The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church - February 22, 1965

(19) 19. ZERBA, Cesare
(1892-1973)

Birth. April 15, 1892, Castelnuovo Scrivia, diocese of Tortona, Italy.

Education. Studied at the Seminary of Stazzano; at the Seminary of Tortona; at the Pontifical Roman Athenaeum "S. Apollinare", Rome; and at the University of Pavia.

Priesthood. Ordained, July 4, 1915. Military chaplain during the First World War, 1915-1919. Pastoral ministry in the diocese of Rome, 1919-1962. Staff member in the S.C. for the Discipline of the Sacraments, 1924-1939. Privy chamberlain of His Holiness, June 30, 1932. Domestic prelate of His Holiness and prelate of the Supreme Tribunal of Apostolic Signature, April 23, 1939. Undersecretary of the S.C. for the Discipline of the Sacraments, May 5, 1939; secretary, December 18, 1958.

Episcopate. Elected titular archbishop of Colosse, August 28, 1962. Consecrated, September 21, 1962, patriarchal Lateran basilica, Rome, by Pope John XXIII, assisted by Francesco Carpino, titular archbishop of Sardica, assessor of the S.C. Consistorial, and by Pietro Parente, titular archbishop of Teolemaide di Tebaide, assessor of the Supreme S.C. of the Holy Office. In the same ceremony were consecrated future Cardinals Paul-Pierre Philippe, O.P., Pietro Palazzini, and Enrico Dante. His episcopal motto was Arx mea Dominus. Attended the Second Vatican Council, 1962-1965.

Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of February 22, 1965; received the red biretta and the title of Nostra Signora del Sacro Cuore in Piazza Navona, deaconry elevated pro illa vice to title, February 25, 1965. Lost the right to participate in the conclave when turned eighty years of age, April 15, 1972.

Death. July 11, 1973, of diabetes, in his residence in Rome. Buried in the parish church of Ss. Pietro e Paolo of Castelnuovo Scrivia. A street was named after him in his native town. On July 11, 2013, the 40th anniversary of his death, a mass was celebrated in the parish of Ss. Pietro e Paolo, in Castelnuovo Scrivia and the collection Quaderni di Teologia was established in his memory.

Webgraphy. His arms, Araldica Vaticana.

(20) 20. ROSSI, Agnelo

(1913-1995)

Birth. May 4, 1913, Joaquim Egidio, diocese of Campinas, Brazil. Son of Vicente Rossi, commander of the Order of the Holy Sepulchre, and Vitória Colombo. He had one brother, Miguel.

Education. Initial studies, Valinhos; the, studied at the Diocesan Minor Seminary of Santa Maria, Campinas (philosophy); left for Rome, October 15, 1933; for five months resided at Pontifical Collegio Pio Latino-Americano; on April 4, 1934, he was one of the thirty-three founding students of the Pontifical Collegio Pio Brasileiro; he was student number 01; atudied at the Pontifical Gregorian University, Rome (licentiate in theology).

Priesthood. Ordained, March 27, 1937, patriarchal Lateran basilica, Rome, by Luigi Traglia, titular archbishop of Cesarea di Palestina, vice-gerent of Rome. Secretary to the bishop of Campinas, 1937-1938. Faculty member of the Central Seminary of São Paulo, 1938-1942. From 1943-1956, in Campinas, vice-rector of the faculty of economic science; director of La Tribuna; vice-rector of the University of Campinas; and canon of the cathedral chapter, 1943-1956.

Episcopate. Elected bishop of Barra do Pirai, March 5, 1956. Consecrated, April 15, 1956 by Paulo de Tarso Campos, bishop of Campinas, assisted by Vicente Marchetti Zioni, titular bishop of Lauzado, auxiliary of São Paulo, and by Helder Pessoa Câmara, titular bishop of Salde, auxiliary of São Sebastião do Rio de Janeiro. His episcopal motto was Oportet illum regnare. Promoted to the metropolitan see of Ribeirão Preto, September 6, 1962. Attended the Second Vatican Council, 1962-1965. President of the Episcopal Conference of Brazil, 1963-1970. Transferred to the metropolitan see of São Paulo, November 1, 1964.

Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of February 22, 1965; received the red biretta and the title of Gran Madre di Dio, February 25, 1965. Attended the First Ordinary Assembly of the Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, September 29 to October 29, 1967. President-delegate of the First Extraordinary Assembly of the Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, October 11 to 28, 1969; member of the board of the General Secretariat of the Synod of Bishops, 1969-1971. Prefect of the S.C. for the Evangelization of Peoples, October 22, 1970 until April 9, 1984. Attended the First Ordinary Assembly of the Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, September 29 to October 29, 1967; the Second Ordinary Assembly of the Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, September 30 to November 6, 1971; the Third Ordinary Assembly of the Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, September 27 to October 26, 1974. Camerlengo of the Sacred College of Cardinals, May 24, 1976 until June 27, 1977. Attended the Fourth Ordinary Assembly of the Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, September 30 to October 29, 1977. Participated in the conclave of August 25 to 26, 1978, which elected Pope John Paul I. Participated in the conclave of October 14 to 16,1978, which elected Pope John Paul II. Confirmed as prefect of the S.C. for Evangelization of Peoples by Pope John Paul II, November 3, 1978. Attended the Thrid General Conference of the Latin American Episcopate, Puebla, México, January 27 to February 13, 1979; the First Plenary Meeting of the Sacred College of Cardinals, Vatican City, November 5 to 8, 1979. Special papal envoy to the International Missionary Congress, Manila, Philippines, December 2 to 6, 1979. Attended the Fifth Ordinary Assembly of the Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, September 26 to October 25, 1980. Participated in the Second Plenary Meeting of the Sacred College of Cardinals, Vatican City, November 23 to 26, 1982. Special papal envoy to the Second Latin American Missionary Congress, Tlaxcala, México, May 16 to 21, 1983. Attended the Sixth Ordinary Assembly of the Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, September 29 to October 28, 1983. President of the Administration of the Patrimony of the Apostolic See, April 8, 1984 until December 6, 1989. Named cardinal bishop of the title of the suburbicarian see of Sabina e Poggio Mirteto, June 25, 1984; the name of the suburbicarian see was changed to Sabina-Poggio Mirteto on September 30, 1986. Attended the Second Extraordinary Assembly of the Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, November 24 to December 8, 1985. Dean of the College of Cardinals and bishop of the title of the suburbicarian see of Ostia, retaining the title of the suburbicarian see of Sabina-Poggio Mirteto, December 19, 1986. Attended the Seventh Ordinary Assembly of Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, October 1 to 30, 1987. Participated in the Fourth Extraordinary Consistory of College of Cardinals, April 4 to 7, 1991. Lost the right to participate in the conclave when turned 80 years of age, May 4, 1993. Resigned the deanship of the College of Cardinals and the title of the suburbicarian see of Ostia, May 31, 1993. Returned to Brazil, residing in Campinas. Author of Cardinali santi (Roma : Pontifica Universitas Urbaniana, 1994; La diocesi di Ostia: e i cardinali decani. Roma : Pontificia Universitas Urbaniana, 1993; and Il Sacro Collegio Cardinalizio. (Città del Vaticano : Libreria Editrice Vaticana, 1990).

Death. May 21, 1995, of cancer, in Vila Santa Sílvia, neighborhood of Helvetia, Indaiatuba. His body was was laid out in state at the metropolitan cathedral of Campinas. The funeral Mass, celebrated at that cathedral, was presided by Cardinal Lucas Moreira Neves, prefect of the Congregation for Bishops, in the presence of Cardinals Paulo Evaristo Arns, O.F.M. and Eugenio de Araújo Sales, twenty two bishops, eighty five presbyters and 2000 people. Buried in the shrine of Nossa Senhora de Guadalupe, Campinas, which he had built after recovering from a kidney and liver cancer in 1989.

Webgraphy. Biography, in Portuguese, archdiocese of São Paulo; his photograph and arms, Araldica Vaticana; Il Cardinale Agnelo Rossi, primo Decano latinoamericano del Sacro Collegio by Marco Mancini, ACI Stampa, Città del Vaticano, 21 maggio, 2020 / 10:00 AM; I Decani del Sacro Collegio: il Cardinale Agnelo Rossi by Marco Mancini, ACI Stampa, Città del Vaticano, 27 agosto, 2021 / 2:00 PM.

(21) 21. COLOMBO, Giovanni

(1902-1992)

Birth. December 6, 1902, Caronno Pertusella (Varese), archdiocese of Milan, Italy. Sixth of the seven children of Enrico Colombo, office head of a factory, and Luigia Millefanti, shirt maker and embroiderer. He was baptized on December 8, 1902 in the parish church of S. Margherita, Caronno Pertusella; his middle name was Umberto.

Education. Initial studies, scuola comunale of the Sisters of the Immaculate Conception, Ivrea; Seminary Ginnasiale of S. Pietro Martire, Seveso (entered, September 14, 1914); Seminary Liceale of Monza, Monza; Seminary of Milan at Corso Venezia (doctorate in theology, September 30, 1926). Catholic University of Milan (doctorate in letters, 1932; thesis: "La rinascita cattolica e il suo secolo - Primi saggi"). Received the ecclesiastical tonsure, May 26, 1923; the first minor orders, December 22, 1923; the second minor orders, March 19, 1924; the subdiaconate, June 28, 1925; and the diaconate, November 1, 1925.

Priesthood. Ordained, May 29, 1926, metropolitan cathedral of Milan, by Cardinal Eugenio Tosi, O.SS.C.A., archbishop of Milan. Professor of letters at the Seminary Ginnasiale of San Pietro Martire (Seveso), October 1926. Professor of Italian at the Seminary Liceale of Venegono Inferiore, Milan, October 1931. Professor of sacred eloquence in the courses for the seminarians and at the Theological Faculty of the seminary, 1932-1944. Professor of Italian language and literature at the Faculties of Education and of Letters and Philosophy of the Catholic University of Sacro Cuore of Milan, 1937-1939. On August 2, 1939, Cardinal Alfredo Ildefonso Schuster, O.S.B., archbishop of Milan, named him rector of the Seminary Liceale of Milan at Venegono inferiore; occupied the post until 1953. Domestic prelate of His Holiness, December 7, 1948. Rector major of the Seminaries of Milan, July 23, 1953 until 1960. On August 30, 1954, he administered the last rites to Cardinal Schuster, who died saintly in the Seminary of Venegono.

Episcopate. Elected titular bishop of Filippopoli di Arabia and appointed auxiliary of Milan, October 25, 1960. Consecrated, December 7, 1960, metropolitan cathedral basilica of S. Ambrogio of Milan, by Cardinal Giovanni Battista Montini, archbishop of Milan, future Pope Paul VI, assisted by Anacleto Cazzaniga, archbishop of Urbino, and by Giuseppe Schiavini, titular bishop of Farsalo, auxiliary and vicar general of Milan. His episcopal motto was Veritas et amor. Member of the preparatory commission for seminaries and universities of the Second Vatican Council. Participated in the Second Vatican Council, 1962-1965. Promoted to the metropolitan see of Milan, August 10, 1963.

Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of February 22, 1965; received the red biretta and the title of Ss. Silvestro e Martino ai Monti, February 25, 1965. Special papal envoy to the 19th National Eucharistic Congress, Pescara, Italy, September 11 to 18, 1977. Participated in the conclave of August 25 to 26,1978, which elected Pope John Paul I. Participated in the conclave of October 14 to 16,1978, which elected Pope John Paul II. Attended the First Plenary Assembly of the Sacred College of Cardinals, Vatican City, November 5-9, 1979. Resigned the pastoral government of the archdiocese of Milan, December 29, 1979. From January 1980 to May 1992, he resided in the Seminary at Corso Venezia, Milan, which he had restored, carrying out an intense cultural and pastoral activity at the service of the Ambrosian archdiocese and the Italian church. Lost the right to participate in the conclave when turned eighty years of age, December 6, 1982.

Death. May 20, 1992, of a heart attack, at the Seminary of Corso Venezia, Milan. His requiem Mass took place on May 22, 1992, at the metropolitan cathedral of Milan, presided by Cardinal Carlo Maria Martini, S.J.,, archbishop of Milan, with the participation of several cardinals, twenty one bishops and hundreds of priests. Present among others were Cardinals Camillo Ruini, vicar of Rome, representing Pope John Paul II; Marco Cè, patriarch of Venice; Giovanni Saldarini, archbishop of Turin; Giacomo Biffi, archbishop of Bologna; and Giovanni Canestri, archbishop of Genoa. Buried under the pavement of the south nave in front of the altar that contains the remains of Blessed Cardinal Alfredo Ildefonso Schuster, O.S.B., in the metropolitan cathedral of S. Maria Nascente, Milan (1).

Bibliography. Biffi, Inos. Il cardinale Giovanni Colombo. Milano : Jaca Book, 2012; Cazzani, Eugenio. Vescovi e arcivescovi di Milano. Nuova ed./ a cura di Angelo Majo, 2. ed. Milano : Massimo : NED, 1996. Note: Originally published 1955, now enlarged and updated, p. 295-299; Colombo, Giovanni ; Majo, Angelo. Cardinale a Milano : l'episcopato di Giovanni Colombo. Milano : NED, 1982; Majo, Angelo ; Colombo, Giovanni ; Russo, Mimma. Il cardinale Giovanni Colombo : profumo di opere buone. Cinisello Balsamo (Milano) : San Paolo, 1998. (Testimoni del nostro tempo. 29); Il libro dei Quaderni. 2 vols. A cura di Francantonio Bernasconi e di Eliana Versace. Milano : Jaca Book, 2017; Majo, Angelo. Storia della chiesa ambrosiana. 5 vols. 2nd ed. Milano : NED, 1983-1986, V, 20, 25, 56n, 86, 89, 131, 133-141, 143n, 144n, 149, 150, 152n, 153, 158-163, 166 and 173.

Webgraphy. Photograph, documents and biography, in Italian, archdiocese of Milan; and photograph and arms, Araldica Vaticana; Serie cronologica dei vescovi di Milano (III-XXI secolo), in Italian, archdiocese of Milan; Mattina di contentezza. Novanta anni fa l'ordinazione sacerdotale di Giovanni Colombo by Inos Biffi, L'Osservatore Romano, 28 maggio 2016; Quel fanciullino sulla cattedra di Ambrogio e di Carlo. Giovanni Colombo nei ricordi del segretario, L'Osservatore Romano, 28 giugno 2017; Ha saputo fare bene. Un profilo di Giovanni Colombo by Mario Delpini, L'Osservatore Romano, 01 febbraio 2018; Il Cardinale Colombo: successore di Paolo VI alla guida della Chiesa di Milano by Marco Mancini, ACI Stampa, Milano, 20 maggio, 2022 / 9:00 AM.

(1) This is the text of his epitaph taken from Majo, Il cardinale Giovanni Colombo : profumo di opere buone, p. 21:
IOANNES
CARD. COLOMBO
ARCHIEPISCOPVS
QVI
AB ANNO 1963 AD ANNVM. 1979
PRECLARA DOCTRINA
PRVDENTIQVE CONSILIO
ABROSIANAM REXIT ECCLESIAM
FILIORVM MEMORIAE
PRECIBVSQVE
COMMENDATVS
6 DEC. 1902 - 20 MAI 1992

(22) 22. CONWAY, William John

(1913-1977)

Birth. January 22, 1913, on Dover street, in the Falls Road area of Belfast, diocese of Down and Connor, Ireland. Son of Patrick Conway, was a self-employed house painter who ran a paint shop near Royal Avenue, and Annie Donnolly. There were nine children in the family: four boys and five girls. Of the boys, three became priests, including the future cardinal, the others were Father Joseph, president of St. Patrick’s College, Belfast, and Father Noel who taught at St. Mary’s Training College, Belfast. One of the sisters was also a teacher at the same College of St. Mary’s and another was employed in the City Hospital, Belfast. His mother, who came from Carlingford, Co. Louth, outlived him.

Education. He received his primary education at Boundary Street Primary School and later under the Christian Brothers in Barrack Street, near the Divis Flats. While at Queen’s University, he took an honors degree in English literature. Awarded his doctorate of divinity at St. Patrick's College, Maynooth, in 1938, he did six weeks’ parish work at Ballymena, Co. Antrim, before going to Rome for further studies in canon law in 1938, earning a doctorate in the subject from the Pontifical Gregorian University in 1941.

Priesthood. Ordained, June 20, 1937, at the chapel of Saint Patrick's College, Maynooth, by Francis Joseph Wall, titular bishop of Taso, auxiliary of Dublin. Further studies, 1937-1940. Faculty member of St. Malachias' Major Seminary, 1940-1947. At St. Malachy’s he taught English and Latin. He was a regular contributor to the The Irish Theological Quarterly, providing an expert’s response to moral problems, his interventions were eventually collected in his only published book: “Problems of Canon Law” (1950). He was faculty member of St. Patrick's College, Maynooth, from 1947 to 1957; and rector, from 1957 to 1958.

Episcopate. Elected titular bishop of Neve and appointed auxiliary of Armagh, May 31, 1958. Consecrated, July 27, 1958, Saint Patrick`s metropolitan cathedral, Armagh, by Cardinal John Francis D'Alton, archbishop of Armagh, assisted by Neil Farren, bishop of Derry, and by William MacNeely, bishop of Raphoe. His episcopal motto was Praedicare Evangelium. Promoted to the primatial and metropolitan see of Armagh, September 9, 1963. Attended the Second Vatican Council, 1962-1965.

Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of February 22, 1965; received the red biretta and the title of S. Patrizio a Villa Ludovisi, February 25, 1965. President delegate of the First Ordinary Assembly of the Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, September 29 to October 29, 1967. Attended the First Extraordinary Assembly of the Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, October 11 to 28, 1969; the Second Ordinary Assembly of the Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, September 30 to November 6, 1971. Special papal envoy to the opening of the restored Holy Cross Abbey, Cashel, Ireland, October 5, 1975. He was a voracious reader and pipe smoker.

Death. Sunday April 17, 1977, peacefully, at 10:30 p.m., with his two brother priests at his bedside, at Ara Coeli, Armagh, after a brief battle with cancer, following surgery for removal of his gall bladder. The requiem Mass was celebrated by Bishop William Philbin of Down and Connor, assisted by the late cardinal's two brothers. Two days later, his body was moved to the cathedral where he laid in state until Thursday evening. Eleven archbishops and bishops from England and Wales attended the funeral which took place on Friday, April 22, among them Cardinals Basil Hume, O.S.B., archbishop of Westminster, Gordon Gray, archbishop of Edinburgh, Timothy Manning, archbishop of Los Angeles, Terence Cooke, archbishop of New York, Paul Gouyon, archbishop of Rennes and Bernard Alfrink, retired archbishop of Utrecht. Also present were 36 bishops, including Joseph Francis McGeough, apostolic nuncio to Ireland, the archbishops of Cardiff, Birmingham and Liverpool and the then recently exiled Donal Lamont, O.Carm., of Umtali, Rhodesia. The president of the Republic of Ireland Patrick Hillery, Prime Minister Liam Cosgrave, Lord Glentoran representing Queen Elizabeth II, the former president of Ireland Cearbhall Ó Dálaigh was also present as was the late cardinal’s mother, Annie. Buried in the grounds of St. Patrick's metropolitan cathedral, Armagh.

Webgraphy. Biography, in English, Wikipedia; his arms, Araldica Vaticana.

(23) 23. HERRERA ORIA, Ángel

(1886-1968)

Birth. December 19, 1886, Santander, Spain. Thirteenth of the fifteen children of José Herrera Ariosa and Asunción Oria. Four of the siblings were Jesuit priests, one of them a missionary in China.

Education. Did the secondary studies with the Jesuit Fathers in Valladolid; then, studied at the University of Deusto (law); at the University of Salamanca, (licentiate in law, 1905); at the University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland (ecclesiastical studies, 1936-1940).

Early life. Entered the Cuerpo de Abogados del Estado, by opposition, in 1908; sent to the Delegation of the Treasury, Burgos; he was there for a year. Returned to Madrid and entered the Marian Congregation of los Luises, directed by Father Ángel Ayala, S.J. On December 3, 1909, he was named president of the recently founded Asociación Católica Nacional de Jóvenes Propagandistas; he travelled through a large part of the country promoting Catholic principles. Director of El Debate, November 1, 1911-1933. Founder of Editorial Católica, of El Debate School of Journalism, of Confederación Nacional Católica Agraria, and of Centro de Estudios Universitarios e Instituto Social Obrero.Participated in the formation of Pax Romana as well as in the initial steps of the Summer University of Santander. President of Central Board of Spanish Catholic Action, 1933-1936.

Priesthood. Ordained, July 28, 1940, Seminary of Saint Charles, Fribourg. Returned to Spain in 1943. Coadjutor of the parish of Santa Lucía, in the diocese of Santander, 1943-1947.

Episcopate. Elected bishop of Málaga, April 24, 1947. Consecrated, June 30, 1947, parish church of Santa Lucía, temporary cathedral, by Gaetano Cicognani, titular archbishop of Ancira, nuncio to Spain, assisted by José María Eguino Trecu, bishop of Santander and by Juan Hervás y Benet, titular bishop of Alinda and coadjutor of Mallorca. He was installed on the following October 12. His episcopal motto was Orationi et ministerio Verbi. Established Instituto Social León XIII in 1952; its Facultad Eclesiástica de Ciencias Sociales earned great prestige. Promoted the Escuela de Ciudadanía Cristiana; the Residencia para Obreros Pío XI; and created the School of Journalism of the Church. He steadfastly campaigned for greater freedom and better living conditions for his countrymen and fought illiteracy with the construction of some 250 new elementary schools.

Cardinalate. Created cardinal priest in the consistory of February 22, 1965; received the red biretta, March 1, 1965, Madrid, from Generalissimo Francisco Franco, chief of State; and the title of Sacro Cuore di Maria, March 26, 1965. Resigned the pastoral government of the diocese of Málaga, August 27, 1966.

Death. July 28, 1968, Madrid. Buried in the chapel of San Rafael in the cathedral of Málaga on July 31, 1968 (1); the bust of the cardinal, in bronze, was sculpted by Víctor de los Ríos, from Málaga; the wrought iron grill that closes the chapel is the work of maestro Luis Gómez (1770).

Beatification. His cause of beatification was introduced on November 20, 1995. The diocesan phase was finished in 2010.

Bibliography. Echeverría, Lamberto de. Episcopologio español contemporáneo, 1868-1985 : datos biográficos y genealogía espiritual de los 585 obispos nacidos o consagrados en España entre el 1 de enero de 1868 y el 31 de diciembre de 1985. Salamanca : Universidad de Salamanca, 1986. (Acta Salmanticensia; Derecho; 45), p. 108; García Escudero, José María. Conversaciones sobre Ángel Herrera. Prólogo por Emilio Benavent Escuín. Madrid : Editorial Católica, 1986. (Biblioteca de autores cristianos ; 485); García Escudero, José María. De periodista a cardenal : vida de Ángel Herrera. Madrid : Biblioteca de Autores Cristianos, 1998. (Biblioteca de autores cristianos ; 590); Herrera Oria, Ángel ; García Escudero, José María. El pensamiento de Ángel Herrera : antología política y social. Madrid : Biblioteca de Autores Cristianos, 1987. (Biblioteca de autores cristianos ; 486); Herrera Oria, Ángel: Obras completas. 6 vols. Edited by José Luis Gutiérrez García. Madrid: Biblioteca de Autores Cristianos, 2002-2006; Herrera Oria, Angel; García Escudero, José María. Homenaje a Ángel Herrera Oria. Santander : Tantin, 1987. Contents: Ángel Herrera / José María García Escudero -- La Iglesia y la guerra civil / Fernando García de Cortázar -- Herrera Oria ante la problemática social / José Andrés Gallego -- Herrera Oria y el catolicismo político español / Javier Tusell -- Angel Herrera, hombre de Iglesia / José Luis Gutiérrez García; Martín Artajo, Alberto. El pensamiento social del cardenal Herrera Oria. Madrid : [s.n.], 1969. General Info: Overdr. uit: "Anales" de la Real Academia de Ciencias Morales y Políticas; no. 46, 1969. Other title: "Anales" de la Real Academia de Ciencias Morales y Políticas; no. 46, 1969; Sánchez Jiménez, José. El cardenal Herrera Oria : pensamiento y acción social. Madrid : Ediciones Encuentro, 1986. (Ensayos ; 28; Variation: Ensayos (Ediciones Encuentro) ; 28).

Webgraphy. Biography by José Luis Orella Martínez, in Spanish, Diccionario Biográfico Español, DB~e; his statue and biography, in English, Wikipedia; El Siervo de Dios Ángel Herrera Oria. Semblanza biográfica by José María García Escudero, Fundación Pablo VI, Pontificia Universidad de Salamanca, campus de Madrid; photograph and biography by Nieves San Martín, in Italian, Santi e Beati; his tomb, chapel of San Rafael, cathedral of Málaga, Málaga (at the bottom of the page); his arms and portraits, Araldica Vaticana (the top photograph is not his); Ángel Herrera Oria: Documental, in Spanish, You Tube; La diócesis de Málaga hace un homenaje al cardenal Ángel Herrera Oria by Ana María Medina, Ecclesia Digital 6 de junio de 2018; Ángel Herrera Oria: un católico en la vida pública by Fidel García Martínez, Ecclesia Digital, 20 de junio de 2018; El beato Pablo VI y el cardenal Herrera Oria, Ecclesia Digital, 10 de julio de 2018; 50 años del fallecimiento de Ángel Herrera Oria by Ana María Medina, Ecclesia Digital, 27 de julio de 2018; Ángel Herrera: la técnica al servicio de la Caridad by José Sánchez Jiménez, Ecclesia Digital, 27 de julio de 2018.

(1) This is the text of the inscription on his sarcophagus, kindly provided by Mr. Eman Bonnici, from Malta:
+ ANGEL CARDENAL HERRERA ORIA
OBISPO DE MALAGA
19 - XII - 1886         28 - VII - 1968

(24) 24. CALLORI DI VIGNALE, Federico

(1890-1971)

Birth. December 15, 1890, Vignale Monferrato, diocese of Casale Monferrato, Italy, from a noble family. He was the seventh of ten children to Count Ranieri Massimiliano Callori di Vignale and Countess Emanuela Beccaria Incisa. The other siblings were Giovanni Francesco, Vittorio, Federico Filippo, Giuseppe, Maria Luisa, Maria Teresa, Maria Clotilde, Maria Francesca and Maria Gertrude. His grandparents, Federico and Carlotta, were great benefactors to Don Bosco. His godfather on the occasion of his confirmation was Don Michele Rua, co-founder of the Salesians of Don Bosco, future blessed.

Education. Before entering seminary, he frequented the Collegio Sociale of the Jesuit Fathers in Turin. Then, studied at the Pontifical Gregorian University, Rome; and at the Pontifical Ecclesiastical Academy, Rome (diplomacy).

Priesthood. Ordained, December 16, 1917, Rome. Pastoral ministry in Rome, 1917-1958. Privy chamberlain participant, July 6, 1919; reappointed, February 7, 1922, and March 3, 1939. Canon of the chapter of the patriarchal Vatican basilica, June 3, 1935. Domestic prelate of His Holiness, May 28, 1935. Protonotary apostolic, June 6, 1935. Pro-master of the Papal Chamber, December 20, 1950. Knight grand cross of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic, January 12, 1953. Majordomo of the Sacred Apostolic Palace, October 29, 1958.

Episcopate. Elected titular archbishop of Maiuca, February 15, 1965. Consecrated, February 21, 1965, patriarchal Vatican basilica, by Cardinal Eugène Tisserant, bishop of Ostia and Porto e Santa Rufina, dean of the Sacred College of Cardinals, assisted by Diego Venini, titular archbishop of Adana, privy almoner of His Holiness, and by Pericle Felici, titular archbishop of Samosata, secretary General of the Second Vatican Council. His episcopal motto was In tenebris amen absque tenebris.

Cardinal. Created cardinal deacon in the consistory of February 22, 1965; received the red biretta and the title of S. Giovanni Bosco, February 25, 1965. Lost the right to participate in the conclave by being older than eighty years, January 1, 1971.

Death. August 10, 1971, following a lengthy illness, in Vatican City. Buried in the chapel-tomb of his family in Vignale Monferrato (1).

Webgraphy. Photographs and biography by Eman Bonnici, in English, Find a Grave; his arms and photograph, Araldica Vaticana.

(1) This is the text of the simple inscription on his tomb, kindly provided by Mr. Eman Bonnici, from Malta:
Stanislao Federico - cardinale-vescovo

(25) 25. CARDIJN, Joseph-Léon

(1882-1967)

Birth. November 18, 1882, Schaerbeek-Brussels, Belgium. Second of the four children of Henri Cardijn and Louise van Daelen. The other children were Jeanne, Victor and Charles. He lived with his grandparents in Halle until his parents quit their jobs as caretakers and his father, who was illiterate, started a business as a coal merchant while his mother opened a café.

Education. Studied at the Seminary of Mechelen; and at the University of Louvain.

Priesthood. Ordained, September 22, 1906, at St. Rumbold’s cathedral, by Cardinal Désiré-Joseph Mercier, archbishop of Mechelen. Faculty member of the Seminary of Basse-Wabre, 1906-1912. Pastoral ministry in the archdiocese of Mechelen, 1912-1915. Imprisoned during the First World War, 1915-1917. Pastoral ministry with the workers in Mechelen, 1917-1925. Founder of the Young Christian Workers, 1925; General chaplain, 1927-1965. Imprisoned during the Second World War, 1941. He was awarded an honorary doctorate in law by the University of Ottawa, Canada, in 1947. Privy chamberlain of His Holiness, April 30, 1950. Protonotary apostolic, September 25, 1962.

Episcopate. Elected titular archbishop of Tusuro, February 15, 1965. Consecrated, February 21, 1965, chapel of the Urbanian College de Propaganda Fide, Rome, by Cardinal Leo-Joseph Suenens, archbishop of Mechelen-Brussels, assisted by Charles-Marie Himmer, bishop of Tournai, and by Emiel-Jozef De Smedt, bishop of Brugge. His episcopal motto was Evangelizare pauperibus.

Cardinalate. Created cardinal deacon in the consistory of February 22, 1965; received the red biretta and the deaconry of S. Michele Arcangelo a Pietralata, February 25, 1965.

Death. July 25, 1967, of kidney ailment, Louvain. Buried in the parish church of Notre-Dame of Laeken, Brussels.

Beatification. The cause for his beatification was introduced by André-Joseph Léonard through the archdiocese of Mechelen-Brussels on January 16, 2014.

Bibliography. De la Bedoyere, Michael. The Cardijn story. Milwaukee : Bruce Publishing Co., 1958; Verhoeven, Joseph. Joseph Cardijn, prophète de notre temps. Préface de Léon-Joseph Cardinal Suenens. Bruxelles : Éditions "Labor", 1971. (Ceux dhier et daujourdhui, 8).

Webgraphy. Joseph Cardijn Digital Library, in English; his arms and photograph, Araldica Vaticana; biography, in Italian, Wikipedia; Cardinal Cardijn's decisive influence on Vatican II by Stefan Gigacz, La Croxi Internarional, July 24, 2017; The Leaven in the Council. Joseph Cardijn and the Jocist Network at Vatican II by Stefan Gigacz, The Leaven, 2021.

(26) 26. JOURNET, Charles

(1891-1975)

Birth. January 26, 1891, Genève, Switzerland. From a family of small traders. Son of Jean-Louis Journet and Jenny Bondat. He was baptized on the same day of his birth in the church of Sacré-Coeur. He received the sacrament of confirmation on June 12, 1903, in the same church, from Joseph Déruaz, bishop of Lausanne et Genève. Before entering seminary, he worked in a bank.

Education. He studied at the Seminary of Fribourg.

Priesthood. Ordained, July 15, 1917, Fribourg. Pastoral ministry in the diocese of Fribourg, 1917-1924. Faculty member of the Seminary of Fribourg, 1924-1965. Founder of the theological journal Nova et Vetera. Domestic prelate of His Holiness, August 13, 1946. He was a world famed theologian (1).

Episcopate. Elected titular archbishop of Fornos minore, February 15, 1965. Consecrated, February 20, 1965, cathedral of Saint Nicholas, Fribourg, by François Charrière, bishop of Lausanne, Genève et Fribourg, assisted by Franz von Streng, bishop of Basel e Lugano, and by Louis-Sevérin Haller, titular bishop of Betlemme, abbot nullius of Saint Maurice. His episopal motto was Dominus misereatur.

Cardinalate. Created cardinal deacon in the consistory of February 22, 1965; received the red biretta and the deaconry of S. Maria in Portico Campitelli, February 25, 1965. Attended the last session of the Second Vatican Council, 1965. Lost the right to participate in the conclave when turned eighty years of age, January 26, 1971. Opted for the order of cardinal priests and his deaconry was elevated pro illa vice to title, March 5, 1973.

Death. April 15, 1975, Fribourg. Buried in the Chartreuse de la Valsainte, in Gruyères, Fribourg Canton, Switzerland.

Beatificaion. The cause for his beatification was introduced by the Fondation du Cardinal Journet without nihil obstat on October 28, 2015.

Bibliography. Boissard, Guy. Charles Journet (1891-1975) : biographie. Paris : Salvator, 2008. (Biographie; Variation: Biographie (Paris, France)); Boissard, Guy; Latala, Renata ; Rime, Jacques. Charles Journet et "Nova et vetera". Genève : Ad Solem, 2007. Corporate Author: Bibliothèque cantonale et universitaire (Fribourg, Switzerland). Note: Issued in conjunction with an exhibition held at the Bibliothèque cantonale et universitaire de Fribourg, from April 28-June 17, 2006; Boissard, Guy. Une grande amitié : Charles Journet - Jacques Maritain. Préface de Nathalie Nabert. Genève : Ad Solem, 2006; Boissard, Guy. Quelle neutralité face à l'horreur : le courage de Charles Journet. Préface de René Rémond ; postface du père Georges Cottier. Saint-Maurice : Saint-Augustin, 2000; Charles Journet (1891-1975): un théologien en son siècle: actes du colloque de Genève, 1991. Sous la direction de Philippe Chenaux; contrib. de Guy Bedouelle ... et al. 2e éd. (réimpr.) Fribourg : Éditions universitaires; Paris: Éditions Mame, 1992; Charles Journet : un témoin du XXe siècle : actes de la Semaine théologique de l'université de Fribourg, Faculté de théologie, 8-12 avril 2002. Édition établie par Marta Rossignotti Jaeggi et Guy Boissard. Paris : Parole et silence, 2003. (Collection Sagesse et cultures). Corporate Author: Université de Fribourg. Faculté de théologie. Semaine théologique (2002 : Fribourg, Switzerland); Charles Journet, un théologien contemplatif. Fribourg : Éditions universitaires, 1991. (Nova et vetera; année 66, no 4, octobre-decembre 1991); Méroz, Lucien. Le cardinal Journet, ou, La sainte théologie. Lausanne : L'Age d'homme, 1981.

Webgraphy. His portrait and arms, Araldica Vaticana.

(1) This is the catalog of his works, taken from Boissard, Charles Journet (1891-1975) : biographie, p. 593-596:
-L'Église du Verbe incarné, premières éditions: Paris, Desclée de Brouwer, t. I, 1941; t. II, 1952; t. III, 1969. Réèdition: Saint-Maurice, St-Augustin, t. I, "La hiérarchie apostolique" (1998); t. II, "La structure interne de l'Église: la Christ, la Vierge, l'Esprit Saint" (1999); t. III, "La structure interne de l'Église et son unité catholique" (2000); t. IV; "Essai de théologie de l'histoire du salut" (2004); t. V, "Compléments et inédits" (2005);
-Journet-Maritain, Correspondance, Fribourg, Éd. Universitaires, Paris, Éd. Saint-Paul, t. I, 1920-1929 (1996); t. II, 1930-1939 (1997); Saint-Maurice, Éd. Saint-Augustin, Éd. Parole et Silence, t. III, 1940-1949 (1998); Saint-Maurice, Saint-Augustin, t. IV, 1950-1957 (2005); t. V, 1958-1964 (2006);
-Quelques réflexions sur "La vie de Jésus au point de vue Psychologique et Psychanalytique" de M. le pasteur G. Berguet, Genève, Gilbert, 1920;
-Une âme dominicaine, frère Louis Dupraz, novice profés, Genève, Presses de Jules Deshusses, 1924;
-L'esprit du protestantisme en Suisse, Paris, Nouvelle Librairie Nationale, 1925;
-L'union des Églises, Paris, Bernard Grasset, coll. "La Vie chrétienne", 1927;
-De la Bible catholique ` la Bible protestante, Paris, André Blot Éditeur, 1930;
-La juridiction de l'Église sur la Cité, Paris, Desclée de Brouwer, 1931;
-Notre-Dame des Sept Douleurs, Paris, Cerf, 1934; Saint-Maurice, Saint-Augustin, 1955;
-Petite biographie de Nicölas de Flue, Neuchâtel, La Baconnière, 1942; complété et réédité: Saint-Nicolas de Flue, La Baconnière, 1947, 1966; Fribourg-Paris, Éd. Saint-Paul, 1984;
-Connaissance et inconnaissance de Dieu, Fribourg, Éd. de la librairie de l'Université, 1943; Paris, Desclée de Brouwer, " Foi vivante ", 1969; Saint-Maurice, Saint-Augustin, 1996;
-Traduction de Savonarole, Dernièe méditation sur le psaume "Miserere", Paris, Luf, 1943, 1947; texte présenté par Pierre-Marie Émonet, Paris, DDB, 1995;
-Destinées d'Israël. À propos du salut par les Juifs, Paris, Egloff, 1945;
-Exigences chrétiennes en politique, Paris, Egloff, 1945; Saint-Maurice, Saint-Augustin, 1990;
-Introduction à la théologie, Paris, "Questions disputées", Desclée de Brouwer, 1947;
-Vérité de Pascal, Essai sur la valeur apologétique des "Pensée", Saint-Maurice, Saint-Augustin, 1951;
-Les sept paroles du Christ en Croix, Paris, Seuil, 1952, 1964;
-Primauté de Pierre dans la perspective protestante et dans la perspective catholique, Paris, Alsatia, 1953;
-Esquisse du développement du dogme marial, Paris, Alsatia, 1954;
-La messe, présence du sacrifice de la Croix, Paris, Desclée de Brouwer, 1957, 1958, 1961;
-Théologie de l'Église, Paris, Desclée de Brouwer, 1957, 1958;
-La volonté salvifique sur les petits enfants, Paris, Desclée de Brouwer, 1958;
-Entretiens sur la gráce, Paris, Desclée de Brouwer, 1959, 1961; Saint-Maurice, Saint-Augustin, 1969, 1985;
-Le Mal, essai théologique, Paris, Desclé de Brouwer, 1961, 1962; Saint-Maurice, Saint-Augustin, 1988;
-Le dogme, chemin de la foi, Paris, Fayard, 1963;
-Le message révélé, sa transmission, son développement, ses dépendances, Paris, Desclée de Brouwer, 1964;
-La Vierge Marie et l'Église, Paris, Tiqui, 1980;
-Dieu à la rencontre da l'homme. La voie théologale, Paris, Desclée de Brouwer et Fribourg, Saint-Paul, 1981;
-Comme une fl&èche de feu, Paris, Le Centurion, 1981. Lettres choisies par Marie-Agnès Cabanne, préface de Mgr Pierre Mamie;
-Le mystère de l'Eucharistie, Paris, Tiqui, 1983;
-Notre Père qui es aux cieux, Paris, Desclée de Brouwer, 1987; Saint-Maurice, Saint-Augustin, 1997;
-Théologie de la politique, introduit et présenté par Marie-Agnés Cabanne, Coll. "Prémices", Fribourg, Éd. Universitaires, 1987;
-Charles Journet, Jacques Maritain, Philippe de la Trinité, Le péché de l'ange. Peccabilité, nature et surnature, Paris, Beauchesne, 1961;
-Petits catéchismes: Publiés aux Éditions Saint-Augustin - CH Saint-Maurice:
-Petit catéchisme sur les origines du monde, 1950;
-La définition solennelle de l'Assomption de la Vierge, 1950, 1965;
-Petit catéchisme sur l'Église, 1960;
-Petit catéchisme sur la Messe, 1960;
-L'Église et la Bible, 1960;
-Petit catéchisme de la Sainte Vierge, 1964;
-Le mariage indissoluble, 1966, 1968;
-La présence sacramentelle du Christ, 1966, 1987;
Autres opuscules:
-Le purgatoire, Liège, La Pensée Catholique;
-Les images, ColI. "Débats et Litiges ", Fribourg, Éd. Saint-Paul, 1950;
-La sainte messe, "Débats et Litiges", Fribourg, Éd. Saint-Paul, 1950;
-Communisme au christianisme, deux aventures, "Débats et Litiges", Fribourg, Éd. Saint-Paul, 1956;
-Le quiétisme, "Débats et Litiges", Fribourg, Éd. Saint-Paul, 1950;
-La naissance de la foi, "Débats et Litiges", Fribourg, Éd. Saint-Paul, 1950;
-La sainte messe ou la permanence du sacrifice de la Loi nouvelle, Coll. "Études religieuses", no. 411, Liège, La Pensée Catholique, 1938; Fribourg, Éd. Saint-Paul, 1951;
-Propriété chrétienne et pauvreté chrétienne, Coll. "Études religieuses ", no. 383, Paris, La Pensée Catholique, 1937; Fribourg, Éd. Saint-Paul, 1951;
-Le quiétisme, sa déviation théologique, Fribourg, Éd. Saint-Paul, 1951;
-Carnets de notes, inédits; Retraites et cours: Retraites publiéés aux Éditions Parole et Silence - CH Les Plans-sur-Bex:
-Entretiens sur l'espérance;
-Entretiens sur la charité;
-Entretiens sur le Saint-Esprit;
-Entretiens sur Dieu le Père;
-Entretiens sur l'Eucharistie;
-Entretiens sur la Trinité;
-Entretiens sur l'Église;
-Entretiens sur Marie;
-Entretiens sur l'Incarnation;
-Entretiens sur la Rédemption;
-Retraites et cours inédits;
-La foi;
-Le mystère de la sacramentalité;
-Le baptême;
-Les venus théologales;
-Le Mal;
-La Messe;
-La Transfiguration;
-La prière avec Jésus;
-Les fins dernières;
-L'annonce de Jésus dans l'Ancien Testament;
-Les tentations de Jésus au désert;
-La présence corporelle du Christ;
-L'Évangile divin et humain;
-La Passion selon saint Marc;
-L'Église telle que la pense et la vit sainte Thérèse de Lisieux;
-Les dons du Saint-Esprit;
-Les Paradoxes des Noms divins;
-Les Demeures de sainte Thérèse d'Avila;
-Entretiens sur le mystère chrétien, exposé de la foi catholique;
-Saint François de Sales;
-Trois saints du Carmet : saint Jean de la Croix, sainte Thérèse d'Avila, sainte Thérèse de Lisieux;
-Commentaire de la première lettre de saint Jean et de ses récits de la Résurrection;
-Saint Paul;
-Commentaire de l'épître aux Bomains;
-L'épître aux Philippiens;
-Les lettres de Saint Pierre;
-L'Apocalypse: le mystère de l'Église;
-La collégialité et le Souverain Pontife.

(27) 27. BEVILACQUA, Orat., Giulio

(1881-1965)

Birth. September 15, 1881, at noon, Isola della Scala, diocese of Verona, Italy. Of a family of merchants. Son of Mattia Bevilacqua and Carla Olivari. He was baptized on the following September 22 by Pietro Gazzotti, abbot archpriest of the local parish; he received the name Giulio Pietro. In 1889, the family moved to Verona.

Education. He studied at Ginnasio-liceo "Scipione Maffei", Verona, from 1893 to 1896; at Alunnato Filippini, Brescia, from 1896 to 1902; at the University of Louvain, Louvain, Belgium, from 1902 to 1905; there, he studied under Desiré Mercier, future cardinal; doctoral thesis on Italian labor laws, April 25, 1905; and at the Seminary of Brescia in 1905. He joined the Oratory of St. Philip Neri of La Pace in 1905.

Priesthood. Ordained, June 13, 1908, Brescia. Pastoral ministry in diocese of Brescia, 1908-1914; 1918-1926; 1933-1939; 1945-1965. Chaplain in Italian Army during the First World War; captured and imprisoned, 1916-1918. Staff member of the Secretariat of State, Rome, for protection against Fascist threats, 1926-1933; pastoral ministry in Rome, 1926-1933. Chaplain in the Italian Navy during the Second World War, 1939-1945. Spiritual director and personal friend of Giovanni Battista Montini, future Pope Paul VI, while he was a student in Brescia.

Episcopate. Elected titular archbishop of Gaudiana, February 15, 1965. Consecrated, February 18, 1965, basilica of Ss Faustus e Jovita, Brescia, by Luigi Morstabilini, bishop of Brescia, assisted by Giuseppe Carraro, bishop of Verona, and by Carlo Manziana, Orat., bishop of Crema. His episcopal motto was Virtus in infirmitate.

Cardinalate. Created cardinal deacon in the consistory of February 22, 1965; received red biretta and deaconry of S. Girolamo della Carità, February 25, 1965. By special papal permission continued to be the pastor of S. Antonio della Pace parish, Brescia, February-May, 1965.

Death. May 6, 1965, after receiving the extreme unction from Cardinal Giovanni Colombo, archbishop of Milan, in Brescia. Buried in the parish church of S. Antonio della Pace, Brescia (1).

Bibliography. Barra, Giovanni. Padre Bevilacqua, parroco cardinale. Torino: Gribaudi, 1966; Bevilacqua, Giulio. La parola di padre Giulio Bevilacqua. Brescia : Morcelliana, 1967; Bevilacqua, Giulio. Saggio su la legislazione operaia in Italia. Brescia : Sintesi, 1973, 1906. Note: At head of title: Scuole di scienze politiche e sociali, Università di Lovanio; Bevilacqua, Giulio. Scritti e testimonianze in memoria di Padre Giulio Bevilacqua Cardinale : 1881-1965. Brescia : La scuola, 1965. Note: Cover title: Padre Giulio Bevilacqua Cardinale; Bevilacqua, Giulio. Scritti tra le due guerre. A cura di Enzo Giammancheri. Brescia : La Scuola, 1968.Il Cardinale Giulio Bevilacqua. Brescia : Centro di Documentazione, 1990; Fappani, Antonio. P. Giulio Bevilacqua, prete e cardinale sugli avamposti. Verona : Banca Mutua Popolare, 1975; Fappani, Antonio. Padre Giulio Bevilacqua, il cardinale-parroco. Brescia : Queriniana, 1979; L'Impegno religioso e civile di P. Giulio Bevilacqua : atti del colloquio di studio tenuto a Brescia il 9 giugno 1982. Brescia : Centro di documentazione, 1983. Note: Conference organized by: Centro di documentazione. "Brevissimi schemi delle lezioni di religione tenute alla 'Pace'"; Mondini, Giovanni. Attualità del cardinale Giulio Bevilacqua. Roma : Pontificia Università Lateranense, 1980. Material type: Thesis/dissertation (deg).

Webgraphy. Portrait, plaque and biography, in Italian, Centro Studi e Ricerche, Isola della Scala; his photograph and arms, Araldica Vaticana.

(1) This is the inscription on his tomb, kindly provided by Mr. Eman Bonnici, from Malta:
P. GIULIO BEVILACQUA d. o.
Cardinale di S.R.C.
del Titolo di San Girolamo
della Carità
Isola della Scala      Brescia
14 settembre 1881 6 maggio 1965

GUARDINI, Romano
(1885-1968)

Birth. February 17, 1885, Verona, Italy. Son of Romano Tullo Guardini and Paolo Maria Bernardinella. His baptismal name was Romano Michele Antonio Maria. He had three brothers, Gino, Mario and Aleardo. In 1886, the family moved to Mainz, Germany.

Education. Gymnasium of Mainz (graduated in August 1903; humanities); studied chemistry and then economics in Tübingen, Münich, and Berlin, 1903-1905; in August 1905, he experienced a religious conversion and the following November decided to study for the priesthood; studied theology in Freiburg, Tübingen, and Mainz, 1906-1910; doctoral studies at the University of Freiburg, October 1912 (obtained a doctoral degree in May 1915; dissertation: Die Lehre des heiligen Bonaventura von der Erlösung; it was published in 1922); studies for his "Habilitation" in Bonn, 1920.

Priesthood. Ordained, May 28, 1910, by Georg Heinrich Kirstein, bishop of Mainz. He celebrated his first mass the next day in the Abbey of Beuron with the chalice given to him by his parents as a present for his ordination. Curate in the diocese of Mainz, 1910-1912. Further studies, Freiburg, 1912-1915. Became a German citizen in 1911. Curate in the diocese of Mainz and chaplain to "Iuventus", 1915-1920. His father died in September 1919 and his mother and brothers moved to Lake Como and eventually to Isola Vicentina. Further studies, Bonn, 1920; in Easter of that year, he attended a meeting of the youth movement "Quickborn" in Burg Rothenfels. In 1923, he began to teach "Religionsphilosophie und Katholische Weltanschauung" at the University of Berlin. Together with Josef Aussem, became co-editor of Die Schildgenossen in 1924. In 1927, he became the national leader of "Quickborn" and the spiritual leader at Burg Rothenfels. Preacher at St. Benedict chapel in Berlin, 1928-1942. In February 1939, he was dismissed by the Third Reich from his professorship; and in August, the SS seized Burg Rothenfels and the Reich disbanded "Quickborn". From 1939 to 1943, he remained in Berlin, continued to write, and lectured at St. Canisius church. In 1941, the Reich suppressed Die Schildgenossen and prohibited Fr. Guardini from giving public addresses. From 1943 to 1945, he resided in Mooshausen with Fr. Josef Weiger. From 1945 to 1947, he was professor of "Religionsphilosophie und Christliche Weltanschauung" at the University of Tübingen; and 1948 to 1963, taught the same subject at the University of Münich; also, during those years, he preached every Sunday at St. Ludwig's church. On February 21, 1952, Pope Pius XII named him domestic prelate. That same year, he was awarded the Peace Prize of the German Book Association. In 1954, he was awarded an honorary doctorate in philosophy by the University of Freiburg. He was received into the Peace Society of the Order "Pour le Mérite" in 1958. The following year, 1959, he was awarded the Medal of Distinguished Service by the West German government; and in 1962, the "Erasmus Prize". In the Fall 1959, he had to stop teaching at the University of Münich because of bad health; in 1963, he retired from the university. The University of Padua awarded him an honorary degree in 1965.

Cardinalate. According to numerous sources, Pope Paul VI offered him the promotion to the cardinalate in 1965 but he declined. He wrote more than 75 books and 100 articles in theology, divine revelation, Jesus Christ as mediator, liturgy, history of the church, religious literature, Nazism and the Christian acceptance of modernity. Respected theologians like Karl Rahner, S.J.; Hans Urs von Balthasar, quasi cardinal; and Joseph Ratzinger, later Pope Benedict XVI, have acknowledged his influence over their theological formation and thought. From 1965 to 1968, he had to be hospitalized several times.

Death. October 1, 1968, of a cerebral hemorrhage, in a hospital in Münich. Cardinal Julius Döpfner, archbishop of Münich und Freising, presided the funeral mass on October 4, 1968 at St. Ludwig church, Münich. After the funeral, he was buried in the small cemetery of the Oratorians in the church of St. Laurentius in Münich-Nymphenburg. In 1969, he was awarded posthumously an honorary doctorate in philosophy by the University of Bologna and in 1970, the Katholische Akademie in Bayern established the "Guardini Prize", whose early recipients were Karl Rahner in 1970; Hans Urs von Balthasar in 1971; Oswald Nell-Breuning in 1972; and Werner Heisenberg in 1973. In 1997, his remains were transferred to a side chapel beside the altar of that church; his name and a cross mark his final resting place.

Beatification. At a Mass on December 16, 2017, the Archdiocese of Münich und Freising, Germany, officially opened the cause of canonization for Quasi-Cardinal Romano Guardini, along with that of his contemporary Fritz Gerlich, a journalist murdered by Nazis in 1934.

Bibliography.
-Babolin, Albino. Romano Guardini-Filosofo dell'alterità. 2 vols. Bologna: Zanichelli, 1968-1969. Volume I: Realtà e persona. Vol II: Situazione umana ed esperienza religiosa;
-Balthasar, Hans Urs von. Romano Guardini. Translated by Albert Wimmer. San Francisco : Ignatins Press, forthcoming;
-Balthasar, Hans Urs von. Romano Guardini. Reform aus dem Ursprung. Münich : Kösel, 1970;
-Balthasar, Hans Urs von. Romano Guardini: reform from the source. Translated by Albert K. Wimmer and D.C. Schindler. San Francisco : Ignatius Press, 2010;
-Berning-Baldeaux, Ursula. Person und BiIdung im Denken Romano Guardini. Wiirzburg : Echter, 1968;
-Binkowski, Johannes. Jugend als Wegbereiter. Stuttgart : Konrad Theiss, 1981;
-Biser, Eugen. Interpretation und Veranderung. Paderborn : Ferdinand Schöningh, 1979;
-Börsig-Hover, Lina. Das personale Antlitz des Menschen. Eine Untersuchung zum Personbegriff bei Romano Guardini. Mainz : Matthias Griinewald, 1987;
-Faber, Eva-Maria. Kirche zwischen Identitdt und Differenz. Würzburg : Echter, 1993;
-Fischer, Dorothee. Wort und Welt. Die Pneuma-Theologie Romano Guardinis als Beitrag zur Glaubensentdeckung und Glaubensbegldtung. Stuttgar t: W. Kohlhammer, 1993;
-Forster, Karl, ed. Akademische Feier zum 80. Geburtstag von Romano Guardini. Wütrzburg : Echter, 1965;
-Gerl, Hanna Barbara. Anfechtung und Treue: Romano Guardinis geistige Gestalt in ihrer heutigen Bedeutung. Donauwörth : Ludwig Auer, 1989;
-Gerl, Hanna Barbara. Begegungen in Mooshausen. Weissenhorn : Anton H. Konrad, 1990;
-Gerl, Hanna Barbara. Romano Guardini 1885-1968. Mainz : Matthias Grtinewald, 1985;
-Guardini, Romano. In Spiegel Und Gleichnis - Bilder Und Gedanken. Mainz : Mattias-Grunewald-Verlag, 1932; -Guardini, Romano. Letters from Lake Como : explorations in technology and the human race. Uniform Title: Briefe vom Comer See. English With an introduction by Louis Dupré ; translated by Geoffrey W. Bromiley. Grand Rapids, Mich. : W.B. Eerdmans, 1994. (Ressourcement);
-Guardini, Romano. Meditations before mass. Translated from the German by Elinor Castendyk Briefs. Westminster, Md. : Newman Press, 1956, ©1955 Note: Translation of Besinnung vor der Feier der heiligen Messe;
-Halda, Bernard. Christianisme et humanisme chez Romano Guardini. Paris : Editions Fleurus, 1978;
-Haubenthaler, Reinhard. Askese und Freiheit bei Romano Guardini. Paderborn : Ferdinand Schöningh, 1995;
-Henrich, Franz. Die Bünde der katholischen lugendbewegung. Münich : Kösel, 1968;
-Honnefelder, Ludger, and Mattbias Lutz-Bachmann, eds. Auslegungen des Glaubens Zur Hermeneutik christlicher Existenz. Berlin : Morus, 1987;
-Kleiber, Hansruedi. Glaube und religiöse Erfahrung bei Romano Guardini. Freiburg : Herder, 1985;
-Knoll, Alfons. Glaube und Kultur bei Romano Guardini. Paderborn : Ferdinand Schöningh, 1993-;
-Krieg, Robert A. Romano Guardini, a precursor of Vatican II. Notre Dame : University of Notre Dame Press, 1997;
-Krieg, Robert A., ed. Romano Guardini: Proclaiming the Sacred in a Modern World. Chicago : Liturgy Training Publications, 1995;
-Kuhn, Helmut. Romano Guardini. Münich: Kösel, 1961;
-Kuhn, Helmut. Romano Guardini, Philosoph der Sorge. St. Ottilien : EOS, 1987;
-López Quintas, Alfonso. Romano Guardini y la dieléctica de lo viviente. Madrid : Los Libros del Monograma, 1966;
-Marschall, Martin. In Wahrheit beten. St. Ottilien : EOS, 1986;
-Mercker, Hans. Christliche Weltanschauung als Problem: Untersuchungen zur Grundstruktur im Werk Romano Guardinis. Paderborn : Ferdinand Schöningh, 1988;
-Mercker, Hans; Katholische Akademie in Bayern, eds. Bibliographie Romano Guardini (1885-1968). Paderborn : Ferdinand Schöningh, 1978;
-Negri, Luigi. La antropologia di Romano Guardini. Milan : Jaca, 1989;
-Ratzinger, Joseph, ed. Wege zur Wahrheit. Düsseldorf : Patmos, 1985-;
-Richter, Klemens ; Arno Schilson, eds. Den Glauben feiern. Mainz : Matthias Grünewald, 1989;
-Ruster, Thomas. Die verlorene Niitzlichkeit der Religion. Paderborn : Ferdinand Schöningh, 1994;
-Schilson, Arno, ed. Konservative mit Blick nach Vorn: Versuche zu Romano Guardini. Würzburg : Echter, 1994;
-Schilson, Arno. Perspektiven theologischer Erneuerung. Düsseldorf : Patmos, 1986;
-Schlette, Heinz Robert. Romano Guardini. Werk und Wirkung. Bonn : Bouvier, 1985;
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Webgraphy. Photographs, biography and bibliography, in German, Copyright © Helmut Zenz - 2004; postal stamp and biography, in English, Wikipedia; photograph and biographical chronology, in German, copyright © 1998-2017 by aphorismen-archiv.de; Benedict XVI Has a Father, Romano Guardini by Sandro Magister, Chiesa, October 1, 2008; Laudato Si' and Romano Guardini by Father Robert Barron, Echoes, a forum of Catholic Thought, Tuesday, June 23, 2015; Romano Guardini soll seliggesprochen werden, Erzbistum München und Freising, katolisch.de | München - 17.07.2016; Che la donna trovi davvero se stessa by Hanna-Barbara Gerl-Falkovitz, L'Osservatore Romano, 16 maggio 2017; Guardini: Prozess zur Seligsprechung wird eröffnet, katholisch.de, Münich, 24.10.2017; Cause of Romano Guardini to open officially in December, Catholic Herald, posted Tuesday, 24 Oct 2017; Abrirán causa de beatificación de Romano Guardini, destacado filósofo del siglo XX, ACI, Vaticano, 24 Oct. 17 / 01:52 pm; Romano Guardini, Beloved Theologian of Two Popes — and Potential Saint by Nicholas Wolfram Smith, National Catholic Register, Dec. 15, 2017; Cercatori di verità. Aperti dal cardinale Marx i processi di beatificazione di Romano Guardini e Fritz Gerlich, L'Osservatore Romano, 19 dicembre 2017; La sentinella che vede nella notte. Cinquant’anni fa moriva Romano Guardini by Jacques Servais, L'Osservatore Romano, 29 settembre 2018; Zum 50. Todestag von Romano Guardini: „Er war einer der Großen“, Vatican News, 02 Oktober 2018, 11:09; Guardini, il filosofo dell'educazione by Roberto Righetto, Avvenire, giovedì 8 novembre 2018; D: Kardinal Marx würdigt Romano Guardini als Vordenker Europas, Vatican News, 17 August 2019, 13:31; Guardini e la via della non violenza by Riccardo Sabato, L'Osservatore Romano, 30 ottobre 2019; Dio non è un albero L’uomo non è un faggio by Anna Maria Tamburini, L'Osservatore Romano, 13 maggio 2020; A Pontificate under the Banner of Mary: Hans Urs von Balthasar on Pope Saint John Paul II, The Catholic World Report, May 13, 2020; Les grands théologiens du XXe siècle : Hans Urs von Balthasar (3/6) by Jean Duchesne, Aleteia, 28 mai 2020; Il popolo, simbolo dell’uomo indifeso e genuino che vive in intima unione con Dio by Romano Guardini, L'Osservatore Romano, 08 gennaio 2022; Pope Francis and Romano Guardini: The Next Stage of Liturgical Renewal by Timothy P. O'Malley, National Catholic Register, July 6, 2022; Contro il manicheismo teologico-politico. Quel filo rosso che lega Guardini e Buber by Massimo Borghesi, L'Osservatore Romano, 05 dicembre 2022; Guardare alla guerra per imparare a fare la pace by Giuliana Fabris, Curator of the della Cathedra Romano Guardini at the Shrine of Monte Berico, L'Osservatore Romano, 05 dicembre 2022.

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