: Due to the illness of President John Hanson, Congress elects Daniel Carroll to serve as "chairman" of congressional proceedings, effectively acting in Hanson's place until his recovery.
• Rejects Motion to Elect Vice-President: Congress rejects a motion to create a new position of vice-president to assume the duties of the president during times of disability.

April 18, 1782 (Thursday):

• Rejects Motion to Disclose Conflicts of Interest on Land Claim Issues: Congress votes down a motion that would have required delegates to disclose conflicts of interest in matters involving land claims, reflecting the contentious and politically charged nature of territorial disputes.

April 20, 1782 (Saturday):

• Debates Vermont's Compliance with Independent Statehood Conditions: The debate over Vermont’s status continues, as Congress deliberates whether Vermont has fully met the requirements for recognition as a separate state.

April 23, 1782 (Tuesday):

• Recommends Pensions for Disabled Troops: Congress recommends that pensions be provided to soldiers who were disabled in the war, recognizing the sacrifices made by those who could no longer serve.
• Orders Reduction of Supernumerary Officers: Congress orders a reduction in the number of supernumerary officers (those in excess of need) in an effort to streamline the military and reduce costs.

April 29, 1782 (Monday):

• Endorses Washington's Proposals for Retaliation Against Death of Joshua Huddy: Congress approves General Washington's plan to retaliate against the British for the execution of Captain Joshua Huddy, a New Jersey militia officer hanged by British forces. This retaliation was intended as a deterrent against further British atrocities.

April 30, 1782 (Tuesday):

• Endorses John Jay's Conduct of Negotiations with Madrid: Congress expresses its approval of John Jay's handling of negotiations with the Spanish court in Madrid, particularly regarding territorial and diplomatic issues.

May 1782

May 1, 1782 (Wednesday):

• Warns States of British Attempts to Divide Allies with Separate Peace Proposals: Congress alerts the states to British attempts to divide the United States and its allies by offering separate peace agreements. This warning underscored the need for unity in the ongoing negotiations and the importance of the Franco-American alliance.
• Debates Western Land Cessions and Delegates' Conflicts of Interest: Congress continues to debate western land cessions, as well as whether delegates should be required to disclose potential conflicts of interest when discussing land claims.

May 4, 1782 (Saturday):

• Orders Measures for Protection of American Shipping: Congress implements measures to protect American shipping from British naval harassment, particularly through the use of privateers and the protection of trade routes.

May 8, 1782 (Wednesday):

• Opposes Sending William Carmichael to Portugal: Congress rejects the proposal to send William Carmichael, the U.S. diplomat in Spain, to the court of Portugal, likely due to concerns over diplomatic relations and Carmichael's effectiveness in Madrid.

May 13, 1782 (Monday):

• Audience with French Minister to Celebrate Birth of a Dauphin: Congress holds an audience with the French minister to celebrate the birth of a dauphin, the heir to the French throne. This occasion was symbolic of the continued strength of the Franco-American alliance.

May 14, 1782 (Tuesday):

• Denies Sir Guy Carleton's Emissary a Passport to Philadelphia: Congress denies a request from Sir Guy Carleton, the British commander in North America, for an emissary to travel to Philadelphia. This move reflects the tensions surrounding peace negotiations and concerns over British intentions.

May 21, 1782 (Tuesday):

• Authorizes States to Curb Trade with the Enemy: Congress authorizes state authorities to take action against trade with the British, reinforcing the earlier exhortation to suppress illegal trade that undermined the war effort.

May 22, 1782 (Wednesday):

• Sends Delegations to States to Solicit Compliance with Requisitions: Congress sends delegations to various states to press for compliance with requisitions, particularly concerning fiscal contributions and troop quotas. This action highlights the difficulties Congress faced in securing cooperation from the states.

May 24, 1782 (Friday):

• Reviews Report on U.S. Credit Abroad: Congress reviews a report from the superintendent of finance, Robert Morris, on the status of U.S. credit in Europe. Maintaining international credit was crucial for securing loans and supplies to continue the war.

May 27, 1782 (Monday):

• Exhorts States to Maintain Representation in Congress: Congress again urges the states to ensure consistent representation, as the lack of full participation by state delegates often hampered the decision-making process.
• Instructs Francis Dana to Delay Presenting Credentials to Russia: Congress instructs Francis Dana, the U.S. minister to Russia, to delay presenting his diplomatic credentials, likely reflecting uncertainty over Russia’s role in the ongoing peace negotiations.

May 28, 1782 (Tuesday):

• Receives French Report on Peace Overtures: Congress receives a report from its French allies regarding ongoing peace overtures from Britain. The French were heavily involved in shaping the terms of any potential peace agreement.

May 31, 1782 (Friday):

• Reaffirms Opposition to Separate Peace Negotiations: Congress reiterates its opposition to any separate peace negotiations with Britain that would exclude its European allies, particularly France. This stance reinforced the need for unity among the allied powers in order to secure favorable terms in the peace process.

June 1782

June 5, 1782 (Wednesday):

• Orders Study of Proposal to Enlist German Prisoners of War: Congress directs a study to explore the possibility of enlisting German prisoners of war into the Continental Army. This move likely sought to address manpower shortages by utilizing prisoners who might be persuaded to switch sides and fight for the American cause.

June 7, 1782 (Friday):

• Rescinds Work-Release Program for British Prisoners of War: Congress reverses an earlier decision that allowed British prisoners of war to work while in captivity, signaling a shift in the treatment of prisoners as the war approached its conclusion.

June 12, 1782 (Wednesday):

• Revises Regulations for Naval Courts-Martial: Congress adopts revisions to the procedures governing naval courts-martial, ensuring greater clarity and consistency in handling military justice for Continental Navy personnel.

June 14, 1782 (Friday):

• Endorses Proposals for the Return of South Carolina Exiles: Congress supports proposals that would allow exiled citizens of South Carolina, many of whom had fled due to British occupation, to return home. This endorsement was part of efforts to restore stability to the southern states as British forces retreated.

June 17, 1782 (Monday):

• Calls for Biannual Inspection of Executive Departments: To ensure accountability and efficiency, Congress orders biannual inspections of the operation of the executive departments, signaling a commitment to regular oversight of governmental functions.

June 20, 1782 (Thursday):

• Adopts Great Seal for the United States in Congress Assembled: Congress formally adopts the design for the Great Seal of the United States, an important symbol of the nation's sovereignty and authority.

June 21, 1782 (Friday):

• Exhorts States to Curb Trade with the Enemy: Continuing efforts to prevent illicit trade with British forces, Congress urges the states to strictly enforce restrictions on commerce with the enemy, which threatened the unity and strength of the war effort.

June 24-27, 1782:

• Debates Proposals for Resolving the Connecticut-Pennsylvania Boundary Dispute: Congress engages in extended discussions on how to settle the long-standing territorial dispute between Connecticut and Pennsylvania over land in the Wyoming Valley. The issue had sparked violent confrontations between settlers from both states.

June 27, 1782 (Thursday):

• Receives Report from Congressional Delegation to the Southern States: Congress receives a report from its delegation that had visited the southern states to assess the situation there, particularly the recovery efforts after the British withdrawal from the region.

June 28, 1782 (Friday):

• Endorses General Nathanael Greene’s Rejection of Truce Proposal in South Carolina: Congress supports General Greene's decision to reject a British truce proposal in South Carolina, reinforcing the Continental Army's commitment to pursuing military victory rather than accepting partial peace terms.

July 1782

July 2, 1782 (Tuesday):

• Endorses Superintendent of Finance's Recommendation Against Appointing Consuls in the West Indies: Congress agrees with Robert Morris, the superintendent of finance, that appointing consuls in the West Indies was unnecessary at this time. This decision likely reflected concerns about financial strain and the complexity of international trade relations during the war.

July 3, 1782 (Wednesday):

• Complains About Spanish Release of British Prisoners of War: Congress expresses dissatisfaction with Spain’s decision to release British prisoners of war, likely seeing this as an action that undermined the overall war effort against Britain.

July 10, 1782 (Wednesday):

• Adopts Ordinance Regulating Distribution of Prizes: Congress passes an ordinance that sets rules for distributing the spoils of captured enemy ships (prizes). This regulation provided a legal framework for how privateers and naval forces could share the profits of their captures.

July 11, 1782 (Thursday):

• Places Moratorium on Promotion or Appointment of Continental Officers: In an effort to manage military personnel more effectively and reduce expenses, Congress imposes a temporary halt on promoting or appointing new officers in the Continental Army.

July 17, 1782 (Wednesday):

• Adopts Ordinance to Prevent Illicit Trade with the Enemy: To further curb illegal trade with the British, Congress passes a new ordinance designed to crack down on such activities, signaling continued concern over the economic war being waged alongside military operations.

July 18, 1782 (Thursday):

• Receives Report from Congressional Delegation to the Northern States: Congress receives a report from its delegation that had traveled to the northern states to assess the political and military situation, as well as economic conditions in the region.
• Orders Measures to Stop Mail Robberies: Congress directs new measures to address the problem of mail robberies, which threatened the security of communication and supply lines between different parts of the country.

July 23, 1782 (Tuesday):

• Revises Hospital Department Regulations: Congress revises the regulations governing the hospital department, aiming to improve medical care and efficiency in the treatment of wounded and ill soldiers.

July 31, 1782 (Wednesday):

• Debates Recommendation for Acceptance of Western Land Cessions to Restore Public Credit: Congress discusses a recommendation to accept land cessions from states with western claims, such as Virginia, as a way to restore public credit and resolve disputes over territorial expansion. This was seen as a key step in stabilizing the nation’s finances and reducing inter-state tensions.

August 1782

August 1, 1782 (Thursday):

• Reorganizes Adjutant General's Department: Congress approves the reorganization of the Adjutant General's Department, likely to improve the efficiency of military administration and ensure better coordination within the Continental Army.

August 5, 1782 (Monday):

• Receives Robert Morris' Funding Plan: Congress receives a comprehensive funding plan from Robert Morris, the superintendent of finance. Morris’s plan was crucial for addressing the financial challenges facing the United States as it continued the war and prepared for post-war economic realities.

August 6, 1782 (Tuesday):

• Revises John Jay's Diplomatic Instructions: Congress makes revisions to the instructions given to John Jay, one of the peace commissioners, as he engaged in delicate negotiations with Spain and other European powers regarding post-war territorial and economic issues.

August 7, 1782 (Wednesday):

• Reorganizes Continental Army: Congress enacts a reorganization of the Continental Army, likely aimed at streamlining operations and preparing for potential peace, while also ensuring readiness in case the war continued.

August 9, 1782 (Friday):

• Receives British Commissioners' Announcement of Peace Negotiations in Paris: Congress is informed that formal peace negotiations between the British and American commissioners have begun in Paris. This was a major development signaling that the end of the war could be near.

August 12, 1782 (Monday):

• Authorizes Washington to Negotiate Prisoner Exchange: Congress empowers General George Washington to negotiate the exchange of prisoners with the British, continuing efforts to ensure the fair treatment and repatriation of soldiers held by both sides.

August 14, 1782 (Wednesday):

• Suspends Inquiry into General Gates' Conduct at Camden: Congress decides to halt the inquiry into General Horatio Gates' controversial conduct at the Battle of Camden, South Carolina, in 1780, which had been a significant defeat for the Continental forces.

August 15, 1782 (Thursday):

• Rejects Move to Repeal Peace Commissioners' Instructions to Be Guided by French Court: A motion to repeal the instructions directing American peace commissioners to be guided by the French court in negotiations with Britain is rejected, reaffirming the importance of the Franco-American alliance in securing favorable peace terms.

August 16-20, 1782:

• Debates Massachusetts' Petition to Include Fisheries Claim in Peace Ultimata: Congress debates Massachusetts' demand that American fishing rights in the North Atlantic be included as a key issue in the peace negotiations. Fisheries were critical to the economy of New England, and ensuring access to them was a major concern for the region’s representatives.

August 23, 1782 (Friday):

• Appoints Judges to Hear Connecticut-Pennsylvania Boundary Dispute: Congress appoints a panel of judges to adjudicate the long-running boundary dispute between Connecticut and Pennsylvania, showing a commitment to resolving inter-state conflicts peacefully.

August 27, 1782 (Tuesday):

• Debates Kentucky Statehood Petition: Congress discusses a petition from settlers in the western part of Virginia (modern-day Kentucky) seeking statehood. The debate highlights the ongoing challenges of managing western expansion and the push for new states.

August 29, 1782 (Thursday):

• Orders Purchase of Ship for Packet Service to Europe: Congress authorizes the purchase of a ship to be used for transatlantic communications, ensuring faster and more reliable mail service between the United States and its diplomatic representatives in Europe.

September 1782

September 3, 1782 (Tuesday):

• Orders Resumption of Postal Service to the Carolinas and Georgia: Congress orders the resumption of postal services to the Carolinas and Georgia, restoring communication with these southern states that had been disrupted by British occupation and military actions.
• Presents Ship America to France: In a symbolic gesture of thanks and friendship, Congress presents the ship America to the French government, recognizing France’s critical support during the war.

September 4, 1782 (Wednesday):

• Sets Fiscal Quota for Immediate Payment of Public Debt Interest: Congress establishes a fiscal quota for the states, specifically to pay the interest on the national debt. This was part of ongoing efforts to stabilize the U.S. economy and honor financial commitments.

September 6, 1782 (Friday):

• Debates Proposal to Appeal to the States to Cede Western Lands: Congress debates a proposal calling on states with claims to western lands to cede those claims to the federal government, a crucial issue in managing national unity and public finance.

September 9, 1782 (Monday):

• Suspends Issuance of Bills of Exchange for Loan Office Certificate Interest: Congress suspends the issuance of bills of exchange to pay interest on loan office certificates, reflecting difficulties in managing the nation’s complex financial obligations.
• Instructs Washington on Prisoner Cartel: Congress provides General Washington with updated instructions regarding the ongoing exchange of prisoners with the British.

September 10, 1782 (Tuesday):

• Sets State Fiscal Quotas: Congress finalizes the fiscal quotas that each state must meet, continuing the delicate balancing act of managing state contributions to the national war effort.

September 12, 1782 (Thursday):

• Endorses Robert Aitken's Proposal to Print an American Edition of the Bible: Congress supports printer Robert Aitken’s proposal to produce the first American edition of the Bible. This move was significant both for religious freedom and for reducing dependence on British-printed Bibles.

September 14, 1782 (Saturday):

• Authorizes Solicitation of $4 Million in Foreign Loans: Congress authorizes efforts to secure an additional $4 million in loans from foreign allies to continue financing the war and stabilizing the economy.

September 16, 1782 (Monday):

• Commissions Washington to Negotiate Prisoner Exchange: Congress again commissions General Washington to lead negotiations on the exchange of prisoners of war, emphasizing the importance of humane treatment for captives on both sides.

September 17, 1782 (Tuesday):

• Refuses to Accept Henry Laurens' Resignation as Peace Commissioner: Congress rejects peace commissioner Henry Laurens’ offer to resign from his diplomatic post, reflecting their continued confidence in his abilities to negotiate favorable terms with Britain.

September 19-20, 1782:

• Debates Report That Henry Laurens Improperly Petitioned British Parliament While Imprisoned: Congress discusses a report alleging that Henry Laurens improperly petitioned the British Parliament during his imprisonment in London, raising concerns about his conduct while in captivity.

September 24, 1782 (Tuesday):

• Receives Information from Chevalier de La Luzerne on Peace Maneuvers in Europe: Congress receives an important update from French minister Chevalier de La Luzerne regarding the latest diplomatic developments and peace maneuvers in Europe, underscoring the close coordination between the U.S. and France.

September 28, 1782 (Saturday):

• Adopts Plan for Treaty of Amity and Commerce with Sweden: Congress approves a plan to negotiate a treaty of amity and commerce with Sweden, expanding the young nation’s diplomatic and economic relations with European powers.

October 1782

October 1, 1782 (Tuesday):

• Rejects New Jersey Plan to Retain Continental Revenues for Payment of State's Continental Troops: Congress dismisses New Jersey’s proposal to retain funds earmarked for Continental expenses, underscoring the federal government's need for central control over military financing to ensure uniform support across all the states.

October 3, 1782 (Thursday):

• Reassures France on U.S. Commitment to Military Preparedness and No Separate Peace Pledge: Congress reiterates its dedication to military readiness and reinforces its pledge not to seek a separate peace with Britain, reaffirming the strength of the Franco-American alliance during the ongoing peace negotiations.

October 10, 1782 (Thursday):

• Appeals to Rhode Island and Georgia to Adopt Impost Amendment: Congress makes a renewed effort to persuade Rhode Island and Georgia to adopt the proposed impost amendment, which would allow the federal government to collect customs duties to help pay off the national debt.

October 11, 1782 (Friday):

• Sets Day of Thanksgiving and Prayer: Congress designates a national day of thanksgiving and prayer, reflecting a tradition of offering gratitude for progress in the war and divine support during times of hardship.

October 14-15, 1782:

• Debates Promotion of General Officers: Congress discusses the issue of promoting general officers within the Continental Army, which was a sensitive matter as the army adjusted to changing conditions and prepared for peace.

October 16, 1782 (Wednesday):

• Sets Fiscal Quota for 1783; Instructs Washington on Prisoner Exchange Negotiations: Congress establishes the fiscal quotas that the states would need to meet for 1783. Additionally, Washington is instructed on how to proceed with ongoing prisoner exchange negotiations with the British, as humane treatment of prisoners remained a priority for the Continental Army.

October 18, 1782 (Friday):

• Requests Washington to Decide Fate of Wyoming Garrison; Sets State Fiscal Quotas; Adopts Post Office Ordinance: Congress asks General Washington to determine the future of the garrison at Wyoming (in present-day Pennsylvania), a strategic location. Additionally, new fiscal quotas for the states are set, and Congress passes an ordinance regulating the Post Office, further organizing the nation's communications system.

October 23, 1782 (Wednesday):

• Reorganizes Quartermaster Department: Congress undertakes a reorganization of the Quartermaster Department, a key logistical body responsible for supplying the Continental Army. This reorganization was essential for improving efficiency and cutting costs.

October 28, 1782 (Monday):

• Adopts Supplemental Post Office Ordinance; Recommends Suspension of Plans to Execute Charles Asgill: A supplemental ordinance is passed to further refine the Post Office regulations. Congress also advises suspending the execution of British officer Charles Asgill, who had been condemned in retaliation for the killing of Joshua Huddy, a controversial case that had international implications.

October 29, 1782 (Tuesday):

• Accepts New York's Western Land Cession: Congress formally accepts New York’s cession of its western land claims. This was an important development in resolving territorial disputes and moving towards the creation of new states from western lands.

November 1782

November 1, 1782 (Friday):

• Refers Investigation of Alexander Gillon to Superintendent of Finance: Congress refers the investigation of Alexander Gillon, a naval officer who had been accused of financial mismanagement, to Robert Morris, the superintendent of finance, highlighting the need for accountability in financial matters.

November 2, 1782 (Saturday):

• Committee on Indian Affairs Confers with Catawba Indian Delegation: Congress’s Committee on Indian Affairs holds discussions with a delegation from the Catawba Nation, reflecting ongoing efforts to manage relations with Native American tribes during and after the war.

Third USCA: November 4, 1782 
 Elias Boudinot, USCA President

November 4, 1782 (Monday):

• Convenes New Congress; Elects Elias Boudinot President: A new session of Congress begins, and Elias Boudinot is elected president of the Congress, succeeding John Hanson. Boudinot would oversee important post-war developments.

November 7, 1782 (Thursday):

• Orders Washington to Free Charles Asgill: Following international pressure, particularly from France, Congress orders General Washington to release Charles Asgill, the British officer whose execution had been postponed, resolving a sensitive diplomatic situation.

November 8, 1782 (Friday):

• Requests British Officials to Continue Investigation of Joshua Huddy’s Death: Congress asks British authorities to further investigate the circumstances surrounding the death of American patriot Joshua Huddy, whose killing had sparked outrage and led to the threatened execution of Asgill.

November 12, 1782 (Tuesday):

• Renews Appointment of Thomas Jefferson as Peace Commissioner: Congress reappoints Thomas Jefferson as a commissioner for peace negotiations, reaffirming its confidence in his abilities to help secure a favorable treaty with Britain.

November 14, 1782 (Thursday):

• Debates Report on Vermont’s Seizure of New York Citizens: Congress debates a report concerning Vermont’s contentious actions in seizing citizens of New York, part of an ongoing border dispute between the two regions.

November 18, 1782 (Monday):

• Appoints Thomas Barclay Commissioner to Settle Accounts of Continental Officials Abroad: Congress assigns Thomas Barclay the task of settling the financial accounts of U.S. officials stationed in Europe, a crucial step in managing the nation’s foreign expenditures and obligations.

November 19, 1782 (Tuesday):

• Adopts New Rules for Reorganization of Continental Army: Congress approves new rules to guide the reorganization of the Continental Army, laying the groundwork for the army's transition to peacetime and addressing the need to reduce its size.

November 20, 1782 (Wednesday):

• Debates Pennsylvania Petitions on Providing for Public Creditors: Congress discusses petitions from Pennsylvania regarding how the state should handle its obligations to public creditors, reflecting broader financial challenges facing the country in paying off war debts.

November 21, 1782 (Thursday):

• Debates Salaries of Officials Abroad: Congress holds a debate on how much to pay American diplomats and officials stationed abroad, recognizing the importance of their roles while balancing the need for fiscal restraint.

November 25-26, 1782:

• Debates Propriety of Exchanging Henry Laurens for Earl Cornwallis: Congress debates whether it would be appropriate to exchange the captured American diplomat Henry Laurens for British General Lord Cornwallis, who had been captured after the Siege of Yorktown.

November 27, 1782 (Wednesday):

• Orders Seizure of Two Vermonters Reported to Be in Correspondence with the Enemy: Congress orders the arrest of two Vermonters who were suspected of engaging in treasonous correspondence with the British, highlighting the ongoing tensions in Vermont’s relations with both New York and the Continental Congress.

December 1782

December 3, 1782 (Tuesday):

• Accepts Resignation of Secretary for Foreign Affairs: Congress accepts the resignation of Robert R. Livingston, the secretary for foreign affairs. Livingston had played a key role in managing U.S. diplomacy during the war.

December 4, 1782 (Wednesday):

• Grants John Paul Jones’ Request to Serve with French Navy: Congress approves a request from the famous naval commander John Paul Jones to serve with the French navy, continuing his military career in Europe.

December 5, 1782 (Thursday):

• Censures Vermont Officials; Appoints Appeals Court Judges: Congress formally censures officials in Vermont for their unauthorized actions and appoints judges to the appeals court, further addressing the ongoing tensions surrounding Vermont’s quest for statehood and its disputes with neighboring states.

December 6, 1782 (Friday):

• Directs Superintendent of Finance to Exhort States to Comply with Fiscal Quotas; Appoints Deputation to Rhode Island to Secure Ratification of Impost Amendment: Congress instructs Robert Morris to press the states to meet their fiscal quotas and sends a deputation to Rhode Island in an attempt to secure its ratification of the proposed impost amendment, which remained critical to resolving the nation’s financial problems.

December 11, 1782 (Wednesday):

• Authorizes Hiring Out of Prisoners of War: In an effort to manage the economic burden of holding prisoners, Congress authorizes the hiring out of prisoners of war, allowing them to work under controlled conditions.

December 12, 1782 (Thursday):

• Receives Rhode Island Explanation of Rejection of Impost Amendment: Congress receives an official explanation from Rhode Island detailing its reasons for rejecting the impost amendment, which had been a critical financial reform aimed at giving Congress more direct control over revenue.

December 13, 1782 (Friday):

• David Howell Acknowledges Authors of Published Letter Violating Congressional Secrecy Rules: David Howell, a delegate from Rhode Island, admits to authoring a letter that had violated congressional secrecy rules, revealing the tension between maintaining transparency and protecting sensitive deliberations.

December 16, 1782 (Monday):

• Adopts Response to Rhode Island’s Rejection of Impost Amendment: In response to Rhode Island’s rejection of the impost amendment, Congress adopts a formal reply, further urging the state to reconsider its position for the sake of national fiscal stability.

December 17, 1782 (Tuesday):

• Reaffirms Determination to Send Deputation to Rhode Island: Congress confirms its decision to send a deputation to Rhode Island, continuing its efforts to secure the state's crucial support for the impost amendment.

December 21, 1782 (Saturday):

• Postpones Resignation of Secretary for Foreign Affairs; Grants Secretary Leave of Absence: While Livingston’s resignation as secretary for foreign affairs was accepted earlier, Congress postpones the finalization of his resignation and grants him a temporary leave of absence.

December 24, 1782 (Tuesday):

• Amends Post Office Ordinance to Extend Franking Privilege: Congress passes an amendment to the Post Office ordinance, extending the franking privilege, which allowed certain officials to send mail free of charge.

December 25-26, 1782:

• Observes Christmas: Congress pauses its proceedings to observe Christmas, reflecting the Christian heritage and traditions of the time.

December 31, 1782 (Tuesday):

• Instructs Peace Commissioners to Seek Commercial Reciprocity with Britain: As the year comes to a close, Congress instructs its peace commissioners to prioritize the goal of achieving commercial reciprocity with Britain in the ongoing peace negotiations, a key objective for the post-war economic relationship between the two nations.

In the summer of 2016, the 1782  Ct vs PA Federal Court Decree manuscript issued under Article IX in the Articles of Confederation, which awarded the disputed lands lying between 41st parallel north and 42nd parallel north to the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania returned to Independence Hall for the first since in 233 years. National Park Ranger Patricia S agreed to hold the manuscript, one of three known, for at picture in the Delegate Assembly room at Independence Hall. - For More information please visit NCHC Partners in the Park 2017  [12]

USCA Journals – United States of America - 1783

January 1783

January 1 & 2 (Wednesday-Thursday):

• Thanks France for Military Aid and Naval Protection: Congress expresses gratitude to France for its continued military and naval support, recognizing France's significant contributions to the American cause during the Revolutionary War.

January 3 (Friday):

• Records Trenton Trial Decree in Connecticut-Pennsylvania Boundary Dispute: The decree from the trial held in Trenton settles the boundary dispute between Connecticut and Pennsylvania. This marks the first resolution of an interstate dispute under the Articles of Confederation, setting an important precedent for the peaceful settlement of territorial conflicts.

January 6 (Monday):

• Receives Army Petition on Pay Arrears; Appoints Committees to Inquire into Executive Departments: Congress receives a petition from the Continental Army concerning long-overdue pay, reflecting growing unrest in the army. In response, Congress appoints committees to investigate the management of the executive departments, likely to address issues of administrative inefficiency and mismanagement contributing to financial woes.

January 7 (Tuesday):

• Debates Setting Exchange Rate for Redeeming Old Continental Emissions: Congress discusses the practicalities of setting an exchange rate to redeem old Continental currency emissions, which had suffered significant depreciation throughout the war.

January 10 (Friday):

• Learns Superintendent of Finance Overdrew Bills of Exchange on European Funds: Congress is informed that Robert Morris, the superintendent of finance, has overdrawn bills of exchange on known funds secured in Europe, exacerbating the fiscal crisis. That same day, a deputation from the army meets with the grand committee of Congress to address grievances over pay and conditions.

January 13 (Monday):

• Debates Expediency of Negotiating Additional Foreign Loans: Congress engages in a debate over whether seeking further loans from foreign nations is a viable solution to the nation’s financial difficulties.

January 14 (Tuesday):

• Acquiesces in Rhode Island’s Request to Share Intelligence from Abroad with State Officials; Debates Land Valuation Formula in Grand Committee: Congress agrees to allow the Rhode Island delegation to share sensitive intelligence from abroad with the state's officials. At the same time, the grand committee debates a formula for land valuation, crucial for determining state contributions to the federal government.

January 17 (Friday):

• Thanks General Greene and the Southern Army; Declares Inexpediency of Seeking Additional Foreign Loans: Congress officially thanks General Nathanael Greene and his southern army for their efforts in securing American victories in the South. It also declares that it would not be expedient to pursue additional foreign loans at the moment, emphasizing the need for internal fiscal reform.

January 21 (Tuesday):

• Receives U.S.-Dutch Treaty Negotiated by John Adams: Congress receives the treaty of amity and commerce that John Adams successfully negotiated with the Dutch, a major diplomatic achievement that opened important trade relations with the Netherlands.

January 22 (Wednesday):

• Ratifies Franco-American Contract Negotiated by Benjamin Franklin: Congress ratifies a contract negotiated by Benjamin Franklin, further strengthening Franco-American relations.

January 23 (Thursday):

• Ratifies Dutch Treaty: Congress officially ratifies the treaty with the Dutch Republic, cementing the new commercial ties and international support.

January 24 (Friday):

• Orders Investigation of Abuses of Flag of Truce by the Amazon; Rejects Establishment of Congressional Library: Congress orders an investigation into allegations that the ship Amazon abused the flag of truce. At the same time, a proposal to establish a library for Congress is rejected.

January 25 (Saturday):

• Directs Superintendent of Finance to Pay Continental Army: Congress orders Robert Morris to ensure that the Continental Army receives the pay it is due, reflecting the urgent need to resolve tensions within the military over unpaid wages.

January 27-31 (Monday-Friday):

• Debates Proposals for Funding the Public Debt: Congress dedicates the week to discussing how best to manage and fund the growing public debt accumulated over the course of the war.

January 30 (Thursday):

• Rejects Pennsylvania Proposal to Pay Interest on Continental Securities Owned by Its Own Citizens: Congress declines a proposal from Pennsylvania to pay interest on Continental securities held by Pennsylvanians, reinforcing the idea that such payments must be handled on a national level rather than by individual states.

February 1783

February 4-8 (Tuesday-Saturday):

• Receives Vermont Remonstrance Against Threatened Continental Intervention; Debates Proposals for Funding the Public Debt and Setting State Quotas: Vermont submits a formal remonstrance opposing any potential Continental intervention in its affairs. Congress also spends the week continuing discussions on how to fund the public debt and set state quotas for contributions to the national budget.

February 10-14 (Monday-Friday):

• Continues Debating Proposals for Funding the Public Debt and Setting State Quotas: Congress remains focused on finding a sustainable plan to address the public debt and apportion the financial responsibilities among the states.

February 17 (Monday):

• Adopts Plan to Appoint Commissioners for Estimating Land Values and Setting State Quotas: Congress moves forward by adopting a plan to appoint commissioners who will estimate the value of land in each state, a key element in determining state quotas for contributing to the national debt.

February 18 (Tuesday):

• Orders Superintendent of Finance to Estimate Public Debt; Each Executive Department to Report Civil List: Congress orders Robert Morris to calculate the total public debt. Additionally, it instructs each executive department to report its comprehensive civil list, the roster of government officials and their salaries.

February 21 (Friday):

• Exhorts States to Maintain Representation in Congress: Concerned about frequent absences, Congress urges the states to ensure that their delegates are consistently present, as many states had failed to maintain a full delegation, which hampered decision-making.

February 25-28 (Tuesday-Friday):

• Debates Proposals for Commutation of Continental Officers' Half Pay: Congress spends these days debating various proposals on how to handle the half-pay promised to Continental Army officers, a key issue in resolving the military’s grievances.

March 1783

March 4 (Tuesday):

• Amends Ordinance for Establishing Courts for the Trial of Piracies: Congress revises the ordinance governing the creation of courts to try piracy cases, an important matter given the increased incidence of piracy in American waters.

March 6-7 (Thursday-Friday):

• Receives Report on Funding the Public Debt: Congress reviews a report on how to address the issue of the growing national debt.

March 10 (Monday):

• Debates Commutation of Continental Officers' Half Pay: Congress continues discussing the contentious issue of whether to commute the promised lifetime half-pay for officers into a lump sum, reflecting the need to balance the nation's financial obligations with the limited funds available.

March 11 (Tuesday):

• Debates Revenue Proposals: Congress debates proposals for generating revenue, considering the need to raise funds for the repayment of the public debt and other post-war expenses.

March 12 (Wednesday):

• Receives Preliminary Treaty of Peace: Congress is formally presented with the preliminary terms of the Treaty of Paris, which signals the near-end of the Revolutionary War.

March 12-15 (Wednesday-Saturday):

• Reads Treaty and Foreign Dispatches: Congress devotes time to reading and discussing the details of the preliminary treaty and various dispatches from American diplomats abroad, assessing the implications for the future of the young republic.

March 17 (Monday):

• Receives Washington’s Report on Army Crisis at Newburgh: Congress receives a report from General George Washington on the brewing discontent in the Continental Army, particularly regarding pay arrears and unresolved grievances, known as the Newburgh Crisis.

March 18-21 (Tuesday-Friday):

• Debates Report on Public Credit; Debates Proposal to Censure Ministers for Ignoring Negotiating Instructions: Congress discusses public credit and whether American diplomats ignored instructions during peace negotiations. This indicates growing concern about financial stability and the integrity of foreign negotiations.

March 22 (Saturday):

• Adopts Resolution to Commute Continental Officers' Half Pay for Life to Full Pay for Five Years: Congress resolves the issue of half pay by commuting it from lifetime payments to full pay for five years, a compromise meant to alleviate tensions within the army while also addressing financial constraints.

March 24 (Monday):

• Recalls All Continental Ships on Cruise: With peace on the horizon, Congress recalls all Continental naval ships still on cruise, signaling the winding down of military operations.

March 27-31 (Thursday-Monday):

• Debates Report on Public Credit; Renews Committee for Overseeing Office of Finance: Congress continues its debate on public credit and renews a committee tasked with overseeing the activities of the office of finance, ensuring that fiscal policies are properly implemented.

April 1783

April 1 (Tuesday):

• Recommends States Revise Formula for Setting Continental Quotas; Learns of Call for Economic Convention at Hartford; Receives Invitation to Locate Continental Capital in Kingston, N.Y.: Congress recommends that the states revise the formula used to set their financial quotas, discusses an economic convention called for in Hartford, and receives an invitation to consider Kingston, New York, as the site of the nation’s capital.

April 4 (Friday):

• Orders Suspension of Enlistments in Continental Army: With the war effectively over, Congress orders a halt to further enlistments in the Continental Army.

April 7 (Monday):

• Revises Continental Quotas: Congress makes adjustments to the quotas assigned to the states, reflecting the ongoing fiscal recalibrations necessary in the post-war period.

April 11 (Friday):

• Adopts Cease-Fire Proclamation: Congress officially adopts a proclamation for a cease-fire, marking a crucial step toward the formal end of hostilities between the United States and Great Britain.

April 15 (Tuesday):

• Ratifies Preliminary Treaty of Peace: Congress ratifies the preliminary Treaty of Paris, formally acknowledging the agreement that would lead to the official end of the Revolutionary War.

April 17 (Thursday):

• Orders Sale of Continental Horses: Reflecting the demobilization of the Continental Army, Congress orders the sale of surplus horses.

April 18 (Friday):

• Asks States for Authority to Levy Revenue Duties: Congress issues an appeal to the states, asking for the authority to impose revenue duties, a critical step toward ensuring a steady income for the new government.

April 23 (Wednesday):

• Authorizes Washington to Discharge Continental Troops: Congress authorizes General Washington to begin discharging Continental troops, as peace is now all but certain.

April 24 (Thursday):

• Directs Washington to Confer with Gen. Guy Carleton on the Evacuation of New York: Congress directs General Washington to consult with the British commander, General Guy Carleton, regarding the evacuation of British forces from New York, one of the final steps in securing American independence.

April 26 (Saturday):

• Adopts Address to the States on New Revenue Plan: Congress adopts an address to the states, outlining a new plan for raising revenue, vital for stabilizing the nation's finances.

April 28 (Monday):

• Requests Robert Morris to Continue as Superintendent of Finance Until Reduction of the Continental Army: Congress asks Robert Morris to continue in his role as superintendent of finance until the planned reduction of the Continental Army is complete.

April 30 (Wednesday):

• Rejects Motion to Hold Debates in Public: Congress debates the idea of holding its sessions in public but ultimately rejects the motion, opting to maintain the tradition of closed-door discussions.

May 1, 1783 (Thursday):

• Directs Secretary at War to Negotiate Cease-Fire with Hostile Indian Nations: Congress orders Secretary at War, Benjamin Lincoln, to initiate negotiations with Native American tribes hostile to the United States to ensure peace on the frontier.
• Authorizes American Ministers to Negotiate Treaty of Commerce with Great Britain: Congress empowers its ministers abroad to open negotiations with Britain regarding future commercial relations between the two countries, signaling a shift to post-war diplomacy.

May 2 (Friday):

• Appeals to States for Collection of Taxes for Payment of Discharged Troops: With soldiers returning home, Congress appeals to the states to expedite the collection of taxes to fund payment for discharged Continental Army troops.
• Recommends that States Adopt Copyright Laws: Congress advises states to pass laws protecting the intellectual property rights of authors, marking an early instance of federal involvement in copyright issues.

May 9 (Friday):

• Asks States to Convene Assemblies to Adopt Fiscal Recommendations: Congress calls on state legislatures to convene special sessions to address urgent fiscal matters, particularly related to war debt and military compensation.

May 15 (Thursday):

• Revises Rules to Appoint Committees by Secret Ballot: Congress amends its rules to ensure that committee appointments are made through a secret ballot, adding a layer of confidentiality to its proceedings.

May 19-20 (Monday - Tuesday):

• Debates Treaty Article on Restitution of Confiscated Loyalist Property: Congress engages in intense debates over provisions in the peace treaty that call for the restitution of property confiscated from loyalists during the war, a contentious issue given the deep divisions between patriots and loyalists.

May 22 (Thursday):

• Instructs Francis Dana on Negotiating Treaty with Russia: Congress provides detailed instructions to its envoy, Francis Dana, for negotiating a treaty with Russia, expanding diplomatic efforts beyond Western Europe.

May 26 (Monday):

• Instructs American Ministers on Peace Terms Concerning Evacuation of American Posts and Carrying Off of American Slaves: Congress clarifies its position regarding the evacuation of British posts on American soil and the protection of American slaves, many of whom were being taken by the British.
• Instructs Washington on Furloughing Continental Troops: General Washington is authorized to furlough remaining Continental troops, signaling further demobilization of the wartime military.

May 29-30 (Thursday - Friday):

• Debates Treaty Articles on British Debts and Loyalist Property: Discussions continue over how to handle British claims for repayment of pre-war debts and the restoration of confiscated loyalist property, key sticking points in treaty negotiations.

June 2 (Monday):

• Appoints Oliver Pollock Commercial Agent to Cuba: Congress assigns Oliver Pollock the task of managing trade relations with Cuba, recognizing the island's strategic importance for commerce in the Caribbean.

June 4 (Wednesday):

• Debates Virginia Cession of Western Land Claims: Congress resumes discussions over Virginia's cession of western land claims, an issue critical to resolving disputes over territorial governance and future state boundaries.

June 10 (Tuesday):

• Receives Report of the Mutiny of a Troop of Virginia Dragoons: Congress receives alarming news of unrest among Continental troops, highlighting continuing dissatisfaction in the military over unpaid wages and unfulfilled promises.

June 11 (Wednesday):

• Directs Furlough of Delaware, Maryland, Pennsylvania, and Virginia Troops: In line with its efforts to demobilize, Congress orders the furlough of troops from several states, allowing them to return home.

June 12 (Thursday):

• Instructs American Ministers on Avoiding Treaties of Armed Neutrality: Congress advises its diplomatic corps to steer clear of treaties involving armed neutrality, reflecting concerns about entangling alliances with European powers.

June 13 (Friday):

• Receives "Mutinous Memorial" from Continental Army Sergeants: Congress is presented with a formal complaint from Continental Army sergeants expressing grievances over unpaid wages and delayed discharges.

June 17 (Tuesday):

• Commends the Conduct of Business in the Office of Finance: Congress acknowledges the efficient work of Robert Morris and his Office of Finance, which had been critical in managing the nation’s fiscal challenges during and after the war.

June 19 (Thursday):

• Receives Notice of the Mutiny of Continental Troops at Carlisle: Further unrest erupts among Continental troops, this time at Carlisle, Pennsylvania, raising alarm about the potential for widespread mutinies.
• Appoints Committee to Confer with Pennsylvania Officials on the Mutiny: Congress forms a special committee to work with Pennsylvania officials in an attempt to quell the rebellion.

June 21 (Saturday):

• Confronts Mutineers of the Pennsylvania Line: Congress directly confronts mutineers from the Pennsylvania Line, addressing their grievances and working to restore order.
• Authorizes President to Reconvene Congress at Trenton or Princeton, NJ: Fearing for its security, Congress authorizes its president, Elias Boudinot, to move the body to a safer location.
• President Boudinot Issues Proclamation Reconvening Congress at Princeton: In response to the mutiny, Boudinot officially moves Congress to Princeton, New Jersey, to ensure the safety of its members.