Greece
- ️ben cahoon
Greece
| Map
of Greece ------------------------------- Administrative divisions map |
Hear
National Anthem "Ýmnos eis tin Eleftherían" (Hymn to Freedom) |
Text
of National Anthem Adopted 1865 |
Constitution (11 Jun 1975) ----------------------------------- Former Constitutions (1822, 1823, 1827, 1844, 1864, 1911, 1968, 1973) |
| Capital:
Athens (Athína) (Nauplion [Náfplio] 1822 - 13 Dec 1834) |
Currency:
Euro (EUR); 1833-1 Jan 2002 Drachma (GRD); 1944-1954 Greek New Drachma (GRN); 1868-1885 Union Latine Drachma (XULD); 1833-1944 Greek Silver Drachma (GRS); 1828-1833 Greek Phoenix (GRP); |
National
Holiday: 25 Mar (1821) 25 Martíou (Ethnikí Eortí) (25th of March [National Day]) |
Population:
10,461,091 (2024) 8,388,553 (1961) 5,536,375 (1920) 2,187,208 (1889) 753,400 (1828) |
| GDP: $375.8 billion (2023) |
Exports:
$106.6 billion (2023) Imports: $117.9 billion (2023) |
Ethnic groups:
Greek 91.6%, Albanian 4.4%, other
4% (2011) note: data represents citizenship; Greece does not collect data on ethnicity. |
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Total Active
Armed Forces: 142,700 (2021) U.S. Forces: 368 (2023) Merchant marine: 1,215 ships (2023) |
Religions:
Greek Orthodox (official) 81-90%,
Muslim 2%, other 3%, none 4-15%, unspecified 1% (2015) |
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| International
Organizations/Treaties: AG,
AIIB
(nonregional), AL (observer),
ANT, APM, BIS, BSEC, BTWC, CD, CE, CERN,
CFE, CPLP (associate observer), CTBT,
CWC, DC (observer), EAPC, EBRD, ECB,
EIB, EMU, ENMOD, ESA, ESCR, EU, Euratom,
Eutelsat, FAO, FATF, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO,
ICC, ICCt, ICRM, ICSID, IDA, IEA, IFAD,
IFC, IFRCS, IGAD (partner), IHO, ILO,
IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU,
IRENA, ISA, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC,
MIGA, MTCR, NAM (guest), NATO,
NEA, NPT, NSG, NTBT, OAS (observer),
OECD, OIF, OPCW, OS, OSCE, OST, PA
(observer), PAM, PCA, SECP, SELEC, SICA
(observer), UN, UNCLOS,
UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNFCC, UNFCC-KP,
UNFCC-PA, UNHCR, UNWTO, UPU,
WA, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC |
| Greece Index |
Chronology
c.3000 BC - c.1200
BC Minoan
civilization on the island of Crete
and other |
| Regions (since 2011) |
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| Mount Athos | |
| Byzantine Empire (395-1453) |
|
| Regional Insurrectionary Governments (1821-1822) |
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| Communist "Mountain" Governments (1944,1947-1949) |
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| Occupations (1941-1946) |
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| Morea (1661-1821) ---------------- Venetian Morea (1685-1715) ------------ Mani (1771-1821) |
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| Thessaly (1839-1867) |
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| Thessalonica (1839-1912) |
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| Epirus (1205-1479, 1670-1912) |
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| Western Thrace (1913-1920) |
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| Crete (1206-1913) |
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| Ionian
Islands (1701-1864, 1941-1943) and Venetian Dependencies |
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| Dodecanese Islands (1209-1948) ------------------- Kastellorizo (1913-1922) |
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| Samos (1821-1913) |
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| Icaria (1912) |
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Naxos and the Cyclades (1204-1566, 1770-1775) |
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| Hydra (1802-1832) |
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| Psara (1816-1822) |
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| Spetses (1800-1832) |
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| Orthodox Church of Greece |
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| Ecumenical Patriarchs of Constantinople |
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| Historical
Maps of Greece |
|
| Map
of Axis Occupation 1941-44 |
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Note: Greek names are listed (some
with notes) using a modified Hellenic
Organization for Standardization (ELOT)
743 Romanization system. Dates for
Greek records before 1822 are given according to Old
Style (Julian) calendar, and after according to New
Style (Gregorian) calendar. New Style was introduced in
Greece effective 15 Feb/1 Mar 1923.
Prime ministers (presidents of the ministerial
council)
6 Feb 1833 - 24 Oct 1833 Spyrídon Ioánnou
Trikoúpis
(b. 1788 - d. 1873) Mod
President of the Peloponnesian Senate (in Tripolitsá [Trípoli])
7 Jun 1821 - 27 Jan 1822 Theodóritos Vasileíou Vresthénis (b. 1787 - d. 1843) Non-party
President of the Senate of Western Greece (in Mesolóngi)
21 Nov 1821 - 27 Jan 1822 Aléxandros Nikoláou Mavrokordátos (b. 1791 - d. 1865) Mod
President of the Areopagus of Eastern Continental Greece (in Sálona [Ámfissa])
29 Nov 1821 - 27 Jan 1822 Theódoros Georgíou Négris (b. 1790 - d. 1824) Non-party
Presidents of the Executive 27 Jan 1822 - 7 May 1823 Aléxandros Nikoláou Mavrokordátos (b. 1791 - d. 1865) Mod
8 May 1823 - 31 Dec 1823 Petrómpeis (Pétros) Ilíou (b. 1765 - d. 1848) Non-party
Mavromichális ("Petróbey")
31 Dec 1823 - 30 Apr 1826 Geórgios Andréa Kountouriótis (b. 1782 - d. 1858) Lib
(in dissidence to 18 Jan 1824) President of the Administrative Committee of Greece
30 Apr 1826 - 14 Apr 1827 Andréas Asimákou Zaïmis (b. 1791 - d. 1840) Non-party
Governors of Greece 15 Apr 1827 - 24 Jan 1828 Governor-Lieutenancy Commission - Geórgios Pétrou Mavromichális (b. 1800 - d. 1831) Non-party
- Ioánnis Nikoláou Nákos
"Iannoúlis" - Ioánnis Markí Milaïtis (b. 1784 - d. 1861)
(acting) 24 Jan 1828 - 9 Oct 1831 Ioánnis Antoníou Kapodístrias (b. 1776 - d. 1831) Con
(= conte Giovanni di Antonio Capo d'Istria) Apr 1830 - May 1830 Ioánnis Ilíou Mavromichális (b. 1792 - d. 1873)
(in rebellion, in Lakonía)
Jan 1831 - Jan 1831 Konstantínos Ilíou Mavromichális (b. 1797 - d. 1831) Mil
(in rebellion, in Lakonía)
1831 Ilías "Katsákos" Ioánnou (d. 1836)
Mavromichális (in rebellion)
President of the Administrative Committee of Greece
9 Oct 1831 - 20 Dec 1831 Ioánnis María Avgoustínos Antoníou (b. 1778 - d. 1857) Con
Kapodístrias
(= conte Giovanni Maria Agostino di Antonio Capo d'Istria)
President of the Greek Government
20 Dec 1831 - 27 Mar 1832 Ioánnis María Avgoustínos Antoníou (s.a.) Con
Kapodístrias
Governor of Greece
27 Mar 1832 - 9 Apr 1832 Ioánnis María Avgoustínos Antoníou (s.a.) Con
Kapodístrias22 Dec 1831 - 14 Apr 1832 Administrative Committee of Greece (in dissidence; originally based in
Árgos, then in Perachóra and Megára) - Andréas Asimákou Zaïmis (s.a.) Non-party (did not take office) - Geórgios Andréa Kountouriótis (s.a.) Lib (did not take office)
- Ioánnis Nikoláou Koléttis (b. 1774 - d. 1847) Lib
(Colettis) 9 Apr 1832 - 14 Apr 1832 Administrative Committee of Greece
- Vasíleios Voudoúris
- Andréas Asimákou Zaïmis (s.a.) Non-party - Theódoros Kolokotrónis (b. 1770 - d. 1843) Mil
- Ioánnis Nikoláou Koléttis (s.a.) Lib
- Andréas Pétrou Metaxás (b. 1790 - d. 1860) Con
14 Apr 1832 - 6 Feb 1833 Administrative Committee of Greece
- Geórgios Andréa Kountouriótis (s.a.) Lib
(president) - Dimítrios Konstantínou Ypsilántis(b. 1794 - d. 1832) Mil
(to 16 Aug 1832) - Andréas Asimákou Zaïmis (s.a.) Non-party
- Andréas Pétrou Metaxás (s.a.) Con
- Ioánnis Nikoláou Koléttis (s.a.) Lib
- Dimítris Nikoláou Plapoútas (b. 1786 - d. 1864) Mil
King¹ 6 Feb 1833 - 22 Oct 1862 Óthon I (Otto I) (b. 1815 - d. 1867) (formally deposed 3 Feb 1863, retroactive to 22 Oct 1862) 18 Feb 1833 - 1 Jun 1835 kómis Iosíf Loudovíkos Ármansperg (b. 1787 - d. 1853) Non-party
(= Joseph Ludwig Franz Xaver Graf von Armansperg) (chairman of the Council of Regency) President of the Provisional Government 22 Oct 1862 - 21 Feb 1863 Dimítrios Georgíou Voúlgaris (b. 1802 - d. 1878) Mod
President of the National Assembly 21 Feb 1863 - 23 Feb 1863 Aristeídis Moraïtínis (acting) (b. 1806 - d. 1875) Con (presiding vice-president of the National Assembly)
Presidents of the Provisional Government 23 Feb 1863 - 8 Apr 1863 Zinóvios (Zafeírios) Ioánnou Válvis(b. 1800 - d. 1886) Non-party
8 Apr 1863 - 11 May 1863 Diomídis Athanásiou Kyriákos (b. 1811 - d. 1869) Non-party
11 May 1863 - 1 Jul 1863 Benizélos Athanásiou Roúfos (b. 1795 - d. 1868) Lib
(Roúphos) (1st time)
President of the National Assembly 1 Jul 1863 - 3 Jul 1863 Diomídis Athanásiou Kyriákos (s.a.) Non-party (from 6 Jun 1863, pending Geórgios I taking office) President of the Provisional Government 3 Jul 1863 - 30 Oct 1863 Benizélos Athanásiou Roúfos (s.a.) Lib
(2nd time)(pending Geórgios I taking office) Kings¹ 6 Jun 1863 - 18 Mar 1913 Geórgios I (George I) (b. 1845 - d. 1913) (takes office upon landing at Piraeus 30 Oct 1863) 18 Mar 1913 - 12 Jun 1917 Konstantínos I (Constantine I) (b. 1868 - d. 1923) (1st time) 12 Jun 1917 - 25 Oct 1920 Aléxandros (Alexander) (b. 1893 - d. 1920) Regents
25 Oct 1920 - 28 Oct 1920 Elefthérios Kyriákou Venizélos (b. 1864 - d. 1936) KF
(president of the Council of ministers)
28 Oct 1920 - 17 Nov 1920 Pávlos Theodórou Kountouriótis (b. 1854 - d. 1935) Mil
(1st time)
17 Nov 1920 - 19 Dec 1920 vasilomítor Ólga (f) (b. 1851 - d. 1926)
(= velikaya knyazhna Ol'ga Konstantinovna)Kings¹ 17 Nov 1920 - 27 Sep 1922 Konstantínos I (2nd time) (s.a.) (arrives in Athens 19 Dec 1920) 27 Sep 1922 - 25 Mar 1924 Geórgios II (1st time) (b. 1890 - d. 1947) (left Greece 19 Dec 1923) Regent 20 Dec 1923 - 14 Apr 1924 Pávlos Theodórou Kountouriótis (s.a.) Mil (for absent Geórgios to 25 Mar 1924) (2nd time)
Governor 14 Apr 1924 - 24 May 1924 Pávlos Theodórou Kountouriótis (s.a.) Mil Presidents 24 May 1924 - 6 Apr 1926 Pávlos Theodórou Kountouriótis (s.a.) Mil (1st time) 6 Apr 1926 - 22 Aug 1926 Theodóros Dimitírou Pánkalos (b. 1878 - d. 1952) Mil (Pángalos)(acting to 18 Apr 1926) 22 Aug 1926 - 24 Aug 1926 Geórgios Themistokléous Kondýlis (b. 1879 - d. 1936) LK (acting) 24 Aug 1926 - 10 Dec 1929 Pávlos Theodórou Kountouriótis (s.a.) Mil (2nd time) 10 Dec 1929 - 10 Oct 1935 Aléxandros Thrasývoulou Zaïmis (b. 1855 - d. 1936) Non-party
(acting to 14 Dec 1929) Regent 10 Oct 1935 - 22 Nov 1935 Geórgios Themistokléous Kondýlis (s.a.) LK (from 10 Nov 1935, pending the return of Geórgios II) King¹ 22 Nov 1935 - 22 May 1941 Geórgios II (2nd time) (s.a.) (lands in Greece 25 Nov 1925; continues in dissidence from 29 Apr 1941, and then in exile² from 22 May 1941) Presidents of the Government (under Axis occupation) 29 Apr 1941 - 1 Dec 1942 Geórgios Konstantínou Tsolákoglou (b. 1886 - d. 1948) Mil
1 Dec 1942 - 7 Apr 1943 Konstantínos Ioánnou (b. 1878 - d. 1961) Non-party
Logothetópoulos
7 Apr 1943 - 13 Oct 1944 Ioánnis Dimitríou Rállis (b. 1878 - d. 1946) Non-party
Kings¹ 13 Oct 1944 - 1 Apr 1947 Geórgios II (2nd time [restored]) (s.a.) (in exile³ to 27 Sep 1946) 13 Oct 1944 - 30 Dec 1944 Geórgios Andréou Papandréou (b. 1888 - d. 1968) Non-party
(acting; returns to Athens 18 Oct 1944)
Regent 30 Dec 1944 - 27 Sep 1946 archiepískopos Damaskinós (b. 1891 - d. 1949) Non-party (= Dimítrios Nikoláou Papandréou) Kings¹ 1 Apr 1947 - 6 Mar 1964 Pávlos I (Paul I) (b. 1901 - d. 1964) 20 Feb 1964 - 6 Mar 1964 prínkipas Konstantínos -Regent (b. 1940 - d. 2023) Non-party 6 Mar 1964 - 1 Jun 1973 Konstantínos II (s.a.) (forced to leave Greece 14 Dec 1967) Regents (not recognized by the King)
13 Dec 1967 - 21 Mar 1972 Geórgios Konstantínou Zoitákis (b. 1910 - d. 1996) Mil 21 Mar 1972 - 1 Jun 1973 Geórgios Chrístou Papadópoulos (b. 1919 - d. 1999) Mil Presidents 1 Jun 1973 - 25 Nov 1973 Geórgios Chrístou Papadópoulos (s.a.) Non-party (provisional to 19 Aug 1973) 25 Nov 1973 - 14 Dec 1974 Faídon Dimitríou Gkizíkis (b. 1917 - d. 1999) Mil 14 Dec 1974 - 18 Dec 1974 Konstantínos Georgíou Karamanlís (b. 1907 - d. 1998) ND (1st time) (acting) 18 Dec 1974 - 20 Jun 1975 Michaíl Dimitríou Stasinópoulos (b. 1903 - d. 2002) Non-party
(provisional)
20 Jun 1975 - 14 May 1980 Konstantínos Dimitríou Tsátsos (b. 1899 - d. 1987) ND 15 May 1980 - 10 Mar 1985 Konstantínos Georgíou Karamanlís (s.a.) ND (2nd time) 10 Mar 1985 - 29 Mar 1985 Ioánnis Nikoláou Alevrás (acting) (b. 1912 - d. 1995) PASOK 30 Mar 1985 - 4 May 1990 Chrístos Antoníou Sartzetákis (b. 1929 - d. 2022) Non-party 4 May 1990 - 10 Mar 1995 Konstantínos Georgíou Karamanlís (s.a.) ND (3rd time) 10 Mar 1995 - 12 Mar 2005 Konstantínos Dimitríou (b. 1926 - d. 2016) Non-party Stefanópoulos 12 Mar 2005 - 13 Mar 2015 Károlos Grigoríou Papoúlias (b. 1929 - d. 2021) PASOK 13 Mar 2015 - 13 Mar 2020 Prokópios Vasileíou Pavlópoulos (b. 1950) ND
13 Mar 2020 - Ekateríni "Katerína" Nikoláou (b. 1956) Non-party Sakellaropoúlou (f)
(Tricoupis)(acting to 15 Apr 1833)
24 Oct 1833 - 12 Jun 1834 Aléxandros Nikoláou Mavrokordátos (s.a.) Mod
(1st time)
12 Jun 1834 - 1 Jun 1835 Ioánnis Nikoláou Koléttis (s.a.) Lib
(Colettis)(1st time) (acting)
1 Jun 1835 - 14 Feb 1837 kómis Iosíf Loudovíkos Ármansperg (s.a.) Non-party
(= Joseph Ludwig Franz Xaver Graf von Armansperg)
(chief secretary of state)
14 Feb 1837 - 20 Dec 1837 Ignátios fon Roúdchart (b. 1790 - d. 1838) Non-party
(Ippótis de Roudárt)
(= Ignaz von Rudhart)
20 Dec 1837 - 6 Jul 1841 Vacant
6 Jul 1841 - 22 Aug 1841 Aléxandros Nikoláou Mavrokordátos (s.a.) Mod
(2nd time)
22 Aug 1841 - 15 Sep 1843 Vacant
15 Sep 1843 - 28 Feb 1844 Andréas Pétrou Metaxás (s.a.) Con
28 Feb 1844 - 11 Apr 1844 Konstantínos Michaíl Kanáris (b. 1793? - d. 1877) Con
(1st time)
11 Apr 1844 - 18 Aug 1844 Aléxandros Nikoláou Mavrokordátos (s.a.) Mod
(3rd time)
18 Aug 1844 - 12 Sep 1847 Ioánnis Nikoláou Koléttis (s.a.) Lib
(2nd time)
12 Sep 1847 - 17 Sep 1847 Vacant
17 Sep 1847 - 20 Mar 1848 Kyriákos "Kítsos" Fotíou Tzavélas (b. 1801 - d. 1855) Lib
(Tsavéllas)
20 Mar 1848 - 27 Oct 1848 Geórgios Andréa Kountouriótis (s.a.) Lib
27 Oct 1848 - 24 Dec 1849 Konstantínos Michaíl Kanáris (s.a.) Con
(2nd time)
24 Dec 1849 - 28 May 1854 Antónios Georgíou Kriezís (b. 1796 - d. 1865) Mod
28 May 1854 - 4 Oct 1855 Aléxandros Nikoláou Mavrokordátos (s.a.) Mod
(4th time)
28 May 1854 - 29 Aug 1854 Konstantínos Michaíl Kanáris (s.a.) Con
(acting for absent Mavrokordátos)
4 Oct 1855 - 25 Nov 1857 Dimítrios Georgíou Voúlgaris (s.a.) Lib
(1st time)
25 Nov 1857 - 7 Jun 1862 Athanásios Andréa Miaoúlis (b. 1815 - d. 1867) Mil
7 Jun 1862 - 23 Oct 1862 Ioánnis "Gennaíos" Theodórou (b. 1803 - d. 1868) Con
KolokotrónisPresidents of the Provisional Government
23 Oct 1862 - 30 Oct 1863 the Heads of state
Prime ministers (until 8 Oct 1973, presidents of the ministerial council)
30 Oct 1863 - 6 Nov 1863 Vacant 6 Nov 1863 - 17 Mar 1864 Dimítrios Georgíou Voúlgaris (s.a.) Mod
(2nd time) 17 Mar 1864 - 28 Apr 1864 Konstantínos Michaíl Kanáris (s.a.) Con
(3rd time) 28 Apr 1864 - 7 Aug 1864 Zinóvios (Zafeírios) Ioánnou (s.a.) Non-party
Válvis
7 Aug 1864 - 14 Mar 1865 Konstantínos Michaíl Kanáris (s.a.) Con
(4th time) 14 Mar 1865 - 1 Nov 1865 Aléxandros Spyrídonos Koumoundoúros(b. 1814? - d. 1883) KE
(1st time) 1 Nov 1865 - 15 Nov 1865 Epameinóndas Dimitírou Deligeórgis (b. 1829 - d. 1879) Lib
(1st time) 15 Nov 1865 - 18 Nov 1865 Dimítrios Georgíou Voúlgaris (s.a.) Mod
(3rd time) 18 Nov 1865 - 25 Nov 1865 Aléxandros Spyrídonos Koumoundoúros(s.a.) KE
(2nd time) 25 Nov 1865 - 10 Dec 1865 Epameinóndas Dimitírou Deligeórgis (s.a.) Mod
(2nd time) 10 Dec 1865 - 21 Jun 1866 Benizélos Athanásiou Roúfos (s.a.) Lib 21 Jun 1866 - 30 Dec 1866 Dimítrios Georgíou Voúlgaris (s.a.) Mod
(4th time) 30 Dec 1866 - 1 Jan 1868 Aléxandros Spyrídonos Koumoundoúros(s.a.) KE
(3rd time) 1 Jan 1868 - 6 Feb 1868 Aristeídis Moraïtínis (2nd time) (s.a.) Con
6 Feb 1868 - 6 Feb 1869 Dimítrios Georgíou Voúlgaris (s.a.) Mod
(6th time) 6 Feb 1869 - 21 Jul 1870 Thrasývoulos Andréa Zaïmis (b. 1825 - d. 1880) Mod
(1st time) 21 Jul 1870 - 15 Dec 1870 Epameinóndas Dimitírou Deligeórgis (s.a.) Mod
(3rd time) 15 Dec 1870 - 9 Nov 1871 Aléxandros Spyrídonos Koumoundoúros(s.a.) KE
(4th time) 9 Nov 1871 - 6 Jan 1872 Thrasývoulos Andréa Zaïmis (s.a.) Mod
(2nd time) 6 Jan 1872 - 20 Jul 1872 Dimítrios Georgíou Voúlgaris (s.a.) Mod
(6th time) 20 Jul 1872 - 21 Feb 1874 Epameinóndas Dimitírou Deligeórgis (s.a.) Lib
(4th time) 21 Feb 1874 - 9 May 1875 Dimítrios Georgíou Voúlgaris (s.a.) Mod
(7th time) 9 May 1875 - 27 Oct 1875 Charílaos Spyrídonos Trikoúpis (b. 1832 - d. 1896) NK (1st time) 27 Oct 1875 - 8 Dec 1876 Aléxandros Spyrídonos Koumoundoúros(s.a.) KE
(5th time) 8 Dec 1876 - 13 Dec 1876 Epameinóndas Dimitírou Deligeórgis (s.a.) Lib
(5th time) 13 Dec 1876 - 10 Mar 1877 Aléxandros Spyrídonos Koumoundoúros(s.a.) KE
(6th time) 10 Mar 1877 - 31 May 1877 Epameinóndas Dimitírou Deligeórgis (s.a.) Lib
(6th time) 31 May 1877 - 7 Jun 1877 Aléxandros Spyrídonos Koumoundoúros(s.a.) KE
(7th time) 7 Jun 1877 - 14 Sep 1877 Konstantínos Michaíl Kanáris (s.a.) Con
(5th time) 14 Sep 1877 - 23 Jan 1878 Council of Ministers
- Aléxandros Spyrídonos (s.a.) KE
Koumoundoúros - Charílaos Spyrídonos Trikoúpis (s.a.) NK - Epameinóndas Dimitírou (s.a.) Lib Deligeórgis - Thrasývoulos Andréa Zaïmis (s.a.) Mod
- Theódoros Pangaí Deligiánnis (b. 1824 - d. 1905) KE
(Diligiánnis)
- Charálampos Zymvrakákis (b. 1812 - d. 1880) Mil (acting) 23 Jan 1878 - 2 Nov 1878 Aléxandros Spyrídonos Koumoundoúros(s.a.) KE
(8th time) 2 Nov 1878 - 7 Nov 1878 Charílaos Spyrídonos Trikoúpis (s.a.) NK (2nd time) 7 Nov 1878 - 22 Mar 1880 Aléxandros Spyrídonos Koumoundoúros(s.a.) KE
(9th time) 22 Mar 1880 - 25 Oct 1880 Charílaos Spyrídonos Trikoúpis (s.a.) NK (3rd time) 25 Oct 1880 - 15 Mar 1882 Aléxandros Spyrídonos Koumoundoúros(s.a.) KE
(10th time) 15 Mar 1882 - 1 May 1885 Charílaos Spyrídonos Trikoúpis (s.a.) NK (4th time) 1 May 1885 - 12 May 1886 Theódoros Pangaí Deligiánnis (s.a.) KE
(Diligiánnis) (1st time) 12 May 1886 - 21 May 1886 Dimítrios Zafeiríou Válvis (b. 1814 - d. 1892) Non-party
21 May 1886 - 5 Nov 1890 Charílaos Spyrídonos Trikoúpis (s.a.) NK (5th time) 5 Nov 1890 - 2 Mar 1892 Theódoros Pangaí Deligiánnis (s.a.) KE
(2nd time) 2 Mar 1892 - 22 Jun 1892 Konstantínos Konstantópoulos (b. 1832 - d. 1910) KE
22 Jun 1892 - 15 May 1893 Charílaos Spyrídonos Trikoúpis (s.a.) NK (6th time) 15 May 1893 - 11 Nov 1893 Sotírios Sotirópoulos (b. 1831 - d. 1898) KE
11 Nov 1893 - 24 Jan 1895 Charílaos Spyrídonos Trikoúpis (s.a.) NK (7th time) 24 Jan 1895 - 12 Jun 1895 Nikólaos Pétrou Deligiánnis (b. 1845 - d. 1910) KE
12 Jun 1895 - 30 Apr 1897 Theódoros Pangaí Deligiánnis (s.a.) KE
(3rd time) 30 Apr 1897 - 3 Oct 1897 Dimítrios Georgíou Rállis (b. 1844 - d. 1921) TK
(1st time) 3 Oct 1897 - 14 Apr 1899 Aléxandros Thrasývoulou Zaïmis (s.a.) Non-party
(1st time) 14 Apr 1899 - 25 Nov 1901 Geórgios Nikoláou Theotókis (b. 1843 - d. 1916) NK (1st time) 25 Nov 1901 - 7 Dec 1902 Aléxandros Thrasývoulou Zaïmis (s.a.) Non-party
(2nd time) 7 Dec 1902 - 27 Jun 1903 Theódoros Pangaí Deligiánnis (s.a.) KE
(4th time) 27 Jun 1903 - 11 Jul 1903 Geórgios Nikoláou Theotókis (s.a.) NK (2nd time) 11 Jul 1903 - 19 Dec 1903 Dimítrios Georgíou Rállis (s.a.) TK
(2nd time) 19 Dec 1903 - 29 Dec 1904 Geórgios Nikoláou Theotókis (s.a.) NK (3rd time) 29 Dec 1904 - 14 Jun 1905 Theódoros Pangaí Deligiánnis (s.a.) KE
(5th time) 14 Jun 1905 - 22 Jun 1905 Vacant 22 Jun 1905 - 21 Dec 1905 Dimítrios Georgíou Rállis (s.a.) TK
(3rd time) 21 Dec 1905 - 20 Jul 1909 Geórgios Nikoláou Theotókis (s.a.) NK (4th time) 20 Jul 1909 - 28 Aug 1909 Dimítrios Georgíou Rállis (s.a.) TK
(4th time) 28 Aug 1909 - 31 Jan 1910 Kyriakoúlis Pétrou Mavromichális (b. 1850 - d. 1916) Non-party 31 Jan 1910 - 19 Oct 1910 Stéfanos Nikoláou Dragoúmis (b. 1842 - d. 1923) Non-party
19 Oct 1910 - 9 Mar 1915 Elefthérios (Elevthérios) Kyriákou (s.a.) KF Venizélos (1st time) 9 Mar 1915 - 23 Aug 1915 Dimítrios Panagióti Goúnaris (b. 1867 - d. 1922) Non-party
(1st time) 23 Aug 1915 - 7 Oct 1915 Elefthérios Kyriákou Venizélos (s.a.) KF (2nd time) 7 Oct 1915 - 7 Nov 1915 Aléxandros Thrasývoulou Zaïmis (s.a.) Non-party
(3rd time) 7 Nov 1915 - 22 Jun 1916 Stéfanos Ioánnou Skouloúdis (b. 1836 - d. 1928) Non-party
22 Jun 1916 - 16 Sep 1916 Aléxandros Thrasývoulou Zaïmis (s.a.) Non-party
(4th time) 16 Sep 1916 - 10 Oct 1916 Nikólaos P. Kalogerópoulos (b. 1852 - d. 1927) Non-party
(1st time) 28 Sep 1916 - 27 Jun 1917 Elefthérios Kyriákou Venizélos (s.a.) KF
(in Crete, from 9 Oct 1916 in Saloníki;
in opposition to the King, recognized
by the Allied Powers from 19 Dec 1916) (3rd time) 10 Oct 1916 - 5 May 1917 Spyrídon Pávlou Lámpros (b. 1851 - d. 1919) Non-party
5 May 1917 - 27 Jun 1917 Aléxandros Thrasývoulou Zaïmis (s.a.) Non-party
(5th time) 27 Jun 1917 - 17 Nov 1920 Elefthérios Kyriákou Venizélos (s.a.) KF (4th time) 17 Nov 1920 - 6 Feb 1921 Dimítrios Georgíou Rállis (s.a.) LK (5th time) 6 Feb 1921 - 8 Apr 1921 Nikólaos P. Kalogerópoulos (s.a.) LK (2nd time) 8 Apr 1921 - 16 May 1922 Dimítrios Panagióti Goúnaris (s.a.) LK (2nd time) 16 May 1922 - 22 May 1922 Nikólaos Andréa Strátos (b. 1872 - d. 1922) ESK 22 May 1922 - 10 Sep 1922 Pétros Emmanouíl Protopapadákis (b. 1860 - d. 1922) LK 10 Sep 1922 - 29 Sep 1922 Nikólaos Triantafyllákos (b. 1855 - d. 1939) Non-party
(Triantaphillákos)
29 Sep 1922 - 30 Sep 1922 Anastásios A. Charalámpis (b. 1862 - d. 1949) Mil 30 Sep 1922 - 27 Nov 1922 Sotírios Georgíou Krokidás (b. 1852 - d. 1924) Non-party
27 Nov 1922 - 11 Jan 1924 Stylianós Epameinónda Gonatás (b. 1876 - d. 1966) Mil 11 Jan 1924 - 6 Feb 1924 Elefthérios Kyriákou Venizélos (s.a.) KF (4th time) 6 Feb 1924 - 12 Mar 1924 Geórgios Konstantínou Kafantáris (b. 1873 - d. 1946) KF (Kaphantáris) 12 Mar 1924 - 24 Jul 1924 Aléxandros Panagióti Papanastasíou (b. 1876 - d. 1936) KF (1st time) 24 Jul 1924 - 7 Oct 1924 Themistoklís Panagióti Sofoúlis (b. 1860 - d. 1949) KF (Sophoúlis) (1st time) 7 Oct 1924 - 26 Jun 1925 Andréas Spíliou Michalakópoulos (b. 1875 - d. 1938) KF 26 Jun 1925 - 19 Jul 1926 Theódoros Dimitírou Pánkalos (s.a.) Mil (Pángalos)
19 Jul 1926 - 22 Aug 1926 Athanásios Loukã Eftaxías (b. 1849 - d. 1931) Non-party
(Evtaxías) 22 Aug 1926 - 4 Dec 1926 Geórgios Themistokléous Kondýlis (s.a.) EDK (1st time)(acting to 26 Aug 1926) 4 Dec 1926 - 4 Jul 1928 Aléxandros Thrasývoulou Zaïmis (s.a.) Non-party
(6th time) 4 Jul 1928 - 26 May 1932 Elefthérios Kyriákou Venizélos (s.a.) KF (5th time) 26 May 1932 - 5 Jun 1932 Aléxandros Panagióti Papanastasíou (s.a.) AEK (2nd time) 5 Jun 1932 - 4 Nov 1932 Elefthérios Kyriákou Venizélos (s.a.) KF (6th time) 4 Nov 1932 - 16 Jan 1933 Panagiótis "Panagís" Epameinónda (b. 1868 - d. 1936) LK Tsaldáris (1st time)
16 Jan 1933 - 6 Mar 1933 Elefthérios Kyriákou Venizélos (s.a.) KF (7th time) 6 Mar 1933 Nikólaos Chrístou Plastíras (b. 1883 - d. 1953) Non-party (acting)
6 Mar 1933 - 10 Mar 1933 Aléxandros Othonaíos (b. 1879 - d. 1970) Mil 10 Mar 1933 - 10 Oct 1935 Panagiótis "Panagís" Epameinónda (s.a.) LK Tsaldáris (2nd time)
10 Oct 1935 - 30 Nov 1935 Geórgios Themistokléous Kondýlis (s.a.) ERK
(2nd time) 30 Nov 1935 - 13 Apr 1936 Konstantínos Demertzís (b. 1876 - d. 1936) Non-party
13 Apr 1936 - 29 Jan 1941 Ioánnis Panagióti Metaxás (b. 1871 - d. 1941) KTE;1936
(from 4 Aug 1936 semi-official style Archigós [Chief]) Non-party
29 Jan 1941 - 18 Apr 1941 Aléxandros Georgíou Korízis (b. 1885 - d. 1941) Non-party (Koryzís) 19 Apr 1941 - 20 Apr 1941 Vacant
20 Apr 1941 - 21 Apr 1941 Aléxandros Sakellaríou (acting) (b. 1887 - d. 1982) Mil 21 Apr 1941 - 14 Apr 1944 Emmanouíl Ioánnou Tsouderós (b. 1882 - d. 1956) Non-party (in exile³ from 23 May 1941) 29 Apr 1941 - 1 Dec 1942 Geórgios Konstantínou Tsolákoglou (s.a.) Mil (collaborator government) 1 Dec 1942 - 7 Apr 1943 Konstantínos Ioánnou (s.a.) Non-party Logothetópoulos
(collaborator government) 7 Apr 1943 - 13 Oct 1944 Ioánnis Dimitríou Rállis (s.a.) Non-party (collaborator government) 14 Apr 1944 - 26 Apr 1944 Sofoklís Elefthériou Venizélos (b. 1894 - d. 1964) Non-party (1st time)(in exile³) 26 Apr 1944 - 3 Jan 1945 Geórgios Andréou Papandréou (s.a.) Non-party
(1st time)(in exile³ to 18 Oct 1944)
13 Oct 1944 - 18 Oct 1944 Vacant
(collaborator government) 3 Jan 1945 - 8 Apr 1945 Nikoláos Chrístou Plastíras (s.a.) Non-party (2nd time) 8 Apr 1945 - 17 Oct 1945 Pétros Voúlgaris (b. 1884 - d. 1957) Mil 17 Oct 1945 - 1 Nov 1945 archiepískopos Damaskinós (acting) (s.a.) Non-party (president of the government) 1 Nov 1945 - 22 Nov 1945 Panagiótis Kanéllou Kanellópoulos (b. 1902 - d. 1986) EEK (1st time) 22 Nov 1945 - 4 Apr 1946 Themistoklís Panagióti Sofoúlis (s.a.) KF (2nd time) 4 Apr 1946 - 18 Apr 1946 Panagiótis Ilía Poulítsas (b. 1881 - d. 1968) Non-party 18 Apr 1946 - 24 Jan 1947 Konstantínos Stávrou Tsaldáris (b. 1884 - d. 1970) LK (1st time) 24 Jan 1947 - 29 Aug 1947 Dimítrios Epameinónda Máximos (b. 1873 - d. 1955) LK 29 Aug 1947 - 7 Nov 1947 Konstantínos Stávrou Tsaldáris (s.a.) LK (2nd time) 7 Nov 1947 - 24 Jun 1949 Themistoklís Panagióti Sofoúlis (s.a.) KF (3rd time) 24 Jun 1949 - 7 Jan 1950 Aléxandros Nikoláou Diomídis (b. 1875 - d. 1950) KF (acting to 30 Jun 1949) 7 Jan 1950 - 23 Mar 1950 Ioánnis Georgíou Theotókis (b. 1880 - d. 1961) LK 23 Mar 1950 - 15 Apr 1950 Sofoklís Elefthériou Venizélos (s.a.) KF (2nd time) 15 Apr 1950 - 21 Aug 1950 Nikoláos Chrístou Plastíras (s.a.) EPEK (3rd time) 21 Aug 1950 - 27 Oct 1951 Sofoklís Elefthériou Venizélos (s.a.) KF (3rd time) 27 Oct 1951 - 11 Oct 1952 Nikoláos Chrístou Plastíras (s.a.) EPEK (3rd time) 11 Oct 1952 - 19 Nov 1952 Dimítrios Ilía Kiousópoulos (b. 1892 - d. 1977) Non-party 19 Nov 1952 - 4 Oct 1955 Aléxandros Leonída Papágos (b. 1883 - d. 1955) ES 4 Oct 1955 - 6 Oct 1955 Stéfanos Chrístou Stefanópoulos (b. 1898 - d. 1982) ES (Stephanópoulos)(1st time)(acting) 6 Oct 1955 - 5 Mar 1958 Konstantínos Georgíou Karamanlís (s.a.) ES:1956 ERE (1st time) 5 Mar 1958 - 17 May 1958 Konstantínos Georgíou (b. 1890 - d. 1973) Non-party Georgakópoulos
17 May 1958 - 20 Sep 1961 Konstantínos Georgíou Karamanlís (s.a.) ERE (2nd time) 20 Sep 1961 - 4 Nov 1961 Konstantínos Thomá Dóvas (b. 1898 - d. 1973) Non-party 4 Nov 1961 - 19 Jun 1963 Konstantínos Georgíou Karamanlís (s.a.) ERE (3rd time) 19 Jun 1963 - 28 Sep 1963 Panagiótis Nikoláou Pipinélis (b. 1899 - d. 1970) ERE 28 Sep 1963 - 8 Nov 1963 Stylianós Ioánnou Mavromichális (b. 1902 - d. 1981) Non-party 8 Nov 1963 - 31 Dec 1963 Geórgios Andréou Papandréou (s.a.) EK (2nd time) 31 Dec 1963 - 19 Feb 1964 Ioánnis Polychróni Paraskevópoulos (b. 1900 - d. 1984) Non-party (1st time) 19 Feb 1964 - 15 Jul 1965 Geórgios Andréou Papandréou (s.a.) EK (3rd time) 15 Jul 1965 - 20 Aug 1965 Geórgios Themistokléous (b. 1893 - d. 1987) FDK Athanásios-Nóvas 20 Aug 1965 - 17 Sep 1965 Ilías Ioánnou Tsirimókos (b. 1907 - d. 1968) FDK
17 Sep 1965 - 22 Dec 1966 Stéfanos Chrístou Stefanópoulos (s.a.) FDK (2nd time) 22 Dec 1966 - 3 Apr 1967 Ioánnis Polychróni Paraskevópoulos (s.a.) Non-party (2nd time) 3 Apr 1967 - 21 Apr 1967 Panagiótis Kanéllou Kanellópoulos (s.a.) ERE (2nd time) 21 Apr 1967 - 13 Dec 1967 Konstantínos Vlasíou Kóllias (b. 1901 - d. 1998) Non-party 13 Dec 1967 - 8 Oct 1973 Geórgios Chrístou Papadópoulos (s.a.) Mil 8 Oct 1973 - 25 Nov 1973 Spyrídon Vasileíou Markezínis (b. 1909 - d. 2000) Non-party 25 Nov 1973 - 24 Jul 1974 Adamántios A. Androutsópoulos (b. 1919 - d. 2000) Non-party 24 Jul 1974 - 10 May 1980 Konstantínos Georgíou Karamanlís (s.a.) ND (4th time) 10 May 1980 - 21 Oct 1981 Geórgios Ioánnou Rállis (b. 1918 - d. 2006) ND 21 Oct 1981 - 2 Jul 1989 Andréas Georgíou Papandréou (b. 1919 - d. 1996) PASOK (1st time) 2 Jul 1989 - 12 Oct 1989 Tzanís Pétrou Tzannetákis (b. 1927 - d. 2010) ND 12 Oct 1989 - 23 Nov 1989 Ioánnis "Giánnis" Athanásiou Grívas(b. 1923 - d. 2016) Non-party 23 Nov 1989 - 11 Apr 1990 Xenofón Efthymíou Zolótas (b. 1904 - d. 2004) Non-party (Xenophón Evthimíou Zolótas) 11 Apr 1990 - 13 Oct 1993 Konstantínos Kyriakoú Mitsotákis (b. 1918 - d. 2017) ND 13 Oct 1993 - 21 Jan 1996 Andréas Georgíou Papandréou (s.a.) PASOK (2nd time)
21 Jan 1996 - 10 Mar 2004 Konstantínos "Kóstas" Georgíou (b. 1936 - d. 2025) PASOK Simítis
10 Mar 2004 - 6 Oct 2009 Konstantínos Alexándrou Karamanlís (b. 1956) ND 7 Oct 2009 - 11 Nov 2011 Geórgios Andréou Papandréou (b. 1952) PASOK 11 Nov 2011 - 17 May 2012 Loukás Dimitríou Papadímos (b. 1947) Non-party 17 May 2012 - 20 Jun 2012 Panagiótis Óthona Pikramménos (b. 1945) Non-party 20 Jun 2012 - 26 Jan 2015 Antónis Konstantínou Samarás (b. 1951) ND 26 Jan 2015 - 27 Aug 2015 Aléxis Pávlou Tsípras (1st time) (b. 1974) SYRIZA 27 Aug 2015 - 21 Sep 2015 Vasilikí Spyrídonos Thánou- (b. 1950) Non-party Christofílou (f)
21 Sep 2015 - 8 Jul 2019 Aléxis Pávlou Tsípras (2nd time) (s.a.) SYRIZA 8 Jul 2019 - 25 May 2023 Kyriákos Konstantínou Mitsotákis (b. 1968) ND
(1st time) 25 May 2023 - 26 Jun 2023 Ioánnis Dimítrios Sarmás (b. 1957) Non-party 26 Jun 2023 - Kyriákos Konstantínou Mitsotákis (s.a.) ND
(2nd time)
Allied (British)
Occupation 1944-1947
British General Officers Commanding III Corps and
Commander-in-chief, Land Forces Greece
from 1 Apr 1945, H.Q. Land Forces [Greece])
14 Oct 1944 - 12 Mar 1946 Sir Ronald MacKenzie
Scobie (b. 1893 d.
1969)
12 Mar 1946 - 31 Mar 1947 Kenneth Noel
Crawford
(b. 1895 - d. 1961)
6 May 1941 - 9 Sep 1943 Pellegrino Ghigi (b. 1899 - d. 1995) PNF
Italian Military Commanders Greece (in Athens)
(in Epirus; Thessaly; Peloponnese; Attica; Corfu; Cephalonia; Leucadia; Ithaca; Paxos;
Zante; Euboea; Naxos; the Cyclades; Samos; and Eastern Crete [Lasithi prefecture])
25 Jun 1941 - 3 May 1943 Carlo Geloso (b. 1879 - d. 1957)
3 May 1943 - 9 Sep 1943 Carlo Vecchiarelli (b. 1884 - d. 1948)
German Plenipotentiaries (in Athens)
1 May 1941 - 21 Oct 1943 Günther
Altenburg
(b. 1894 - d. 1984) NSDAP
21 Oct 1943 - 18 Oct 1944 Kurt Fritz von Graevenitz
(b. 1898 - d.
1987) NSDAP
German Military Commander (of 12th Army)
6 Apr 1941 - 5 Jul 1941 Wilhelm Sigmund
List
(b. 1880 - d. 1971)
German Military Commanders of Salonika-Aegean (Saloniki-Ägäis)(in
(in Thessalonica; Lemnos; Lesbos and Chios to 10 Sep 1944; Skyros; Athos; Central Macedonia; Evros prefecture to 31 Aug 1944; and to 5 Jul 1943 and from 29 Aug 1944 Kilkis and Chalkidiki
Peninsula)
5 Jul 1941 - 31 Dec 1942 Curt von Krenzki (b. 1888 - d. 1962)
1 Jan 1943 - 13 Jan 1943 Bogislav von Studnitz (b. 1888 - d. 1943)
13 Jan 1943 - 20 Jan 1943 Paul Herrmann (acting) (b. 1892 - d. 1974)
21 Jan 1943 - 24 Aug 1943 Johannes Haarde (b. 1889 - d. 1945)
25 Aug 1943 - 12 Oct 1944 Kurt Pflugradt (b. 1887 - d. 1973)
(from 8 Sep 1943, subordinated to commanders for Greece)
German Military Commanders of Southern Greece (Südgriechenland)(in Athens)
(in Athens; Piraeus; Salamis; Kythera; Antikythera; Melos; and Crete)
27 Jun 1941 - 11 Sep 1942 Hellmuth Felmy (b. 1885 - d. 1965)
11 Sep 1942 - 8 Sep 1943 Wilhelm Speidel (b. 1895 - d. 1970)
German Military Commanders for Greece (Griechenland)(in Athens)
(including Dodecanese Islands and former Italian zone, excluding Bulgarian zone)
8 Sep 1943 - 26 Aug 1944 Alexander Löhr (b. 1885 - d. 1947)
26 Aug 1944 - 12 Oct 1944 Maximilian Maria Joseph Freiherr (b. 1881 - d. 1954)
von und zu Weichs
Bulgarian Military Commanders (of 2nd Bulgarian Army 20 Apr - 12 May 1941; 1st Bulgarian
Army 12 - 24 May 1941; White Sea Detachment 24 May - 12 Nov 1941; 16th Infantry Division
12 Nov 1941 - 22 Nov 1943; 2nd Occupation Corps 22 Nov 1943 - 1 Oct 1944; from 1 Oct 1944,
7th Bulgarian Army)(in Eastern Macedonia; Western Thrace; Kavala [excluding Evros prefecture,
but including Alexandroupolis]; from 9 May 1941 Samothrace and Thasos Islands; and 5 Jul 1943 -
29 Aug 1944 Kilkis and Chalkidiki Peninsula)[at Xanthi to 22 Nov 1943, Drama 22 Nov 1943 -
9 Sep 1944, then Kavala]
20 Apr 1941 - 2 May 1941 Ivan Hristov Markov (b. 1889 - d. 1945)
2 May 1941 - 21 Jul 1941 Konstantin Ludvig Lukash (b. 1890 - d. 1945)
21 Jul 1941 - 12 Nov 1941 Georgi Hristov Kovachev (b. 1891 - d. 1945)
12 Nov 1941 - 14 May 1944 Trifon Yordanov Trifonov (b. 1895 - d. 1945)
14 May 1944 - 15 Oct 1944 Asen Nikolov Sirakov (b. 1895 - d. 1960)
Directors of Belomorska (White Sea) oblast (at Xanthi)
12 May 1941 - 20 Oct 1941 Iliya Ivanov Kozhuharov (b. 1893 - d. 1994) Non-party
20 Oct 1941 - 20 Jan 1942 Hristo Ivanov Gerdzhikov (acting) (b. 1882 - d. 19..) Mil
20 Jan 1942 - 18 Sep 1944 Stefan Rachev Klechkov (b. 1900 - d. 1945) Non-party
French Occupation in Morea (at Navarin [Avarínos] and Modone [Methóni]) 1828-1833
French Military Commanders of the Occupation in Morea
29 Aug 1828 - 22 May 1829 Nicolas Joseph, marquis Maison (b. 1771 - d. 1840)
(général commandant en chef l'armée d'expédition en Morée)
22 May 1829 - 28 Oct 1831 Antoine Virgile Schneider (b. 1779 - d. 1847)
(général commandant de la brigade Française en Morée)
28 Oct 1831 - 26 Sep 1833 Charles Louis Joseph Olivier, (b. 1783 - d. 1849)
comte de Gueheneuc
(général commandant de la brigade Française en Morée)
¹The full style of the ruler:
(a) 6 Feb 1833 - 22 Oct 1862 (New Style): Eléo Theoú Vasiléfs tis Elládos ("By the grace of God, King of Greece [Hellas]");
(b) 6 Jun 1863 - 25 Oct 1920, 17 Nov 1920 - 25 Mar 1924 (New Style), 4 Nov 1935 - 22 May 1941 and 13 Oct 1944 - 1 Jun 1973: Vasiléfs ton Ellínon ("King of the Greeks [Hellenes]").
²Greek sources are very obscure on the style and function of this body. In some - non-Greek - sources it is described as a Regency.
³Having left Athens 23 Apr
1941, the King and government left Crete - the last free
Greek soil - on 23 May 1941, staying in Alexandria
(Egypt) 2-29 Jun 1941, then Johannesburg (South Africa)
20 Jul - 5 Sep 1941, and arriving in London (U.K.) 24
Sep 1941. There the government remained until 14 Apr
1943, then staying at Cairo (Egypt) 5 May 1943 - 6/8 Sep
1944, moving to Italy 9 Sep 1944 (from 1 Oct 1944 at
Cava dei Tirreni), and finally returning to Athens 18
Oct 1944. The King returned from London 27 Sep 1946,
entering Athens 28 Sep 1946.
Noble and Ecclesiastical Titles: Antivasiléfs
= Regent; Archiepískopos = Archbishop; Kómis/Graf/Conte
= Count; Prínkipas = Prince; Varónos
(Barónos) = Baron; Velikaya
knyazhna = Grand Princess; Vasilomítor =
Queen Mother.
Territorial Disputes: Greece and Turkey continue discussions to resolve their complex maritime, air, territorial, and boundary disputes in the Aegean Sea; Cyprus question with Turkey; the mass migration of unemployed Albanians still remains a problem for developed countries, chiefly Greece and Italy. Greece's long coastline and developed economy entices tens of thousands of illegal immigrants from the Middle East and northern Africa.
Party abbreviations:
DIKKI = Dimokratikó Koinonikó Kínima
(Democratic Social Movement, social democratic, split
from PASOK, est.20 Dec 1995); KKE =
Kommounistikó Kómma Elládas (Communist Party of Greece,
communist, Eurosceptic, banned Dec 1947-23
Jul 1974, est.17 Nov 1918); ND
= Néa Dimokratía (New Democracy, center-right, christian
democratic, est.4 Oct 1974); PASOK
= Panellínio Sosialistikó Kínima (Panhellenic Socialist
Movement, center-left, social democratic, est.3 Sep
1974); SYRIZA =
Synaspismós Rizospastikís Aristerás (Coalition of
the Radical Left, democratic socialist, left-wing
populist, est.22 May 2012); Mil
= Military;
- Former parties (parties
banned 4 Aug 1936 - 29 Jan 1941 and 23 Apr 1967-23 Jul
1974): AEK = Agrotikón Ergatikón
Kómma (Agricultural and Labour Party, democratic
socialist, agrarian, republican, split from KF, 1926-4
Aug 1936); Con =
"Róssiko Kómma" ("Russian party," called Kómma ton
Napaíon [Napist
Party], conservatives,
populist, centralist, monarchist, pro-Russian,
c.1821-c.1875); EDK =
Ethnikón Dimokratikón Kómma (National Republican
Party, liberal conservative, anti-Venizelism, 1923-1928,
renamed ERK); EEK
= Ethnikón Enotikón Kómma (National Unionist Party,
republican, 1935-1950, merged unto Métọpo Ethnikís
Anadimiourgías [National Reconstruction Front]); EK
= Énosis Kéntrou (Centre Union, national liberal,
Venizelism, 1961-1974); EPEK
= Ethnikí Proodeftikí
Évosi Kéntrou (National Progressive Centre Union,
liberal, centrist, 1949-1961); ERE =
Ethnikí Rizospastikí Énosis (National Radical Union,
conservative, former ES, 4 Jan 1956-1967); ERK =
Ethnikón Rizospastikón Kómma
(National Radical Party, liberal
conservative, anti-Venizelism, former EDK,
1928-4 Aug 1936); ES =
Ellinikós Synagermós (Greek Rally,
nationalist, conservative, monarchist,
Metaxism, 6 Aug 1951-4 Jan 1956, merged into ERE); ESK
= Ethnikó Syntiritikón Kómma (National Conservative
Party, 1916-19..); FDK =
Fileléftheron Dimokratikón Kéntron (Liberal
Democratic Centre, liberal, split from EK, 1965-1966);
KE = Kómma
Ethnikófronon (Nationalist Party, conservative,
pan-Greek, Megali Idea, 1865-1909); KF
= Kómma Filelefthéron (Liberal Party, Greek nationalist,
national liberal, republican, Venizelism,
split
from NK, 23 Aug 1910-1961, merged into EK); KTE
= Kómma ton Eleftherofrónon (Freethinkers' Party,
nationalist, right-wing, agrarian, Metaxism,
12 Oct 1922 - 4 Aug 1936); Lib
= "Gallikó Kómma" ("French party", called
Ethnikó Kómma [National
Party],
liberals, centrist, nationalist, pro-French,
c.1821-c.1875);
LK
= Laïkó Kómma (People's Party, conservative,
monarchist, nationalist, anti-Venizelism, 1920-1958,
merged into ERE); Mod
= "Anglikó Kómma" ("English party,"
called Syntagmatikó Kómma [Constitutional
Party],
moderates, constitutional monarchist,
pro-British, c.1821-c.1875);
NK = Neoteristikón Kómma
(Modernist Party, 'old' liberal party, sometimes called
'New' Party, 1875-23 Aug 1910, merged into
KF); NSDAP =
Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei
(National Socialist German Workers' Party, Nazi
fascist, xenophobic, German nationalist, 24 Feb
1920-20 Oct 1945);
PNF = Partito Nazionale Fascista (National
Fascist Party, Italian fascist, Italian nationalist,
authoritarian, 9 Nov 1921-25 Jul 1943); TK
= Tríto Kómma (Third
Party, moderate, c.1883-19..)
Greek Local Insurrectionist Administrations Mar 1821 -
Jan 1822
23 Mar
1821
Beginning of the Greek War of Independence (the Battle
of Kalamáta).
23 Mar 1821 - 1822
Parts of Greece controlled by many insurrectionary
revolutionary administrations.
29 Mar
1821
Revolution launched in Máni (Mani) region of Morea by
"Petrobey",
Turkish forces soon limited to nine fortresses,
Greeks controlling countryside (OS date 17 Mar 1821).
7 Jun 1821
Peloponnesian Senate
established in revolt for the whole
Peloponnese (Pelopónnisos)(OS date 26 May
1821).
5 Oct
1821
Greeks occupy Trabliçe (Tripolitsá [Trípoli]), the then
provincial capital of Morea (OS date 23 Sep 1821).
16 Nov
1821
Senate of Western Greece established,
in revolt, for
Western Greece.
29 Nov
1821
Areopagus of Eastern Continental Greece is elected in
revolt
for Continental Greece, then part of the Aegaean
province.
1 Jan
1822
National Assembly convened, superseding the three
regional
bodies; on 13 Jan 1822 a provisional constitution is
adopted,
regional bodies are abolished on 30 Apr 1823 (see Greece
above).
24 Jan
1822
Greek
independence proclaimed.
Crete - see under Crete
Central Macedonia
- General Conservancy of Athos
(Áthos) - see under Mount Athos
Peloponnese
- Conservancy of Karytaena (Karýtaina)(in
Arcadia) -
(from 7 Jun 1821, under Peloponnesian Senate)
21 Mar 1821 - 7 Jun 1821 Kanéllos
Deligiánnis (Diligiánnis)
(b. 1780 - d. 1862)
- Municipality of Elea (Ileía)(in
Gastoúni-Ileía [Elea]) -
(from 7
Jun 1821, under Senate of
Peloponnese)
26 Mar 1821 - 26 May 1821 Geórgios
Sisínis
(b. 1769 - d.
1831)
- Consulate of Argos (Árgos) -
(from 7 Jun 1821, under Peloponnesian Senate)
28 Mar 1821 - 7 Jun 1821
Stamatéllos Antonópoulos
(b. 1759 - d. 1839)
- General Conservancy of Trifyllia (between
Arcadia and Messinia) -
(from 7 Jun 1821, under Peloponnesian Senate)
24 Mar 1821 - 7 Jun 1821
Amvrósios Frantzís
(b. 1778 - d. 1851)
- Senate of Messinia (Messinía)
-
(from 7 Jun 1821, under Peloponnesian Senate)
23 Mar 1821 - 7 Jun 1821 Pétros
Ilíou Mavromichális
(b. 1765 - d. 1848)
"Petrómpeis" ("Petróbey")
- Committee of Achaïa (Achaea)
-
(from 7 Jun 1821, under Peloponnesian Senate)
24 Mar 1821 - 7 Jun 1821 epískopos
Germanós III tis Pátra (b. 1771 - d.
1826)
President of the Peloponnesian Senate
(in Tripolitsá [Trípoli])
7 Jun 1821 - 27 Jan 1822
Theodóritos Vasileíou Vresthénis (b. 1787 -
d. 1843) Non-party
Continental (Mainland) Greece (Attica and Euboea)
- Athens (Athína)
-
(from 29 Nov 1821, under Areopagus of Eastern
Continental Greece)
25 Apr 1821 - 8 Jun 1821 Dímos
Antoníou
8 Jun 1821 - 29 Jun 1821 Melétis
Vasileíou (interim) (b.
1778 - d. 1826)
+ Geórgios Néngas (interim)
29 Jun 1821 - Oct 1821
Livéris Lymperópoulos (Liberópoulos)
Oct 1821 - Nov
1821
Panagiótis Ktenás
Nov 1821 - 29 Nov 1821 Ilías
"Katsákos"
Ioánnou
(d. 1836)
Mavromichális
- Euboea (Eúboia)
-
(from 29 Nov 1821, under Areopagus
of Eastern Continental Greece)
May 1821 - 27 May 1821
Nikólaos Tomarás (1st
time) (d.
1832)
27 May 1821
(days)
Veroúsis (Beroúsis)
May 1821
(days)
Nikólaos Tomarás (2nd time)
(s.a.)
Jun
1821
Aléxandros Kriezís
Jun 1821 - 29 Nov 1821
Angelís Goviós (Govginas)
(b.
1780 - d. 1822)
- Consulate of Eastern Greece (in
Livadiá [Levadea]) -
(from 29 Nov 1821, under Areopagus of Eastern
Continental Greece)
1 Apr 1821 - 29 Nov 1821
Consuls
- Lámbros Nákos
- Ioánnis Logothétis
(d. 1826)
- Ioánnis Fílon (Filonas)
- Hydra (Ýdra)
- see under Hyrda
- Poros (Póros)
-
(from 29 Nov 1821, under Areopagus of Eastern
Continental Greece)
Apr 1821 - 27 Jan 1822
Geórgios Mertíkas
+ Christódoulos Mertíkas
+ Geórgios Kriezís
- Aegina (Aígina)
-
(from 29 Nov 1821, under Areopagus of Eastern
Continental Greece)
Apr 1821 - 29 Nov
1821 Geórgios
Márkellos
+ Geórgios Logothétis
- Salamís -
(from 29 Nov 1821, under Areopagus of Eastern
Continental Greece)
Apr 1821 - 29
Nov 1821 igoúmenos
Grigórios Kanéllos tis
Faneroméni (Phaneroméni)
- Spetses
(Spétses)
- see under Spetses
![[Areopagus of
Eastern Continental Greece flag 1821-1822
(Greece)]](http://www.worldstatesmen.org/gr-ache.gif "[Areopagus of Eastern
Continental Greece flag 1821-1822 (Greece)]")
President of the Areopagus of Eastern
Continental Greece (in Sálona [Ámfissa])
29 Nov 1821 - 27 Jan 1822 Theódoros
Georgíou Négris (b.
1790 - d. 1824) Non-party
Western Greece
President of the Senate of Western Greece
(in Mesolóngi [Missolonghi])
21 Nov 1821 - 27 Jan 1822 Aléxandros
Nikoláou Mavrokordátos (b. 1791 - d.
1865) Mod
North Aegean
- Psara (Psará)
- see under Psara
- Samos (Samós)
- see under Samos
South Aegean
- Santoríni (Thíra) -
5 May 1821 -
18..
Evángelos Matzarákis
+ epískopos Zacharías Kyriákos
Thessaly
- Parliament of Thessaly-Magnesia (Pílio
[(Pelion), mountain of Magnisía (Magnesia)]) -
May
1821
Ánthimos Gazís
(b. 1764 - d. 1828)
7 May 1821 - 9 May 1821
Kyriákos Vasdékis
9 May 1821 - May
1821 Kontoníkos
May 1821
(days)
Panagís Vasdékis
May 1821 - May
1821
Anagnóstis Papagiannópoulos
(b. 1771 - d. 1857)
(= Anagnóstis Deligiánnis [Diligiánnis])
May
1821
Ioánnis Anastasíou
Communist "Mountain Governments" 1944-1949
![[Co-National Flag of
Greece, 1832-1924, 1935-41, 1944-1970, 1975-78]](http://www.worldstatesmen.org/gr-alt.gif "[Co-National Flag of Greece, 1832-1924,
1935-41, 1944-1970, 1975-78]")
Liberation (Politikí Epitropí Ethnikís Apelefthérosis)(PEEA)
in liberated areas of Greece.
2 Sep 1944 Absorbed into government of national unity headed by
Geórgios Andréou Papandréou (s.a.).
24 Dec 1947 Communist Party of Greece (KKE) declares Provisional Democratic
Government in the areas of Northern Greece under its control.
28 Aug 1949 Last remnants of the Communist provisional government driven
out of Greece.
General Secretary of the Greek Communist Party
(KKE)
24 Dec 1947 - 28 Aug 1949 Nikólaos
"Níkos" Zachariádis (b.
1903 - d. 1973)
(continues in exile to Mar 1956)
Chairmen of the Political Committee of National
Liberation (Prime ministers)
10 Mar 1944 - 18 Apr 1944 Evripídis
Bakirtzís
(b. 1895 - d. 1947) KKE
18 Apr 1944 - 2 Sep 1944 Aléxandros
Svólos
(b. 1892 - d. 1956) SKE
Premiers
24 Dec 1947 - 7 Feb 1949 Márkos
Vafeiádis (Vafiádis)
(b. 1906 - d. 1992) KKE
7
Feb 1949 - 3 Apr 1949 Nikólaos "Níkos"
Zachariádis
(s.a.)
KKE
3
Apr 1949 - 28 Aug 1949 Dimítris "Mítsos"
Partsalídis (b. 1905 - d.
1980) KKE
(continues in exile to Oct 1950)
Party abbreviations: KKE = Kommounistikó Kómma Elládas (Communist Party of Greece, communist, Marxist-Leninist, est.17 Nov 1918, banned 4 Aug 1936-1944 and 27 Dec 1947-23 Sep 1974); PEEA = Politikí Epitropí Ethnikís Apelefthérosis (Political Committee of National Liberation, republican, anti-fascist, anti-Revisionism, left-wing nationalist, 10 Mar 1944 - 9 Oct 1944); SKE = Sosialistikó Kómma Elládas (Socialist Party of Greece, socialist, republican, Svolism, anti-Comintern, split from KKE, 1920-Sep 1953, merged into Ellinikí Sosialistikí Énosi [Greek Socialist Union])
![[Flag of (Greek
Orthodox) Ecumenical Patriarchate of
Constantinople (de facto flag of Mount
Athos)]](http://www.worldstatesmen.org/gr-ortho.gif "[Flag of (Greek Orthodox)
Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople (de
facto flag of Mount Athos)]")
De facto Flag of Mount Athos
17 Jan 395 - 16 May 1204 Part of
the Eastern Roman (Byzantine)
Empire.
883
Athos receives first imperial privileges from Emperor
Vasíleios I
"Makedón" (Basil I "the Macedonian").
908
Athos becomes independent of the monasteries outside the
peninsula.
The
existence of a Prótos (leader and representative
of all the
monks)
is attested to for the first time.
963
Great Laura (Lavra) monastery
founded, others are slowly founded
(surviving modern monestaries): Vatopede in
972; Iveron c.976;
Philotheo (St. Chrysostom) 992; Caracalla
and Xenophontos 1070;
Docheirou, Sphigmenou, St. Paul and Xeropotamos c.11th
cent.;
Castamoneta
1086; St. Panteleimon (Russico) 1169; Hilandar
(Kiliantari) 1197; Coutloumoussi 12th cent.; St. George
the
Zograf (Zographou) c.980; Simon Rock (Simonos
Petra) 13th cent.;
Pantocratoras 1363; St. Dionysius 1375; St. Gregory
mid-14th
cent.;
and St. Nicholas in 1541.
972
Emperor Ioánnis I "Tzimiskís" (John I
"Tzimiskes") grants autonomy
to the monasteries of Mount Athos in
the first charter (typikón).
1045
A chrysobull (chrysóvoulo)
of Emperor Konstantínos IX Monomákhos
(Constantine IX Monomachos) confirms the title Ágion
Óros (old
Greek: Hágios Hóros) or "Holy Mountain",
later also styled
Agiónymon
Óros tou Átho or "Our Holy
Mountain of Athos".
16 May 1204 - 1222 Part of
Latin Empire (within the Kingdom of Thessalonica).
1205
Mount Athos is briefly occupied by the members of
"Fourth" Crusade.
17 Jan 1213
Pope Innocent III confirms rights
and privileges of Athos, placing
it under
direct Papal protection by Papal Bull (until 1312).
1222 - 1224
Despot of Epirus, Theódoros Doúkas (Teodoro Ducas),
liberates
Macedonia and Athos; part of Despotate of Epirus.
1224
Part of the Eastern Roman (Byzantine) Empire (restored).
1274 - 11 Dec
1282
Emperor Mikhaíl VIII Palaiológos (Michael VIII
Palaeologus) and
Patriarch Ioánnis XI Vékkos (John XI Bekkos) attempt
to enforce
the Union of Lyons (union of Latin and Eastern
Orthodox Churches)
on monasteries of Mount Athos, which is rejected by
the monks.
1307 -
1309
Monasteries are repeatedly sacked by Catalan Company
mercenaries.
Nov 1312
Emperor Andrónikos II Palaiológos
(Andronicus II Palaeologus)
issued a chrysobull by which he transferred jurisdiction
over
the
monasteries, including the appointment of the Prótos,
to
the
Ecumenical Patriarchs of Constantinople.
1343 -
1371
Part of the Serbian Empire.
1371
Part of the Eastern Roman (Byzantine)
Empire (restored).
1383 - Jan/Feb 1403
Ottoman occupation of the peninsula.
1392
Patriarch Antónios IV (Anthony IV) confirmed the
traditional rights
and
privileges of Athos, and of the Prótos, and
confirms Athos is
not under the authority of the Bishop of Ierissós.
1406
Manouíl II Palaiológos (Manuel II Palaeologos) issues
the third
charter (typikón) of
Mount Athos.
1424
Monks of Mount Athos pay homage and declared
their submission to
Ottoman Sultan Murad II, but maintained close relations
with
Constantinpole until 1453 as long as a Christian emperor
reigned.
1424 - 15 Nov 1912
Part of the Ottoman Empire.
1568
Mainland dependencies are confiscated by the Ottoman
government.
1568 - 1569
Monks manage to survive empire-wide confiscations of
Christian
Church
property by buying back the confiscated property with
help
from
leaders of Moldavia and Wallachia and moneylenders in
Thessaloníki.
Sep 1574
Patriarch Ieremías II (Jeremiah II)
approves a new typikón for
Mount
Athos restoring holy vows and strengthening
monasticism.
1575
The
Ottoman Sultan appoints a representative to be resident
in Mount
Athos at
Karyés.
1593
The last reference to the institution of the Prótos
as the
Athonites' supreme administrative and spiritual
authority. The
Great Council (Megáli Sýnaxis) at Karyés is
established as the
supreme authority in charge of Athonite affairs.
1783
Patriarch Gavriíl IV (Gregory IV) establishes a (6th) typikón
for
Mount
Athos reorganizing its central administration.
17 May
1821
Emmanouíl Pappás (b. 1772 - d. 1821) calls together the
abbots of
the
monasteries of Mount Athos in Karyes and declared the
Greek
revolution in Chalkidike (Chalkidikí) peninsula.
28 Dec 1821
Ottomans suppress pro-Greek
independence rebellion in Chalkidike
peninsula area and garrison Athos (leaving Athos in
1830).
12 May
1826
Ottoman forces burnt Karyés down to
the ground.
Apr 1854 - May
1854 Greek
guerillas under Cham arrive on Athos and remain until
Ottoman
forces
arrive.
1863
Rumanian government
confiscates the income of the dependencies of
Mount
Athos in Moldvia and Wallachia.
1873
Russian government seizes
the income of the dependencies of Mount
Athos in
Bessarabia (Moldova) and the Caucasus.
27 Dec 1877
Patriarch Ioakeím II (Joachim II)
publishes the Regulations
(Kanonismos) of the Monasteries of
Mount Athos that are approved by
the
Ottoman government (not recognized by the Monks of
Athos).
13 Jul
1878
Article 62 of Treaty of Berlin (between U.K.,
Austria-Hungary,
France,
Germany, Italy, Russia, and the Ottoman Empire) states
that the
monks of Mount Athos, "of whatever country they may be
natives,
shall be maintained in their former possessions and
advantages, and shall enjoy, without any exception,
complete
equality of rights and prerogatives" (ratified 28 Aug
1878).
Russia continues to press for the internationalization
of Mount
Athos
(under its protection or the six Orthodox states
[Russia,
Greece,
Serbia, Romania, Montenegro, and Bulgaria]) until 1917.
1911
New General
Regulations for Mount Athos, drawn up by Patriarch
Ioakeím
III (Joachim III) and the Athonite monks, ratified.
15 Nov 1912
Greece takes possession of the Mount
Athos peninsula during the
First
Balkan War.
26 Nov 1912 - 21 Jun 1913 Bulgaria lands
70 troops at Athos to take up positions at Zograph
and
Hilandar monasteries, until they are ejected by Greece
following start of the Second Balkan War.
30 May 1913
Ottoman Empire "entrusts to Germany, Austria, France,
U.K., Italy,
and
Russia the task of determining the title to all of the
Ottoman
islands in the Aegean Sea (except Crete) and to the
peninsula of Mount Athos" by the Treaty of London (not
ratified).
4 Nov 1913
Ottoman Empire confirms, by Treaty
of Athens, that Mount Athos
('Thessaloniki and surrounding territory') is
part of Greece
- not mentioning any autonomous status (effective 29 Nov
1913).
4 Jan 1917 - Apr 1919
Allied (Russia, U.K. and
France) troops garrison Mount Athos during
World War I.
26 Mar
1917
Mount Athos recognizes the Greek provisional government
of Prime
minister Elefthérios Venizélos in opposition to Spyrídon
Lámpros.
10 Aug
1920
Treaty of Sèvres (not ratified) confirms Greece's
sovereignty over
the
territory of Mount Athos and 'the persons therein'
(formally
confirmed by the Treaty of Lausanne 24 Jul 1923,
effective 6 Aug
1924).
1 Mar 1923
Greece adopts the New Style
(Gregorian) Calendar, Mount Athos
refuses
and continues to use the Old Style (Julian) Calendar.
23 May 1924
Constitutional Charter of Holy Mount Athos
(Katastatikós Chártis
toú Agíou Órous
Átho)(O.S. 10 May 1924) signed on
Mount Athos
by
representatives of the 20 monasteries.
22 Sep
1926
Formal autonomy granted
within Greece; Constitutional
Charter of
Holy Mount Athos is ratified
by Greece (10 Sep 1926) effective
with
Constitution of Greece on 22 Sep 1926 (Administration of
the
Holy
Mountain [Agíou Órous]); sometimes
colloquially referred to
simply a "Mount Athos", or "autonomous monastic
state of Mount
Athos",
or as the "Athonian republic").
22 Apr 1941 - 29 May 1944 During the
German occupation Greece the area of Mount Athos is
subject to German military authorities in Greece, but
was not
formally
occupied or made a protectorate. On 26 Apr
1941, the
monks formally submitted themselves to the personal
protection of
Adolf
Hitler by letter (a small German garrison is present Jun
1943 - 29 May 1944).
19 Sep 1944 - Feb 1945 A unit of
the Greek People's Liberation Army (Ellinikós
Laïkós
Apeleftherotikós Stratós)(ELAS) of the
National Liberation
Front (Ethnikó
Apeleftherotikó Métopo)(EAM) occupies Athos,
installing administrators and requesting tribute from
the
monasteries.
1 Jan 1981
Treaty of Accession of Greece to the
European Communities recognizes
the special status guaranteed to Mount Athos by the
Greek
Constitution (confirmed in accession of Greece to the
Schengen
zone 6
Nov 1992 & final act of EU Treaty of Amsterdam 2 Oct
1997).
8/9 Dec 1988
Inscribed by UNESCO as a World Heritage
Site.
Spiritual Leaders
972 - 16 May 1204
the
Ecumenical
Patriarchs of Constantinople
General Conservancy of Áthos (Macedonia-Athos)
17 May 1821 - Dec 1821
Emmanouíl Pappás
(b. 1772 - d. 1821)
Greek Administrators of the Holy
Mountain
(title dioikitikós/dioikitikí)(secular
administrators)
15 Dec 1926 - 10 Jun 1927 Nikólaos P.
Batestátos
(b. 18.. - d. 1927)
15 Jun 1927 - 26 Feb 1929 Nikólaos Lélis
(acting)
(b. 1887 - d. 1958)
8 Jan 1930 - 8 Nov 1931 Zísis
Nikoláou Chatzivasileíou (b.
1868 - d. 19..)
8 Nov 1931 - 1 Dec 1931 Ioánnis
Kokotákis
1 Dec 1931 - 2 Apr 1932 Ioánnis
Petrídis
24 May 1932 - 20 Apr 1933 Nikólaos Dámtsas
9 May 1933 - 24 Aug 1933 Aléxandros
Tsormpatzís
24 Aug 1933 - 15 May 1937 Periklís Noúlis
20 May 1937 - 26 Jun 1937 Konstantínos
Valtís
1 Jul 1937 - 9 Jul 1937 G.
Paraskevópoulos (acting)
11 Jul 1937 - 8 Dec 1938 Andréas
Panourgiás
8 Dec 1938 - 6 Mar 1941
Aristeídis Fokás
9 Jul 1941 - 26 Jan 1944 Vasíleios
Panagiótou Korfiotákis (b. 1899 - d. 1983)
1944
Georg Stenger
(b.
1907 - d. ....)
(German Delegate for Mount Athos
[Beauftragter für den Berg Athos])
Jul 1944 - Sep 1944 Dimítrios
Romanós (acting)
Sep 1944 - Oct 1944 Nikólaos
Ampelás
(appointed by ELAS)
Oct 1944 - Dec 1944
Kímon Diamánteas
(appointed by ELAS)
Dec 1944 - 1945
Kýrkos I. Ekaterináris
(appointed by ELAS)
17 Mar 1945 - Nov 1947
Dimítrios Papadimitríou
Jan 1948 - Aug
1948 Rénos
Pýrgos
16 Sep 1948 - 15 Jun 1950 Panagiótis
Ioánnou Panagiotákos (b. 1911 - d. 1966)
15 Jun 1950 - Aug 1950
Konstantínos Papakyriakoú
(did not take office)
Aug 1950 - Dec 1951
Nikólaos P.
Kourásis
(b. 1910 - d. 1983)
Dec 1951 -
1964
Konstantínos
Spyrídonos
(b. 1905 - d. ....)
Konstantópoulos
Jul 1964 -
1967
Emmanouíl Thrasývoulou Roúnis
(b. 1927 - d. 2010)
14 Aug 1967 - Aug 1971 Stávros
Iosif Papadátos
Aug 1971 - 15 Sep 1973
Konstantínos Karadimitrópoulos
28 Sep 1973 - May 1975 Dimítrios
Athanásiou Krekoúkias
Jun 1975 - Sep
1981 Dimítrios
Georgíou Tsámis (b.
1937 - d. 2007)
Sep 1981 - Nov 1982
Vasíleios Stergíou Pseftogkás (b.
1933)
(Pseftónkas)
May 1983 - 18 Jul 1985
Vasílis Stogiánnos
(b. 1939 - d. 1985)
Jul 1985 - 1989
Apóstolos Αthanasíou Glavínas
(b. 1939)
1989 -
1991
Konstantínos Nikoláou Loúlis
(b. 1955)
1991 -
1993
Nikólaos-Ioánnis Papadimitríou- (b. 1949)
Doúkas
May 1994 - Oct 1996 Geórgios
Dimitríou Martzélos (b. 1948)
1996 - 2001
Stávros Panagiótou Psycháris
(b. 1945 - d. 2022)
2001 - 2004
Arístos Konstantínou
Kasmíroglou (b. 1944)
(1st time) (acting)
2004 - 2010
Geórgios
Dimitríou Dalakoúras (b. 1938 -
d. 2021)
26 Apr 2010 - 13 Aug 2018 Arístos
Konstantínou Kasmíroglou (s.a.)
(2nd time)
13 Aug 2018 - 9 Oct 2019 Konstantínos
Ioánni Dímtsas
(b. 1969)
9 Oct 2019 - 19 Jan 2024
Athanásios Ioánni
Martínos
(b. 1950)
19 Jan 2024 - 12 Aug 2024 Anastásios
Georgíou Mitsiális
(b. 1952)
13 Aug 2024
-
Alkiviádis Panagióti
Stefanís
(b. 1959)
Chairmen of the
Administration of the Holy Mountain (Protepistátis)¹
(with monastery in parenthesis)
1895 -
1896
proigoúmenos Dorótheos
(of Megístis Lávras)
1896 - 1904
....
1904 - 1905
monachós Charálampos
(of Dionysíou)
1905 -
1910
....
1910 - 1911
proigoúmenos Kýrillos
(of Megístis Lávras)
1911 -
1912
proigoúmenos Ioakeím
(of Vatopedíou)
1912 - 1915
....
1915 -
1916
monachós Kyriakós (1st time)
(of Dionysíou)
1916 - 1917
....
1917 - 1918
proigoúmenos Ánthimos
(of Ivíron)
1918 - 1926
....
1926 - 1929
....
14 Jun 1929 - 13 Jun 1930 monachós Kyriakós
(2nd time)
(of Dionysíou)
14 Jun 1930 - 13 Jun 1931 ....
14 Jun 1931 - 13 Jun 1932 proigoúmenos Theodósios
(1st time)
(of Vatopedíou)
14 Jun 1932 - 13 Jun 1933 ....
14 Jun 1933 - 13 Jun 1934 proigoúmenos Dosítheos
(of Chiliandaríou)
14 Jun 1934 - 13 Jun 1935 monachós
Iákovos
(b. 1849 - d. 1939)
(of Dionysíou)
14 Jun 1935 - 13 Jun 1936 proigoúmenos
Máximos
(of Megísti Lávra)
14 Jun 1936 - 13 Jun 1937 ....
14 Jun 1937 - 13 Jun 1938 proigoúmenos Paísios
(of Ivíron)
14 Jun 1938 - 13 Jun 1939 ....
14 Jun 1939 - 13 Jun 1940 monachós Davíd
(of Dionysíou)
1940 -
1943
....
14 Jun 1943 - 13 Jun 1944 proigoúmenos Arsénios
(of Chiliandaríou)
1944 -
1946
....
14 Jun 1946 - 13 Jun 1947 proigoúmenos Theodósios
(2nd time)
(of Vatopedíou)
1947 - 1954
....
14 Jun 1954 - 13 Jun 1955 monachós Grigórios
(b. 1890 - d. 1966)
(of Dionysíou)
14 Jun 1955 - 13 Jun 1956 ....
14 Jun 1956 - 13 Jun 1957 proigoúmenos
Konstantínos
(of Vatopedíou)
14 Jun 1957 - 13 Jun 1958 monachós
Agathángelos
(of Ivíron)
14 Jun 1958 - 13 Jun 1959 proigoúmenos
Daniíl
(of Chiliandaríou)
1959 - 1962
....
14 Jun 1962 - 13 Jun 1963 monachós Damianós
(of Ivíron)
1963 - 1969
....
14 Jun 1969 - 13 Jun 1970 monachós
Efstrátios
(of Dionysíou)
1970 -
1974
....
14 Jun 1974 - 13 Jun 1975 géron Theóklitos (1st
time) (b. 1916 - d. 2006)
(of Dionysíou)
14 Jun 1975 - 13 Jun 1976
proigoúmenos Konstantínos
(of Megístis Lávras)
1976 -
1979
....
14 Jun 1979 - 13 Jun 1980 géron Theóklitos (2nd
time) (s.a.)
(of Dionysíou)
1980 -
1984
....
14 Jun 1984 - 13 Jun 1985 géron Ioanníkios (1st
time) (b. 1942 - d.
2006)
(of Dionysíou)
1985 -
1989
....
14 Jun 1989 - 13 Jun 1990 géron Theóklitos
(3rd time) (s.a.)
(of Dionysíou)
14 Jun 1990 - 13 Jun 1991 ....
14 Jun 1991 - 13 Jun 1992 ieromónachos
Athanásios
(b. 1959)
(of Vatopedíou)
14 Jun 1992 - 13 Jun 1993 proigoúmenos
Kallínikos (1st time)
(of Ivíron)
14 Jun 1993 - 13 Jun 1994 ....
14 Jun 1994 - 13 Jun 1995 géron
Ioanníkios (2nd
time) (s.a.)
(of Dionysíou)
1995 -
1997
....
14 Jun 1997 - 13 Jun 1998 proigoúmenos
Kallínikos (2nd time)
(of Ivíron)
14 Jun 1998 - 13 Jun 1999 ieromónachos
Stéfanos (1st time)
(of Chiliandaríou)
14 Jun 1999 - 13 Jun 2000 géron
Ioanníkios (3rd time)
(s.a.)
(of Dionysíou)
14 Jun 2000 - 13 Jun 2003
....
14 Jun 2003 - 13 Jun 2004 ieromónachos
Stéfanos (2nd time)
(of Chiliandaríou)
14 Jun 2004 - 13 Jun 2005 géron Ioanníkios
(4th time)
(s.a.)
(of Dionysíou)
14 Jun 2005 - 13 Jun 2006 géron
Pávlos (1st time)
(of Megístis Lávras)
14 Jun 2006 - 13 Jun 2007 géron
Varnávas (1st time)
(of Vatopedíou)
14 Jun 2007 - 13 Jun 2008 proigoúmenos
Kallínikos (3rd time)
(of Ivíron)
14 Jun 2008 - 13
Jun 2009 ieromónachos Stéfanos
(3rd time)
(of Chiliandaríou)
14 Jun 2009 - 13
Jun 2010 géron Symeón (1st time)
(b. 1959)
(of Dionysíou)
14 Jun 2010 - 13 Jun 2011 géron Pávlos
(2nd time)
(of Megístis Lávras)
14 Jun 2011 - 13 Jun 2012 géron Varnávas
(2nd time)
(of Vatopedíou)
14 Jun 2012 - 13 Jun 2013 géron Maxímos (of Ivíron)
14 Jun 2013 - 13 Jun 2014 ieromónachos
Stéfanos (4th time)
(of Chiliandaríou)
14 Jun 2014 - 13 Jun 2015 géron Symeón (2nd
time)
(s.a.)
(of Dionysíou)
14 Jun 2015 - 13 Jun 2016 géron Pávlos (3rd time)
(of
Megístis Lávras)
14 Jun 2016 - 13 Jun 2017 géron Varnávas
(3rd time)
(of Vatopedíou)
14 Jun 2017 - 13 Jun 2018 géron
ieromónachos Gervásios
(of Ivíron)
14 Jun 2018 - 14 Jun 2019 ieromónachos Stéfanos
(5th time)
(of Chiliandaríou)
14 Jun 2019 - 14 Jun 2020 géron Symeón (3rd
time)
(s.a.)
(of Dionysíou)
14 Jun 2020 - 14 Jun 2021 géron Pávlos (4th time)
(of Megístis Lávras)
14 Jun 2021 - 14 Jun 2022 géron Geórgios
(of Vatopedíou)
14 Jun 2022 - 14 Jun 2023 géron Christóforos
(of Ivíron)
14 Jun 2023 - 14 Jun 2024 ieromónachos Stéfanos
(6th time)
(of
Chiliandaríou)
14 Jun 2024 -
géron Symeón (4th
time)
(s.a.)
(of Dionysíou)
¹since 1926, the administration is
composed of representatives of the modern 20 monasteries
of Mount Athos. The 20 monasteries
are grouped into five quartets (tetrás).
Each year one qualified individual from the first
monastery of each quartet is sent to represent his
quartet in the central administration (called the
Supervisory Committee of the Holy Community
[Ierá Epistasía]) with the chair (protepistátis)
rotating automatically among the five quartets for a
term running for one year from 1 Jun (N.S. 14 Jun) to 31
May (N.S. 13 Jun). The five
quartets are as follows:
(1.) Great Laura (Megísti Lávra),
Docheirou (Docheiaríou),
Xenophontos (Xenofóntos), and
Sphigmenou (Esfigménou); (2.)
Vatopede (Vatopaidíou),
Coutloumoussi (Koutloumousíou),
Caracalla (Karakállou), and St.
Nicholas (Stavronikíta); (3.)
Iveron (Ivíron), Pantocratoras
(Pantokrátoros), Philotheo (Filothéou),
and Simon Rock (Simonopétra);
(4.) Hilandar (Kiliantari)(Chiliandaríou),
Xeropotamo (Xiropotámou), St.
Paul (Agíou Pávlou), and St.
Gregory (Osíou Grigoríou); (5.)
Dionysius (Dionysíou), St.
George the Zograf (Zográfou),
St. Panteleimon ('Russico')(Ágios
Panteleímon ['Rossikón']), and Castamoneta
(Konstamonítou).
Ottoman Morea (Peloponnese) 1661-1821
(as part of the Eyalet of Rumelia).
1661 Ottoman administered Morea (Peloponnese) separated from Rumelia
as the Eyalet of Morea (Eyalet-i Morâ) with a capital was first
at Nauplia, but after 1786 at Tripolitza (Trabliçe).
7 Aug 1687 - 20 Jul 1715 Morea (Peloponnese) and adjacent islands occupied by the
Republic of Venice (see below).
29 Mar 1821 Revolution launched in Mani (Máni) by "Petrobey",
Turkish forces soon limited to nine fortresses,
Greeks controlling countryside (17 Mar 1821 OS).
5 Oct 1821 Greeks occupy Trabliçe (Tripolitsá [Trípoli]), the
then provincial capital (23 Sep 1821 OS).
22 Jan 1822 Part of independent Greece.
9 Jun 1822 Ottoman garrison surrenders the Acropolis in Athens.
15 Feb 1825 Egyptian intervention (requested by Ottoman Sultan).
24 May 1827 Ottoman forces recapture the Acropolis.
20 Oct 1827 Egyptian fleet destroyed in battle by U.K., French, and
Russian intervention, ending Egyptian intervention.
29 Aug 1828 - 26 Sep 1833 French occupation force in the Morea (see above).
12 Sep 1829 Ottomans defeated at the Pass of Petra (Pétra) in the final battle
in the Greek War of Independence (Ottoman garrison leaves the
Acropolis 31 Mar 1833).
Walis (governors [Mora Valisi]) of the Morea
1661 - 166. ...
166. - 1666 Durak Pasha
1666 - 1697 ....
1687 - 1715 Venetian occupation
1715 - 17.. Aydinli Mehmed Aga
begin 1716 - 17.. Osman Pasha (military governor)
17.. - 1723 Ahmed Pasha
1723 - 17.. Hasan Pasha (military governor)
.... - .... Mashhinzade Mehmet Pasha
.... - .... Mustafa Peranan Pasha
bf.1760 Topal Osman Pasha
c.1760 Hammudi Pasha
bf.1765 Mehmed Emin Pasha
c.1769 Vezir Ali Pasha
9 Mar 1770 - Jun 1770 Antónios Psarós (b. 1735 d. 1811)
(= Anton Konstantinovich Psaro)
(head of local government of Mystrás, in rebellion)
1770 - Jun 1770 Nikólaos Fortoúnis
(head of local government of Gastoúni, in rebellion)
Muhassils of the Morea
c.1780 Gazi Hassan Tzezaralli
1807 - 1812 Veli Pasha
1812 - 1817 Siakir Pasha
1817 - 1820 ....
1820 Mustafa Bey
Nov 1820 - 30 Nov 1822 Hurshid Ahmed Pasha (d. 1822)
Venetian Kingdom of the Morea 1685-1715
![[Most Serene
Republic of Venice flag 14th cent. - 1797]](http://www.worldstatesmen.org/it-snmrc.gif "[Most Serene Republic of Venice flag
14th cent. - 1797]")
Jun/Aug 1685 - 7 Sep
1715
-
Jun
1685
Invasion
of the Morea (Peloponnese peninsula) by Venice.
17 Jun 1685 Navarino (Pýlos) occupied by Venice.
29 Aug 1686 Nauplion (Náfplio) occupied by Venice.
7 Aug 1687 Corinth (Kórinthos) occupied by Venice.
Aug 1687 Piraeus (Porto Leone) occupied.
29 Aug 1687 Venetians occupy the Acropolis in Athens.
1688 Kingdom of Morea (Regno della Morea) organized.
26 Jan 1699 Morea confirmed under Venetian Republic rule by the Treaty
of Karlowitz.
18 Jul 1715 Nauplion (Náfplio) surrenders to Ottomans.
16 Aug 1715 Castle of the Morea (Rhíon) falls to Ottomans.
7 Sep 1715 Malvasia (Monemvasía) surrenders to Ottomans.
21 Jul 1718 Venice renounces the Morea by Treaty of Passarowitz.
Venetian Commanders
1685 - 1687 Francesco Morosini (b. 1619 - d. 1694)
"il Peloponnesiaco"
4 Jun 1687 - Dec 1687 Nicolò Corner
Venetian General Superintendents of the Morea (in Nauplion)
(title Provveditori Generali in Morea)
23 Dec 1687 - 5 Jan 1689 Girolamo (Jacopo) Corner (b. 1632 - d. 1690)
5 Jan 1689 - 17 Feb 1693 Antonio Zeno
17 Feb 1693 - Dec 1694 Marino Michiel (b. 1642 - d. 1695)
4 Dec 1694 - Apr 1695 Alessandro Molin
12 Apr 1695 - Dec 1696 Agostino Sagredo
29 Dec 1696 - Nov 1697 Paolo Nani
30 Nov 1697 - Jul 1700 Francesco Grimani
8 Jul 1700 - Sep 1702 Giacomo (Jacopo) da Mosto
2 Sep 1702 - Mar 1705 Antonio Nani
7 Mar 1705 - Dec 1707 Angelo Emo (b. 1666 - d. 1750)
23 Dec 1707 - Dec 1710 Marco Loredano
6 Dec 1710 - Dec 1713 Antonio Loredano (b. 1666 - d. 17..)
9 Dec 1713 - 18 Jul 1715 Alessandro Bon (b. 1654 - d. 1715)
Superintendents of Province of Achaia (Provveditori d'Acaja; in Patras)
1693 - 1695 Pietro Basadonna
1695 - 1698 Angelo Lazari
1698 - 1700 Luigi Foscari
1700 - 1702 Francesco Donato
1702 - 1705 Pellegrino Pasqualigo
1705 - 1707 Giovanandrea Pasqualigo
1707 - 1709 Marco Venier
1709 - 1711 Francesco Moro
1711 - 1714 Marco Barbarigo
1714 - 1715 Francesco Tiepolo
Superintendents of Province of Laconia (Provveditori di Laconia; in Malvasia)
1693 - 1695 Bartolommeo Moro
1695 - 1697 Luigi Querini
1697 - 1698 Michele Magno
1698 - 1701 Pietro Marcello
1701 - 1704 Antonio Minio
1704 - 1706 Girolamo Marcello
1706 - 1709 Antonio Foscarini
1709 - 1710 Nicolò Melli
1710 - 1713 Vincenzo Pasta
1713 - 1715 Federigo Badoer
1715 Lodovico Diedo
Superintendents of Province of Messenia (Provveditori di Messenia; in Navarino)
1693 - 1696 Giovanni Querini
1696 - 1698 Pellegrino Pasqualigo
1698 - 1701 Girolamo Marcello
1701 - 1703 Giovanni Pizzamano
1703 - 1705 Francesco Moro
1705 - 1707 Luigi Basadonna
1707 - 1710 Giovanni Badoer
1710 - 1712 Vincenzo Badoer
1712 - 1714 Nicolò Querini
1714 - 1715 Costantino Loredano
Superintendents of Province of Romania (Provveditori di Romania; in Nauplion)
1693 - 1693 Domenico Diedo
1693 - 1696 Marco Pisani
1696 - 1698 Stae Balbi
1698 - 1700 Imperiale Contarini
1700 - 1702 Giovannandrea Pasqualigo
1702 - 1704 Marco Venier
1704 - 1706 Vincenzo Pasta
1706 - 1709 Marcantonio Trevisano
1709 - 1711 Angelo Orio
1711 - 1712 Bartolommeo Moro
1712 - 1714 Leonardo Bondumier
1714 - 1715 Nicolò Melli
Mani (Máni)
![[Mani (Greece) adopted by
the local war chiefs during the Greek war of
independance c.1821]](http://www.worldstatesmen.org/gr-mani.gif "[Mani (Greece)
adopted by the local war chiefs during the Greek
war of independance c.1821]")
Adopted c.1821
1467 - 1479
Venetian occupation.
1453
Morea part of Ottoman
Empire.
1689
Mani (Máni) Peninsula de facto autonomous (within Eyalet
of Morea).
1697 - 1715
Venetian occupation.
1715
Ottoman rule restored.
1776
De facto autonomy (restored).
1814
Formal autonomy granted.
29 Mar
1821
Revolution launched by Petróbey, Ottoman forces soon are
limited to 9 fortresses, Greeks controlling the
countryside.
22 Jan
1822
Part of independent Greece.
Beys of Mani
1689 -
1697
Limperákis Gerakáris
1697 - 1715
Venetian rule
1715 -
1776
direct Ottoman rule
1776 - 1779
Tzanétos Koutífaris
(d. 1779)
1779 -
1782
Michális Troupákis-Moúrtzinos (d.
1782)
1782 -
1798
Tzanétos Grigorákis
(b. 1742 - d. 1813)
1798 - 1803
Panagiótis Koumoundourákis
1803 - 1808
Antónis Grigorákis
(b. 1757 - d. 1821)
1808 - 1810
Konstantínos Zervákos "Zervobeis"
("Zervobey")
1810 -
1815
Theódoros Grigorákis
(d. 1819)
1815 - 1821
Petrómpeis (Pétros)
Ilíou
(b. 1765 - d. 1848)
Mavromichális ("Petróbey")
(in rebellion from 29 Mar 1821)
Ottoman Thessaly (Thessalía)
1387
Ottomans begin
conquest of Thessaly (Trikala falls 1395/96)
completed 1470 (part of Rumelia Eyalet).
1788 - 1822
Sanjak of Tirhala (Trikala) as part of Yanya Eyalet
(see Epirus).
1839
Ottoman Eyalet of Tirhala
(Trikala), split from Rumelia Eyalet.
1856 - c.1863
Re-merged into
Yanya (Janina).
Jun 1867
Re-merged
into Yanya (Janina).
2 Jul
1881
Thessaly incorporated into Greece (from 8 Jul 1899,
divided into
the
prefectures [nomós]
of Kardítsas, Larísis, Magnisías [with
Northern
Sporades Islands], and Trikálon; from 2011, part of
Thessalía region [periféreia]).
Walis (governors)
of Terhala (Thessaly)
1839 - 1840
Seyid Osman Pasha
Feb 1840 - Jul 1840 Mehmed
Emin Pasha (2nd time)
Jul 1840 - Nov 1845
Namik Pasha
Nov 1845 - Feb
1846 Kirimli
Musa Safveti Pasha
Feb 1846 - Jan
1847
Mezarcizade Mehmed Ziyaeddin
Pasha
(1st time)
Jan 1847 - Sep
1848 Kibrisli
Mehmed Emin
Pasha
(b. 1813 - d. 1871)
Sep 1848 - Feb
1849
Mezarcizade Mehmed Ziyaeddin
Pasha
(2nd time)
Feb 1849 - Feb 1851
Abdurrahman Sami Pasha
Feb 1851 - Feb
1854 Mehmed
Celaleddin Pasha
Feb 1854 - May
1854 Ali Riza
Mehmed Pasha
May 1854 - Mar
1855
Ramazanoglu Mehmed Ismet Pasha
Mar 1855 - Nov
1857 Pepe
Mehmed Emin Pasha
May 1858 - Aug
1858 Hüseyin
Hüsnü Pasha
(d. 1877)
Aug 1858 - May 1859
Aziz Pasha
May 1859 - 1861
Taib Pasha
Jun 1861 - Jun
1866
Tepdenlizade Ismail Rahmi Pasha
1863
1866
Hasan Tahsin Pasha
Sep 1866 - Jun 1867
Tunuslu Ibrahim Edhem
Pasha (b. 1818
- d. 1893)
Jun 1867
incorporated into Yanya
Ottoman Thessalonica (Saloníki)
9 Apr 1387-Jan/Feb 1403 Thessalonica
(Saloníki) part of Ottoman Empire (part
of the
Eyalet of Rumelia).
Sep 1423 - 29 Mar 1430 Venetian
occupation of Thessalonica.
29 Mar
1430
Thessalonica reconquered by the Ottoman Empire.
1839
Eyalet of Selanik (Salonica)(Eyālet-i Selānīk),
split from Rumelia.
1867
Selanik Vilayet (Vilâyet-i Selânik).
8 Nov
1912
Thessalonika occupied by Greece.
30 May
1913
Part of Greece by the Treaty of
London (not ratified).
4 Nov 1913
Ottoman Empire confirms,
by Treaty of Athens, that
Thessaloniki
and surrounding territory is part of Greece (effective
29 Nov
1913)(part of Thessaloníkis prefecture [nomós],
and prefectures
of
Péllas from 1930, Kilkís from 1937, Imathías
and Pierías from
1947; from 2011 part of Kentrikí Makedonía region [periféreia]).
Walis (governors)
of Selanik (Thessalonika)
Sep 1839 - Feb 1840
Mehmed Hasib Pasha
(d. 1870)
Feb 1840 - Jul
1840 Mehmed
Emin Pasha
(b. 1815 - d. 1871)
Jul 1840 - Jul 1843
Kizilhisarli Ömer Pasha
Jul 1843 - Oct
1843 Sirozlu
Ibrahim Pasha
(d. 1843)
Oct 1843 - Sep
1845 Gürcü
Mehmed Vasif Pasha
(d. 1865)
Sep 1845 - Apr
1846 Gümrükcü
Mehmed Salih Pasha
Apr 1846 - May 1847
Kara Osmanzade Yaqub Pasha
May 1847 - Sep
1848 Dede
Mustafa Hifzi Pasha
(d. 1860)
Sep 1848 - Aug 1849
Egribozlu Ebubekir Sami Pasha (d.
1849)
Aug 1849 - Jul
1850 Cihan
Seraskeri Hasan Riza Pasha
Jul 1850 - Nov
1851 Kara
Osmanzade Yakub Pasha
Nov 1851 - May
1853
Celalatzade (Evrenoszade) Yusuf
Siddiq Mehmed
Pasha
May 1853 - Jul
1853 Gümrükcü
Mehmed Salih Pasha
Aug 1853 - Feb
1854 Ebubekir
Rüstem Pasha
Feb 1854 - Jul
1854
Bosnakzade Mehmed Reshid Pasha (b. 1812 -
d. 1877)
Jul 1854 - Sep
1855 Arnavud
Mazhar Osman Pasha
Sep 1855 - May 1856
Sirkatibi Mustafa Nuri Pasha (b.
1798 - d. 1879)
May 1856 - May
1857 Ahmed
Nazir Pasha
May 1857 - Oct
1857
Abdulkerim Nadir Pasha
(b. 1807 - d. 1883)
Oct 1857 - Sep
1858 Yozgatli
Mehmed Vecihi Pasha
Nov 1858 - Aug
1859
Mirza/Tatar Mehmed Said Pasha
Aug 1859 - Jan
1860
Tepedelenlizade Ismail Rahmi Pasha
Jan 1860 - Jan
1865 Arnavud
Mehmed Akif
Pasha
(b. 1822 - d. 1893)
(1st time)
Jan 1865 - Dec
1866 Huseyin
Hüsnü Pasha
1867
Ahmed Ala Bey?
Jun 1867 - Feb
1869 Arnavud
Mehmed Akif
Pasha
(s.a.)
(2nd time)
Feb 1869 - Sep
1871 Mehmed
Sabri Pasha
(d. 1879)
Sep 1871 - May
1872 Hekim
Ismail Pasha
(b.
1807 - d. 1880)
May 1872 - Aug
1872 Hurshid
Pasha
Aug 1872 - May
1873 Kücük
Ömer Fevzi Pasha (1st time) (b. 1818 - d. 1878)
May 1873 - Sep
1873 Arnavud
Mehmed Akif Pasha
(s.a.)
(3rd
time)
Oct 1873 - Feb
1874 Hafiz
Ahmed Midhat Shefik Pasha (b. 1822 -
d. 1883)
Feb 1874 - Sep
1875 Kücük Ömer
Fevzi Pasha (2nd time) (s.a.)
Dec 1875 - Jun
1876 Baytar
Mehmed Refet Pasha
Jun 1876 - Apr
1877 Mustafa
Esref Pasha
(b. 1819 - d. 1894)
Jun 1877 - Dec
1877 Cerkez
Nusret Pasha
Dec 1877 - Jul
1878 Ibrahim
Halil Pasha
(d. 1878)
Jul 1878 - Mar
1880 Halil
Rifat Pasha
(b. 1827 - d. 1901)
18 Feb 1878 -
1878 Ioánnis
Gkoventáros (Goventáros)
(president
of Temporary Government of
Province of Elimeia in Macedonia, at
Vourino)
(in rebellion)
19 Feb 1878 -
1878
Evángelos Korovángos (in rebellion)
(president of Temporary
Government of
Macedonia, at Litohoro)
Mar 1880 - Jun
1880 Abidin
Pasha
Aug 1880 - Jan 1882
Lofçali Ibrahim Dervish Pasha
Mar 1882 - Sep
1885 Ismail
Hakki Pasha
Sep 1885 - Aug 1886
Hasan Hakki Pasha
Aug 1886 - Aug
1891 Abdullah
Galib Pasha
Oct 1891 - Nov
1895 Mustafa
Zihni Pasha
(b. 1838 - d. 1911)
1895
Hasan Fehmi Pasha (1st time)
(b. 1836 - d. 1910)
Jan 1896 - Jan
1899
Ramazanoglu Hüseyin Riza Pasha
Jan 1899 - May 1901
Haci Hasan Refik Pasha
May 1901 - May
1902 Biren
Mahmud Tevfik Beg
(b. 1867 - d. 1956)
May 1902 - Sep
1904 Hasan
Fehmi Pasha (2nd time) (s.a.)
Sep 1904 - Aug
1908 Mehmed
Sherif Ra'uf
Pasha
(b. 1838 d. 1923)
10 Aug 1908 - Sep 1909 Ali Danis
Beg
15 Sep 1909 - May 1912 Pirizade
Ibrahim Hayrullah Bey (b. 1859 - d. 1934)
6 May 1912 - 8 Aug 1912 Kadri Huseyin
Kazim
Bey
(b. 1870 - d. 1934)
Aug 1912 - Sep
1912 Ali Ferid
Pasha
(b. 1860 - d. 1937)
20 Sep
1912
Mehmed Nazim Pasha
Note: included in Selanik
(Thessaloníki) was Thásos Island (Turkish: Taşöz).
This island had become a sanjak (district) of
the Eyalet of Djeza'ir-i Bahr-i Sefid (see Dodecanese) in 1556, before
being transferred to Selanik in 1902. In 1841, the
island was granted to Muhammad Ali, the Wali of
Egypt and his successors as a tributary possession; in
1908 direct Ottoman rule was restored until 20 Oct 1912.
Included within Selanik Eyalet
was Mount Athos.
c.500 BC - 146
BC
Epirus
(Ípeiros/Épeiros).
146 BC - 17 Jan 395 AD
Part of the Roman (Republic to 27 BC)
Empire.
17 Jan 395 AD
Part of the Eastern
Roman (Byzantine) Empire.
Fall
1204
Despotate of Epirus (Ípeiros)(under Byzantine, then
Serb,
and later Bulgarian influence)(subsumed in
Empire of
temporary Nicaean conquest 125960).
Dec 1224 - 1230
Epirus annexes Thessalonica.
1241 - 1268
Epirus
annexes Thessaly.
1279 -
1282
Vassal of the Kingdom of Sicily
("Naples").
1282 - 1291
Vassal of the Byzantine
(Eastern Roman) Empire.
1291 -
c.1307
Vassal of the Kingdom of
Sicily ("Naples").
c.1307 - 1318
Vassal of the Byzantine
(Eastern Roman) Empire.
1318 -
1324
Vassal of the Kingdom of Sicily
("Naples").
1324 - 1338
Vassal
of the Byzantine (Eastern
Roman) Empire.
1338 - 1348
Part of Eastern Roman (Byzantine) Empire.
1348 - 1355
Annexed by Serbia.
1356
Despotate of Epirus (restored).
1367 - 1 Oct
1416
Rival Albanian lordship at Arta (Despotati i Artës),
under
Serbian suzerainty (submits to despot of Epirus 1 Oct
1416).
1385 - 1430
Under Ottoman suzerainty.
26 Feb
1411
Title of Despot of Epirus passes to the Counts
Palatine of
Cephalonia and Zante of the
Tocco family.
9 Oct 1430
Yanya (Janina [Ioánnina]), in
central Epirus, part of
the
Ottoman Empire.
24 Mar
1449
Ottomans occupy Arta, finishing the
Ottoman conquest of Epirus.
1460
Ottomans occupy Angelokastron
(Angelόkastro).
Aug
1479
Ottomans occupy Vonitsa, final end of Despotate of
Epirus.
1670
Eyalet of Yanyna (Eyālet-i Yānyâ), spit
from Rumelia Eyalet.
1788 - 24 Jan
1822
Pashalik of Yanya (Janina),
autonomous under Ali Pasha.
1822
Eyalet of Yanyna
(restored).
25 Mar 1854 - 1854
Local Greek
rebellion.
end
1854
Revolt ended by Ottoman forces.
1867
Yanya (Janina) Vilayet
16
Sep
1912
Ottoman Empire grants autonomy by
the Agreement of Skopje
(Old style date 4 Sep 1912).
15 Nov
1912
Southern part of the vilayet incorporated into
Greece (as
prefectures [nomós] of Árta, Ioánnina,
Préveza and Thesprotía;
from 1
Jan 2011, Epirus region [Ípiros periféreia]).
21 Feb 1913
Ioannina incorporated into Greece
(recognized by Treaty of
London
30 May 1913).
13 Mar 1913 - 28 Apr 1914 Greek
administration in Northern Epirus.
17 Dec
1913
Northern Epirus assigned to Albania (by
protocol to 30 May 1913
peace
treaty).
1 Mar 1914 - 27 Oct 1914 Revolutionary
government in Northern Epirus (see Albania).
27 Oct 1914 - 15 Nov 1916 Greek
administration in Northern Epirus (s.a.)
28 Oct
1940
Italian invasion of Greece (from Italian annexed
Albania).
22 Nov 1940 - 22 Apr 1941 Greek
occupation of Northern Epirus.
20 Apr 1941 - 24 Apr 1941 German forces
occupy Ioánnina.
24 Apr 1941 - Oct 1944 Greek
Epirus (Ioánnina) occupied by
Italy (from 9 Sep 1943 Germany).
Plans by Italy to annex the area to Albania fail due to
local
resistance.
Apr 1941 - Sep 1943
Alkiviádis Diamántis (Alcibiadi Diamandi)(b. 1893 - d.
1948) and
Nikólaos
Matoúsis (Nicola Matushi)(b. 1899 - d.
1991) form the
Vlach "Roman Legion" in an attempt to obtain, without
official
support,
autonomy for the local Vlach (Aromanian) communities
in Axis
occupied northern Greece. This unsuccessful episode is
sometimes retrospectively referred to as the "Autonomous
State
(or
Principality) of Pindus."
1945
Expulsion of the Cham
Albanians from Greece for collaboration with
the German and Italian occupation.
1204 - 1215 Michaíl I "Komninós Doúkas" (d. 1215)
1215 - 1230 Theódoros "Komninós Doúkas" (d. c.1253)
(Emperor from 1225)
1230 - 1268 Michaíl II "Komninós Doúkas" (d. 1268)
1268 - 1297 Nikifóros I "Komninós Doúkas" (b. c.1240 d. 1297)
1297 - 1318 Thomás I "Komninós Doúkas" (b. c.1285 d. 1318)
1296 - 1313 Ánna Kantakouziní (f) -Regent (d. 1320)
1318 - 1323 Nikólaos Orsíni (= Niccolò Orsini) (d. 1323)
(also count palatine of Cephalonia and Zante)
1323 - 1335 Ioánnis "Komninós Doúkas" (b. 1285 - d. 1335)
(= Giovanni Orsini)
1335 - 1338 Nikifóros V "Doúkas" (1st time) (b. 1328 - d. 1359)
(= Nicéphore Orsini)
(also count palatine of Cephalonia and Zante)
1335 - 1338 Ánna "Palaiologína" (f) -Regent (d. af.1363)
1338 - 1345 part of Byzantine Empire
1345 - 1355 part of Serbia
1355 - 1359 Nikifóros V "Doúkas" (2nd time) (s.a.)
1359 - 1366 Symeón Oúresis (= Simeon Uro) (b. 1326 - d. 1370)
1367 - 23 Dec 1384 Thomás II "Komninós Palaiológos" (d. 1384)
(= Toma Preljubović)
23 Dec 1384 - 1385 María Angelína "Doúkaina (b. c.1350 - d. 1394)
Palaiologína" (f)
(= Marija Angelina Nemanjić)
1385 - 6 Feb 1411 Isáf Bouontelmónt (d. 1411)
(= Esau de' Buondelmonti)
6 Feb 1411 - 26 Feb 1411 Geórgios Bouontelmónt (d. af.1453)
(= Giorgio de' Buondelmonti)
6 Feb 1411 - 26 Feb 1411 Eudokia Balić (f) -Regent
Despots and Counts Palatine of Cephalonia and Zante
26 Feb 1411 - 4 Jul 1429 Carlo I Tocco (d. 1429)
4 Jul 1429 - 30 Sep 1448 Carlo II Tocco (d. 1448)
30 Sep 1448 - Aug 1479 Leonardo III Tocco (b. 14.. - d. 1499)
Lords of Arta
1367 1374 Pjetër Losha (= Pétros Léosas) (d. 1374)
1374 29 Oct 1399 Gjin Bua Shpata (d. 1399)
1400 1401 Sguro Bua Shpata
1401 1415 Muriq Shpata (= Mouríkis Spátas) (d. 1415)
1415 1 Oct 1416 Jakob Bua Shpata (d. 1416)
Walis (governors) of Yanya (Janina)
1670 - 1675 Abdullah Pasha
1675 - 1702 Mustafa Pasha
1702 - 1720 Aslan Pasha
1720 - 1736 Haci Ahmed Pasha
1736 - 1739 Ibrahim
1739 - 1740 Hüseyin Molus
1740 - 1748 Ahmed Pasha
1748 - 1759 Mustafa Pasha
1759 - 1762 Süleyman Pasha
1762 - 1775 Mehmed Pasha
1775 - 1778 Ali Pasha
1778 - 1780 Vekir Pasha
1780 - 1786 Süleyman Pasha
1786 - 1787 Kurd Ahmad Pasha of Derven (d. 1787)
1787 - 1788 Alisot Pasha
Pashas of Yanya
1788 - 1802 Ali Pasha bin Vuli (1st time) (b. 1741 - d. 1822)
"Tepedelenli" ("the Lion of Janina")
1802 - 1803 Mustafa Pasha
1803 - 24 Jan 1822 Ali Pasha bin Vuli (2nd time) (s.a.)
"Tepedelenli" ("the Lion of Janina")
Walis (governors) of Yanya (Janina)
1822 - 1825 Beratli Ömer Vryonis Pasha
1825 - 1831 Mehmet Ruşit
1832 - 1833 Selim Pasha
1833 - 1836 Mahmut Pasha
1837 Emin Pasha
1837 - May 1840 Sirkatibi Mustafa Nuri Pasha
May 1840 - Nov 1840 Mirza Tatar Mehmed Said Pasha
Nov 1840 - Mar 1844 Osman Nuri Pasha
Mar 1844 - Oct 1845 Samakuli Hüsrev Pasha
Oct 1845 - Feb 1846 Mezanizade Mehmed Ziyaeddin Pasha
Feb 1846 - Apr 1847 Mühendis Hafiz Ahmed Pasha
Apr 1847 - Mar 1848 Çerkes Hafiz Mehmed Pasha
Mar 1848 - Sep 1848 Ahmed Izzet Pasha
Sep 1848 - Feb 1850 Ebubekir Rüstem Pasha (1st time)
Feb 1850 - Nov 1851 Tepdenlizade Ismail Rahmi Pasha
Nov 1851 - Feb 1853 Ali Reza Mehmed Pasha
Mar 1853 - Jul 1853 Ebubekir Rüstem Pasha (2nd time)
Jul 1853 - Feb 1854 Gümrükcu Mehmed Salih Pasha
25 Mar 1854 - end 1854 Committee of Administration
of Epirus (in rebellion)
- Geórgios Tisamenós
- Theódoros Kolokotrónis
- Ioánnis Typáldos
- Negrís
Feb 1854 - Jan 1855 Mehmed Besim Pasha (d. 1858)
Jan 1855 - Jan 1856 Ahmed Izzet Pasha (b. 1798 - d. 1876)
Jan 1856 - Sep 1857 Pepe Mehmed Emin Pasha
Sep 1857 - May 1858 Özdemiroglu Mehmed Rifat Pasha (d. 1859)
Jul 1858 - Oct 1858 Hüseyin Hüsnü Pasha (1st time) (d. 1877)
Oct 1858 - Jan 1863 Lofçali Ibrahim Dervish Pasha
Jan 1863 - Jan 1864 Hüseyin Hüsnü Pasha (2nd time) (s.a.)
Feb 1864 - Jun 1867 Kayserli Ahmed Pasha
Jun 1867 - Mar 1868 Ibrahim Edhem Pasha (b. 1818 - d. 1893)
Mar 1868 - Oct 1871 Ahmed Rasim Pasha
Nov 1871 - Sep 1872 Safvet Pasha
Sep 1872 - May 1873 Bursali Mehmed Redif Pasha
May 1873 - Dec 1873 Divitçi Ismail Hakki Pasha (d. 1873)
Dec 1873 - Nov 1874 Giritli Mustafa Asim Pasha
Nov 1874 - Jun 1875 Ahmed Cevdet Pasha (1st time) (b. 1822 - d. 1895)
Jul 1875 - Nov 1875 Arnavut Mehmed Akif Pasha (b. 1822 - d. 1893)
Nov 1875 - Apr 1877 Hüseyin Hüsnü Pasha (3rd time) (s.a.)
Apr 1877 - Jul 1877 Abdi Pasha
Jul 1877 - Jun 1878 Manastirli Mehmed Nazif Pasha
Jun 1878 - Jan 1879 Ahmed Rasim Pasha
Apr 1879 - Sep 1883 Giritli Mustafa Asim Pasha
Sep 1883 - Oct 1884 Söylemezoglu Ali Kemali Pasha
Oct 1884 - Jun 1889 Ahmed Eyyub Pasha (b. 1832 - d. 1900)
Jun 1889 - Aug 1889 Ramazanoglu Huseyin Reza Pasha
Oct 1889 - Oct 1897 Ahmed Eyyub Pasha
Oct 1897 - Feb 1906 Osman Favzi Pasha
Feb 1906 - Dec 1907 Dagistanli Seyfullah Pasha (b. 1852 - d. 1909)
Dec 1907 - Feb 1909 Hilmi Pasha
Feb 1909 - Nov 1909 Ali Riza Bey
Nov 1909 - Dec 1911 Husammeddin Bey (b. 18.. - d. 1911)
Jan 1912 - Aug 1912 Ayni Mehmed Ali Bey (b. 1868 - d. 1925)
Aug 1912 - 1912 Arnavut Hasan Tahsin Pasha (b. 1845 - d. 1918)
High Commissioner of Albania for Çamërija (Chameria)(in Gumenicë [Igoumenítsa])
15 Jul 1941 - 1944 Xhemil Bej Dino (b. 1894 - d. 1972)
Albanian Military governor
1944 - Oct 1944 M. Hatzi
Northern Epirus (1914, 1940-41): see under Albania
Western Thrace 1913 - 1920
![[Autonomous
Government of Western Thrace, 1913 (Greece)]](http://www.worldstatesmen.org/gr-gumul.gif "[Autonomous Government of Western
Thrace, 1913 (Greece)]")
31 Aug 1913 - 16 Sep 1913
1878 Sanjak of Gümülcine (within Edirne Vilayet).
8 Nov 1912 - 14 Jul 1913 Occupied by Bulgaria.
30 May 1913 Ceded to Bulgaria (as Gyumyurdzhina) by Treaty of London (not
ratified).
14 Jul 1913 - Aug 1913 Gümülcine (Komotini) occupied by Greece (Xanthi from 13 Jul 1913).
10 Aug 1913 Ceded to Bulgaria by Treaty of Bucharest (ratified 12 Aug 1913).
31 Aug 1913 Gümülcine liberated by an insurgent pro-Ottoman volunteer army.
25 Sep 1913 Independence declared as "Provisional Government of Western Thrace,"
later renamed "Autonomous Government of Western Thrace" (also
referred to as the "Turkish Republic of Western Thrace" or the
"Republic of Gümülcine"), sponsored by the Ottoman Empire.
29 Sep 1913 Ottoman-Bulgarian Treaty of Constantinople recognizes the area
as Bulgarian.
25 Oct 1913 - Oct 1919 Re-occupied by Bulgaria.
4 Oct 1919 Allied (Greek) forces occupy Xanthi under Geórgios Leonardópoulos
(b. 1867 - d. 1936); and from 10 Oct 1919, Allied (French) forces
under General Charpy occupy Komotini.
20 Oct 1919 - 23 May 1920 Allied administration.
27 Nov 1919 Treaty of Neuilly-sur-Seine (Neighue) signed by which Bulgaria
relinquished all its sovereign rights in Western Thrace.
23 May 1920 Incorporated into Greece (as nomós of Rodópi, Évros, and Xánthi;
from 1 Jan 2011 part of Anatolikí Makedonía kai Thráki region
[periféreia]).
2 May 1941 - 17 Sep 1944 Occupied by Bulgaria (see under 1941-45 occupations).
Commander-in-chief of the Provisional Government
of Western Thrace
31 Aug 1913 - 16 Sep 1913 Eşref
Sencer Kuşçubaşi
(b. 1873 - d. 1964) Mil
Governor-in-chief of the
Provisional Inter-Allied Administration
(at Komotini)
(subordinated to Commanders-in-chief of Allied Forces in
Constantinople)
20 Oct 1919 - 23 May 1920
Charles Antoine Charpy (France)
(b. 1869 - d. 1941) Mil
Crete (Kríti)
![[Ottoman flag]](http://www.worldstatesmen.org/tr.gif "[Ottoman flag]")
27 Sep 1669 - 21 Dec 1898
|
1841, 1866-1869,
1878, 1895-1897
In Revolt |
![[Crete, State
and Merchant flag 1898-1908 (1913) (Greece)]](http://www.worldstatesmen.org/gr-crete.gif "[Crete, State and Merchant flag
1898-1908 (1913) (Greece)]")
21 Dec 1898 - 1913
State/Merchant Flag |
![[Crete flag on
land 1898-1908 (1913) (Greece)]](http://www.worldstatesmen.org/gr-crete2.gif "[Crete
flag on land 1898-1908 (1913) (Greece)]")
21 Dec 1898 - 30 May 1913 On
Land |
| Map of Crete | Hear
National Anthem "Kritikós Ýmnos" (Cretan Anthem) |
Text of National Anthem (1898-1913) |
Constitutions (12 Feb 1907-1913, in Greek; 28 Apr 1899-1907, in Greek; 15 Feb 1868 - 1899) |
|
Capital: Irákleio
(Heraklion) (Gortyna 67 BC-c.827 Ad Al Handaq c.827-961; Chándax 961-1206, Candia 1206-1669, Kandiye 1699-1898, Chaniá 1898-1913) |
Currency: 1898-1913 Cretan Drachma (GKD) |
National Holiday 1898-1913: 25 Mar (1821) Greek Independence Day |
Population: 310,000
(1907) 342,151 (1911) |
|
GDP: N/A |
Exports: 11 million Drachmas (1903) Imports: 14.5 million Drachmas (1903) |
Ethnic groups:
Greek 97.5%,
others 2.5%
(1900) |
|
| Cretan
Gendarmerie: 1,466 (1912) Cretan Militia 1,040 (1907) Merchant marine: N/A |
Religions:
Christian 89%,
Muslim 10.4%,
others 0.6% (1900) |
||
| International Organizations/Treaties 1898-1913: ITU, UPU | |||
| Crete Orthodox Church |
c.2200 BC - c.1200 BC Minoan
civilization.
116 BC - 96
BC
Crete part of the Hellenistic Kingdom of
Cyrenaica.
96
BC
Ptolemy Apion, the last king of the Hellenistic
Kingdom of Cyrenaica
left his kingdom to the Roman Republic when he dies
childless.
74
BC
Roman Republic sends the quaestor Cornelius
Lentulus Marcellinus to
officially annex Cyrenaica and Crete as a Roman
province.
69 BC - 67
BC
Quintus Caecilius Metellus (b. c.114 BC d.
late 50s BC), father of
Marc Antony, is sent to Crete to subdue it receiving
the cognomen
'Creticus.'
67 BC - 37 BC
Part of the Roman Republic (provincia
Creta et Cyrenae [Cyrenaica]).
37 BC - 30
BC
Part of the Kingdom of Egypt under Cleopatra VII
(nominally
a vassal of Rome).
30 BC - 17 Jan 395 AD Part
of Roman Empire (provincia
Creta [et Cyrenae to 298]).
17 Jan 395 AD
Part of the Eastern Roman (Byzantine)
Empire.
827/28 - 6 Mar 961
Emirate of Crete (Iqritiya) founded
by rebels from Emirate of
Cordova.
Muslim Arab rule under the (nominal) suzerainty
of the
Abbasid
Caliphate.
6 Mar 961
Byzantine rule
restored.
1201
Crete
granted to Bonifacio, marchese di Monferrato (b. 1150 -
d.
1207) by
claimant to the Byzantine throne Aléxios (IV) "o
Ángelos"
(not
effected).
12 Aug 1204
Boniface (s.a.) signs the cession of Crete
(Refutatio Cretae) to the
Venetian Republic (which delays taking possession).
1206 - 1211
Genoa occupies Irákleio (Heraklion) and most of Crete.
1208 - 27 Sep 1699 Venetian
possession (Regno di Candia [Kingdom of Candia]).
Jul 1212
Genoa accepts Venetian
control of Crete by treaty.
1262 - 1265
Anti-Venetian uprising led by
the Chortatzes brothers.
1282 - 28 Apr
1299
Anti-Venetian uprising led by Aléxios Kallérgis (d.
1321), ended
with the
Peace of Alexios Kallergis (Pax Alexii Callergi).
Sep 1333 -
1334
Anti-Venetian uprising Vardas Kallergis and Nikolaos
Prikosirides.
1341 - 1347
Anti-Venetian uprising led
Leon Kallergis.
9 Aug 1363 - 9 May 1364 Commune of
Crete ("Republic of Saint Titus" [Áyois Títos]) declares
independence in rebellion "Revolt of Titus" against
Venetian rule.
1646
Ottomans conquer western Crete establishing Girit
[Crete] Eyalet.
1 May 1648 - 27 Sep 1669 Ottoman siege
of Candia (Irákleio).
27 Sep
1669
All of Crete part of the Ottoman Empire (as Girit
Eyaleti).
Sep/Oct
1715
Last Venetian fortresses (Suda [Soúda] falls 14
Sep 1715, Grabusa
[Gramvoúsa]
fell 1691, and Spinalonga [Spinalónka] falls 4
Oct
1715) and offshore islands surrender to
the Ottomans.
4 Apr 1770 - 17 Jun 1771 Sfakía uprising in
Crete under Russian protection.
21 May
1821
Revolution begins in support of Greek independence.
Nov 1821 - 12 Apr
1824 Independence rebellion,
seeking to join Greece (Provisional State
of the Island of Crete).
1822 - 1825
Egyptian
invasion (on behalf of Ottomans) and occupation.
9 Aug 1825 - Feb 1830
Rebellion (Revolutionary Council of Crete).
3 Feb 1830
The Great Powers
(France, U.K. and Russia) agree to recognize
independence of Greece, but without Crete, in
London Protocol.
Oct 1830 -
1831
Egyptian invasion (on behalf of Ottomans)
and occupation.
1831 -
1841
Egyptian
rule (nominally under Ottoman
sovereignty).
22 Feb 1841 - 1841
Rebellion.
21 Aug 1866 - 30 Dec 1867 Rebellion against
Ottoman rule.
2 Sep 1866
Union with Greece proclaimed by revolutionary assembly
(no effect).
15 Feb
1868
Ottoman Sultan grants Crete a local organic law (by
firman).
20 Dec 1877 - Oct 1878 Cretan
rebellion seeking autonomy.
11 Feb
1878
Union with Greece proclaimed by revolutionary assembly
(no effect).
25 Oct
1878
Semi-autonomous by Khalépa Convention (Pact of Halepa).
13 Jun 1889 - Nov 1898
Cretan rebellion against Ottoman rule.
9-10 Feb
1897
British ships arrive off Heráklion.
10 Feb 1897
Austro-Hungarian and Russian ships arrive off the coast
of
Crete.
Ships of France and Italy arrive in following days.
12 Feb 1897 - 26 May 1897 Greek forces land, they
withdraw on 26 May 1897.
15 Feb 1897
The occupying Allied
International forces land and from 10 Apr 1897
divide Crete into four zones in which the respective
power was to
guarantee the status quo: the Russians occupy Réthymnon
(Retimo),
the
British occupy Heráklion (Candia), the Italians occupy
Chaniá
(Canea),
and the French occupy Lasíthi
(Lasithi). German forces
arrive 21 Feb 1897. German and Austrian troops withdraw
from
Chaniá
on 16 Mar and 12 Apr 1898 respectively.
16 Feb
1897
Commander of Greek forces declares annexation of Crete
to Greece
(not
effected).
20 Mar
1898
Cretan State (under Ottoman suzerainty).
19 Oct/Nov
1898
Ottoman troops evacuate the island.
6 Oct
1908
Independence declared.
31 Jul 1909
International peace-keeping forces
leave Crete.
30 May
1913
Incorporation into Greece (effective 1 Dec 1913; divided
into
prefectures [nomós] of Iráklio,
Réthymno, Chaniá, and Lassíthi;
from 1
Jan 2011, Kríti periféreia).
20May/1Jun 1941-8 May 1945 Occupied by Germany,
eastern Crete (Lasíthi) is occupied
by Italy (from 9 Sep 1943 by Germany).
Emirs of Iqritiya (Crete)
827/28 -
c.855
`Umar bin Hafs I bin Shu'ayb bin
(d. c. 855)
Isa
al-Balluti "al-Ghaliz",
"al-Iqritishi" (= Apochapsis)
c.855 - c.880
Abu `Amr Shu'ayb
bin `Umar bin
`Isa al-Balluti (= Saet or Saïpes)
c.880 - c.895
Abu `Abdallah `Umar II bin Shu'ayb
al-Balluti (= Babdel)
c.895 -
c.910
Muhammad bin Shu'ayb al-Zarkun
al-Balluti (= Zerkounes)
c.910 - c.915
Yusuf bin `Umar
II bin Shu'ayb
c.915 - c.925
`Ali bin Yusuf
bin Umar
c.925 - c.940
Ahmad bin Umar bin Shu'ayb
c.940 -
943
Shu'ayb II bin Ahmad
943 - 949
`Ali bin
Ahmad
949 - 6 Mar
961
`Abd al-`Aziz bin Shuayb
II
ibn Umar "al-Qurtubi"
(= Kouroupas)
961 - 1206
Byzantine rule (restored)
Genoese Governor (title Dominus Creti)
1206 - 1211
Enrico di Malta, conte di
Malta (d. 1230)
(Enrico "il Pescatore")
Venetian Dukes of Candia (title Duca
di Candia)
1208 -
1216
Jacopo (Giacomo) Tiepolo
(b. 1170 - d. 1249)
1216 - 1218
Paolo Querini (1st time)
1218 - 1220
Domenico Delfino
1220 -
1222
Guido Michieli
1222 - 1224
Paolo Querini (2nd time)
1224 -
1226
Marino Soranzo
1226 -
1228
Giovanni Michieli
1228 - 1230
Giovanni Storlado
1230 - 1232
Nicolò Toniste
1232 - 1233
Bartolommeo Gradenigo
1234 - 1236
Angelo Gradenigo
1236 - 1241
Stefano Giustiniani
1241 - 1243
Tommaso Dandolo
1243 -
1245
Jacopo Barozzi
1245 -
1249
Giovanni Zane
1249 -
1250
Marino Falier
1250 -
1252
Pietro Orio
1252 -
1254
Tommaso Giustiniani
1254 - 1255
Giovanni da Canale
1255 -
1259
Angelo Morosini
1259 -
1261
Giovanni Belegno (1st time)
1261 -
1262
Giacomo Dolfino
1262 -
1263
Nicolò Navigajoso
1263 -
1265
Marco Dandolo
1265 -
1269
Andrea Zeno
1269 - 1271
Pietro Badoer
1271 -
1272
Giovanni Belegno (2nd time)
1272 - 1274
Marino Zeno
1274 -
1276
Marino Morosini
1276 - 1277
Pietro Zeno
1277 - 1280
Marino Gradenigo (1st time)
1280 - 1282
Angelo Gabriel
1282 - 1283
Marino Gradenigo (2nd time)
1283 - 1285
Jacopo Dandolo
1285 -
1287
Pietro Giustiniani
1287 - 1290
Andrea da Molin
1290 -
1293
Albertino Morosini
1293 -
1294
Ermolao Giunto
1294 -
1298
Andrea Dandolo
1298 - 1299
Jacopo Tiepolo
1299 - 1301
Vidale Michieli
28 Apr 1299 - 1321
Aléxios
Kallérgis
(d. 1321)
("Lord of Crete")
1301 -
1303
Jacopo Barozzi
1303 -
1306
Guido da Canale (1st time)
1306 -
1306
Federigo Belletto Giustiniani
1308 -
1310
Guido da Canale (2nd time)
1310 -
1312
Nicolò Sanudo
1312 -
1313
Enrico Dandolo
1313 -
1315
Marino Badoer
1315 -
1317
Fantino Dandolo
1317 -
1319
Nicolò Lioni
1319 - 1321
Giustiniano Giustiniani
1329 -
1331
Mario Morosini
1321 -
1323
Tommaso Dandolo
1323 -
1325
Enrico Michieli
1325 -
1327
Filippo Belegno
1327 -
1329
Giovanni Morosini
1329 -
1331
Marino Morosini
1331 -
1332
Marco Gradenigo
1332 -
1334
Viago Zeno
1334 -
1336
Pietro Zeno
1336 - 1338
Giovanni Sanudo
1338 -
1339
Giovanni Morosini
1339 - 10 Feb
1341
Nicolò Priuli
1341 -
1343
Andrea Corner
26 Oct 1343 - 24 Apr 1345 Pietro
Miani
24 Apr 1345 - 19 Aug 1347 Marco da Molin
20 Aug 1347 25 Nov 1348 Marco Corner
(b. c.1286 d. 1368)
25 Nov 1348 17 Sep 1350 Marino Grimani (1st
time)
24 Sep 1350 15 Aug 1352 Pietro Gradenigo
20 Sep 1352 6 Sep 1355 Marino Morosini
6 Sep 1355 - 20 Jul 1357 Goffredo
Morosini
30 Jul 1357 - 6 Aug 1358 Filippo Orio
22 Aug 1358 1359
Pietro Badoer
1359 -
1360
Andrea Dandolo
1360 - 1362
Marino Grimani (2nd time)
1362 9 Aug
1363
Leonardo Dandolo
Governor and Rector of the Commune of
Crete
Aug 1363 - 9 May 1364 Marco
Gradenigo
(b. c.1290 - d. 1364)
Venetian Dukes of Candia (title Duca
di Candia)
1364 -
1366
Pietro Morosini
1366 -
1368
Pietro Mocenigo
1368 -
1370
Giovanni Gradenigo
1370 -
1372
Pietro Corner
1372 -
1374
Francesco Morosini
1374 -
1376
Giovanni Gradenigo
1376 -
1378
Andrea Zeno
1378 -
1381
Andrea Dandolo
1381 -
1383
Pietro Mocenigo
1383 -
1385
Donato Trono
1385 -
1387
Marco Zeno
1387 -
1389
Donato Moro (1st time)
1389 -
1391
Domenico Buono
1391 -
1393
Matteo Giustiniani
1393 -
1395
Pantaleone Barbo
1395 -
1397
Donato Moro (2nd time)
1397 -
1399
Guglielmo Quirini
1399 -
1401
Albano Badoer
1401 - 1403
Marco Falier
1403 -
1405
Tommaso Mocenigo
(b. 1343 - d. 1423)
1405 - 1405
Giovanni Bembo
1407 -
1409
Lodovico Morosini
1409 -
1411
Leonardo Trevisani
1411 -
1412
Leone Dandolo
1412 -
1415
Francesco Bembo
1415 -
1417
Pietro Civrano
1417 -
1418
Egidio Morosini
1418 -
1419
Jacopo Gussoni
1419 -
1421
Giovanni Loredano
1421 -
1422
Andrea Cornaro
1422 -
1423
Lorenzo Bragadino
1423 -
1424
Lorenzo Capello (vice-duke)
1424 -
1427
Francesco Loredano
1427 -
1429
Fantino Viaro
1429 -
1432
Leonardo Caravello
1432 - 1435
Marco Giustiniani
1435 -
1437
Marco Lippomano
1437 -
1439
Matteo Donato
1439 -
1441
Luca Trono
1441 -
1443
Andrea Mocenigo
1443 -
1445
Tommaso Duodo
1445 - 1447
Andrea Donato
1447 -
1449
Antonio Diedo
1450 -
1453
Bernardo Balbi
1453 -
1456
Benedetto Vitturi
1456 -
1459
Girardo Dandolo
1459 -
1462
Leonardo Duodo
1462 -
1464
Lorenzo Moro
1464 -
1465
Jacopo Corner
1465 -
1466
Domenico Marcello (vice-duke)
1466 -
1469
Bernardino Donato
1469 - 1472
Girolamo da Molin
1472 -
1473
Benedetto Gritti
1473 -
1475
Nicolò Cocco (vice-duke)
1475 -
1477
Eustachio Balbi
1477 -
1479
Giovanni Pisani
1479 -
1480
Jacopo Contarini
1480 -
1481
Marco Giustiniani
1481 -
1482
Fantino Giorgio (vice-duke)
1482 -
1484
Luca Navagero
1484 - 1487
Marino Garzoni
1487 -
1490
Nicolò Lioni
1490 -
1492
Bernardo Bembo
1492 -
1494
Lorenzo Venier
1494 - 1496
Domenico Bollani
1496 -
1498
Andrea Gabriel
1498
Priamo Trono
1498 -
1499
Bernardo Giustiniani (vice-duke)
1499 -
1500
Luigi da Mula (vice-duke)
1500 -
1502
Marco Barbo
1502 - 4 Jun
1503
Giovanni Morosini
(d. 1503)
4 Jun 1503 -
1503
Luigi Venier (vice-duke)
1503 - 29 Mar
1505
Cosmo Pasqualigo
(d. 1505)
1505 - 1506
Benedetto Sanudo (vice-duke)
1506 - 1508
Girolamo Donato
1508 -
1510
Luigi Arimondo
1510 - 1512
Paolo-Antonio Miani
1512 - 16 Jul 1512
Luigi Capello
(b. c.1449 - d. 1512)
(did not arrive)
1513 -
1514
Luigi Malipiero
(d. 1514)
1514 -
1516
Luigi Emo
1516 - 1517
Marco Orio
1517 -
1519
Antonio Loredano
1519 - 1520
Antonio
Morosini
(d. 1520?)
1520 -
1521
Marco Lando (vice-duke)
1521 -
1524
Marco Minio
1524 -
1526
Nicolò Giorgio
1526 - 1528
Bernardo Soranzo
1528 - 1530
Jacopo Corner
1530 -
1532
Nicolò Nani
1532 - 1534
Domenico Capello
1534 -
1536
Pietro Boldù
1536 - 1538
Antonio da Mula
1538 -
1540
Francisco Bernardo
1540 -
1542
Carlo Capello
1542 - 1544
Matteo Barbarigo
1544
Marcantonio Contarini
1544 - 1546
Agostino Suriano
1546 -
1548
Dionisio Contarini
1548 -
1550
Sebastiano
Venier
(b. 1496 - d. 1578)
1550 - 1552
Luigi Renier
(b. 1509 - d. 1560)
Nov 1552 - Nov 1554 Luigi
Gritti
1554 - 1 May
1556
Salvatore Michieli
(d. 1556)
1556 - 1558
Girolamo
Cicogna
(b. 1489 - d. 1569)
1558 - 1560
Girolamo Tagliapietro
1560 - 1562
Antonio Calbo
1562 -
1564
Marco Grimani
1564 -
1566
Daniele Barbaro
1566 - 24 Jul 1567 Francesco
Soranzo
1567
Paolo Giorgio (renounces office)
1567 - 1571
Pasquale Cicogna
1571 - 1573
Marco Grimani
1573 -
1574
Daniele Venier
1574 -
1576
Luigi Giustiniani
1576 -
1578
Marco Cicogna
1578 -
1580
Ermolao Tiepolo
1580 - 1582
Nicolò Salomono
1582 -
1584
Nicolò Donato
1584 -
1586
Lodovico Memo
1586 - 1588
Bernardo Navagero
1588 - 1590
Alberto Loredano
1590 -
1592
Girolamo Capello
1592 -
1594
Giovan-Domenico Cicogna
1594 - 1596
Marcantonio Venier
1596 -
1598
Pellegrino Bragadino
1598 -
1600
Pierfrancesco Malipiero
1600 -
1602
Jacopo Pesaro
1602 -
1604
Giovanni Sagredo
1604 - 1606
Giambattista Michieli
1606 - 1608
Giovanmatteo Girardi
1608 -
1610
Delfino Venier
1610 -
1612
Agostino Michieli
1612 -
1614
Francesco Morosini
1614 -
1616
Bernardo Venier
1616 -
1617
Carlo Belegno
1617 -
1619
Donato Morosini
1619 - 1621
Francesco Zeno
1621 -
1623
Nicolò da Ponte
1623 - 1625
Marino Pesaro
1625 -
1627
Leonardo Foscolo
1627 - 1629
Marco Gradenigo
1629 -
1631
Lazaro Mocenigo
1631 - 1634
Giambattista Foscolo
1634 -
1635
Giambattista Grimani
1635 - 1637
Giovanni da Ponte
1637 - 1639
Paolo Donato
1639 - 1641
Nicolò Lippomano
1641 -
1644
Bernardo Marcello
1644 -
1646
Bernardo Morosini
1646 - 1648
Cipriano Civrano
1648 - 1649
Jacopo Barbaro
1649 - 1650
Luca-Francesco Barbaro
1650 -
1653
Giuseppe Morosini
1653 - 1655
Giovannandrea Pasqualigo
1655 - 1657
Girolamo Lippomano
1657 - 1659
Giorgio Corner
1659 - 1663
Zaccaria Mocenigo
1663 -
1665
Jacopo Loredano
1665 -
1667
Francesco Battagia
1667 -
1669
Jacopo Contarini
General
Superintendents of the Kingdom of
Candia
(title
Provveditore
generale nel regno di Candia)
1569? -
1571
Lorenzo da Mula
May 1571 - 1573
Marino Cavalli
1573 - 1574
Luca Michiel
Sep 1574 -
1577
Giacomo Foscarini
1577 -
1580
Luca Michiel
1580 - 1583
Francesco Molin
Mar 1583 - Dec
1585 Alvise
Grimani
1586 - 1588
Zuane Mocenigo
1588 - 1591
Alvise Giustiniani
1591 -
1593
Giovanni Mocenigo
1594 - 1598
Nicolò Donà
1598 - 1601
Benetto Moro
1601 - 1603?
Alvise Priuli
bf.May 1606 - af.Apr 1608 Nicolò Sagredo
1608 - 1610
Girolamo Capello
1610 - 1614
Giovanni Giacomo Zane
1614 - 1615
Zuane
Pasqualigo
(b. 1550 - d. 1618)
1615 - af.Aug 1618
Pietro Bondumier
1618 - 1621
Marc'Antonio Venier
1621 - 1625
Gerolamo Trevisan
fall 1625 - 1628
Francesco Morosini
1628 - Dec 1631
Francesco Molin
(b. 1575 - d. 1645)
1631 - 1636
Lorenzo Contarini
1636 - af.Oct
1639
Giuseppe Civran
1640 - 1643
Michele Priuli
1643 - af.Feb 1646
Andrea
Corner
(d. 1646)
1646 - Feb 1648
Niccolò
Dolfin
(b. 1592 - d. 1669)
1648
Alvise
Mocenigo
1648 -
1650
Antonio Lippomano
(b. 1590 - d. 1666)
1650 - 1652
Giorgio Morosini
1652 - 1653
Giacomo da Riva
1653 - 1654
Marco Molin
1654 -
1655
Andrea Corner
Sep 1655 - 1657
Francesco
Morosini
(b. 1616 - d. 1684)
1657 -
1660
Luca Francesco Barbaro
4 Mar 1660 -
1662
Marco Bembo
1662 - 1664
Niccolò Corner
1664 -
1666
Antonio Priuli
1666 -
1668
Antonio Barbaro
Jan 1668 - 22 Jun 1668 Bernardo
Nani
(d. 1668)
Jun 1668 - 31 Jan 1669 Girolamo Battaglia
1699
Daniele Morosini
+ Lorenzo Donà
Apr 1668 - 13 May 1669 Caterino
Corner
(b. 1624 - d. 1669)
(provveditore generale da Mar)
1669 - 27 Sep 1669
Andrea
Corner
(provveditore generale da Mar)
Venetian Superintendents
of Suda
(Provveditori
alla Suda)
1569 -
1572
Luca Michiel
c.1574 - c.1575
Davide Bembo
c.1575 -
c.1577
Andrea Bembo
c.1579
Pietro Longo
c.1584
Gian Antonio Bon
1596?
Giobanni Lippomano
c.1599
Ambrogio Corner
c.Sep 1601
Marino Bondumier
c.1620
Francesco Tiepolo
1621 - 16..
Angelo Gabriel
c.Jul 1645 - c.Aug 1645 Michele Malipiero
+ Gerolamo Minotto (Aug-Sep 1645)
c.Dec 1645 - c.Jan 1646 Filipo Molin
+ Marino Bragadin (Oct 1645)
c.Feb 1646
Gerolamo Minotto
1646 - 16..
Zaccaria Balbi
c.1647
Girolamo Donà
c.1649
Pietro Diedo
c.Jul 1655
Giovanni Briani
c.Jun 1656 - c.Jul 1660 Francesco
Bragadin
c.Mar 1661 - c.Dec 1661 Francesco
Bragadin
c.Mar 1662
Francesco Battaglia
c.Mar 1664 - c.Jun 1666 Giacomo
Barbarigo
c.Mar 1667 - c.Aug 1670 Leonardo
Venier
c.Jun 1670 - c.May
1672 Gerolamo Pesaro
c.Jun 1672 - c.Sep
1672 Benedetto Barbarigo
c.Sep 1672 - c.May
1673 Paolo Nani
c.Jun 1674 -
c.May 1677 Vincenzo
Vendramin
1677? - c.1678
Lorenzo Venier
c.1678 - c.May
1681 Andrea
Navagero
c.Aug 1682 -
c.Jul 1683 Giorgio Benzoni
(d. 1695)
c.Aug 1683 -
c.Dec 1684 Pietro Querini
c.1685 - c.Apr
1688 Luigi
Marcello
(b. 1642 - d. 17..)
c.Feb 1689 - c.Jan
1692 Angelo Michiel
1692 - c.Dec 1694
Imperial Contarini
c.Dec 1694
Imperial Contarini
c.Nov 1695 -
c.Nov 1697 Federico
Badoer
c.Mar 1698 - c.Sep
1700 Gerolamo Morosini
c.Sep 1700 -
c.Jun 1703 Andrea Corner
c.Jun 1703 - c.Sep
1705 Pietro Marcello
Oct 1705 - c.Oct
1708 Bartolomeo Moro
c.Apr 1709 - c.Jan
1712 Leonardo Bondumier
c.Jul 1711 - c.1712
Giovanni Francesco Badoer
1712 - 171.
Paolo
Pasqualigo
(b. 1663 - d. 17..)
c.Nov 1713 - 14 Sep 1715 Alvise Magno
Venetian Superintendents of
Spinalonga
(Provveditori
alla Spinalonga)
c.Oct 1600 - c.Dec
1600 Bernardino Baffo
c.Mar 1660 - c.Mar 1662
Giorgio Premarin
c.Aug 1663
Giacomo Loredan
c.Jan 1664
Giorgio De Mezo
c.Jan 1670 - c.Apr
1670 Daniele
Morosini
c.Nov
1670 - c.Apr
1671 Pietro Badoer
c.Aug
1680 - c.Feb
1682 Benedetto Lion
c.Apr
1683 - c.May
1685 Ottaviano Loredan
c.Apr
1686 - c.Oct
1686 Giuseppe Centani
c.Mar
1687
Domenico Diedo
c.Dec
1689 - c.Mar
1691 Gian Antonio Bembo
c.Mar
1691 - c.Mar
1692 Vincenzo Rota
c.Mar
1692 - c.Mar
1693 Gerolamo Michiel
17.. - 4 Oct
1715
Gian Francesco Giustiniani
Venetian Superintendents
of Grabusa
(Provveditori
alla Grabusa)
1584 -
1585
Francesco Molin
(b.
1546 - d. 1598)
c.1585
Antonio
Lippomano
c.1595
Girolamo Molin
1595? -
1597
Pietro Marcello
1597 -
c.1599
Francisco Belegno
c.Jul
1670
Nicolò De Mezo
c.1672
Domenico
Diedo (1st time)
c.Jun
1675 - c.Jul
1678 Ruggero Zen
c.Nov
1680 - c.Nov
1682 Domenico Dido (2nd time)
c.Jun
1683 - c.Nov
1683 Giovanni Battaglia
c.Apr
1685 - c.Apr
1686 Domenico Malipiero
c.Jul
1688
Zaccaria Bembo
c.Jul
1690 -
1691
Francesco Donà
Walis (governors) of
Girit
1693 -
1695
Çelebi Ismail Pasha
1699/1700
Hasan Pasha
1701 -
1704
Kalaylikoz Ahmed Pasha
(b. 1645 - d. 1715)
1704
Abdullah Pasha
1713
Hüseyin Pasha
1713
Kara Mehmet Pasha
1718 -
1719
Köprülü
Numan
Pasha
(d. 1719)
(= Numan Pashë Kypriljoti)
1719 - 1720
Morali Ali Pasha (1st time)
(d. 1735)
1720
Çerkes Osman Pasha
1723 -
1724
Osman Pasha
1724 -
1725
Hüseyin Pasha
1725
Morali Ali Pasha (2nd
time) (s.a.)
1725 -
1726
Koca Mehmet Pasha
1726
Morali Ali Pasha (3rd
time) (s.a.)
1726
Osman Pasha
1728 -
1729
Haci Halil Pasha (1st
time) (b. 1655
- d. 1733)
1730 -
1731
Mehmet Pasha
1731
Shahin Mehmet Pasha
1731 -
1732
Azimzade Ismail Pasha
1732
1733
Haci Halil Pasha (2nd
time) (s.a.)
1733
1734
Morali
Ali Pasha (4th
time) (s.a.)
1734 -
1735
Hafiz Ahmet Pasha
1735 -
1736
Haci Huseyin Pasha
1736 -
1737
Ismail Pasha
1737 -
1740
Haci Ivazade Mehmed Pasha
(b. 1675 - d. 1743)
(1st time)
1740 -
1741
Hüseyin Pasha
1742
Sari Mehmet Pasha
1742 -
1743
Haci Ivazade Mehmed
Pasha
(s.a.)
(2nd time)
1743 -
1745
Numan Pasha
1745 -
1746
Hekimoğlu
Ali Pasha
(b. 1689 d. 1758)
1746 -
1747
Köprülüzade Ahmed Pasha
1747 -
1750
Elçi Mustafa Pasha
1750
Mustafa Pasha
1750 -
1751
Ibrahim Pasha
1751 -
1754
Numan Pasha
1754 -
1755
Melek Mehmet
Pasha
(b. 1719 - d. 1802)
1755
Mehmed Said Pasha
1755 -
1757
Naili Abdullah Pasha
(d. 1758)
1757 -
1758
Mehmed Pasha
1758 -
1764
Kiamil Ahmet Pasha
1764
1766
Tosun Mehmet Pasha
1766 -
1768
Hüsnü Pasha
1768
1769
Feyzullah Pasha
1769 -
1770
Tokmakzade Hasan Pasha
Rebel Leader in
Sfakía
4 Apr 1770 - 17 Jun
1771 Ioánnis Vláchos
"Daskalogiánnis" (b. 1725 - d. 1771)
Walis (governors) of
Girit (Crete)
1771 -
1773
Ampra Süleyman Pasha
1773 -
1774
Cezayirli Gazi Hasan Pasha
(b. 1713 - d. 1790)
1774
Ibrahim Pasha (1st time)
1774 -
1776
Dervish Ali Pasha
1776 -
1778
Kara Ahmed Pasha
1778
Ibrahim Pasha (2nd time)
1778
1779
Hacizade Mustafa Pasha (1st time)
1779
Mirahor Mustafa Pasha
1779 -
1780
Mehmet Emin Pasha
1780
Hacizade Mustafa Pasha (2nd time)
1781 -
1782
Raif Ismail Pasha
(d. 1785)
1782 -
1783
Aslan Pasha
1783
Kassupis Seyit Ali Pasha
1783 -
1784
Abdullah Pasha
1784 -
1786
Ekmezi Mehmet Pasha (1st time)
1786
1787
Zorlu Süleyman Pasha
1787
Mehmed Pasha
1787
Hacizade Mustafa Pasha (3rd time)
1787 1788
Mehmed Izzet Pasha
1788 -
1789
Ekmezi Mehmet Pasha (2nd time)
1789
Azamzade Abdullah Pasha
1789 -
1790
Yusuf Pasha
1790 -
1793
Hüseyin Pasha
1793 -
1797
Hasan Pasha
1797
Ferhat Pasha
1797
1798
Sait Hafiz Pasha (1st time)
1798 -
1799
Mehmet Hakki Pasha
1799 -
1801
Tahir Pasha
1801 -
1802
Sami Pasha
1802 -
1803
Ardinli Mehmed Pasha
1803
Abdullah Dervis Pasha
1803
1804
Mustafa Hasip Pasha
1804
1805
Mehmet Hüsrev Pasha
(b. 1769 - d. 1855)
1805
Vani Mehmed Pasha
1805
1806
Osman Pasha
1806
1807
Sait Hafiz Pasha (2nd time)
1807 -
1808
Kadri Pasha (1st time)
1808
1809
Marashli Ali Pasha
1809
1810
Kadri Pasha (2nd time)
1810 -
1811
Hafiz Pasha
1811
1812
Sami Bekir Pasha
1812 -
1815
Kürt Haci Osman Pasha
1815 -
1816
Ibrahim Pasha
1816 -
1819
Vahit Fazil Pasha
1819 -
1820
Ibrahim Hilmi Pasha
(b. 1747 - d. 1825)
1820
Serif Pasha
1820 -
1826
Said Lütfullah Pasha
1826 -
1829
Kara Süleyman Pasha
1829 -
1830
Mehmet Zehrap Pasha
Head of the Council of Sfakiá (in
rebellion)
21 May 1821 - 11 Nov 1821 Dimítrios Flampouriáris
(Flambouriáris)
Heads of Provisional State of the Island of Crete (in
rebellion)
Nov 1821 - 22 Nov 1822
Michaíl Komninós Afentoúlis
(b. 1769 - d. 1855)
(Afentoúlief)
Commissioners (Prefects) of Crete for the
Greek Government (in
rebellion)
22 Nov 1822 - 21
May 1823 Neófytos Oikonómou
(acting to Feb 1823)
22 May 1823 - 12 Apr 1824 Emmanouíl
Tompázis
(b. 1784 - d. 1831)
Heads of the Revolutionary Council of Crete
(in rebellion)
9 Aug 1825 - 5
Jan 1828 Ioánnis Chális
5 Jan 1828 - 18 May
1828 Chatzimichális Ntaliánis
(b. 1775 - d. 1828)
(Daliánis)
Commissioners of the Greek Government in
Crete (in rebellion)
Jun 1828 - Sep
1829 Fríntrich
Éntouarnt Ráinek
(b. 1796 - d. 1854)
(= Friedrich Eduard von Rheineck)
Sep 1829 - Oct
1829 ... Hahn
Oct 1829 - Feb
1830 Nikólaos
Reniéris
(b. 1758? - d. 1847)
Walis (governors) of
Girit (Crete)
1830 -
1851
Mustafa Naili Pasha (1st time)
(b. 1798 - d. 1871)
1851 -
1852
Salih Vamik Pasha
1852 -
1855
Mehmed Emin Pasha
1855 -
1857
Veliüddin Pasha
1857
1858
Abdurrahman Sami Pasha
(b. 1794 - d. 1882)
1858
1859
Hüseyin Hüsnü Pasha
(d. 1877)
1859 -
1861
Ismail Rahmi Pasha
1861 -
1866
Hekim Ismail Pasha
(b. 1807 - d. 1880)
Leaders (in rebellion)
21 Aug 1866 - Sep 1866
Dimítrios Kallérgis
(b. 1803 - d. 1867)
1866 - 1868
Triumvirate
- Ioánnis Zymvrakákis (in Chaniá)
(b. 1818 - d. 1913)
- Pános Koronaíos (in Rethýmnou) (b.
1809 - d. 1899)
- Michális Kórakas (in Lasíthi)
(b. 1797 - d. 1882)
Walis (governors) of
Girit (Crete)
1866
1867
Mustafa Naili Pasha (2nd
time) (s.a.)
1867
Hüseyin Avni Pasha (1st
time) (b. 1819 - d. 1876)
1867
Ömer Lütfi Pasha
(b. 1806 - d.
1871)
1867
1868
Hüseyin Avni Pasha (2nd
time) (s.a.)
1868 - 1869
Arif Efendi (acting)
8 Mar 1869 -
1870
Kücük Ömer Fevzi Pasha (1st time) (b. 1818 - d.
1878)
1870 -
1871
Rauf Pasha (1st time)
1871 -
1872
Kücük Ömer Fevzi Pasha (2nd
time) (s.a.)
1872
Redif Pasha (1st time)
1872 -
1873
Mehmed Esat Safvet
Pasha
(b. 1814 - d. 1883)
1873
1874
Rauf Pasha (2nd time)
1874 -
1875
Hasan Sami (1st time)
1875
Redif Pasha (2nd time)
1875 -
1876
Ahmed Muhtar Pasha
(b. 1839 - d.
1919)
1876 -
1877
Hasan Sami (2nd time)
1877
1878
Kostaki Adosidis Pasha
(b.
1819 d. 1895)
(= Kostákis
Adosídis)
1878
Ahmed Mukhtar Pasha (2nd time) (s.a.)
27 Nov 1878 - 14 Dec 1878 Aleksandros
Karatheodoris Pasha (b. 1833 d. 1906)
(= Aléxandros Karatheodorís)
"Iskander Pasha" (1st time)
Dec 1878 - Jun
1885 Yanko
Fotiyadis (Photiades) Pasha (d.
1892)
(= Ioánnis
Fotiádis)
Jun 1885 Jan 1887
Yannis Sava
Pasha
(b. 1832 - d. 1904)
(= Ioánnis Savvás)
Jan 1887
1888
Kostaki Antopulos Pasha
(b. 1835 - d. 1902)
(= Kostákis Anthópoulos)
1888 4 Aug
1889
Nikolaki Sartinki Pasha
(= Nikólaos Saríkni)
13 Jun 1889 - 8 Jul 1889 Mahmud Celaleddin
Pasha
(b. 1839 - d. 1899)
(special commissioner)
4 Aug 1889 - 13 Aug 1889 Hasan Riza
Pasha (interim) (b.
1809 - d. 1877)
13 Aug 1889 Jul 1890
Mehmed Shakir Pasha
(b. 1855 - d. 1914)
Jul 1890 8 Sep
1891 Ahmed Cevad Pasha (1st
time) (b. 1851 - d.
1900)
8 Sep 1891 - 13 Aug 1894 Mahmud
Celaleddin Pasha
(s.a.)
13 Aug 1894 Mar 1895
Turhan Pasha Përmeti (1st time)
(b. 1839 - d. 1927)
Mar 1895 - 6 Mar
1896 Aleksandros Karatheodoris
Pasha (s.a.)
"Iskander Pasha" (2nd time)
6 Mar 1896 - 21 May 1896
Turhan Pasha Përmeti (2nd time) (s.a.)
21 May 1896 - 28 Jun 1896 Kölemen Abdullah
Pasha (b.
1846 - d. 1937)
28 Jun 1896 13 Feb 1897 Berovich Pasha
(b. 1845 d. 1897)
(= Geórgios Vérovits)
12 Feb 1897 - 26 May 1897 Timoléon
Vássos
(b. 1836 - d. 1929)
(commander of Greek expeditionary force)
13 Feb 1897 - 18 Feb 1897 Muşavir Ismail Bey
(acting)
18 Feb 1897 - 24 Jul 1897 Fotyadi
Karatodori
(= Fotiadi Karatheodorís)
24 Jul 1897 - 23 Jan 1898 Ahmed Cevad Pasha
(2nd time) (s.a.)
23 Jan 1898 - 29 Oct 1898 Edhem Pasha
(b. 1844 - d. 1909)
President of the Central Political Committee of Crete
3 Sep 1895 -
1896
Manoúsos Koúndouros (in rebellion) (b. 1860 -
d. 1933)
Chairman of the General Revolutionary Assembly
of the Cretans'
26 Jul 1896 - 17 Oct 1896 Kostarós "Kóstas"
Voloudákis (b. 1806 - d.
1900)
(in
rebellion)
President of the
Revolutionary Committee
17 Aug 1896 -
1897
Manoúsos Koúndouros
(s.a.)
(in rebellion)
Head of the Provisional Government of Chaniá
24 Jan 1897 - 3 Feb 1897 Antónios
Sífakas (in rebellion)
Chairmen of the International Council of
Admirals of the Great Powers
17 Feb 1897 - 5 Jun 1898 Felice
Napoleone Canevaro, (b.
1838 - d. 1926)
conte di Santandero (Italy)
5 Jun 1898 - 21 Dec 1898
Édouard Pottier (France)
(b. 1839 - d. 1903)
President of the Executive Commission of the Cretan
Assembly
20 Mar 1898 - 21 Dec 1898 Ioánnis
Konstantínou Sfakianákis (b. 1848 - d. 1924)
(Sphakianákis)
Supreme Plenipotentiary Commissioners of the Powers
21 Dec 1898 - 30 Sep 1906 prínkipas
Geórgios
(b.
1869 - d. 1959)
(=
Prince Georgios of Greece)
1 Oct 1906 - 30 Sep
1911 Aléxandros Thrasývoulou
Zaïmis (b. 1855 - d. 1936)
(left Crete on 24 Sep 1908)
1 Oct 1908 - Aug 1909
Antónios Michelidákis
(b. 1844 - d. 1923)
(president of executive committee; in
dissidence)
30 Sep 1911 - 30 May 1913 Vacant
2 Mar 1912 - 11 Oct 1912
Antónios Michelidákis
(s.a.)
(president of general committee; in
dissidence)
Governor-general
11 Oct 1912 - 30 May 1913 Stéfanos
Dragoúmis
(b. 1842 - d. 1923)
General Administrators of Crete
24 Oct 1912 - 21 Jun 1913 Stéfanos Dragoúmis
(b. 1842 - d. 1923)
21 Jun 1913 - 7 Oct 1913 Geórgios Ploumídis
(acting) (b.
1866 - d. 1913)
7 Oct 1913 - 29 Mar 1915 Loukás
Kanakáris-Roúfos
(b. 1878 - d. 1949)
Chairmen of the Cretan Assembly
26 Jun 1897 - Aug 1897 Ioánnis
Konstantínou Sfakianákis (s.a.)
(Sphakianákis) (1st time)
Aug 1897 - 16 Oct 1897
Elefthérios Kyriákou Venizélos (b.
1864 - d. 1936)
16 Oct 1897 - 20 Mar 1898 Ioánnis Konstantínou
Sfakianákis (s.a.)
(2nd time)
Chief ministers
23 Mar 1905 - 25 Nov 1905
Elefthérios Kyriákou Venizélos (s.a.)
(in dissidence, at Theríso)
(1st time)
26 Apr 1910 - 30 Aug 1910
Elefthérios Kyriákou Venizélos (s.a.)
(president of Executive Committee to 2 May 1910)
(2nd time)
Commanders-in-Chief of the International Forces in
Crete
15 Feb 1897 - 5 Jun 1898 Carlo
Amoretti
(Italy)
(b. 1846 - d. 1916)
5 Jun 1898 - 11 Aug 1898 Maurizio
Sartoris (Italy)
(b.
1844 - d. 19..)
11 Aug 1898 - 4 Jun 1899 René
Dominique Spitzer (France) (b. 1850 -
d. 1923)
4 Jun 1899 - 2 Jul 1899 Konstantin
Iosifovich Urbanovich (b. 1859 - d. 19..)
(Russia)
2 Jul 1899 - 28 Jun 1901 Georges
Alexis Marie Roger (b. 1849
- d. 1930)
d'Albignac (France)
28 Jun 1901 - 1 Jun 1904 Émile Honoré
Marius Barthélemy (b. 1856 - d.
1944)
Destelle (France)
4 Jun 1904 - 1 Feb 1905 Amedée
Léon Auguste Nicolas (b.
1851 - d. 1935)
(France)
28 Jan 1905 - Aug/Sep 1906 Lelio Benedetti
(Italy) (b.
1850 - d. 19..)
Aug/Sep 1906 - 27 Dec 1906 Jules Clément Ladislas
Lubanski (b. 1854 - d. 1906)
(France)
26 Dec 1906 - 28 Feb 1907 Konstantin
Konstantinovich
Otfinovskiy (Russia) (acting) (b. 1866
- d. 1964)
28 Feb 1907 - 31 Jul 1909 Louis Gabriel
Alexandre Delarue (b. 1852 - d. 1915)
(France)
German Military Commandants (Festung Kreta)
20 May 1941 - 31
May 1941 Kurt Arthur Bruno
Student
(b. 1890 - d. 1978)
9 Jun 1941
- 30 Aug 1942 Alexander
Andrae
(b. 1888 - d. 1979)
30 Aug 1942 - 31
Jun 1944 Bruno
Bräuer
(b. 1893 - d. 1947)
1 Jul 1944
- 13 Sep 1944 Friedrich Wilhelm
Müller
(b. 1897 - d. 1947)
13 Sep 1944
- 8 May 1945 Georg Benthack
(b. 1894 - d. 1973)
Italian Military
Commander (of 51st Infantry Division) in Lasíthi
(subordinated to the Commander of
Italian forces in Greece)
Jun 1941 - 9 Sep
1943 Angelico (Angelo)
Carta (b. 1886
- d. 19..)
| Map of the Ionian Islands |
Capital: Corfu (Kérkyra) (1799-1807, 1815-1864) --------------------------------- Hear Unofficial Anthem "Ýmnos eis tin Eleftherían" (Hymn to Freedom) 1828-1864 |
Constitutions (6 Nov 1800-1803, 27 Dec 1803-1807, [in Italian] & 1 Jan 1818-1864) |
Population: 236,000 (1864) ([1836] Corfu: 65,107; Cephalonia 63,197; Zante 35,348; Santa Maura 17,175; Ithaca 9,644; Cerigo 8,707; and Paxos 5,064) 200,000 (1807) 153,000 (1790) |
| Currency: 1815-1864 British Pound (GBP); and Obol (1819-1863); Gazeta (1801-1819) |
Exports: 1,315,000 GBP (1862) Imports: 1,273,000 GBP (1862) |
Ethnic
groups: Ionian Greek
93.6%, foreign (mainland Greek, British, Italian, Turkish) 6.1% (1836) |
|
| Total
British Armed Forces: 2,982 (1834); 11,000 Russian, 2,000 Ionian (Jan 1806) Merchant marine: c.400 (1860) |
Religions:
Greek Orthodox 97.3%, other Christian (mostly Roman Catholic) 1.4%, other (Jewish, Muslim) 1.3% (1879) |
||
| Ionian Dependencies |
28 May
1386
Ionian Islands become possessions of Venetian Republic.
21 Jul
1718
Greek mainland ports of Butrinto, Parga, Preveza, and
Vonitsa
formally ceded by Ottoman Empire to Venice by
Treaty of
Passarowitz.
28 Jun
1797
Occupied by France.
17 Oct
1797
Ceded to France by the Treaty of Campio Formio.
7 Nov
1797
Organized as départements of Corcyre
(Corfu), Ithaque
(Ithaca)
and Mer-Égée
(Aegean Sea).
Oct
1798
Russo-Ottoman occupation begins - Zante
occupied on 23 Oct 1798,
Ithaca on 25 Oct 1798, Cephalonia on
9 Nov 1798, and on 27 Nov
1798 Santa
Maura.
3 Mar
1799
End of French rule (on Corfu).
2 Apr 1800
Butrinto, Parga, Preveza
and Vonitsa ceded to the Ottoman Empire
by Russia.
2 Apr
1800
Septinsular State ("Eptanesian State"), formally the
Republic of
United
Seven Islands (Repubblica delle Sette
Isole Unite/Politeía
tón Eptá Enoménon Níson), from 1803 also
Septinsular Republic;
a joint
Russian-Ottoman protectorate.
20 Jul
1807
Ceded to France by Russia by the Treaty of Tilsit,
transferred
on 20
Aug 1807.
31 Aug 1807
Septinsular State accepts
the French rule.
13 Sep
1807
Annexed by France
(Îles Ioniennes [Iónia Nisiá])(composed
of
Corcyre, Céphalonie, Ithaque, Paxos, Sainte-Maure/Leucade,
Zante,
Anticythère, Antipaxos
and
on the mainland Parga).
16 Oct
1809
British occupy Zante, a few days later Cephalonia,
Ithaca,
and Cerigo.
6 Apr
1810
British occupy Santa Maura.
Mar
1814
British occupy the Paxos Islands.
26 Jun 1814
British occupy
Corfu.
5 Nov
1815
United States of the Ionian Islands (Henoménon Krátos
ton Ioníon
Níson/Stati
Uniti delle Isole Jonie)(a federal republic of
seven islands - Corfu [Kérkyra],
Cephalonia [Kefaloniá],
Zante [Zákynthos], Santa Maura [Lefkáda],
Ithaca [Itháki],
Cerigo [Kýthira] and Paxos [Paxoí]),
protectorate of the U.K.
in
accordance with a treaty between the U.K., Austria,
Russia,
and
Prussia concluded at Paris 5 Nov 1815, effective
upon the
exchange
of ratifications in London on 1 Feb 1816.
1 Jan 1818
Constitution (of 2 May 1817)
effective.
29 Mar 1864
U.K. consents to relinquish protectorate
over the Ionian Islands;
U.K., France and Russia recognize the union of the
Ionian Islands
with
Greece in accordance with a treaty between U.K., France,
Russia,
and Greece concluded at London 29 Mar 1864.
2 Jun
1864
Incorporation into Greece (from 8 Dec 1864 as nomós
[prefectures]
of Kérkyra [with Paxoí],
Kefallinía, Lefkáda [with Itháki],
and
Zákynthos [with Kýthira
until separated
1868]; from 1 Jan
2011,
part of Iónioi Nísoi periféreia
[Ionian Islands
region]).
31 Aug 1923 - 17 Sep
1923 Corfu occupied by Italy during the "Corfu
Incident."
28 Mar 1941 - 8 Sep
1943 Ionian Islands (Isole Jonie) occupied
by Italy (in Cephalonia from
1 May
1941), except Kythira which is occupied by
Germany.
8 Sep 1943 - 12 Oct
1944 All Islands occupied by Germany (Corfu 25 Sep
1943 - 10 Oct 1944).
Venetian General Superintendents
of the Sea (for Islands of the Levant)
(title Provveditori generali
da Mar)
1701 - 1705
Daniele IV Dolfin (1st time)
(b. 1656 - d. 1729)
1705 - 1708
Francesco Grimani
1708 - 1711
Alvise Mocenigo III
(b. 1662 - d. 1732)
1711 - 1714
Agostino Sagredo
1714 - fall
1715
Daniele IV Dolfin (2nd time)
(s.a.)
1715 -
1718
Andrea Pisani
1718 - 1721
Zorzi Pasqualigo
1721 - 1724
Andrea Corner
1724 - 1727
Francesco Correr
1717 - 1730
Marcantonio Diedo
1730 - 1733
Nicolò Erizzo
1733 - 1736
Pietro Vendramin
1736 - 1739/40
Zorzi Grimani
1740 - 1743
Antonio Loredan
1743 - 1746
Daniele V Dolfin
1746 - 1749
Marin Antonio Cavalli
1749 - 1752
Giovan Battista Vitturi
1752 - 1755
Agostino Sagredo
1755 - 1758
Gerolamo Querini
1758 - 1761
Francesco Grimani
1761 - 1764
Alvise Contarini
1764 - 1767
Antonio Marino Priuli
1767 - 1770
Andrea Donà
1770 - 1773
Pier Antonio Querini
1773 - 1776
Antonio Renier
1776 - 1779
Giacomo Nani
1779 - 1782
Giacomo Gradenigo
1782 - 1784
Alvise Foscari
1784 - 1785
Foscarino Gradenigo
1785 - 7 Dec 1787
Nicolò Marcantonio Èrizzo
(b. 1723 - d. 1787)
1788 -
1791
Francesco Falier
1791 - 1794
Angelo Memmo
(b. 1745 - d. 1828
Nov 1794 - Jun 1797
Carlo Aurelio Widmann
(b. 1750 - d. 1799)
(= Graf Carl Aurelius Widmar)
French Military Commanders
28 Jun 1797 - Nov
1797 Antoine Bonavinta Gentili
(b. 1743 - d. 1798)
Nov 1797 - 29 Dec 1797
Jean Jacques Bernardin Colaud de
(b. 1759 - d. 1834)
La Salcette (acting)
29 Dec 1797 - Dec
1798 Louis François Jean
Chabot
(b. 1757 - d. 1837)
Commissioners-general of
the Départements Français de Grèce
28 Jun 1797 - Nov
1797 Antoine Vincent
Arnault
(b. 1766 - d. 1834)
Nov 1797 - 29 Dec
1797 Jean Jacques Bernardin
Colaud de (s.a.)
La Salcette
(acting)
29 Dec 1797 - 17 Jul 1798 Louis François
Jean Chabot (acting) (s.a.)
17 Jul 1798 - Sep 1798
Pierre-Jacques Bonhomme de Comeyras (b. c.1750
- d. 1798)
11 Oct 1798 - 3 Mar
1799 François Louis Esprit
Dubois
(b. 1758 - d. 1828)
Russian Military
Commanders
23 Oct 1798 17
Jun 1800 Fyodor Fyodorovich
Ushakov
(b. 1744 - d. 1817)
(commander-in-chief in Mediterranean Sea
1798-1800)
Aug 1799 Jan 1800
Nikolay Aleksandrovich Tizengauzen
(d. af.1818)
(Tiesenhausen)(acting
for absent Ushakov)
Russian Commissioners
Jun 1800 - Aug 1802
Liberan Panayotovich
Benaki (b.
1751 - d. 1820)
(Russian consul-general 1783-1810;
de facto Commissioner)
20 Aug 1802 - 20 Aug 1807 Graf Georgiy
Dmitriyevich Mochenigo (b. 1762 - d. 1839)
(=
Geórgios kómis
Motsenígos)
French Governors-general
31 Aug 1807 - 28 Mar
1808 Louis César Gabriel Berthier
(b. 1765 - d.
1819)
28 Mar 1808
- 5 Nov 1815 François Xavier, comte de
Donzelot (b. 1764 - d. 1843)
Imperial Commissioners
(for civil affairs)
13 Nov 1807 - 1 May 1810 Henri Géraud Julien
Bessières (b. 1777 d.
1840)
May 1810 - Jun 1814 Mathieu
Maximilien Prosper de Lesseps(b. 1771 d. 1832)
British Civil Commissioners
16 Oct 1809 - Feb
1811 John Oswald (commander to
1810) (b. 1771 - d. 1840)
Feb 1811 - Dec 1811
Richard Church
(b. 1784 - d. 1873)
Dec 1811 - 1813
George
Airey
(b. 1761 - d. 1833)
30 Apr 1813 - 17
Feb 1816 Sir James Campbell
(b.
1763 - d. 1819)
17 Feb 1816 - 31 Mar 1816 Sir
Thomas
Maitland
(b. 1759 - d. 1824)
Lord High Commissioners¹
(Lord
Mégas Armostís/Lord Alto Commissionario)
31 Mar 1816 - 17 Jan 1824 Sir Thomas
Maitland
(s.a.)
7 Jan 1824 - 2 Jun 1832 Sir
Frederick
Adam
(b. 1781 - d. 1853)
(acting [for absent Maitland
to 17 Jan 1824] to 10 Apr 1824)
28 Apr 1832 - 1 Dec 1832 Sir
Alexander George
Woodford (b.
1782 - d. 1870)
(1st time)(acting [for absent Adam to
2 Jun 1832])
1 Dec 1832 - 23 Feb 1835
George Nugent Grenville, Baron
(b. 1788 - d. 1850)
Nugent of Carlanstown, in the
County of Westmeath
23 Feb 1835 - 29 Apr 1835
Sir Alexander George
Woodford
(s.a.)
(2nd time) (acting)
29 Apr 1835 - 8 Jun 1841
Sir Howard Douglas, Baronet
(b.
1776 - d. 1861)
8 Jun 1841 - 17 Feb 1843
James Alexander Stewart Mackenzie (b.
1784 - d. 1843)
15 Sep 1842 - 1 Apr
1843 Sir George Henry Frederick Berkeley (b.
1785 - d. 1857)
(acting [for absent Mackenzie to
17 Feb 1843])
1 Apr 1843 - 2 Jun 1849 John
Colborne, Baron Seaton
of (b. 1778 - d.
1863)
Seaton, in the County of Devon
2 Jun 1849 - 13 Apr 1855 Sir Henry
George
Ward
(b. 1797 - d. 1860)
13 Apr 1855 - 25 Jan
1859 Sir John Young, Baronet
(b. 1807 - d. 1876)
25 Jan 1859 - 17 Feb
1859 William Ewart
Gladstone
(b. 1809 - d. 1898)
(High Commissioner Extraordinary 26 Nov 1858 - 25
Jan 1859)
17 Feb 1859 - 2 Jun 1864 Sir Henry Knight
Storks
(b. 1811 - d. 1874)
Head of Civil Affairs
1 Jun 1941 - 11 Sep 1943 Piero
Parini (Italy)
(b. 1894 - d. 1993)
President
1797 - 1798
Carlo Aurelio Widmann
(s.a.)
Presidents of the Senate (also heads
of state from 2 Apr 1800)
(Greek with Italian names in parentheses)
6 May 1799 - 2 Apr 1800
Ángelos Órios (Angelo Orio)
(d. 1829)
2 Apr 1800 - 24 Nov
1803 Spyrídon Geórgiou
Theotókis
(b. 1722 - d. 1803)
(Spiridione
Giorgio Teotochi)
(acting for absent Orios from Oct/Nov 1799)
24 Nov 1803 - 19 Dec 1803 .... (acting)
19 Dec 1803 - 31 Aug 1807 Antónios
Dimitríou kómis Komoútos
(b. 1748 - d. 1833)
(Antonio, conte Comuto)
Presidents of the Senate of Corfu
1807 - 1815
Emmanouíl Efstathíou
Theotókis (b. 1777 - d.
1837)
(from 1812, varónos Emmanouíl Efstathíou
Theotókis)
(Emmanuele, barone Teotochi)
(1st time)
1815 -
1816
Andréas
Sordínas (acting)
(Andrea Sordina)
1816 - 1 Jan 1818
varónos
Emmanouíl Efstathíou
(s.a.)
Theotókis
(2nd time)
Presidents of the Senate
(Greek with Italian names in
parentheses)
(Próedros tis Voulís [from 1850, Próedros tis
Gerousías]/Presidente del Senato)
1 Jan 1818 - 3 Mar 1823 varónos
Emmanouíl Efstathíou
(s.a.)
Theotókis (2nd time)
(from 18 Nov 1818, Sir Emmanuele Teotochi)
3 Mar 1823 - 4 Mar 1828 Marínos
Végias (Marino Veja)
(b. 1770 - d. 18..)
(from 15 Oct 1825, Sir Marino Veja)
4 Mar 1828 - 30 Dec 1832 Dimítrios
Nikoláou kómis Foskárdis (b. 1771 - d.
1832)
(Demetrio, conte Foscardi)
28 Aug 1830 - 4 Mar 1833 varónos
Emmanouíl Efstathíou
(s.a.)
Theotókis
(3rd time)
(acting [for Foskárdis
to 30 Dec 1832] to 2 Jan 1833)
4 Mar 1833 - 1 Mar 1839 Spyrídon
Víktor Georgíou kómis (b. 1788 - d.
1855)
Voúlgaris
(Spiridione Vittore, conte Bulgari)
1 Mar 1839 - 24 Aug 1842
Pétros-Pávlos Dimitríou
(b. 1792 - d. 1849)
Petritsópoulos (1st
time)
(Sir Pietro Petrizzopulo)
24 Aug 1842 - 21 Feb 1843 Dimítrios
Gerasímou kómis
(b. 1783 - d. 1844)
Dalladétsimas
(Demetrio, conte Dalla Decima)
21 Feb 1843 - 3 Mar 1845 Pétros-Pávlos
Dimitríou
(s.a.)
Petritsópoulos (2nd
time)
3 Mar 1845 - 20 Mar 1850 Spyrídon
Fokás Stefános
(b. 1786 - d. 1866)
(Spiridione Focca Stefano)
(from 31 May 1847, Sir Spiridione
Focca Stefano)
20 Mar 1850 - 26 Feb 1852 Dimítrios
Nikoláou kómis Salamón (b.
1785 - d. 1883)
(Demetrio, conte Salamon)
(from 7 Sep 1850, Sir Demetrio,
conte Salamon)
26 Feb 1852 - 16 Feb 1857 Geórgios-Kandianós
Dionysíou kómis (b. 1796 - d. 1867)
Rómas (Sir
Giorgio-Candiano, conte Roma)
16 Feb 1857 - 3 Mar 1862 Aléxandros
Damaskinós
(Sir Alessandro Damaschinò)
3 Mar 1862 - 2 Jun 1864
Dimítrios Nikoláou kómis
Karoúsos (b. 1799 - d. 1873)
(Sir Demetrio, conte Caruso)
Noble titles: former Venetian grants
and are translated as follows Greek/Italian:
Kómis/Conte
= Count; Varónos (Barónos)/Barone
= Baron
¹The full styles as found in
the proclamations made by Lords High Commissioners
include:
(a)(Douglas): "Lord High Commissioner
of Her Majesty in the United States of Ionian Islands";
(b)(Stewart Mackenzie): "Lord High
Commissioner of Her Majesty the Protecting Sovereign in
the Ionian Islands";
(c)(Berkeley): "Lord High
Commissioner of Her Majesty in and for the United States
of the Ionian Islands, during the absence of His
Excellency the Right Honorable James Alexander Stewart
Mackenzie";
(d)(Seaton, Ward, Young): "Lord High
Commissioner of Her Majesty the Protecting Sovereign in
the United States of the Ionian Islands";
(e)(Gladstone, Storks): "Lord High Commissioner of Her
Majesty the Protecting Sovereign in and for the United
States of the Ionian Islands."
Dodecanese Islands and Rhodes (Dodekánisa)
|
Map of the Dodecanese Islands |
Capital: Rodi (Ródos) (Rhodes) |
Currency: 1912-1945 Italian Lira (ITL) |
Population: 132,289 (1938) |
| GDP: N/A |
Exports: $800,000 (1933) Imports: $2.5 million (1933) |
Ethnic
groups: Greek 53%,
Italian (1940); Greek 91%, Turkish 6%, Jewish 2%, Italian 1% (1920) |
|
| Total
Italian Armed Forces: 40,000 (1942) Merchant marine: N/A |
Religions:
Greek Orthodox, Roman Catholic, Muslim, Jewish |
||
| Kastellorizo |
357 BC - 332 BC
Part of the Persian Empire.
332 BC - 323 BC
Rhodes part of Macedonia under Alexander "the Great."
280
BC
Colossus of Rhodes (Kolossòs Rhódios) built to celebrate
victory
over Antigonus I.
c.200 BC - c.167
BC Part of
(Second) Nesiotic League (koinon tón
nesintón),
under the
leadership of Rhodes.
200 BC - 164 BC
Rhodes a client-state of Rome.
42 BC
Rhodes is sacked by Roman
general Cassius Longinus.
164 BC - 17 Jan 395 AD Rhodes part of
the Roman Empire (167 BC Rhodian Peraia ceded to
Rome; in 297 AD Rhodes part of Provincia
Insularum).
17 Jan
395
Rhodes part of Eastern Roman
(Byzantine) Empire.
654 - 654
Arab occupation of Rhodes.
673 - 679/80
Arab occupation of Rhodes.
c.1090 - c.1095
Rhodes occupied by the Seljuk Turks.
1204 - 1248
Lordship of the Cyclades under the Gavalás
(Gabalas) dynasty
vassals
Venetian protectorate 1234-46, then vassals of
the
Empire of Nicaea.
1248 -
1250
Rhodes occupied by Genoa.
1250 - 1261
Part of
the Empire of Nicaea.
1261 - 1309
Ruled by lords as vassals of the
Eastern Roman (Byzantine) Empire.
27 May 1306
Vignolo de' Vignoli sells his claim
to Rhodes, Kos and Leros to the
rder of Knights of St. John Hospitaller of Jerusalem.
5 Sep 1307
Pope issues an act confirming
the Hospitallers' possession of the
island of Rhodes.
15 Aug 1309
Rhodes taken by Order of Knights of St.
John Hospitaller of
Jerusalem (Feraklos Castle 20 Sep 1306,
Philerimos [Filerimos]
falls 1310).
15 Aug
1310
Knights Hospitaller move to island of Rhodes (Knights of
St. John
Hospitaller of Jerusalem and Rhodes [Ordo Sacrae
Domus Hospitalis
Sancti Ioannis Hierosolymitani]).
10 Aug 1444 - 18 Sep 1444 Egypian Mamluke
Sultanate siege of Rhodes.
23 May 1480 - 17 Aug 1480 Ottoman siege of Rhodes.
28 Jul 1522 - 24 Dec 1522 Ottoman siege of Rhodes.
24 Dec
1522
Part of the Ottoman
Empire.
1533
Part of Eyalet of Djeza'ir-i
Bahr-i Sefid ("Islands of the
White Sea", but usually translated as "the Archipelago"
or the
"Islands" in western sources) the government-general of
the
Archipelago was under directly under the Kapudan
Pasha
("Great Captain") and consisted of: some
coastal provinces of
Anatolia and Greece (Attica, Aetolia-Acarnania, Boeotia,
Euboea),
nearly
all of the Ottoman Mediterranean islands - except Crete
-
and some regions in northern Africa like
Algiers and Alexandria;
however
by 1912 only Limri (Límnos [Lemnos]), Midillu
(Lésvos
[Lesbos]), Rodos (Ródos [Rhodes]),
Sakiz (Chíos), Kastellorizo,
and nominally Kıbrıs (Kýpros [Cyprus]) &
Sesam (Sámos) remained.
Jan
1849
End of special status: Vilayet
(province) of Djeza'ir-i Bahr-i
Sefid.
1908
Last vestiges of the old local privileges are finally
abolished.
27 Apr
1912
Italy begins occupation of the Dodecanese Islands.
6 May
1912
Italian occupies Rhodes.
19 May
1912
Italian occupation Rhodes and the Dodecanese Islands
completed
(Karpathos, Kalimnos, Leros, Nisiros, Patmos, Astipalaia,
Kasos, Khalki, Tilos, Lipsos, and from Oct 1912 Kastellorizo).
17 Jun
1912
"Aegean State" is proclaimed by delegates meeting on
Patmos,
who favor union with Greece, Italian authorities
reject it.
18 Oct 1912
Treaty of Lausanne
allows the Italian occupation to continue
until all terms of the treaty are met, then
islands are to
be restored to Ottoman rule.
26 Apr
1915
Italian control recognized by the Allies.
29 Apr
1919
Dodecanese Islands inhabitants vote for union with Greece
in a
plebiscite which is not recognized by Italy.
1919 -
1920
Government of Rhodes and Kastellorizo (Governo di
Rodi e
Castellorizo).
1920
Royal Government of Rhodes (Reale Governo di Rodi).
10 Aug
1920
Treaty of Sèvres with Ottoman Empire agrees
recognize full Italian
sovereignty over the islands (not ratified).
1920 - 1921
Royal Government of
Rhodes and of Kastellorizo (Reale Governo di
Rodi e di Castellorizo).
1921 -
1923
Royal Government of Rhodes and Kastellorizo and of the
other Twelve
Occupied Islands (Reale
Governo di Rodi e Castellorizo e delle
altre dodici islole occupate).
24 Jul
1923
Turkey formally recognizes Italian sovereignty in the
Treaty of
Lausanne. Italy formally annexes the islands as
Possedimenti
Italiani delle isole dell'Egeo
(Italian Aegean Islands
Possessions).
1923 -
1925
Government of
Rhodes and Dependent Islands (Governo
di Rodi e Isole
dipendenti).
1925 - 1929
Government of the Aegean Islands (Governo
delle Isole Egee).
1929
Government of the Italian Aegean Islands (Governo
delle Isole
Italiane dell'Egeo).
8 Sep 1943 - 7 May 1945
British occupy Kastellorizo Island.
11 Sep 1943 - 7 May 1945 German occupation
(from Sep 1943, [nominally] under Italian
Social Republic administration).
15 Sep 1943 - 4 Oct 1943
British occupation of Cos (Kós) Island.
7 May 1945 - 31 Mar 1947 British
administration.
10 Feb 1947
Formally ceded to Greece by Italy in
Treaty of Paris (ratified by
Greece
22 Oct 1947).
15 Sep
1947
Greek military administration.
9 Jan
1948
Incorporated into Greece (retroactive to 28 Oct 1947; as
General
Administration of the Dodecanese [Genikí Dioíkisis
Dodekanísou];
from 23 Apr 1955, as Dodecanese prefecture [Dodekánisa
nomós];
from 2011, part of North Aegean region [Nótio Aigaío
periféreia]).
Caesar, Lord of Rhodes and the Cyclades
1204 -
c.1240
Léone Gavalás (Leone Gabalas) (b.
c.1203 d. c.1240)
Lord of Rhodes
c.1240 - 1248
Ioánnis Gavalás (Giovanni Gabalas)
Despot
1261 - 1274/75
Ioánnis "Doúkas" Palaiológos
(b. c.1225 - d. 1274/75)
Lords of the Dodecanese
1278 - 1282
Giovanni de lo Cavo (de Capite)
1282 - 1308
Andrea Morisco
(b. 12.. - d.
1308)
+ Lodovico Morisco
1307 -
1309
Vignolo dei Vignòli (claminant) (d. c.1315)
Grand masters of the Order of Knights of
St. John Hospitaller
15 Aug 1309 - 21 Dec 1522
the Grand Masters
Walis (governors) of Djeza'ir-i (Cezair)
Bahr-i-Sefid
Jan 1849 - Aug
1849 Kirimli
Musa Safveti Pasha (b.
1805 - d. 1865)
Aug 1849 Jul
1851 Sarayli
Mehmed Ragib Pasha
Jul 1851 Oct 1852
Gürcü Damad Halil Rifat
Pasha (b. c.1795 - d. 1856)
Oct 1852 - Jan
1855
Tepedenlizade Ismail Rahmi Pasha
Jan 1855 - Dec
1856 Çürüksulu
Mahmud Hamdi Pasha
Jun 1857 - May
1859
Serhaliezade Salih Vamiq Pasha
May 1859 - Jun
1860 Kayserili
Ahmed Pasha (1st time) (b. 1796 - d.
1878)
Jan 1860 Feb 1863
Ahmed Ataullah
Bey
(b. 1810 d. 1877)
Feb 1863 - Jan
1864
Mektubizade Osman Rashid Pasha (b. 1802 - d.
1880)
Jan 1864 - Dec
1866 Mehmed
Çemaleddin Pasha
Dec 1866 - Jun
1867 Hüseyin
Hüsnü Pasha
(d. 1877)
Jun 1867 - Jun
1873 Kayserili
Ahmed Pasha (2nd time) (s.a.)
Jun 1873 - Dec
1873
Manastirli Mehmed Nazif Pasha
Dec 1873 - Feb
1874 Kücük
ömer Fevzi Pasha (b.
1818 - d. 1878)
Feb 1874 - Feb
1877 Morali
Ibrahim Halil Pasha
(b. 1818 - d. 1889)
Feb 1877 - May
1878 Ioánnis
(Yanaki) Savas Pasha (b. 1832 -
d. 1904)
May 1878 - Jun
1881 Karavezir
Mehmed Sadik Pasha (b. 1825 - d.
1901)
Jun 1881 - Apr
1882 Kürt
Mehmed Said
Pasha
(b. 1834 - d. 1907)
Apr 1882 - Jun
1883 Rashid
Nashid Pasha
(d. 1888)
Jun 1883 - Feb
1884
Manastirli Mehmed Nazif Pasha
Mar 1884 - Sep
1885 Ismail
Hakki
Pasha
(b. 1818 - d. 1897)
Sep 1885 Feb
1886 Abdullah
Galib Pasha
(b. 1829 - d. 1905)
Feb 1886 - Dec
1893 Arnavud
Mehmed Akif Pasha (b. 1822 -
d. 1893)
Dec 1893 - Mar
1906 Prevezeli
Abidin Pasha Dino (b. 1843
- d. 1906)
Mar 1906 - Aug
1908 Hüseyin
Nazim Pasha
(b. 1848 - d. 1913)
Sep 1908 - Nov
1910 Bolayir
Ali Ekrem
Pasha
(d. 1867 - d. 1937)
(1st time)
Dec 1910 - Oct 1911
Ibrahim Selim Susa Efendi
Oct 1911 - 6 May
1912 Ali Subhi Bey
(b. 1860 - d. 1943)
Aug
1912
Bolayir Ali Ekrem Pasha
(s.a.)
(2nd time)
Italian Commanders
(of 31 Divisione -
Distaccamento "speciale" di Bomba to 1912; Corpo
di Spedizione
nell'Egeo - 6 Divisione Speciale
1912-14; Corpo d'Occupazione dell'Egeo
1914-19;
Corpo d'Occupazione del Mediterraneo Orientale
1919-20)
5 May 1912 - 14 Oct 1913 Giovanni Battista
Ameglio (b. 1854 - d. 1921)
15 Oct 1913 - 8 Nov 1913
Ferruccio Trombi (interim) (b. 1858
- d. 1915)
9 Nov 1913 - 26 Apr 1914
Francesco Marchi
(b. 1860 - d. 19..)
27 Apr 1914 - 26 May 1917 Giovanni Croce
(provisional to 3 Aug 1914)
1 Nov 1916 - 24 Dec 1916
Amilcare Boyancè (acting for Croce)
27 May 1917 - 15 Dec 1919 Vittorio Elia
(b. 1859 - d. 1944)
15 Dec 1919 - 6 Aug 1920
Achille Porta
(b. 1868 - d.
1953)
Governors of
(Rhodes to 1920; Rhodes and of
Kastellorizo 1920-21; Rhodes &
Kastellorizo and of the Other Occupied
Dodecanese Islands; 1925-29 Aegean
Islands; from 1929 Italian Aegean
Islands)
7
Aug 1920 - 16 Sep 1920 Conte Carlo Senni (interim)
(b. 1879 - d. 1946)
17 Sep 1920 - 16 Aug 1921 Felice
Maissa
(b. 1850 - d. 1927)
17 Aug 1921 - 15 Nov 1922
Alessandro, conte De Bosdari (b. 1867
- d. 1929)
14 Nov 1922 - 17 Feb 1923 Ugo
Sabetta
(interim)
(b. 1882 - d. 1952)
18 Feb 1923 - 27 Nov 1936 Mario
Lago
(b. 1878 - d. 1950)
2 Dec 1936 - 27 Nov 1940
Cesare Maria De Vecchi, conte (b. 1884 - d.
1959)
di Val Cismon
28 Nov 1940 - 13 Dec 1940
Attilio Bazzani
(interim) (b.
1894 - d. 19..)
14 Dec 1940 - 14 Jul 1941 Ettore
Bastico
(b. 1876 - d. 1972)
15 Jul 1941 - 18 Sep 1943 Inigo
Campioni
(b. 1878 - d. 1944)
18 Sep 1943 - 7 May 1945 Igino Ugo
Faralli (vice governor)(b. 1889 - d. 1957)
German Military Commanders
8 Sep 1943 - 20 Sep 1944
Ulrich
Kleemann
(b. 1892 - d. 1963)
(Sturm-Division Rhodos)
20 Sep 1944 - 5 May 1945
Otto Wilhelm Heinrich Wagener (b. 1888 - d.
1971)
(Ost-Ägäis und zum Militärgouverneur der
Inselgruppe Dodekanes)
British Chief Administrators, Dodecanese
May 1945 - Jul 1945
George Mayne Moffat
(b. 1890 - d. 1970)
May 1945 - Oct
1945 Peter
Bevil Edward
Acland (b.
1902 - d. 1993)
(deputy chief civil affairs officer to 31
Jul 1945)
Oct 1945 - Nov
1946 Charles
Henry Gormley
(b. 1904 - d. 1969)
Nov 1946 - 31 Mar 1947
Arthur Stanley Parker
Greek Military Governor
31 Mar 1947 - 19 Apr 1948
Periklís Ioannídis
(b. 1881 - d. 1965)
General Administrator
15 May 1948 - 1950
Nikólaos
Mavrís
(b. 1899 - d. 1978)
![[Historical flag of
Kastellórizo 1821 (Greece)]](http://www.worldstatesmen.org/gr_kast.gif "[Historical
flag of Kastellórizo 1821 (Greece)]")
1821
1306 - 1440
Possession of Order of Knights of the Hospital of Saint
John
of
Jerusalem (Knights of Saint John, later Knights of
Malta).
1440 -
1450
Egyptian occupation.
1450 - 1512
Possession of the Kingdom of Naples
(Castelrosso).
1512
Part of the Ottoman
Empire (part of Eyalet of
Djeza'ir-i
Bahr-i Sefid).
1570 - 1571
Venetian occupation.
22 Sep 1659 - 1660
Venetian
occupation.
1828 -
1833
Under Greek control during the Greek War of
Independence.
Oct 1912 - 14 Mar 1913
Italian occupation (see Dodecanese
Islands).
14 Mar 1913 - 1 Aug 1913
Autonomous under local provisional government.
1 Aug 1913 - 28 Dec
1915 Greek administration (subordinate to Samos).
28 Dec 1915 - 1 Mar 1921 Occupied
by France (Castellorizo).
1 Mar 1921
Italian administration (Castelrosso/Castellorizo).
11 Jul
1922
Part of the Italian Dodecanese Islands.
24 Jul 1923
Turkey recognizes Italian possession
of Kastellorizo.
25 Feb 1941 - 28 Feb 1941 British
occupation.
8 Sep 1943 - 15 Sep 1947
British occupation.
15 Sep 1947 - 9 Jan
1948 Greek administration.
9 Jan
1948
Incorporated into Greece (named Megísti, part of
Dodekánisa nomós).
1828 - 1833 Five member council (Demogerontia)
Administrator
14 Mar 1913 - 1 Aug 1913 Ioánnis Lakérdis
Greek Governors
1 Aug 1913 - Feb 1914 Vasíleios Tzavéllas
1914 - Sep 1914 Kóstas Stavrákis
Feb 1915 - 28 Dec 1915 Odysseús Orologás (Horologás)
French Military Governor
28 Dec 1915 - 16 Jan 1916 Marie-Aymar-Guillaume d'Adhemar (b. 1867 - d. 1945)
de Cransac
French Governors
17 Jan 1916 - 18 Jul 1917 Henri-Marie Bourdoncle de (b. 1872 - d. 1960)
Saint-Salvy
18 Jul 1917 - 14 Jul 1919 Charles Auguste Joseph Le Camus (b. 1875 - d. 1944)
11 Aug 1919 - 1 Mar 1921 Raymond Antoine Terme (b. 1889 - d. 19..)
Italian Military Governor
1 Mar 1921 - 1 Jul 1922 Francesco "Franco" Quentin-Terzo
(interim)
Other
Aegean Sea Islands
Hydra (Ýdra)
![[Historical flag of Hydra,
1821 (Greece)]](http://www.worldstatesmen.org/gr_hydra.gif "[Historical flag of Hydra, 1821
(Greece)]")
1566
Part of Ottoman Empire (part
of Eyalet of Rumelia; from
1661,
Eyalet of Morea).
1802
Hydra (Ýdra) Island semi-autonomous (within
Eyalet of Morea).
24 Jun 1807 - Sep 1807 Russian
administration subordinated to Admiral Dmitriy Senyavin.
16 Apr
1821
Rebellion beings during the Greek War of Independence.
15 Nov
1821
Subordinated to the Senate of East Greece (see above).
24 Jan
1822
Incorporated into Greece (1828-1833 part of Western
Sporades
[Dytikón
Sporádon] department; 1833-1929 prefecture of Argolídos
kaí
Korinthías [1899-1909 Argolída]; 1929-1947 Attica
prefecture;
1947-1994 Peiraiós; 1994-2011 Athinón-Peiraiós; from
2011,
part of Attikí region).
Dec 1829
Local autonomy ended.
May 1831 - Feb
1832 Local
rebellion supporting autonomy.
Governors
27 Dec 1802 - 24 Jun 1807 Geórgios
Voúlgaris (1st time) (b. 1769
- d. 1812)
24 Jun 1807 - Sep 1807 Lázaros
Kountouriótis (1st time) (b. 1769 - d. 1852)
Sep 1807 - 1807
Geórgios Voúlgaris (2nd
time) (s.a.)
1807 - 12 Jun
1808 the
Primates (Elders)
12 Jun 1808 -
1811 Geórgios
Voúlgaris (3rd time) (s.a.)
1811 - 23 Aug
1812 Oligarchic
Council (12 members)
- Geórgios Voúlgaris
(s.a.)
- Nikólaos Tompázis
- Lázaros Kountouriótis
(s.a.)
- Dimítrios Kriezís
- Dimítrios Tsamadós
- et al.
23 Aug 1812 - 30 Mar 1821 Nikólaos
Kokovílas
(d. 1821)
30 Mar 1821 - 22 May 1821 Antónis Oikonómou
(b. 1775 - d. 1821)
22 May 1821 - Dec 1829
Lázaros Kountouriótis (2nd time) (s.a.)
May 1831 - Feb
1832 "Constitutional
Committee"
(in rebellion)
- Geórgios Andréa Kountouriótis (b. 1782 - d.
1858)
- Andréas Vókos Miaoúlis (b.
1768 - d. 1835)
- V. Bountoúris (Boudoúris)
- Antónios Kriezís
(b. 1796 - d. 1865)
- Nikólaos Oikonómou
- Dimítrios Voúlgaris
(b. 1802 - d. 1878)
- M. Tompázis
![[Flag of Free State of
Ikaria, 1912 (Greece)]](http://www.worldstatesmen.org/gr_ikar.gif "[Flag of Free State of
Ikaria, 1912 (Greece)]")
1325 - 1481
Possession of Genoa.
1481 - 1522
Possession of the Knights
of St. John Hospitaller of Jerusalem.
Dec 1522
Part of the Ottoman Empire
(from 1533, part of the Eyalet
Djeza'ir-i Bahr-i Sefid).
May 1821 - Jul 1830
Administered by Greece (part of Eastern
Sporades [Anatolikón
Sporádon] department).
17 Jul 1912
Ottoman garrison expelled.
18 Jul
1912
Free State of Icaria (Elévthera Politeía
Ikarías) declared.
14 Aug
1912
Neighboring island of Foúrnoi also liberated
by Ikaría.
4 Nov
1912
Occupied by Greece.
24 Jun
1913
Formally annexed to Greece (part of Sámos prefecture [nomós]).
10 May 1941 - Jun 1941 German occupation
Jun 1941 - 10 Sep 1943 Italian occupation.
10 Sep 1943 - 18 Nov 1943 British occupation.
18 Nov 1943 - 11 Sep 1944 German occupation.
18 Jul 1912 - 4 Nov 1912 Ioánnis Malachías (b. 1880 - d. 1958)
Naxos and Cyclades (Náxos)
Jun
1204
Duchy of the Archipelago (Ducato dell'arcipelago)(Náxos,
Thíra
[Thera],
Mílos [Melos], Dílos [Delos],
and Cyclades), a fief,
first of the Kingdom of Thessaly, then from
1207 of Venetian
Republic. Sometimes referred to as the Duchy of Naxos (Ducato
di
Nasso) or the Duchy of the Aegean (Ducato
dell'Egeo).
1207 - Mar 1383
Under the Sanudo
dynasty.
1248 -
1310
Duchy nominally granted to Guillaume de Villehardouin,
Prince of
Achaea. Marco II Sanudo loses many of the
islands, except Naxos
and Paros, to the forces of the renewed
Byzantine Empire under
the admiral Licario.
1383 - 1566
Under the Crispo dynasty.
1537
Mykonos
(Mýkonos), Amorgos (Amorgós),
Anaphi (Anáfi), Astropalia
(Astypálaia), and Seriphus (Sérifos)
are seized by the
Ottoman Empire.
1537 - 1566
Duchy of Naxos a
tributary to the Ottoman Empire.
1566
Naxos, Andros (Ándros), and
Ceo (Kéa) part of the Ottoman Empire
(part of Eyalet of
Djeza'ir-i Bahr-i Sefid).
1617
Pholegandros (Folégandros),
Siphnos (Sífnos), and Thermia
(Kýthnos)
taken by the Ottomans.
8 Jun
1715
Tinos (Tínos) is taken by
the Ottomans.
Oct 1770
Russian occupation of
the Cyclades (from Feb 1771, provisionally
and informally styled "Grand Principality
of the Archipelago").
21 Jul 1774
Ottoman Empire rule
restored by the Peace of Küçük Kaynarca
(Kuchuk Kainarji), Russians evacuate
3 Jun 1775.
24 Jan
1822
Incorporated into Greece (divided into Central Cyclades,
Northern
Cyclades, and Western [Southern]
Cyclades departments 1828-1833;
1833-2011
as
Cyclades prefecture [nomós Kykládon];
from 2011,
part South Aegean [Voreío Aigaío] region [periféreia]).
Dukes of the Archipelago (title Duca
dell'arcipelago)
1204 - 1227
Marco I
(b. c.1153 - d. 1227?)
1224 -
1262
Angelo
(d.
1262)
1262 - 1303
Marco II
(d. c.1303)
1303 -
1323
Guglielmo
I
(d. c.1223)
1323 - 1341
Niccolò
I
(d. 1341)
1341 -
1362
Giovanni I
(d. 1362)
1362 - 1371
Fiorenza I Sanudo (f) -Duchess (d.
1371)
1364 -
1371
Niccolò II dalle Carceri
(d. af.1374)
(co-ruler)
1371 - Mar
1383
Niccolò III dalle Carceri
(d. 1383)
Mar 1383 -
1397
Francesco I
(d. 1397)
1383 -
13..
Fiorenza II Sanudo (f) -Regent
1397 - 1418
Giacomo I
(b. 1383 - d. 1418)
1418 -
1433
Giovanni II
(b. 1388 - d.
1433)
1433 -
1447
Giacomo II
(b. 1426 - d.
1447)
1433 - 1444
Francesca Morosini (f) -Regent
(d. af.1455)
1447 -
1453
Gian
Giacomo
(b. 1446 - d. 1453)
1447 - 1453
Niccolò di Syra -Regent
1453 -
1463
Guglielmo
II
(b. 1390 - d. 1463)
1463
Francesco II
(d. 1463)
1463 -
1480
Giacomo III
(d. 1480)
1463 - 1464
Petronilla Bembo (f) -Regent
1480 -
1494
Giovanni III
(d. 1494)
1494 -
1500
interregnum
1500 -
1511
Francesco III
(d. 1511)
1511 -
1517
Antonio Loredano -Governor
1517 - 1564
Giovanni IV
(b. 1500 - d. 1564)
1564 -
1566
Giacomo IV
(d. 1576)
1566 -
1579
Yasef Nassi (João Migas Mendes) (b. 1524 - d.
1579)
(appointed by Ottomans)
1616 - 1620
Gasparo Graziani (Kasper Gratiani)(b.
c.1575/80 - d. 1620)
(duke of Naxos and count of
Paros, appointed by Ottomans)
Russian Commanders of the Aegean Sea
22 Jun 1770 - Nov 1770
Graf Aleksey Grigoryevich Orlov (b. 1737 - d.
1808)
Nov 1770 - Feb
1774 Grigoriy
Andreyevich Spiridov (b. 1713 - d. 1790)
1773
Graf Ivan Vasilyevich Voynovich
(b. 17.. - d. 1791)
(acting for Spiridov)
Feb 1774 - 3 Jun 1775
Andrey Vlas'yevich
Yelmanov (b. 1716
d. 1778)
General Deputy (heads of local
government)
Mar 1771 - 1774
Anton
Konstantinovich Psaro (b. 1735 d.
1811)
(= Antónios Psarós)
1772
Pavel Matveyevich
Nesterov (d.
af.1788)
(acting for Psaro)
Venetian Rectors (Rettori di Tinos i Mycanos)
1644 -
1650
Marcantonio Malipiero
1650 -
1652
Luigi Quirini
1652 - 1654
Domenico Pizzamano
1654 -
1658
Giovanni Pasqualigo
c.May
1657
Cesare Balbi
(provveditore estraordinario)
c.Apr 1658 - c.Sep 1658 Giorgio Corner
(provveditore
estraordinario)
1658 - 1662
Andrea Zeno
1662 -
1665
Marco Barbarigo
1665 -
1668
Giulio Quirini
1668 -
1671
Nicolò Zane
1671 -
1674
Giovannantonio Trevisiano
1674 -
1676
Domenico Diedo
1676 -
1678
Pietro Badoer
1678 -
1681
Gianfrancesco Lombardo
1681 -
1684
Aurelio Marcello
c.Dec 1684 - c.Nov 1686 Taddeo Gradenigo
(provveditore
estraordinario)
1684 - 1689
Giorgio Barbaro
1689 - 1691
Marco Barbarigo
1691 - 1694
Vettore Marcello
1694 - 1696
Francesco Tiepolo
c.Oct 1696 - c.1697
Bartolomeo Moro
(provveditore
estraordinario)
1696 -
1700
Giorgio Barbaro
1700 -
1702
Lodovico Cornaro
1702 -
1706
Pietro Loredano
1706 -
1708
Paolo Danto
1708 -
1710
Luigi Priuli
1710 -
1712
Pietro Barozzi
1712 -
1714
Luca Priuli
.... - 8 Jun 1715
Bartolomeo Bobbi
(provveditore estraordinario)
1714 -
1717
Giovannandrea Badoer
Psara (Psará)
![[Historical flag of Psara,
1821 (Greece)]](http://www.worldstatesmen.org/gr_psara.gif "[Historical flag of Psara, 1821
(Greece)]")
1566
Part of Ottoman Empire (part of Eyalet
of Djeza'ir-i Bahr-i
Sefid).
1816
Psara Island semi-autonomous (within
Sanjak of Sakız, part
of Eyalet of Djeza'ir-i Bahr-i Sefid).
10 Apr 1821
Rebellion beings during the Greek
War of Independence.
15 Nov
1821
Subordinated to the Senate of East Greece (see above).
4 Jul 1824
Ottomans end resistance on
Psara.
11 Nov 1912
Incorporated into Greece (part of Chios
prefecture [Khíos
nomós]).
Governors (Elders)
18.. - 10 Apr
1821
Anagnóstis Monarchídis
(b. 1777 - d. af.1865)
10 Apr 1821 - 15 Jan 1822 Nikolís Apostolís
(b. 1770 - d. 1827)
+ Dimítrios
Mamounís
Samos (Sámos)
| Map of Samos | Capital: Vathí (Vathý) (Chóra [Hóra] to 18..) |
Organic Statute (1834) |
Population: 53,424 (1902) |
| Currency: 1832-1912 Ottoman Empire Piastre (XTOP) |
Exports: 22.1
million Ottoman Piastres (1910) Imports: 28.4 million Ottoman Piastres (1910) |
National
Holiday: 19 Aug (1834) Principality Proclamation Day |
|
| Samos
Gendarmerie: 50 (1912) Merchant marine: 742 (1894) |
Ethnic groups: Samos
Greek 97.5%, foreign (mostly mainland Greek) 2.5% (1902) ----------------------------------------------------------- Religions: Greek Orthodox almost 100% (1902) |
||
| International
Organizations/Treaties 1834-1913: None |
1304 -
1329
Genoese possession.
1346 -
1475
Genoese possession.
1475
Part of the Ottoman
Empire.
1533
Part of Eyalet of Djeza'ir-i
Bahr-i Sefid (see Dodecanese).
18 Apr 1821
Rebellion beings
during the Greek War of Independence.
May 1821
Military-Political
System of Samos (Stratopolitikón Sýstima Sámou)
declared.
Aug 1828 - Jul 1830
Incorporated into Greece (as part of
Eastern Sporades [Anatolikón
Sporádon] department).
3 Feb 1830
The Great Powers (France,
U.K. and Russia) agree to recognize
independence of Greece, but without Samos, in
London Protocol.
22 Dec 1832
Samos Organic statute passed by the
Ottoman Sultan.
22 Aug 1834
Principality of Samos (Igemonía tis
Sámou/Sisam İmâreti),
autonomy within the Ottoman Empire.
24 Nov
1912
Incorporation into Greece declared.
13 Mar 1913
Formal union with
Greece (as Sámos prefecture [nomós];
from
1 Jan 2011, part of South Aegean [Voreío Aigaío]
region
[periféreia]).
30 May
1913
Formally ceded to Greece by the Ottoman Empire.
8 May 1941 - 10 Sep 1943 Italian occupation.
10 Sep 1943 - 19 Nov 1943 British occupation (with
Free Greek civil administration).
19 Nov 1943 - 4 Oct 1944 German occupation.
Governor-General of the
Military-Political System of Samos
18 Apr 1821 - May 1821 Konstantínos
Lachaná
(b. 1769 - d. 1842)
(commander of Greek rebel forces)
May 1821 - Apr 1828
Lykoúrgos Logothétis (1st time) (b. 1772 - d.
1850)
Extraordinary Commissioners of Greece
Apr 1828 - Feb 1829
Ioánnis Nikoláou
Koléttis (b. 1774
- d. 1847)
(1st time)
Feb 1829 - Oct
1829 Dimítrios
Christídis
(b. 1799 - d. 1877)
Oct 1829 - Jul
1830 Ioánnis
Nikoláou Koléttis
(s.a.)
(2nd time)
Director of Administrative Affairs Samos
Jul 1830 - 22 May 1834 Lykoúrgos
Logothétis (2nd time) (s.a.)
Governors, with the title Princes of Samos
1834 - 1850
Stéfanos Vogorídis
(b. 1774 - d. 1859)
(=
Ştefan Vogoride, Stoyko Conkov Stoykov)
1850 - 1854
Aléxandros
Kallimáchis
(b. 1807 - d. 1886)
(= Alexandru Callimachi)
1850 - 1854
Geórgios
Koneménos
(b. 1822 - d. 1895)
(acting for Kallimáchis)
Apr 1854 -
1859
Ioánnis Dimitrou Ghíkas
(b. 1817 - d.
1897)
(= Ion Dimitrie Ghica)
Apr 1859 - Dec 1866
Miltiádis Stavráki Aristárchis (b.
1809 - d. 1893)
Dec 1866 - Sep 1873
Pávlos Mousoúros
(b. 1810 - d. 1876)
1873
Geórgios Georgiádis (1st time)
(acting)
1873 -
1874
Konstantínos
Adosídis (1st time) (b. 1818 - d. 1895)
("Adosidis Pasha")
27 May 1874 - Dec 1878 Konstantínos
Fotiádis (Photiádis) (b. 1830 - d.
1897)
4 Mar 1879 -
1885
Konstantínos Adosídis (2nd time)
(s.a.)
May 1885 - Dec 1894
Aléxandros
Karatheodorís
(b. 1833 - d. 1906)
("Karatheodoris Pasha")
1895 -
1896
Geórgios Vérovits
(b. 1845 - d. 1897)
(= Đorđe Berović, "Berovich Pasha")
Jul 1896 - Feb 1899
Stéfanos Mousoúros
(b. 1841 - d. 1906)
7 Mar 1899 - Aug 1900
Konstantínos Vagiánnis
(b. 1846 - d. 1919)
16 Aug 1900 - Mar 1902
Michaíl Grigoriádis
(b. 1841 - d. 19..)
12 Mar 1902 - 5 May 1904 Aléxandros
Mavrogénis (b.
1845 - d. 1929)
5 May 1904 - Jul
1906 Ioánnis Vithynós
(b. 1847 - d. 1912)
Jul 1906 - Sep
1906
Konstantínos Karatheodorís
(b. 1841 - d. 1922)
Aug 1907 - Jan 1908
Geórgios
Georgiádis (2nd time)
Jan 1908 - 22 Mar 1912
Andréas Kopásis
(b. 1856 - d.
1912)
Apr 1912 - Aug
1912 Grigórios
Vegléris
(b. 1862 - d. 1948)
President of the Revolutionary Assembly
Aug 1912 - 24 Nov 1912 Themistoklís
Panagiotou Sofoúlis (b. 1862 - d. 1949)
(Sophoúlis)
President of the Provisional Government
24 Nov 1912 - 13 Mar 1913 Themistoklís Panagiotou
Sofoúlis (s.a.)
(Sophoúlis)
Greek Commander
13 Mar 1913 - 1913
Pávlos Theodórou Kountouriótis
(b. 1854 - d. 1935)
General Administrator of Samos
17 Jun 1914 - 29 Mar 1915 Anastásios
Adosídis
(b. 1873 - d. 1942)
British Military Governor
10 Sep 1943 - 19 Nov 1943 Ian Robertson
Baird
(b. 1898 - d. 1947)
Commissioners for the (absent) Princes
of Samos
14 May 1834 - 29 May 1837
Konstantínos Mousoúros
(b. 1807 - d. 1891)
29 May 1827 - 19 Jun 1838 Al. Fotiádis
19 Jun 1868 - 5 Jun 1840 I. Vogorídis
5 Jun 1840 - 3 Jan 1841 M. Semelás
3 Jan 1841 - 11 Mar 1841 I. Giatzóglou
11 Mar 1841 - 20 Feb 1842 L. Voudoúris
20 Feb 1842 - 19 Mar 1847 K. Krokidás
19 Mar 1847 - 12 Mar 1850 G. Krestídis
12 Mar 1850 - 24 Mar 1850 I. Adamantídis
1850 -
1854
Geórgios Koneménos -Delegate
(s.a.)
Spetses (Spétses)
1540
Part of the Ottoman Empire.
1687 -
1715
Venetian occupation (Spezzia).
1770
Turks destroy the only village on the island in response
to
Spetses supporting the Russians in Naxos.
1774
Island re-occupied by
settlers from Peloponnese.
c.1800
Spetses Island semi-autonomous (within the Eyalet
of Morea).
12 Jul
1821
Rebellion beings during the Greek War of Independence.
15 Nov
1821
Subordinated to the Senate of East Greece (see Greece above).
24 Jan
1822
Incorporated into Greece (1828-1833 part
of Western Sporades
[Dytikón Sporádon] department; 1833-1929 prefecture of
Argolídos
kaí Korinthías [1899-1909 Argolída]; 1929-1947 Attica
prefecture;
1947-1994 Peiraiós; 1994-2011 Athinón-Peiraiós; from
2011,
part of Attikí region).
Governors (title Zampítes)
c.1800 -
1814
Chatzigiánnis "Giánnis" Méxis (b. 1754 d.
1844)
1814
Volokínis
1814 - 12 Jul
1821
Geórgios Pánou
(b. 1770 - d. 1863)
+ Geórgios Boúkouris
12 Jul 1821 - 15 Jan 1822
Panagiótis Bótasis
(b. 1784 - d. 1824)
© Ben Cahoon