Cretaceous oceanic anoxic events prolonged by phosphorus cycle feedbacks

Anderson, L. D., Delaney, M. L., and Faul, K. L.: Carbon to phosphorus ratios in sediments: Implications for nutrient cycling, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 15, 65–79, https://doi.org/10.1029/2000GB001270, 2001. 

Ando, A., Huber, B. T., MacLeod, K. G., Ohta, T., and Khim, B. K.: Blake Nose stable isotopic evidence against the mid-Cenomanian glaciation hypothesis, Geology, 37, 451–454, https://doi.org/10.1130/G25580A.1, 2009. 

Arning, E. T., Birgel, D., Brunner, B., and Peckmann, J.: Bacterial formation of phosphatic laminites off Peru, Geobiology, 7, 295–307, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1472-4669.2009.00197.x, 2009a. 

Arning, E. T., Lückge, A., Breuer, L. C., Gussone, N., Birgel, D., and Peckmann, J.: Genesis of phosphorite crusts off Peru, Mar. Geol., 262, 68–81, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.margeo.2009.03.006, 2009b. 

Arthur, M. A., Dean, W. E., and Schlanger, S. O.: Variations in the Global Carbon Cycle During the Cretaceous Related to Climate, Volcanism, and Changes in Atmospheric CO₂, in: The Carbon Cycle and Atmospheric CO₂: Natural Variations Archean to Present, edited by: Sundquist, E. and Broecker, W., American Geophysical Union, Washington D.C., USA, 32, 504–529, https://doi.org/10.1029/GM032p0504, 1985. 

Arthur, M. A., Dean, W. E., and Pratt, L. M.: Geochemical and climatic effects of increased marine organic carbon burial at the Cenomanian/Turonian boundary, Nature, 335, 714–717, https://doi.org/10.1038/335714a0, 1988. 

Batenburg, S. J., De Vleeschouwer, D., Sprovieri, M., Hilgen, F. J., Gale, A. S., Singer, B. S., Koeberl, C., Coccioni, R., Claeys, P., and Montanari, A.: Orbital control on the timing of oceanic anoxia in the Late Cretaceous, Clim. Past, 12, 1995–2009, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-12-1995-2016, 2016. 

Behrooz, L., Naafs, B. D. A., Dickson, A. J., Love, G. D., Batenburg, S. J., and Pancost, R. D.: Astronomically driven variations in depositional environments in the South Atlantic during the Early Cretaceous, Paleoceanogr. Paleocl., 33, 894–912, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018PA003338, 2018. 

Beil, S., Kuhnt, W., Holbourn, A. E., Aquit, M., Flögel, S., Chellai, E. H., and Jabour, H.: New insights into Cenomanian paleoceanography and climate evolution from the Tarfaya Basin, southern Morocco, Cretaceous Res., 84, 451–473, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cretres.2017.11.006, 2018. 

Beil, S., Kuhnt, W., Holbourn, A., Scholz, F., Wallmann, K., Lorenzen, J., Aquit, M., and Chellai, E. H.: Cretaceous Oceanic Anoxic Events prolonged by phosphorus cycle feedbacks, data from SN4 and La Bedoule, PANGAEA, https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.912375, 2020. 

Berger, W. H. and Vincent, E.: Deep-sea carbonates: reading the carbon-isotope signal, Geol. Rundsch., 75, 249–269, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01770192, 1986. 

Bornemann, A., Erbacher, J., Heldt, M., Kollaske, T., Wilmsen, M., Lübke, N., Huck, S., Vollmar, N. M., and Wonik, T.: The Albian–Cenomanian transition and Oceanic Anoxic Event 1d – an example from the boreal realm, Sedimentology, 64, 44–65, https://doi.org/10.1111/sed.12347, 2017. 

Bosmans, J. H. C., Hilgen, F. J., Tuenter, E., and Lourens, L. J.: Obliquity forcing of low-latitude climate, Clim. Past, 11, 1335–1346, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-11-1335-2015, 2015. 

Bottini, C., Erba, E., Tiraboschi, D., Jenkyns, H. C., Schouten, S., and Sinninghe Damsté, J. S.: Climate variability and ocean fertility during the Aptian Stage, Clim. Past, 11, 383–402, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-11-383-2015, 2015. 

Broecker, W. S. and Peng, T.-H.: Tracers in the Sea, Eldigio Press, Palisades, New York, USA, 1982. 

Calvert, S. E. and Pedersen, T. F.: Chapter fourteen elemental proxies for palaeoclimatic and palaeoceanographic variability in marine sediments: interpretation and application, in: Developments in Marine Geology, edited by: Hillaire–Marcel, C. and De Vernal, A., Elsevier, 1, 567–644, https://doi.org/10.1016/S1572-5480(07)01019-6, 2007. 

Charbonnier, G., Boulila, S., Spangenberg, J. E., Adatte, T., Föllmi, K. B., and Laskar, J.: Obliquity pacing of the hydrological cycle during the Oceanic Anoxic Event 2, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 499, 266–277, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2018.07.029, 2018. 

Coccioni, R. and Galeotti, S.: The mid-Cenomanian Event: prelude to OAE 2, Palaeogeogr. Palaeocl., 190, 427–440, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-0182(02)00617-X, 2003. 

Codispoti, L. A.: Phosphorus vs. nitrogen limitation of new and export production, in: Productivity of the Ocean: Present and Past, edited by: Berger, W. H., Smetacek, V. S., and Wefer, G., Wiley, New York, USA, 377–394, 1989. 

Cors, J., Heimhofer, U., Adatte, T., Hochuli, P. A., Huck, S., and Bover-Arnal, T.: Climatic evolution across oceanic anoxic event 1a derived from terrestrial palynology and clay minerals (Maestrat Basin, Spain), Geol. Mag., 152, 632–647, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0016756814000557, 2015. 

Cosmidis, J., Benzerara, K., Menguy, N., and Arning, E.: Microscopy evidence of bacterial microfossils in phosphorite crusts of the Peruvian shelf: Implications for phosphogenesis mechanisms, Chem. Geol., 359, 10–22, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2013.09.009, 2013. 

Danzelle, J., Riquier, L., Baudin, F., Thomazo, C., and Pucéat, E.: Oscillating redox conditions in the Vocontian Basin (SE France) during Oceanic Anoxic Event 2 (OAE 2), Chem. Geol., 493, 136–152, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2018.05.039, 2018. 

Delaney, M. L.: Phosphorus accumulation in marine sediments and the oceanic phosphorus cycle, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 12, 563–572, https://doi.org/10.1029/98GB02263, 1998. 

Dickens, G. R., O'Neil, J. R., Rea, D. K., and Owen, R. M.: Dissociation of oceanic methane hydrate as a cause of the carbon isotope excursion at the end of the Paleocene, Paleoceanography, 10, 965–971, https://doi.org/10.1029/95PA02087, 1995. 

Dumitrescu, M. and Brassell, S. C.: Biogeochemical assessment of sources of organic matter and paleoproductivity during the early Aptian Oceanic Anoxic Event at Shatsky Rise, ODP Leg 198, Org. Geochem., 36, 1002–1022, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orggeochem.2005.03.001, 2005. 

Dumitrescu, M. and Brassell, S. C.: Compositional and isotopic characteristics of organic matter for the early Aptian Oceanic Anoxic Event at Shatsky Rise, ODP Leg 198, Palaeogeogr. Palaeocl., 235, 168–191, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2005.09.028, 2006. 

Dumitrescu, M., Brassell, S. C., Schouten, S., Hopmans, E. C., and Sinninghe Damsté, J. S.: Instability in tropical Pacific sea-surface temperatures during the early Aptian, Geology, 34, 833–836, https://doi.org/10.1130/G22882.1, 2006. 

Du Vivier, A. D., Selby, D., Sageman, B. B., Jarvis, I., Gröcke, D. R., and Voigt, S.: Marine ¹⁸⁷Os/¹⁸⁸Os isotope stratigraphy reveals the interaction of volcanism and ocean circulation during Oceanic Anoxic Event 2, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 389, 23–33, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2013.12.024, 2014. 

Du Vivier, A. D. C., Selby, D., Condon, D. J., Takashima, R., and Nishi, H.: Pacific ¹⁸⁷Os/¹⁸⁸Os isotope chemistry and U–Pb geochronology: Synchroneity of global Os isotope change across OAE 2, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 428, 204–216, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2015.07.020, 2015. 

Eicher, D. L. and Worstell, P.: Cenomanian and Turonian foraminifera from the great plains, United States, Micropaleontology, 16, 269–324, https://doi.org/10.2307/1485079, 1970. 

El Albani, A., Kuhnt, W., Luderer, F., Herbin, J. P., and Caron, M.: Palaeoenvironmental evolution of the Late Cretaceous sequence in the Tarfaya Basin (southwest of Morocco), Geol. Soc. (London) Spec. Publ., 153, 223–240, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1999.153.01.14, 1999. 

Eldrett, J. S., Ma, C., Bergman, S. C., Lutz, B., Gregory, F. J., Dodsworth, P., Phipps, M., Hardas, P., Minisini, D., Ozkan, A., Ramezani, J., Bowing, S. A., Kamo, S. L., Ferguson, K., Macaulay, C., and Kelly, A. E.: An astronomically calibrated stratigraphy of the Cenomanian, Turonian and earliest Coniacian from the Cretaceous Western Interior Seaway, USA: Implications for global chronostratigraphy, Cretaceous Res., 56, 316–344, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cretres.2015.04.010, 2015. 

Elkhazri, A., Abdallah, H., Razgallah, S., Moullade, M., and Kuhnt, W.: Carbon-isotope and microfaunal stratigraphy bounding the Lower Aptian Oceanic Anoxic Event 1a in northeastern Tunisia, Cretaceous Res., 39, 133–148, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cretres.2012.05.011, 2013. 

Elrick, M., Molina-Garza, R., Duncan, R., and Snow, L.: C-isotope stratigraphy and paleoenvironmental changes across OAE2 (mid-Cretaceous) from shallow-water platform carbonates of southern Mexico, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 277, 295–306, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2008.10.020, 2009. 

Erba, E.: Calcareous nannofossil distribution in pelagic rhythmic sediments (Aptian-Albian Piobbico core, central Italy), Riv. Ital. Paleontol. S, 97, 455–484, https://doi.org/10.13130/2039-4942/8959, 1992. 

Erba, E.: Calcareous nannofossils and Mesozoic oceanic anoxic events, Mar. Micropaleontol., 52, 85–106, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marmicro.2004.04.007, 2004. 

Erba, E., Channell, J. E., Claps, M., Jones, C., Larson, R., Opdyke, B., Premoli Silva, I., Riva, A., Salvini, G., and Torricelli, S.: Integrated stratigraphy of the Cismon Apticore (southern Alps, Italy); a “reference section” for the Barremian-Aptian interval at low latitudes, J. Foramin. Res., 29, 371–391, 1999. 

Erbacher, J., Huber, B. T., Norris, R. D., and Markey, M.: Increased thermohaline stratification as a possible cause for an ocean anoxic event in the Cretaceous period, Nature, 409, 325–327, https://doi.org/10.1038/35053041, 2001. 

Filippelli, G. M.: The global phosphorus cycle: past, present, and future, Elements, 4, 89–95, https://doi.org/10.2113/GSELEMENTS.4.2.89, 2008. 

Flögel, S., Kuhnt, W., and Moullade, M.: Drilling of Early Cretaceous Oceanic Anoxic Event 1a in Southern France, Sci. Dril., 9, 20–22, https://doi.org/10.2204/iodp.sd.9.03.2010, 2010. 

Föllmi, K. B.: The phosphorus cycle, phosphogenesis and marine phosphate-rich deposits, Earth-Sci. Rev., 40, 55–124, https://doi.org/10.1016/0012-8252(95)00049-6, 1996. 

Föllmi, K. B.: Early Cretaceous life, climate and anoxia, Cretaceous Res., 35, 230–257, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cretres.2011.12.005, 2012. 

Forster, A., Schouten, S., Moriya, K., Wilson, P. A., and Sinninghe Damsté, J. S.: Tropical warming and intermittent cooling during the Cenomanian/Turonian oceanic anoxic event 2: Sea surface temperature records from the equatorial Atlantic, Paleoceanography, 22, PA1219, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006PA001349, 2007. 

Friedrich, O., Erbacher, J., and Mutterlose, J.: Paleoenvironmental changes across the Cenomanian/Turonian boundary event (oceanic anoxic event 2) as indicated by benthic foraminifera from the Demerara Rise (ODP Leg 207), Rev. Micropaléontol., 49, 121–139, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.revmic.2006.04.003, 2006. 

Gale, A. S.: A Milankovitch scale for Cenomanian time, Terra Nova, 1, 420–425, 1989. 

Gale, A. S. and Christensen, W. K.: Occurrence of the belemnite Actinocamax plenus in the Cenomanian of SE France and its significance, B. Geol. Soc. Denmark, 43, 68–77, 1996. 

Gale, A. S., Hardenbol, J., Hathway, B., Kennedy, W. J., Young, J. R., and Phansalkar, V.: Global correlation of Cenomanian (Upper Cretaceous) sequences: Evidence for Milankovitch control on sea level, Geology, 30, 291–294, https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(2002)030<0291:GCOCUC>2.0.CO;2, 2002. 

Gale, A. S., Kennedy, W. J., Voigt, S., and Walaszczyk, I.: Stratigraphy of the Upper Cenomanian-Lower Turonian Chalk succession at Eastbourne, Sussex, UK: ammonites, inoceramid bivalves and stable carbon isotopes, Cretaceous Res., 26, 460–487, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cretres.2005.01.006, 2005. 

Gambacorta, G., Malinverno, A., and Erba, E.: Orbital forcing of carbonate versus siliceous productivity in the late Albian–late Cenomanian (Umbria-Marche Basin, central Italy), Newsl. Stratigr., 52, 197–220, https://doi.org/10.1127/nos/2018/0456, 2019. 

Gangl, S. K., Moy, C. M., Stirling, C. H., Jenkyns, H. C., Crampton, J. S., Clarkson, M. O., Ohneiser, C., and Porcellid, D.: High-resolution records of Oceanic Anoxic Event 2: Insights into the timing, duration and extent of environmental perturbations from the palaeo-South Pacific Ocean, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 518, 172–182, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2019.04.028, 2019. 

Geider, R. and La Roche, J.: Redfield revisited: variability of C:N:P in marine microalgae and its biochemical basis, Eur. J. Phycol., 37, 1–17, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0967026201003456, 2002. 

Goldhammer, T., Brüchert, V., Ferdelman, T. G., and Zabel, M.: Microbial sequestration of phosphorus in anoxic upwelling sediments, Nat. Geosci., 3, 557–561, https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo913, 2010. 

Golterman, H. L.: Phosphate release from anoxic sediments or “What did Mortimer really write?”, Hydrobiologia, 450, 99–106, https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1017559903404, 2001. 

Govin, A., Holzwarth, U., Heslop, D., Ford Keeling, L., Zabel, M., Mulitza, S., Collins, J. A., and Chiessi, C. M.: Distribution of major elements in Atlantic surface sediments (36 N – 49 S): Imprint of terrigenous input and continental weathering, Geochem. Geophy. Geosy., 13, Q01013, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011GC003785, 2012. 

Handoh, I. C. and Lenton, T. M.: Periodic mid-Cretaceous oceanic anoxic events linked by oscillations of the phosphorus and oxygen biogeochemical cycles, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 17, 1092, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003GB002039, 2003. 

Hasegawa, H., Tada, R., Jiang, X., Suganuma, Y., Imsamut, S., Charusiri, P., Ichinnorov, N., and Khand, Y.: Drastic shrinking of the Hadley circulation during the mid-Cretaceous Supergreenhouse, Clim. Past, 8, 1323–1337, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-8-1323-2012, 2012. 

Hay, W. W.: Why Cretaceous paleoclimatology remains a mystery, GSA Denver Annual Meeting 2007, 28–31 October 2007, Denver, CO, 2007. 

Hay, W. W. and Floegel, S.: New thoughts about the Cretaceous climate and oceans, Earth-Sci. Rev., 115, 262–272, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2012.09.008, 2012. 

Herrle, J. O., Schröder-Adams, C. J., Davis, W., Pugh, A. T., Galloway, J. M., and Fath, J.: Mid-Cretaceous High Arctic stratigraphy, climate, and Oceanic Anoxic Events, Geology, 43, 403–406, https://doi.org/10.1130/G36439.1, 2015. 

Hochuli, P. A., Menegatti, A. P., Weissert, H., Riva, A., Erba, E., and Silva, I. P.: Episodes of high productivity and cooling in the early Aptian Alpine Tethys, Geology, 27, 657–660, https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1999)027<0657:EOHPAC>2.3.CO;2, 1999. 

Holland H. D.: The Chemistry of the Atmosphere and Oceans, Wiley, New York, USA, 1978. 

Hu, X., Zhao, K., Yilmaz, I. O., and Li, Y.: Stratigraphic transition and palaeoenvironmental changes from the Aptian oceanic anoxic event 1a (OAE1a) to the oceanic red bed 1 (ORB1) in the Yenicesihlar section, central Turkey, Cretaceous Res., 38, 40–51, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cretres.2012.01.007, 2012. 

Ingall, E. and Jahnke, R.: Evidence for enhanced phosphorus regeneration from marine sediments overlain by oxygen depleted waters, Geochim. Cosmochim. Ac., 58, 2571–2575, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(94)90033-7, 1994. 

Ingall, E. D.: Biogeochemistry: phosphorus burial, Nat. Geosci., 3, 521–522, https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo926, 2010. 

Jarvis, I., Lignum, J. S., Gröcke, D. R., Jenkyns, H. C., and Pearce, M. A.: Black shale deposition, atmospheric CO₂ drawdown, and cooling during the Cenomanian-Turonian Oceanic Anoxic Event, Paleoceanography, 26, PA3201, https://doi.org/10.1029/2010PA002081, 2011. 

Jarvis, I. A. N., Gale, A. S., Jenkyns, H. C., and Pearce, M. A.: Secular variation in Late Cretaceous carbon isotopes: a new δ¹³C carbonate reference curve for the Cenomanian–Campanian (99.6–70.6 Ma), Geol. Mag., 143, 561–608, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0016756806002421, 2006. 

Jenkyns, H. C.: Cretaceous anoxic events: from continents to oceans, J. Geol. Soc. London, 137, 171–188, https://doi.org/10.1029/2010pa002081,2011, 1980. 

Jenkyns, H. C.: Carbon-isotope stratigraphy and paleoceanographic significance of the Lower Cretaceous shallow-water carbonates of Resolution Guyot, Mid-Pacific Mountains, in: Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results, 143, edited by: Winterer, E. L., Sager, W. W., Firth, J. V., and Sinton, J. M., Ocean Drilling Program, College Station, 99–108, https://doi.org/10.2973/odp.proc.sr.143.213.1995, 1995. 

Jenkyns, H. C.: Evidence for rapid climate change in the Mesozoic–Palaeogene greenhouse world, Philos. T. Roy. Soc. A, 361, 1885–1916, https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2003.1240, 2003. 

Jenkyns, H. C.: Geochemistry of oceanic anoxic events, Geochem. Geophy. Geosy., 11, Q03004, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009GC002788, 2010. 

Jenkyns, H. C.: Transient cooling episodes during Cretaceous Oceanic Anoxic Events with special reference to OAE 1a (Early Aptian), Philos. T. Roy. Soc. A., 376, 20170073, https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2017.0073, 2018. 

Jenkyns, H. C., Gale, A. S., and Corfield, R. M.: Carbon-and oxygen-isotope stratigraphy of the English Chalk and Italian Scaglia and its palaeoclimatic significance, Geol. Mag., 131, 1–34, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0016756800010451, 1994. 

Jenkyns, H. C., Matthews, A., Tsikos, H., and Erel, Y.: Nitrate reduction, sulfate reduction, and sedimentary iron isotope evolution during the Cenomanian-Turonian oceanic anoxic event, Paleoceanography, 22, PA3208, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006PA001355, 2007. 

Jenkyns, H. C., Dickson, A. J., Ruhl, M., and Van den Boorn, S. H.: Basalt-seawater interaction, the Plenus Cold Event, enhanced weathering and geochemical change: deconstructing Oceanic Anoxic Event 2 (Cenomanian–Turonian, Late Cretaceous), Sedimentology, 64, 16–43, https://doi.org/10.1111/sed.12305, 2017. 

Katz, M. E., Wright, J. D., Miller, K. G., Cramer, B. S., Fennel, K., and Falkowski, P. G.: Biological overprint of the geological carbon cycle, Mar. Geol., 217, 323–338, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.margeo.2004.08.005, 2005. 

Keller, C. E., Hochuli, P. A., Weissert, H., Bernasconi, S. M., Giorgioni, M., and Garcia, T. I.: A volcanically induced climate warming and floral change preceded the onset of OAE1a (Early Cretaceous), Palaeogeogr. Palaeocl., 305, 43–49, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2011.02.011, 2011. 

Keller, G., Berner, Z., Adatte, T., and Stueben, D.: Cenomanian–Turonian and δ¹³C, and δ¹⁸O, sea level and salinity variations at Pueblo, Colorado, Palaeogeogr. Palaeocl., 211, 19–43, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2004.04.003, 2004. 

Kochhann, K. G. D., Koutsoukos, A. M., and Fauth, G.: Aptian/Albian benthic foraminifera from DSDP Site 364 (offshore Angola): A paleoenvironmental and paleobiogeographic appraisal, Cretaceous Res., 48, 1–11, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cretres.2013.11.009, 2014. 

Kolonic, S., Wagner, T., Forster, A., Sinninghe Damsté, J. S., Walsworth-Bell, B., Erba, E., Turgeon, S., Brumsack, H.-J., Chellai, E. H., Tsikos, H., Kuhnt, W., and Kuypers, M. M. M.: Black shale deposition on the northwest African Shelf during the Cenomanian/Turonian oceanic anoxic event: Climate coupling and global organic carbon burial, Paleoceanography, 20, PA1006, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003PA000950, 2005. 

Kuhnt, W., Thurow, J., Wiedmann, J., and Herbin, J. P.: Oceanic anoxic conditions around the Cenomanian/Turonian Boundary and the response of the biota, in: Biogeochemistry of Black Shales (Vol. 60), edited by: Degens, E. T., Meyers, P. A., and Brassell, S. C., Mitteilungen aus dem Geologischen Institut der Univ. Hamburg, Germany, 205–246, 1986. 

Kuhnt, W., Herbin, J., Thurow, J., and Wiedemann, J.: Distribution of Cenomanian-Turonian organic facies in the western Mediterranean and along the adjacent Atlantic margin, in: Deposition of organic facies (Vol. 30), Amer. Assoc. Petroleum Geologists, 133–160, 1990. 

Kuhnt, W., Nederbragt, A., and Leine, L.: Cyclicity of Cenomanian-Turonian organic-carbon-rich sediments in the Tarfaya Atlantic coastal basin (Morocco), Cretaceous Res., 18, 587–601, https://doi.org/10.1006/cres.1997.0076, 1997. 

Kuhnt, W., Luderer, F., Nederbragt, S., Thurow, J., and Wagner, T.: Orbital-scale record of the late Cenomanian–Turonian oceanic anoxic event (OAE-2) in the Tarfaya Basin (Morocco), Int. J. Earth Sci., 94, 147–159, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00531-004-0440-5, 2005. 

Kuhnt, W., Holbourn, A., and Moullade, M.: Transient global cooling at the onset of early Aptian oceanic anoxic event (OAE) 1a, Geology, 39, 323–326, https://doi.org/10.1130/G31554.1, 2011. 

Kuhnt, W., Holbourn, A. E., Beil, S., Aquit, M., Krawczyk, T., Flögel, S., Chellai, E. H., and Jabour, H.: Unraveling the onset of Cretaceous Oceanic Anoxic Event 2 in an extended sediment archive from the Tarfaya-Laayoune Basin, Morocco, Paleoceanography, 32, 923–946, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017PA003146, 2017. 

Kump, L. R.: Interpreting carbon-isotope excursions: Strangelove oceans, Geology, 19, 299–302, https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1991)019<0299:ICIESO>2.3.CO;2, 1991. 

Kump, L. R. and Arthur, M. A.: Interpreting carbon-isotope excursions: carbonate and organic matter, Chem. Geol., 161, 181–198, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0009-2541(99)00086-8, 1999. 

Kuypers, M. M., Pancost, R. D., and Damste, J. S. S.: A large and abrupt fall in atmospheric CO₂ concentration during Cretaceous times, Nature, 399, 342–345, https://doi.org/10.1038/20659, 1999. 

Kuypers, M. M., van Breugel, Y., Schouten, S., Erba, E., and Siminghe Damsté, J. S.: N₂-fixing cyanobacteria supplied nutrient N for Cretaceous oceanic anoxic events, Geology, 32, 853–856, https://doi.org/10.1130/G20458.1, 2004. 

Larson, R. L.: Latest pulse of Earth: Evidence for a mid-Cretaceous superplume, Geology, 19, 547–550, https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1991)019<0547:LPOEEF>2.3.CO;2, 1991. 

Larson, R. L. and Erba, E.: Onset of the Mid-Cretaceous greenhouse in the Barremian-Aptian: Igneous events and the biological, sedimentary, and geochemical responses, Paleoceanography, 14, 663–678, https://doi.org/10.1029/1999PA900040, 1999. 

Laskar, J., Robutel, P., Joutel, F., Gastineau, M., Correia, A. C. M., and Levrard, B.: A long-term numerical solution for the insolation quantities of the Earth, Astron. Astrophys., 428, 261–285, https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361:20041335, 2004. 

Laskar, J., Fienga, A., Gastineau, M., and Manche, H.: La2010: a new orbital solution for the long-term motion of the Earth, Astron. Astrophys., 532, A89, https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201116836, 2011a. 

Laskar, J., Gastineau, M., Delisle, J. B., Farrés, A., and Fienga, A.: Strong chaos induced by close encounters with Ceres and Vesta, Astron. Astrophys., 532, 53, https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201117504, 2011b. 

Leine, L.: Geology of the Tarfaya oil shale deposit, Morocco, Geol. Mijnbouw, 65, 57–74, 1986. 

Li, Y. X., Bralower, T. J., Montañez, I. P., Osleger, D. A., Arthur, M. A., Bice, D. M., Herbert, T. D., Erba, E., and Silva, I. P.: Toward an orbital chronology for the early Aptian oceanic anoxic event (OAE1a, ∼120 Ma), Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 271, 88–100, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2008.03.055, 2008. 

Li, R., Xu, J., Li, X., Shi, Z., and Harrison, P. J.: Spatiotemporal variability in phosphorus species in the Pearl River Estuary: Influence of the river discharge, Sci. Rep., 7, 13649, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-13924-w, 2017a. 

Li, Y. X., Montanez, I. P., Liu, Z., and Ma, L.: Astronomical constraints on global carbon-cycle perturbation during Oceanic Anoxic Event 2 (OAE2), Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 462, 35–46, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2017.01.007, 2017b. 

Lorenzen, J., Kuhnt, W., Holbourn, A., Flögel, S., Moullade, M., and Tronchetti, G.: A new sediment core from the Bedoulian (Lower Aptian) stratotype at Roquefort-La Bédoule, SE France, Cretaceous Res., 39, 6–16, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cretres.2012.03.019, 2013. 

Ma, C., Meyers, S. R., Sageman, B. B., Singer, B. S., and Jicha, B. R.: Testing the astronomical time scale for oceanic anoxic event 2, and its extension into Cenomanian strata of the Western Interior Basin (USA), Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 126, 974–989, https://doi.org/10.1130/B30922.1, 2014. 

Mackenzie, F. T., Ver, L. M., and Lerman, A.: Century-scale nitrogen and phosphorus controls of the carbon cycle, Chem. Geol., 190, 13–32, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0009-2541(02)00108-0, 2002. 

Malinverno, A., Erba, E., and Herbert, T. D.: Orbital tuning as an inverse problem: Chronology of the early Aptian oceanic anoxic event 1a (Selli Level) in the Cismon APTICORE, Paleoceanography, 25, PA2203, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009PA001769, 2010. 

Mann, M. E. and Lees, J. M.: Robust estimation of background noise and signal detection in climatic time series, Climatic change, 33, 409–445, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00142586, 1996. 

März, C., Poulton, S. W., Beckmann, B., Küster, K., Wagner, T., and Kasten, S.: Redox sensitivity of P cycling during marine black shale formation: dynamics of sulfidic and anoxic, non-sulfidic bottom waters, Geochim. Cosmochim. Ac., 72, 3703–3717, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2008.04.025, 2008. 

Masse, J. P., Bouaziz, S., Amon, E. O., Baraboshin, E., Tarkowski, R. A., Bergerat, F., Sandulescu, M., Platel, J. P., Canerot, J., and Guiraud, R.: Early Aptian (112–114 Ma), in: Atlas Peri-Tethys, Palaeogeographical Maps, edited by: Dercourt, J., Gaetani, M., and Vrielynck, B., CCGM, Paris, 119–127, 2000. 

Masure, E., Raynaud, J. F., Pons, D., and de Reneville, P.: Palynologie du stratotype historique de l'Aptien inférieur dans la région de Cassis-La Bédoule (SE France), Géologie méditerranéenne, 25, 263–287, 1998. 

Menegatti, A. P., Weissert, H., Brown, R. S., Tyson, R. V., Farrimond, P., Strasser, A., and Caron, M.: High-resolution δ¹³C stratigraphy through the early Aptian “Livello Selli” of the Alpine Tethys, Paleoceanography, 13, 530–545, https://doi.org/10.1029/98PA01793, 1998. 

Meyers, S. R.: Astrochron: An R package for astrochronology, available at: https://cran.r-project.org/package=astrochron (last access: 1 September 2019), 2014. 

Meyers, S. R. and Sageman, B. B.: Quantification of deep-time orbital forcing by average spectral misfit, Am. J. Sci., 307, 773–792, https://doi.org/10.2475/05.2007.01, 2007. 

Meyers, S. R., Sageman, B. B., and Arthur, M. A.: Obliquity forcing of organic matter accumulation during Oceanic Anoxic Event 2, Paleoceanography, 27, PA3212, https://doi.org/10.1029/2012PA002286, 2012a. 

Meyers, S. R., Siewert, S. E., Singer, B. S., Sageman, B. B., Condon, D. J., Obradovich, J. D., Jicha, B. R., and Sawyer, D. A.: Intercalibration of radioisotopic and astrochronologic time scales for the Cenomanian-Turonian boundary interval, Western Interior Basin, USA, Geology, 40, 7–10, https://doi.org/10.1130/G32261.1, 2012b. 

Mort, H. P., Adatte, T., Follmi, K. B., Keller, G., Steinmann, P., Matera, V., Berner, Z., and Stuben, D.: Phosphorus and the roles of productivity and nutrient recycling during oceanic anoxic event 2, Geology, 35, 483–486, https://doi.org/10.1130/G23475A.1, 2007. 

Mort, H. P., Adatte, T., Keller, G., Bartels, D., Föllmi, K. B., Steinmann, P., Berner, Z., and Chellai, E. H.: Organic carbon deposition and phosphorus accumulation during Oceanic Anoxic Event 2 in Tarfaya, Morocco, Cretaceous Res., 29, 1008–1023, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cretres.2008.05.026, 2008. 

Moullade, M., Tronchetti, G., Granier, B., Bornemann, A., Kuhnt, W., and Lorenzen, J.: High-resolution integrated stratigraphy of the OAE1a and enclosing strata from core drillings in the Bedoulian stratotype (Roquefort-La Bédoule, SE France), Cretaceous Res., 56, 119–140, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cretres.2015.03.004, 2015. 

Mulitza, S., Prange, M., Stuut, J. B., Zabel, M., von Dobeneck, T., Itambi, A. C., Nizou, J., Schulz, M., and Wefer, G.: Sahel megadroughts triggered by glacial slowdowns of Atlantic meridional overturning, Paleoceanography, 23, PA4206, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008PA001637, 2008. 

Naafs, B. D. A. and Pancost, R. D.: Sea-surface temperature evolution across Aptian oceanic anoxic event 1a, Geology, 44, 959–962, https://doi.org/10.1130/G38575.1, 2016. 

Naafs, B. D. A., Castro, J. M., DeGea, G. A., Quijano, M. L., Schmidt, D. N., and Pancost, R. D.: Gradual and sustained carbon dioxide release during Aptian oceanic anoxic event 1a, Nat. Geosci., 9, 135–139, https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo2627, 2016. 

Nederbragt, A. J. and Fiorentino, A.: Stratigraphy and palaeoceanography of the Cenomanian-Turonian boundary event in Oued Mellegue, north-western Tunisia, Cretaceous Res., 20, 47–62, https://doi.org/10.1006/cres.1998.0136, 1999. 

Nederbragt, A. J., Thurow, J., Vonhof, H., and Brumsack, H. J.: Modelling oceanic carbon and phosphorus fluxes: implications for the cause of the late Cenomanian Oceanic Anoxic Event (OAE2), J. Geol. Soc. London, 161, 721–728, https://doi.org/10.1144/0016-764903-075, 2004. 

Nemoto, T. and Hasegawa, T.: Submillennial resolution carbon isotope stratigraphy across the Oceanic Anoxic Event 2 horizon in the Tappu section, Hokkaido, Japan, Palaeogeogr. Palaeocl., 309, 271–280, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2011.06.009, 2011. 

Niebuhr, B.: Geochemistry and time-series analyses of orbitally forced Upper Cretaceous marl–limestone rhythmites (Lehrte West Syncline, northern Germany), Geol. Mag., 142, 31–55, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0016756804009999, 2005. 

Noffke, A., Hensen, C., Sommer, S., Scholz, F., Bohlen, L., Mosch, T., Graco, M., and Wallmann, K.: Benthic iron and phosphorus fluxes across the Peruvian oxygen minimum zone, Limnol. Oceanogr., 57, 851–867, https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.2012.57.3.0851, 2012. 

O'Brien, C. L., Robinson, S. A., Pancost, R. D., Damste, J. S. S., Schouten, S., Lunt, D. J., Alsenz, H., Bornemann, A., Bottini, C., Brassell, S. C., Farnsworth, A., Forster, A., Huber, B. T., Inglis, G. N., Jenkyns, H. C., Linnert, C., Littler, K., Markwick, P., McAnena, A., Mutterlose, J., Naafs, D. A., Püttmann, W., Sluijs, A., van Helmond, N. A. G. M., Vellekoop, J., Wagner, T., and Wrobel, N. E.: Cretaceous sea-surface temperature evolution: Constraints from TEX86 and planktonic foraminiferal oxygen isotopes, Earth-Sci. Rev., 172, 224–247, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2017.07.012, 2017. 

Oxmann, J. F., Pham, Q. H., and Lara, R. J.: Quantification of individual phosphorus species in sediment: a sequential conversion and extraction method, Eur. J. Soil Sci., 59, 1177–1190, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2389.2008.01062.x, 2008. 

Pälike, H., Norris, R. D., Herrle, J. O., Wilson, P. A., Coxall, H. K., Lear, C. H., Shackleton, N. J., Tripati, A. K., and Wade, B. S.: The heartbeat of the Oligocene climate system, Science, 314, 1894–1898, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1133822, 2006. 

Patterson, M. O., McKay, R., Naish, T., Escutia, C., Jimenez-Espejo, F. J., Raymo, M. E., Meyers, S. R., Tauxe, L., Brinkhuis, H., and IODP Expedition 318 Scientists: Orbital forcing of the East Antarctic ice sheet during the Pliocene and Early Pleistocene, Nat. Geosci., 7, 841–847, https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo2273, 2014. 

Paul, C. R. C., Lamolda, M. A., Mitchell, S. F., Vaziri, M. R., Gorostidi, A., and Marshall, J. D.: The Cenomanian-Turonian boundary at Eastbourne (Sussex, UK): a proposed European reference section, Palaeogeogr. Palaeocl., 150, 83–121, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-0182(99)00009-7, 1999. 

Peterson, L. C., Haug, G. H., Hughen, K. A., and Röhl, U.: Rapid changes in the hydrologic cycle of the tropical Atlantic during the last glacial, Science, 290, 1947–1951, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.290.5498.1947, 2000. 

Petrizzo, M. R., Huber, B. T., Wilson, P. A., and MacLeod, K. G.: Late Albian paleoceanography of the western subtropical North Atlantic, Paleoceanography, 23, PA1213, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007PA001517, 2008. 

Poulton, S. W. and Canfield, D. E.: Ferruginous conditions: a dominant feature of the ocean through Earth's history, Elements, 7, 107–112, https://doi.org/10.2113/gselements.7.2.107, 2011. 

Poulton, S. W., Henkel, S., März, C., Urquhart, H., Flögel, S., Kasten, S., Siminghe Damste, J. S., and Wagner, T.: A continental-weathering control on orbitally driven redox-nutrient cycling during Cretaceous Oceanic Anoxic Event 2, Geology, 43, 963–966, https://doi.org/10.1130/G36837.1, 2015. 

R Core Team: R: A language and environment for statistical computing, R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria, available at: https://www.R-project.org/ (last access: 1 September 2019), 2018. 

Rau, G. H., Arthur, M. A., and Dean, W. E.: ¹⁵N/¹⁴N variations in Cretaceous Atlantic sedimentary sequences: Implication for past changes in marine nitrogen biogeochemistry, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 82, 269–279, https://doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(87)90201-9, 1987 

Reboulet, S., Giraud, F., Colombié, C., and Carpentier, A.: Integrated stratigraphy of the Lower and Middle Cenomanian in a Tethyan section (Blieux, southeast France) and correlations with Boreal basins, Cretaceous Res., 40, 170–189, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cretres.2012.06.006, 2013. 

Redfield, A. C.: The biological control of chemical factors in the environment, Am. Sci., 46, 230A–221, 1958. 

Redfield, A. C.: The influence of organisms on the composition of seawater, in: The sea, edited by: Hill, M. N., Interscience, New York, USA, 2, 26–77, 1963. 

Rigby, D. and Batts, B. D.: The isotopic composition of nitrogen in Australian coals and oil shales, Chem. Geol., 58, 273–282, https://doi.org/10.1016/0168-9622(86)90016-3, 1986. 

Riggs, S. R.: Phosphorite sedimentation in Florida - a model phosphogenic system, Econ. Geol., 74, 285–314, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.74.2.285, 1979. 

Roth, R., Ritz, S. P., and Joos, F.: Burial-nutrient feedbacks amplify the sensitivity of atmospheric carbon dioxide to changes in organic matter remineralisation, Earth Syst. Dynam., 5, 321–343, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-5-321-2014, 2014. 

Ruiz-Ortiz, P. A., Castro, J. M., de Gea, G. A., Jarvis, I., Molina, J. M., Nieto, L. M., Pancost, R. D., Quijano, M. L., Reolid, M., Skelton, P. W., and Weissert, H. J.: New drilling of the early Aptian OAE1a: the Cau core (Prebetic Zone, south-eastern Spain), Sci. Dril., 21, 41–46, https://doi.org/10.5194/sd-21-41-2016, 2016. 

Ruttenberg, K. C.: The Global Phosphorus Cycle, in: Treatise on Geochemistry (Vol. 8), edited by: Turekian, K. K. and Holland, H. D., Elsevier, 585–643, https://doi.org/10.1016/B0-08-043751-6/08153-6, 2003. 

Ruttenberg, K. C. and Berner, R. A.: Authigenic apatite formation and burial in sediments from non-upwelling continental margins, Geochim. Cosmochim Ac., 57, 991–1007, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(93)90035-U, 1993. 

Sageman, B. B., Meyers, S. R., and Arthur, M. A.: Orbital time scale and new C-isotope record for Cenomanian-Turonian boundary stratotype, Geology, 34, 125–128, https://doi.org/10.1130/G22074.1, 2006. 

Schlanger, S. O. and Jenkyns, H. C.: Cretaceous oceanic anoxic events: causes and consequences, Geol. Mijnbouw, 55, 179–184, 1976. 

Schlanger, S. O., Jenkyns, H. C., and Premoli-Silva, I.: Volcanism and vertical tectonics in the Pacific Basin related to global Cretaceous transgressions, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 52, 435–449, https://doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(81)90196-5, 1981. 

Schlanger, S. O., Arthur, M. A., Jenkyns, H. C., and Scholle, P. A.: The Cenomanian-Turonian Oceanic Anoxic Event, I. Stratigraphy and distribution of organic carbon-rich beds and the marine δ¹³C excursion, Geol. Soc. (London) Spec Publ, 26, 371–399, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1987.026.01.24, 1987. 

Scholle, P. A. and Arthur, M. A.: Carbon isotope fluctuations in Cretaceous pelagic limestones: potential stratigraphic and petroleum exploration tool, AAPG Bull., 64, 67–87, https://doi.org/10.1306/2F91892D-16CE-11D7-8645000102C1865D, 1980. 

Scholz, F., Beil, S., Flögel, S., Lehmann, M. F., Holbourn, A., Wallmann, K., and Kuhnt, W.: Oxygen minimum zone-type biogeochemical cycling in the Cenomanian-Turonian Proto-North Atlantic across Oceanic Anoxic Event 2, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 517, 50–60, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2019.04.008, 2019. 

Schroller-Lomnitz, U., Hensen, C., Dale, A. W., Scholz, F., Clemens, D., Sommer, S., Noffke, A., and Wallmann, K.: Dissolved benthic phosphate, iron and carbon fluxes in the Mauritanian upwelling system and implications for ongoing deoxygenation, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. I, 143, 70–84, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2018.11.008, 2019. 

Schulz, H. N. and Schulz, H. D.: Large sulfur bacteria and the formation of phosphorite, Science, 307, 416–418, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1103096, 2005. 

Scott, R. W.: A Cretaceous chronostratigraphic database: construction and applications, Carnets Geol., 14, 15–37, https://doi.org/10.4267/2042/53522, 2014. 

Scott, R. W.: Barremian–Aptian–Albian carbon isotope segments as chronostratigraphic signals: numerical age calibration and durations, Stratigraphy, 13, 21–47, 2016. 

Sinninghe Damsté, J. S., van Bentum, E. C., Reichart, G. J., Pross, J., and Schouten, S.: A CO₂ decrease-driven cooling and increased latitudinal temperature gradient during the mid-Cretaceous Oceanic Anoxic Event 2, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 293, 97–103, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2010.02.027, 2010. 

Slomp, C. P. and Van Cappellen, P.: The global marine phosphorus cycle: sensitivity to oceanic circulation, Biogeosciences, 4, 155–171, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-4-155-2007, 2007. 

Slomp, C. P., Thomson, J., and de Lange, G. J.: Controls on phosphorus regeneration and burial during formation of eastern Mediterranean sapropels, Mar. Geol., 203, 141–159, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0025-3227(03)00335-9, 2004. 

Smith, S. V.: Phosphorus versus nitrogen limitation in the marine environment, Limnol. Oceanogr., 29, 1149–1160, https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.1984.29.6.1149, 1984. 

Stein, M., Föllmi, K. B., Westermann, S., Godet, A., Adatte, T., Matera, V., Fleitmann, D., and Berner, Z.: Progressive palaeoenvironmental change during the late Barremian–early Aptian as prelude to Oceanic Anoxic Event 1a: Evidence from the Gorgo a Cerbara section (Umbria-Marche basin, central Italy), Palaeogeogr. Palaeocl., 302, 396–406, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2011.01.025, 2011. 

Tisserand, A., Malaizé, B., Jullien, E., Zaragosi, S., Charlier, K., and Grousset, F.: African monsoon enhancement during the penultimate glacial period (MIS 6.5 ∼170 ka) and its atmospheric impact, Paleoceanography, 24, PA2220, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008PA001630, 2009. 

Trabucho-Alexandre, J., Tuenter, E., Henstra, G. A., van der Zwan, K. J., van de Wal, R. S., Dijkstra, H. A., and de Boer, P. L.: The mid-Cretaceous North Atlantic nutrient trap: black shales and OAEs, Paleoceanography, 25, PA4201, https://doi.org/10.1029/2010PA001925, 2010. 

Tsikos, H., Jenkyns, H. C., Walsworth-Bell, B., Petrizzo, M. R., Forster, A., Kolonic, S., Erba, E., Premoli Silva, I., Baas, M., Wagner, T., and Sinninghe Damsté, J. S.: Carbon-isotope stratigraphy recorded by the Cenomanian–Turonian Oceanic Anoxic Event: correlation and implications based on three key localities, J. Geol. Soc. London, 161, 711–719, https://doi.org/10.1144/0016-764903-077, 2004. 

Turgeon, S. C. and Creaser, R. A.: Cretaceous oceanic anoxic event 2 triggered by a massive magmatic episode, Nature, 454, 323–326, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature07076, 2008. 

Tyrrell, T.: The relative influences of nitrogen and phosphorus on oceanic primary production, Nature, 400, 525–531, https://doi.org/10.1038/22941, 1999. 

van Bentum, E. C., Reichart, G.-J., Forster, A., and Sinninghe Damsté, J. S.: Latitudinal differences in the amplitude of the OAE-2 carbon isotopic excursion: pCO₂ and paleo productivity, Biogeosciences, 9, 717–731, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-9-717-2012, 2012. 

Voigt, S., Wilmsen, M., Mortimore, R. N., and Voigt, T.: Cenomanian palaeotemperatures derived from the oxygen isotopic composition of brachiopods and belemnites: evaluation of Cretaceous palaeotemperature proxies, Int. J. Earth Sci., 92, 285–299, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00531-003-0315-1, 2003. 

Voigt, S., Gale, A. S., and Flögel, S.: Midlatitude shelf seas in the Cenomanian-Turonian greenhouse world: Temperature evolution and North Atlantic circulation, Paleoceanography, 19, PA4020, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004PA001015, 2004. 

Voigt, S., Aurag, A., Leis, F., and Kaplan, U.: Late Cenomanian to Middle Turonian high-resolution carbon isotope stratigraphy: New data from the Münsterland Cretaceous Basin, Germany, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 253, 196–210, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2006.10.026, 2007. 

Voigt, S., Erbacher, J., Mutterlose, J., Weiss, W., Westerhold, T., Wiese, F., Wilmsen, M., and Wonik, T.: The Cenomanian–Turonian of the Wunstorf section–(North Germany): global stratigraphic reference section and new orbital time scale for Oceanic Anoxic Event 2, Newsl. Stratigr., 43, 65–89, https://doi.org/10.1127/0078-0421/2008/0043-0065, 2008. 

Wagner, T., Wallmann, K., Herrle, J. O., Hofmann, P., and Stuesser, I.: Consequences of moderate ∼25 000 yr lasting emission of light CO₂ into the mid-Cretaceous ocean, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 259, 200–211, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2007.04.045, 2007. 

Wallmann, K.: Feedbacks between oceanic redox states and marine productivity: A model perspective focused on benthic phosphorus cycling, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 17, 1084, https://doi.org/10.1029/2002GB001968, 2003.  

Wallmann, K.: Phosphorus imbalance in the global ocean?, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 24, GB4030, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009GB003643, 2010. 

Wallmann, K., Flögel, S., Scholz, F., Dale, A. W., Kemena, T. P., Steinig, S., and Kuhnt, W.: Periodic changes in the Cretaceous ocean and climate caused by marine redox see-saw, Nat. Geosci., 12, 456–461, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-019-0359-x, 2019. 

Weaver, C. E.: Potassium, illite and the ocean, Geochim. Cosmochim. Ac., 31, 2181–2196, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(67)90060-9, 1967. 

Weaver, C. E.: Developments in Sedimentology 44 – Clays, muds, and shales, Elsevier, 1989. 

Weissert, H., Lini, A., Föllmi, K. B., and Kuhn, O.: Correlation of Early Cretaceous carbon isotope stratigraphy and platform drowning events: a possible link?, Palaeogeogr. Palaeocl., 137, 189–203, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-0182(97)00109-0, 1998. 

Weltje, G. J. and Tjallingii, R.: Calibration of XRF core scanners for quantitative geochemical logging of sediment cores: theory and application, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 274, 423–438, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2008.07.054, 2008. 

Wendler, I.: A critical evaluation of carbon isotope stratigraphy and biostratigraphic implications for Late Cretaceous global correlation, Earth-Sci. Rev., 126, 116–146, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2013.08.003, 2013. 

Wilson, J.: Did the Atlantic close and then reopen?, Nature, 211, 676–681, https://doi.org/10.1038/211676a0, 1966. 

Worsley, T. R., Nance, R. D., and Moody, J. B.: Tectonic cycles and the history of the Earth's biogeochemical and paleoceanographic record, Paleoceanography, 1, 233–263, https://doi.org/10.1029/PA001i003p00233, 1986. 

Yao, H., Chen, X., Melinte-Dobrinescu, M. C., Wu, H., Liang, H., and Weissert, H.: Biostratigraphy, carbon isotopes and cyclostratigraphy of the Albian-Cenomanian transition and Oceanic Anoxic Event 1d in southern Tibet, Palaeogeogr. Palaeocl., 499, 45–55, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2018.03.005, 2018.