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Analgesic effect and plasma concentrations of codeine and morphine after two dose levels of codeine following oral surgery | Semantic Scholar

@article{Quiding2004AnalgesicEA,
  title={Analgesic effect and plasma concentrations of codeine and morphine after two dose levels of codeine following oral surgery},
  author={Hans Quiding and G{\"o}sta Lundqvist and Lars O. Bor{\'e}us and Ulf Bondesson and John {\"O}hrvik},
  journal={European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology},
  year={2004},
  volume={44},
  pages={319-323},
  url={https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:37268044}
}

A double blind randomised cross over investigation was carried out in 25 male patients undergoing two oral surgical extractions, one for each lower wisdom tooth, suggesting some analgesic effect of codeine itself.

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27 References

Codeine disposition in smokers and nonsmokers

The observation of higher morphine AUC values after oral codeine, coupled with clinical reports of greater analgesic potency with intramuscular codeines, does not support the hypothesis that the analgesic properties of this drug are mediated entirely by biotransformation to morphine.