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Presidential election in Illinois, 2024

  • ️Fri Jan 05 2024


Vice President Kamala Harris (D) won the presidential election in Illinois on November 5, 2024. Former President Donald Trump (R) won the 2024 presidential election with 312 electoral votes to Harris' 226.

The Democratic and Republican parties held primary elections on March 19, 2024.[1] Joe Biden (D) won the Democratic primary, and Donald Trump (R) won the Republican primary.

With 19 electoral votes, Illinois is the state with the most electoral votes in the Midwest. Democratic candidates have won Illinois in each of the last eight presidential elections, although in the six elections prior to that streak the Republican candidate won each year.[2]

This page includes the following sections:

Candidates and election results

General election

 

Candidate/Running mate

%

Popular votes

Electoral votes

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Kamala D. Harris/Tim Walz (D)
 

54.4

3,062,863 19

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Donald Trump/J.D. Vance (R)
 

43.5

2,449,079 0

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Robert F. Kennedy Jr./Nicole Shanahan (Independent)
 

1.4

80,426 0

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Jill Stein/Butch Ware (Green Party, Independent) (Write-in)
 

0.6

31,023 0

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Chase Oliver/Mike ter Maat (Independent) (Write-in)
 

0.1

3,510 0

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Claudia De La Cruz (no running mate) (Independent) (Write-in)
 

0.1

2,877 0

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Peter Sonski (no running mate) (Independent) (Write-in)
 

0.0

1,391 0

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Shiva Ayyadurai (no running mate) (Independent) (Write-in)
 

0.0

42 0

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Heather Lynn Stone (no running mate) (Independent) (Write-in)
 

0.0

30 0

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Image of

Joseph Kishore/Jerry White (Independent) (Write-in)
 

0.0

12 0

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Future Madam Potus (no running mate) (Independent) (Write-in)
 

0.0

12 0

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James Struck (no running mate) (Independent) (Write-in)
 

0.0

8 0

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Andre Ramon McNeil (no running mate) (Independent) (Write-in)
 

0.0

7 0

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Gordon Hlavenka (no running mate) (Independent) (Write-in)
 

0.0

5 0

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Kevin McKee (no running mate) (Independent) (Write-in)
 

0.0

4 0

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Cherunda Lynn Fox (no running mate) (Independent) (Write-in)
 

0.0

3 0

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Gary Hubbard (no running mate) (Independent) (Write-in)
 

0.0

3 0

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Brian Kienitz (no running mate) (Independent) (Write-in)
 

0.0

2 0

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Susan Buchser-Lochocki (no running mate) (Independent) (Write-in)
 

0.0

1 0

Silhouette Placeholder Image.png

Richard Mayers (no running mate) (Independent) (Write-in)
 

0.0

1 0
  Other write-in votes
 

0.0

2,011 0

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There were no incumbents in this race The results have been certified.

Total votes: 5,633,310

Primary election


Ballotpedia Logo

 Source

Total votes: 808,551 • Total pledged delegates: 147

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 Source

Total votes: 595,696 • Total pledged delegates: 64

Voting information

See also: Voting in Illinois

Race ratings, polling, and prediction markets

Race ratings

The map below displays presidential race ratings in each state. These ratings are generated by averaging the ratings from The Cook Political Report, Inside Elections, and Sabato's Crystal Ball. Each race rating indicates if one party is perceived to have an advantage in the race and, if so, the degree of advantage:

  • Safe and Solid ratings indicate that one party has a clear edge and the race is not competitive.
  • Likely ratings indicate that one party has a clear edge, but an upset is possible.
  • Lean and Tilt ratings indicate that one party has a small edge, but the race is competitive.
  • Toss-up ratings indicate that neither party has an advantage.

Race ratings are informed by a number of factors, including polling, candidate quality, and election result history in the race's district or state.[3][4][5]

Polling

The chart below displays national polling averages for the 2024 presidential election from RealClearPolitics.

Prediction markets

The section below displays national PredictIt share prices and RealClearPolitics prediction market averages for the 2024 presidential election.

What is a prediction market?

Prediction markets allow users to purchase shares relating to the outcome of events using real money. Each event, such as an election, has a number of contracts associated with it, each correlating to a different outcome. For instance, an election contested between four candidates would be represented by eight separate contracts, with each contract correlating to a particular candidate winning or losing the election.

The share price in each individual forecast rises and falls based on market demand. Once the event's outcome is decided, holders of shares that correlate with the correct outcome receive a payout for each share they held.

For example, a user buys 10 shares at 20 cents each in a presidential primary saying Candidate A will win. If Candidate A wins the election, the user earns $10. If the candidate loses, the user earns no money and loses his original $2 investment.

Why do prediction markets matter?

Prediction markets can be used to gain insight into the outcome of elections. Microsoft Research economist David Rothschild argued that they are better suited to the task than polls: "I can create a poll that can mimic everything about a prediction market...except markets have a way of incentivizing you to come back at 2 a.m. and update your answer."[6][7][8]

PredictIt


The chart below shows 2024 presidential general election open share prices over time.[9]

RealClearPolitics prediction market averages

Previous presidential election results and analysis

See also: Presidential voting history by state and Presidential voting trends by state

Illinois presidential election results (1900-2020)

Scroll to the right in the box below to view more recent presidential election results.

  • 16 Democratic wins
  • 15 Republican wins
Year 1900 1904 1908 1912 1916 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1940 1944 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008 2012 2016 2020
Winning Party R R R D R R R R D D D D D R R D D R R R R R R D D D D D D D D


Below is an analysis of Illinois's voting record in presidential elections. The state's accuracy is based on the number of times a state has voted for a winning presidential candidate. The majority of statistical data is from the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration and was compiled, here, by Ballotpedia, unless otherwise noted.

Between 1900 and 2020:

  • Illinois participated in 31 presidential elections.
  • Illinois voted for the winning presidential candidate 83.9 percent of the time. The average accuracy of voting for winning presidential candidates for all 50 states in this time frame was 71.26 percent.[10]
  • Illinois voted Democratic 51.6 percent of the time and Republican 48.4 percent of the time.

Recent statewide results

2020

General election

Ballotpedia Logo

Incumbents are bolded and underlined The results have been certified.

Total votes: 6,032,744
Primary election
 

Candidate

%

Votes

Pledged delegates

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Joe Biden
 

58.9

986,661 95

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Bernie Sanders
 

36.2

605,701 60

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Michael Bloomberg
 

1.5

25,500 0

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Elizabeth Warren
 

1.5

24,413 0

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Pete Buttigieg
 

0.6

9,729 0

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Tulsi Gabbard
 

0.6

9,642 0

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Andrew Yang
 

0.2

4,021 0

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Cory Booker
 

0.2

2,684 0

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Thomas Steyer
 

0.1

1,684 0

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Deval Patrick
 

0.1

1,567 0

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Michael Bennet
 

0.1

1,346 0

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John Delaney
 

0.1

1,185 0

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 Source

Total votes: 1,674,133 • Total pledged delegates: 155

Ballotpedia Logo

 Source

Total votes: 542,800 • Total pledged delegates: 67
Click [show] to view more election results. 

2016

General election

U.S. presidential election, Illinois, 2016
Party Candidate Vote % Votes Electoral votes
     Democratic Green check mark transparent.pngHillary Clinton/Tim Kaine 55.8% 3,090,729 20
     Republican Donald Trump/Mike Pence 38.8% 2,146,015 0
     Libertarian Gary Johnson/Bill Weld 3.8% 209,596 0
     Green Jill Stein/Ajamu Baraka 1.4% 76,802 0
     - Write-in votes 0.2% 13,282 0
Total Votes 5,536,424 20
Election results via: Illinois State Board of Elections

Primary election

Illinois Democratic Primary, 2016
Candidate Vote % Votes Delegates
Green check mark transparent.pngHillary Clinton 50.6% 1,039,555 79
Bernie Sanders 48.6% 999,494 77
Willie Wilson 0.3% 6,565 0
Martin O'Malley 0.3% 6,197 0
Larry Cohen 0.1% 2,407 0
Roque De La Fuente 0.1% 1,802 0
David Formhals 0% 25 0
Brian O'Neill 0% 2 0
Totals 2,056,047 156
Source: The New York Times and Illinois State Board of Elections
Illinois Republican Primary, 2016
Candidate Vote % Votes Delegates
Green check mark transparent.pngDonald Trump 38.8% 562,464 54
Ted Cruz 30.2% 438,235 9
John Kasich 19.7% 286,118 6
Marco Rubio 8.7% 126,681 0
Ben Carson 0.8% 11,469 0
Jeb Bush 0.8% 11,188 0
Rand Paul 0.3% 4,718 0
Chris Christie 0.2% 3,428 0
Mike Huckabee 0.2% 2,737 0
Carly Fiorina 0.1% 1,540 0
Rick Santorum 0.1% 1,154 0
JoAnn Breivogel 0% 16 0
Totals 1,449,748 69
Source: The New York Times and Illinois State Board of Elections

2012

U.S. presidential election, Illinois, 2012
Party Candidate Vote % Votes Electoral votes
     Democratic Green check mark transparent.pngBarack Obama/Joe Biden Incumbent 57.6% 3,019,512 20
     Republican Mitt Romney/Paul Ryan 40.7% 2,135,216 0
     Libertarian Gary Johnson/Jim Gray 1.1% 56,229 0
     Green Jill Stein/Howie Hawkins 0.6% 30,222 0
     Write-in Write-in candidates 0% 835 0
Total Votes 5,242,014 20
Election results via: Illinois State Board of Elections

2008

U.S. presidential election, Illinois, 2008
Party Candidate Vote % Votes Electoral votes
     Democratic Green check mark transparent.pngBarack Obama/Joe Biden 61.9% 3,419,348 21
     Republican John McCain/Sarah Palin 36.8% 2,031,179 0
     Independent Ralph Nader/Matt Gonzalez 0.6% 30,948 0
     Libertarian Bob Barr/Wayne Allyn Root 0.4% 19,642 0
     New John Joseph Polachek/None 0% 1,149 0
     Green Cynthia McKinney/Rosa Clemente 0.2% 11,838 0
     Constitution Chuck Baldwin/Darrell Castle 0.1% 8,256 0
     Write-in Write-in candidates 0% 11 0
Total Votes 5,522,371 21
Election results via: Illinois State Board of Elections

Recent county-level results

How a state's counties vote in a presidential election and the size of those counties can provide additional insights into election outcomes at other levels of government including statewide and congressional races. Below, four categories are used to describe each county's voting pattern over the 2012, 2016, and 2020 presidential elections: Solid, Trending, Battleground, and New. Click [show] on the table below for examples:

County-level voting pattern categories
Democratic
Status 2012 2016 2020
Solid Democratic D D D
Trending Democratic R D D
Battleground Democratic D R D
New Democratic R R D
Republican
Status 2012 2016 2020
Solid Republican R R R
Trending Republican D R R
Battleground Republican R D R
New Republican D D R


Following the 2020 presidential election, 73.1% of Illinoisans lived in one of the state's 12 Solid Democratic counties, which voted for the Democratic presidential candidate in every election from 2012 to 2020, and 22.4% lived in one of 77 Solid Republican counties. Overall, Illinois was Solid Democratic, having voted for Barack Obama (D) in 2012, Hillary Clinton (D) in 2016, and Joe Biden (D) in 2020. Use the table below to view the total number of each type of county in Illinois following the 2020 election as well as the overall percentage of the state population located in each county type.

Illinois county-level statistics, 2020
Solid Democratic 12 73.1%
Solid Republican 77 22.4%
New Democratic 2 2.4%
Trending Republican 11 2.2%
Total voted Democratic 14 75.4%
Total voted Republican 88 24.6%

Presidential elections by state decided by 5 percentage points or less

See also: Presidential statewide margins of victory of 5 percentage points or fewer, 1948-2020

The following map shows the number of times, in presidential elections held between 1948 and 2020, that the margin of victory was 5 percentage points or fewer in each state.

  • Wisconsin was the state with the most frequently narrow margins during this time period, appearing on the list in 11 presidential elections.
  • Three states appeared nine times: Florida, Nevada, and Pennsylvania.
  • The state with the narrowest margin of victory was Florida in 2000 at 537 votes or one-hundredth of a percentage point.

Effect of the 2020 census on electoral votes

Every ten years, the United States conducts the census, a complete count of the U.S. population. The data gleaned from the census process is used to determine several things, including legislative district lines, a state's number of U.S. House representatives, and the number of votes a state has in the Electoral College.

The 2024 presidential election was the first presidential election to take place using the electoral vote counts produced by the 2020 census. Six states gained votes in the Electoral College, while seven states lost votes. See the table below for exact figures.

Electoral votes gained and lost after the 2020 census
State Votes gained (new total) State Votes lost (new total)
Texas +2 (40) California -1 (54)
Colorado +1 (10) Illinois -1 (19)
Florida +1 (30) Michigan -1 (15)
Montana +1 (4) New York -1 (28)
North Carolina +1 (16) Ohio -1 (17)
Oregon +1 (8) Pennsylvania -1 (19)
West Virginia -1 (4)

Noteworthy events

U.S. Supreme Court rules that Trump cannot be barred from Illinois' presidential primary ballot under the 14th Amendment (2024)

On March 4, 2024, the United States Supreme Court ruled unanimously that Illinois could not remove Donald Trump (R) from its presidential primary ballot. The Court wrote, "responsibility for enforcing Section 3 [of the 14th Amendment] against federal officeholders and candidates rests with Congress and not the States." The opinion said that 14th Amendment enforcement in federal elections was not specifically delegated to the states and that "an evolving electoral map could dramatically change the behavior of voters, parties, and States across the country, in different ways and at different times. The disruption would be all the more acute—and could nullify the votes of millions and change the election result—if Section 3 enforcement were attempted after the Nation has voted. Nothing in the Constitution requires that we endure such chaos—arriving at any time or different times, up to and perhaps beyond the Inauguration."[11]

On February 28, 2024, Illinois Cook Judicial Circuit Court Judge Tracie Porter (D) issued a ruling excluding Trump from the state's presidential primary ballot. Porter said that Trump falsely testified that he was legally qualified for the office because of evidence that he had violated Section Three of the Fourteenth Amendment. This ruling overruled the Illinois Electoral Board, which had previously ruled on January 30, 2024, that Trump would appear on the state's primary ballot.[12] The ruling was stayed until March 1, 2024, to allow time for appeals.

Trump's campaign spokesman Steven Cheung responded to the ruling, saying in a statement, "The Soros-funded Democrat front-groups continue to attempt to interfere in the election and deny President Trump his rightful place on the ballot. Today, an activist Democrat judge in Illinois summarily overruled the state's board of elections and contradicted earlier decisions from dozens of other state and federal jurisdictions. This is an unconstitutional ruling that we will quickly appeal."[13] Trump filed an appeal on February 28.[14]

This ruling followed similar Fourteenth Amendment rulings on Trump's primary ballot placement in Colorado and Maine. The rulings in Colorado and Maine were stayed pending a United States Supreme Court ruling on the issue.

Presidential election endorsements in Illinois

See also: Presidential election endorsements, 2024

The section below displays current and former party leaders, governors and other state executives, members of Congress, mayors of large cities, and state legislative majority and minority leaders in Illinois who issued an endorsement in the 2024 presidential election. See something we missed? Email us.

Presidential endorsements by Illinois elected officials and party leaders, 2024
Name State Party Candidate Date
Tammy Duckworth IL Democratic Party Joe Biden April 25, 2023 source
Tammy Duckworth IL Democratic Party Kamala D. Harris July 22, 2024 source
Dick Durbin IL Democratic Party Kamala D. Harris July 22, 2024 source
Mike Bost IL Republican Party Donald Trump February 22, 2023 source
Nikki Budzinski IL Democratic Party Joe Biden May 10, 2023 source
Nikki Budzinski IL Democratic Party Kamala D. Harris July 21, 2024 source
Danny Davis IL Democratic Party Kamala D. Harris July 21, 2024 source
Bill Foster IL Democratic Party Kamala D. Harris July 21, 2024 source
Jonathan Jackson IL Democratic Party Kamala D. Harris July 21, 2024 source
Robin Kelly IL Democratic Party Kamala D. Harris July 21, 2024 source
Raja Krishnamoorthi IL Democratic Party Kamala D. Harris July 21, 2024 source
Darin LaHood IL Republican Party Donald Trump January 13, 2024 source
Mary Miller IL Republican Party Donald Trump November 15, 2022 source
Mike Quigley IL Democratic Party Kamala D. Harris July 21, 2024 source
Jan Schakowsky IL Democratic Party Kamala D. Harris July 21, 2024 source
Eric Sorensen IL Democratic Party Kamala D. Harris July 22, 2024 source
Lauren Underwood IL Democratic Party Joe Biden May 10, 2023 source
Lauren Underwood IL Democratic Party Kamala D. Harris July 21, 2024 source
J.B. Pritzker IL Democratic Party Joe Biden May 10, 2023 source
Kwame Raoul IL Democratic Party Kamala D. Harris July 21, 2024 source
Alexi Giannoulias IL Democratic Party Kamala D. Harris July 23, 2024 source

Democratic primary

See also: Democratic presidential nomination, 2024

HIGHLIGHTS

  • Joe Biden (D) won the Illinois Democratic primary on March 19, 2024.
  • Illinois had an estimated 177 delegates comprised of 147 pledged delegates and 30 superdelegates. Delegate allocation was proportional.
  • The Democratic primary was open, meaning any registered voters were able to vote in the election.
  • The Democratic Party selected Vice President Kamala Harris (D) as its nominee during a virtual roll call vote on August 2, 2024, ahead of the in-person 2024 Democratic National Convention, which took place from August 19-22, 2024, in Chicago, Illinois.[15][16][17][18][19]

    Joe Biden (D) withdrew from the presidential race on July 21, 2024.[20] Biden crossed the majority delegate threshold necessary to win the Democratic nomination on March 12, 2024, which made him the presumptive Democratic nominee.

    Before the national convention, individual state caucuses and primaries were held to allocate convention delegates. To read more about the 2024 primary schedule click here. These delegates, along with superdelegates who come from the party leadership, voted at the virtual roll call to select the nominee.

    Republican primary

    See also: Republican presidential nomination, 2024

    The Republican Party selected former President Donald Trump (R) as its 2024 presidential nominee at the 2024 Republican National Convention, which was held from July 15-18, 2024, in Milwaukee, Wisconsin.

    Before the convention, each state, Washington, D.C., and five U.S. territories held a primary, caucus, or convention to decide how to allocate delegates at the national convention. These nominating events began in January and ended in June. Trump crossed the delegate threshold necessary to win the nomination—1,215—on March 12, 2024.

    Republican presidential candidates participated in five primary debates, with the first being held held in August 2023 and the last in January 2024.[21] Trump did not participate in any of the debates.

    Trump was the sixth U.S. president to run for re-election to non-consecutive terms.[22] Grover Cleveland (D), the 22nd and 24th president of the United States, is the only president who has been elected to non-consecutive terms. Before Trump's 2024 campaign, the most recent former president to run for non-consecutive terms was Theodore Roosevelt (R), who sought re-election in 1912 as a Progressive Party candidate after leaving office in 1909.

    Candidate filing requirements

    See also: Ballot access requirements for presidential candidates in Illinois

    The tables below detail filing requirements for presidential candidates in Illinois in the 2024 election cycle. For additional information on candidate ballot access requirements in Illinois, click here.

    Presidential primary candidates

    Filing requirements for presidential primary candidates in Illinois, 2024
    State Party Signatures required Signature formula Filing fee Filing fee formula Filing deadline Source
    Illinois Qualified political parties 3,000 Fixed by statute N/A N/A 1/5/2024 Source

    Independent presidential candidates

    Filing requirements for independent candidates in Illinois, 2024
    State Signatures required Signature formula Filing fee Filing fee formula Filing deadline Source
    Illinois 25,000 1% of the total number of voters in the most recent statewide general election or 25,000, whichever is less. N/A N/A 6/24/2024 Source

    About the state

    Click the tabs below to view information about demographics, past elections, and partisan control of the state.

    • Statewide elections - Information about recent U.S. Senate and gubernatorial elections in the state.
    • State partisanship - The partisan makeup of the state's congressional delegation and state government.
    • Demographics - Information about the state's demographics and how they compare to the country as a whole.
    See also: Party control of Illinois state government

    Congressional delegation

    The table below displays the partisan composition of Illinois' congressional delegation as of May 2024.

    Congressional Partisan Breakdown from Illinois
    Party U.S. Senate U.S. House Total
    Democratic 2 14 16
    Republican 0 3 3
    Independent 0 0 0
    Vacancies 0 0 0
    Total 2 17 19

    State executive

    The table below displays the officeholders in Illinois' top four state executive offices as of May 2024.

    State executive officials in Illinois, May 2024
    Office Officeholder
    Governor Democratic Party J.B. Pritzker
    Lieutenant Governor Democratic Party Juliana Stratton
    Secretary of State Democratic Party Alexi Giannoulias
    Attorney General Democratic Party Kwame Raoul

    State legislature

    Illinois State Senate

    Party As of February 2024
         Democratic Party 40
         Republican Party 19
         Other 0
         Vacancies 0
    Total 59

    Illinois House of Representatives

    Party As of February 2024
         Democratic Party 78
         Republican Party 40
         Other 0
         Vacancies 0
    Total 118

    Trifecta control

    The table below shows the state's trifecta status from 1992 until the 2024 election.

    Illinois Party Control: 1992-2024
    Eighteen years of Democratic trifectas  •  Two years of Republican trifectas
    Scroll left and right on the table below to view more years.

    Year 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
    Governor R R R R R R R R R R R D D D D D D D D D D D D R R R R D D D D D D
    Senate D R R R R R R R R R R D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D
    House D D D R R D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D

    The table below details demographic data in Illinois and compares it to the broader United States as of 2022.

    Demographic Data for Illinois
    Illinois United States
    Population 12,812,508 331,449,281
    Land area (sq mi) 55,512 3,531,905
    Race and ethnicity**
    White 65.8% 65.9%
    Black/African American 13.9% 12.5%
    Asian 5.8% 5.8%
    Native American 0.4% 0.8%
    Pacific Islander 0% 0.2%
    Two or more 7.5% 8.8%
    Hispanic/Latino 17.8% 18.7%
    Education
    High school graduation rate 90.1% 89.1%
    College graduation rate 36.7% 34.3%
    Income
    Median household income $78,433 $75,149
    Persons below poverty level 8.2% 8.8%
    Source: population provided by U.S. Census Bureau, "Decennial Census" (2020). Other figures provided by U.S. Census Bureau, "American Community Survey" (5-year estimates 2017-2022).
    **Note: Percentages for race and ethnicity may add up to more than 100 percent because respondents may report more than one race and the Hispanic/Latino ethnicity may be selected in conjunction with any race. Read more about race and ethnicity in the census here.

    Presidential election by state

    See also: Presidential election by state, 2024

    Click on a state below to navigate to information about the presidential election in that jurisdiction.

    https://ballotpedia.org/Presidential_election_in_STATE,_2024

    See also

    Presidential election by state, 2016-2024
    Use the dropdown menu below to navigate Ballotpedia's historical coverage of the presidential election in each state.

    Footnotes

    1. Illinois Secretary of State, "Running For Office," accessed July 31, 2023
    2. 270 to Win, "Illinois," accessed February 15, 2023
    3. Amee LaTour, "Email correspondence with Nathan Gonzalez," April 19, 2018
    4. Amee LaTour, "Email correspondence with Kyle Kondik," April 19, 2018
    5. Amee LaTour, "Email correspondence with Charlie Cook," April 22, 2018
    6. Nature, "The power of prediction markets," October 18, 2016
    7. Politico, "Meet the 'stock market' for politics," October 31, 2014
    8. U.S. Presidential General Election Results, "2008 Electoral Map Based on the Intrade Prediction Market," accessed January 25, 2018
    9. PredictIt, "Who will win the 2024 US presidential election?" accessed December 16, 2022
    10. This average includes states like Arizona, New Mexico, and Oklahoma, which did not participate in all 30 presidential elections between 1900 and 2020. It does not include Washington, D.C., which cast votes for president for the first time in 1964, or Alaska and Hawaii, which cast votes for president for the first time in 1960.
    11. Supreme Court, "Trump v. Anderson," accessed March 4, 2024
    12. Illinois Cook County Circuit Court, "Memorandum of Judgement and Order," accessed February 29, 2024
    13. Trump's campaign website, "Trump Campaign Statement On Illinois Ballot Ruling," February 28, 2024
    14. Axios, "Trump appeals Illinois 14th amendment ruling disqualifying him from ballot," February 29, 2024
    15. USA Today, "Harris makes history as first Black woman, Asian American presidential nominee," August 2, 2024
    16. ABC News, "DNC to nominate Biden and Harris to bypass Ohio ballot issues," May 28, 2024
    17. The New York Times, "Democrats Set Aug. 1 for Harris Nomination Vote," July 24, 2024
    18. CBS News, "Kamala Harris closer to being nominee as DNC approves early virtual roll call vote," July 24, 2024
    19. DNC, "DNC and DNCC Chairs Announce Results of Presidential Nominating Petition Process and Opening of Virtual Roll Call on August 1," July 30, 2024
    20. X, "Biden on July 21, 2024," accessed July 21, 2024
    21. The Hill, "RNC votes to hold first presidential debate in Milwaukee," February 23, 2023
    22. Pew Research Center, "Few former presidents have run for their old jobs – or anything else – after leaving office,' November 16, 2022

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