Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences Ecology and Conservation Biology of Avian Malaria | Semantic Scholar

Following the variation in parasite prevalence in more than 3000 bird species over seven decades, it is shown that the infection rate by Plasmodium is strongly associated with temperature anomalies and has been augmented with accelerating tendency during the last 20 years.

It is reported here that prevalence of malaria in Hawaiian forest birds at 1900 m on the island of Hawai’i has more than doubled over a decade, and direct evidence of tolerance to malaria, and a possible cost of tolerance, in wild native birds is reported.