link.springer.com

Alcohol and Cancer

  • Lamu L: Etude de statistique clinique de 131 cas de cancer de I’oesophage et du cardia. Arch Mal Appar Dig Mal Nutr 4:451–456, 1910.

    Google Scholar 

  • Seitz HK, Pöschl G: Alcohol and cancer: Pathogenetic mechanisms. Addict Biol 2:19–33, 1996.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wynder EL, Mabushi K: Etiological and environmental factors in esophageal cancer. JAMA 226:1546–1548, 1973.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tuyns A: Alcohol and cancer. Alcohol Health Res World 2:20–31, 1978.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maier H, Dietz A, Zielinski D, Jiinemann KH, et al: Risikofaktoren bei Patienten mit Plattenepithelkarzinomen der Mundhöhle, des Oropharynx, des Hypopharynx und des Larynx. Deutsche Medizinische Wochenschrift 115:833–850, 1990.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tuyns AJ, Esteve J, Raymond L, et al: Cancer of the larynx/hypopharynx, tobacco and alcohol: IARC International case-control study in Turin and Varese (Italy), Zaragoza and Navarra (Spain), Geneva (Switzerland), and Calvados (France). Int J Cancer 41:483–492, 1988.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bruguere J, Guenel P, Leclerc A, et al: Differential effects of tobacco and alcohol in cancer of the larynx, pharynx and mouth. Cancer 57:391–397, 1986.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ohnishi K: Alcohol and hepatocellular carcinoma, in Watson RR (ed): Alcohol and Cancer. Boca Raton, FL, CRC Press, 1992, pp 179–202.

    Google Scholar 

  • Takada A, Takase S, Tsutsumi M: Alcohol and hepatic carcinogenesis, in Yirmiya R, Taylor AN (eds): Alcohol, Immunity and Cancer. Boca Raton, FL, CRC Press, 1993, pp 187–210.

    Google Scholar 

  • Breslow NE, Enstrom JE: Geographic correlations between mortality rates and alcohol, tobacco consumption in the United States. J Natl Cancer Inst 53:631–639, 1974.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kune GA, Vitetta L: Alcohol consumption and the etiology of colorectal cancer: A review of the scientific evidence from 1957 to 1991. Nutr Cancer 18:97–111, 1992.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kearney J, Giavamnucci E, Rimm EB, et al: Diet, alcohol and smoking and the occurrence of hyperplastic polyps of the colon and rectum. Cancer Causes Contr 6:45–56, 1995.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Boutron MC, Faivre J, Dop MC, et al: Tobacco, alcohol and colorectal tumors: A multistep process. Am J Epidemiol 141:1038–1046, 1995.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Longnecker N: Alcohol beverage consumption in relation to risk of breast cancer: Metaanalysis and review. Cancer Causes Contr 5:73–82, 1994.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Harris JR, Lippman ME, Veronesi U, et al: Breast cancer. N Engl J Med 327:319–328, 1992.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Singletary KW, Meadows GG: Alcohol and breast cancer: Interaction between alcohol and other risk factors. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 20(Suppl):57A–61A, 1996.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Horie A, Kohchi S, Karatsune M: Carcinogenesis in the esophagus II. Experimental production of esophageal cancer by administration of ethanolic solution of carcinogens. Gann 56:429–441, 1965.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Henefer EP: Ethanol 30% and hamster pouch carcinogenesis. J Dent Res 45:838–844, 1966.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Elzay RR: Local effect of alcohol in combination with DMBA on hamster cheek pouch. J Dent Res 45:1788–1795, 1966.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stenback F: The tumorigenic effect of alcohol. Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand 77:325–326, 1969.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nachiappan V, Mufti SI, Eskelson CD: Ethanol-mediated promotion of oral carcinogenesis in hamsters: Association with lipid peroxidation. Nutr Cancer 20:293–302, 1993.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gibel VW: Experimentelle Untersuchungen zur Synkarzinogenese beim Ösophaguskarzinom. Arch Geschwulstforsch 30:181–189, 1967.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gabrial GN, Schrager TF, Newberne PM: Zinc deficiency, alcohol and retinoid: Association with esophageal cancer in rats. J Natl Cancer Inst 68:785–789, 1982.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Aze Y, Toyoda K, Furukawa F, et al: Enhancing effect of ethanol on esophageal tumor development in rats by initiation of diethylnitrosamine. Carcinogenesis 14:37–40, 1993.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Eskelson CD, Odeleye OE, Watson RR, et al: Modulation of cancer growth by vitamin E and alcohol. Alcohol Alcohol 28:117–126, 1993.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McCoy GD, Hecht SS, Katayama, et al: Differential effects of chronic ethanol consumption on the carcionogenicity of N-nitrosopyrrolidine and N-nitrosonornicotine in male Syrian hamsters. Cancer Res 41:2849–2854, 1981.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Castonguay A, Rivenson A, Trushin N, et al: Effect of chronic ethanol consumption on the metabolism and carcinogenicity of N-nitrosonornicotine in F344 rats. Cancer Res 44:2285–2290, 1984.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Anderson LM, Carter JP, Driver CL, et al: Enhancement of tumorigenesis by N-nitro-sodiethylamine, N-nitrosopyrrolidine and N6(methylnitroso)-adenosine by ethanol. Cancer Lett 68:61–66, 1993.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mufti SI, Becker G, Sipes IG: Effect of chronic dietary ethanol consumption on the initiation and promotion of chemically induced esophageal carcinogenesis in experimental rats. Carci-nogenesis 10:303–309, 1989.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ishii H, Tatsuta M, Baba M, et al: Promotion by ethanol of gastric carcinogenesis induced by N-methyl-N-nitro-N-nitroso-guanidine in Wistar rats. Br J Cancer 59:719–721, 1989.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schmähl D: Investigations of esophageal carcinogenicity by methylphenyl nitrosamine and ethyl-alcohol in the rat. Cancer Lett 1:215–218, 1976.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Konishi N, Kitahori Y, Shimoyama T, et al: Effects of sodium chloride and alcohol on experimental esophageal carcinogenesis induced by N-nitrospiperidine in rats. Gann 77:446–451, 1986.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Howarth AE, Phil E: High fat diet promotes and causes distal shift of experimental rat colonic cancer-beer and alcohol do not. Nutr Cancer 6:229–235, 1985.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nelson RL, Samelson SL: Neither dietary ethanol nor beer augments experimental colon carcinogenesis in rats. Dis Col Rectum 28:460–462, 1985.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Seitz HK, Czygan P, Waldherr R, et al: Enhancement of 1,2-dimethylhydrazine induced rectal carcinogenesis following chronic ethanol consumption in the rat. Gastroenterology 86:886–891, 1984.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McGarrity TJ, Via EA, Colony PC: Changes in tissue sialic acid content and staining in dimethylhydrazine(DMH)-induced colorectal cancer: Effects of ethanol (abstract). Gastroenterology 90:1543, 1986.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hamilton SR, Sohn OS, Fiala ES: Effects of timing and quantity of chronic dietary ethanol consumption on azoxymethane induced colonic carcinogenesis and azoxymethane metabolism in Fischer 344 rats. Cancer Res 47:4305–4311, 1987.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hamilton SR, Hyland J, McAvinchey D, et al: Effects of chronic dietary beer and ethanol consumption on experimental colonic carcinogenesis by azoxymethane in rats. Cancer Res 47:1551–1559, 1987.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Garzon FT, Simanowski UA, Berger MR, et al: Acetoxymethyl-methylnitrosamine(AMMN)-induced colorectal carcinogenesis is stimulated by chronic alcohol consumption. Alcohol Alcohol Suppl 1:501–502, 1987.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Seitz HK, Simanowski UA, Garzon FZ, et al: Possible role of acetaldehyde in ethanol related rectal carcinogenesis in the rat. Gastroenterology 98:1–8, 1990.

    Google Scholar 

  • Anderson LM: Increased numbers of N-nitrosodimethylamine-initiated lung tumors in mice by chronic coadministration of ethanol. Carcinogenesis 9:1717–1721, 1988.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Griciute L, Castegnaro M, Bereziat JC: Influence of ethyl alcohol on carcinogenesis with N-nitrosodimethylamine. Cancer Lett 13:345–352, 1981.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Anderson LM: Modulation of nitrosamine metabolism by ethanol: Implications of cancer risk, in Watson RR (ed): Alcohol and Cancer. Boca Raton, FL, CRC Press, 1992, pp 17–54.

    Google Scholar 

  • Porta EA, Markell N, Dorado RD: Chronic alcoholism enhances hepatocarcinogenesis of dimethylnitrosamine in rats fed a marginally methyl-deficient diet. Hepatology 5:1120–1125, 1985.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yonekura I, Matsumoto Y, Miura K, et al: Ethanol ingestion combined with lowered carbohydrate intake enhances the initiation of diethylnitrosamine liver carcinogenesis in rats. Nutr Cancer 17:171–178, 1992.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Takada A, Nei J, Takase S, et al: Effect of ethanol on experimental carcinogenesis. Hepatology 6:65–72, 1986.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Driver HE, McLean AEM: Dose-response relationship for initiation of rat liver tumors by dimethylnitrosamine and promotion by phenobarbital and alcohol. Food Chem Toxicol 24:241–245, 1986.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tsutsumi M, Matsuda Y, Takada A: Role of cytochrome P4502E1 in the development of hepatocellular carcinoma by the chemical carcinogen N-nitrosomethylamine. Hepatology 18:1483–1489, 1993.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Singletary K, Nelshoppen J, Wallig N: Enhancement by chronic ethanol intake of N-methyl-nitrosourea-induced rat mammary tumorigenesis. Carcinogenesis 15:959–964, 1995.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Singletary K, McNary M, Odoms A, et al: Ethanol consumption and DMBA induced carcinogenesis in rats. Nutr Cancer 16:13–21, 1991.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yimaya R, Ben-Eliyahu S, Gale R, et al: Ethanol increases tumor progression in rats: Possible involvement of natural killer cells. Brain Behav Immun 6:74–86, 1992.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ketcham AS, Wexler H, Mantel N: Affects of alcohol in mouse neoplasia. Cancer Res 23:667–670, 1963.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Seitz HK, Simanowski UA: Alcohol and carcinogenesis. Annu Rev Nutr 8:99–119, 1988.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bulatao-Jayme J, Almero EM, Castro CA, et al: A case-controldietary study of primary liver cancer risk from aflatoxin exposure. Int J Epidemiol 11:112–119, 1982.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tamburro CH, Lee HM: Primary hepatic cancer in alcoholics. Clin Gastroenterol 10:457–477, 1981.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fang JL, Vaca CE: Development of a 32P-postlabelling method for the analysis of adducts arising through the reaction of acetaldehyde with 2′-deoxyguanosine-3′-monophosphate andDNA. Carcinogenesis 16:2177–2185, 1995.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Appelman LM, Wouterson RA, Feron VJ: Toxicity of acetaldehyde in rats. Acute and sub-acute studies. Toxicology 23:293–307, 1982.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Garro AJ, Espina N, Farinati F, et al: The effect of chronic ethanol consumption on carcinogen metabolism and on O6-methylguanine transferase-mediated repair of alkylated DNA. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 10:73S–77S, 1986.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zimmerman Bt, Crawford GD, Dahl R, et al: Mechanism of acetaldehyde-mediated growth inhibition: Delayed cell cycle progression and induction of apoptosis. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 19:434–440, 1987.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Simanowski UA, Suter P, Russell RM, et at: Enhancement of ethanol induced rectal mucosal hyperregeneration with the age in F344 rats. Gut 35:1102–1106, 1994.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • International Agency for Research on Cancer: Working Group on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans. Acetaldehyde. IARC Monogr 36:101–132, 1985.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baraona E, Yokoyama A, Ishii H, et al: Lack of alcohol dehydrogenase isoenzyme activities in the stomach of Japanese subjects. Life Sci 49:1929–1934, 1991.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jokoyama A, Muramatsu T, Higuchi S, et al: Esophageal cancer and aldehyde dehy-drogenase-2 genotype in Japanese. Alcohol Clin Exp Res (Suppl)20:66A 1996.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Seitz HK, Egerer G, Oneta C, et al: Alcohol dehydrogenase in the human colon and rectum. Digestion 57:105–108, 1996.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Egerer G, Schulitz R, Gebhardt A, et al: Change of alcohol dehydrogenase phenotypes during colorectal carcinogenesis in men (abstract). Gastroenterology 112:A260, 1997.

    Google Scholar 

  • Salmela KS, Roine RP, Höök-Nikanne J, et al: Acetaldehyde and ethanol production by Helicobacterpylori. Scand J Gastroenterol 29:309–312, 1994.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pikkarainen PH, Baraona E, Jauhonen P, et al: Contribution of oropharynx microflora and of lung microsomes to acetaldehyde in exspired air after alcohol ingestion. J Lab Clin Med 97:617–621, 1979.

    Google Scholar 

  • Homann N, Jousimies-Somo H, Jokelainen K, et al: High acetaldehyde levels in saliva after ethanol consumption: Methological aspects and pathogenetic implications. Carcinogenesis 18:1739–1743, 1997.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jokelainen K, Roine RP, Väänanen H, et al: In vitro acetaldehyde formation by human colonic bacteria. Gut 35:1271–1274, 1994.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Seitz HK, Osswald BR Effect of ethanol on procarcinogen activation, in Watson RR (ed): Alcohol and Cancer. Boca Raton, FL, CRC Press, 1992, pp 55–72.

    Google Scholar 

  • Albano E, Clot P: Free radicals and ethanol toxicity, in Preedy VR, Watson RR (eds): Alcohol and the Gastrointestinal Tract. Boca Raton, FL, CRC Press, 1996, pp 57–68.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lieber CS: Alcohol and the liver: 1994 update. Gastroenterology 106:1085–1105, 1994.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nair J, Sone H, Nagao M, et al: Copper dependent formation of miscoding etheno-DNA adducts in the liver of Long Evans Cinnamon (LEC) rats developping hereditary hepatitis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer Res 56:1267–1271, 1996.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Seitz HK, Suter PM: Ethanol toxicity and nutritional status in Kotsonis FM, McKey M, Hjelle J (eds): Nutritional Toxicology. New York, Raven Press, 1994, pp 95–116.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shimizu M, Lasker JM, Tsutsumi M, et al: Immunohistochemical localization of ethanol inducible cytochrome P4502E1 in the rat alimentary tract. Gastroenterology 93:1044–1050, 1990.

    Google Scholar 

  • Seitz HK, Korsten M, Lieber CS: Effect of chronic ethanol ingestion on intestinal metabolism and mutagenicity of benzo-alpha-pyrine. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 85:1061–1066, 1978.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hakkak R, Korourian S, Ronis MJ, et al: The effects of diet and ethanol on the expression and localisation of cytochromes P450 2E1 and P450 2C7 in the colon of male rats. J Chem Pharmacol 51:61–69, 1996.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Baumgarten G, Waldherr R, Stickel F, et al: Enhanced expression of cytochrome P450 2E1 in the oropharyngeal mucosa in alcoholics with cancer (abstract). Annual Meeting International Society of Biomedical Researchers, Alcoholism, Washington DC, June 22–27, 1996.

    Google Scholar 

  • Farinati F, Lieber CS, Garro AJ: Effects of chronic ethanol consumption on carcinogen activating and detoxifying systems in rat upper alimentary tract tissue. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 13:357–360, 1989.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Garro AJ, Seitz HK, Lieber CS: Enhancement of dimethylnitrosamine metabolism and activation to a mutagen following chronic ethanol consumption in the rat. Cancer Res 41:120–124, 1981.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Farinati F, Zhou Z, Bella HC, et al: Effect of chronic ethanol consumption on activation of nitrosopyrolidine to a mutagen by rat upper alimentary tract, lung and hepatic tissue. Drug Metab DisposBiolFate Chem 13:210–216, 1985.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Seitz HK, Garro AJ, Lieber CS: Enhanced pulmonary and intestinal activation of procar-cinogens and mutagens after chronic ethanol consumption. Eur J Clin Invest 11:33–38, 1981.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Amelizad S, Appel KE, Schoepke M, et al: Enhanced dimethylase and dinitrosation of N-nitrosodimethylamine by human liver microsomes from alcoholics. Cancer Lett 46:43–48, 1989.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Peng R, Yong-Tu J, Yang CS: Induction and competitive inhibition of a high affinity microsomal nitrosodimethylamine dimethylase by ethanol. Carcinogenesis 3:1457–1461, 1982.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hauber G, Frommberger R, Remmer G, et al: Metabolism of low concentrations of N-nitro-sodimethylamine in isolated liver cells of guinea pig. Cancer Res 44:1343–1348, 1984.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Swann PF, Koe AM, Mace R: Ethanol and dimethylnitrosamine metabolism and disposition in the rat. Possible relevance in the influence of ethanol on human cancer incidence. Carcinogenesis 5:1337–1343, 1984.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kouros M, Mönch W, Reifer FJ: The influence of various factors on the methylation of DNA by the esophageal carcinogen N-nitrosomethylbenzylamine: 1. The importance of alcohol. Carcinogenesis 4:1081–1084, 1983.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Anderson LM, Souliotis VL, Chhabra SK, et al: N-nitrosodimethylamine-derived O6-meth-ylguanine in DNA of monkey gastrointestinal and urogenital organs and enhancement by ethanol. IntJCancer 66:130–134, 1996.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yamada Y, Weller RO, Kleihues P, et al: Effects of ethanol and various alcoholic beverages on the formation of O 6-methyldeoxyguanosine from concurrently administered N-nitro-somethylbenzylamine in rats: A dose-response study. Carcinogenesis 13:1171–1175, 1992.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Barch DH, Kuemmerle SC, Holenberg PF, et al: Esophageal microsomal metabolism of N-nitrosomethylbenzylamine in the zinc deficient rat. Cancer Res 44:5629–5633, 1984.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lieber CS, Garro AJ, Leo MA, et al: Alcohol and cancer. Hepatology 6:1005–1019, 1986.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sohn OS, Fiala ES, Puz C, et al: Enhancement of rat liver microsomal metabolism of azoxy-methane to methylazoxymethanol by chronic ethanol administration: Similarity to the microsomal metabolism of N-nitrosomethylamine. Cancer Res 47:3123–3129, 1987.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tanaka T, Nishikara A, Iwata H: Enhanced effect of ethanol of aflatoxin B1 induced hepato-carcinogenesis in male ACI/N rats. Jpn J Cancer Res 80:526–530, 1989.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Seitz HK, Simanowski UA, Homer M, et al: Alcohol and liver carcinoma, in Bannasch P, Keppler D, Weber G (eds): Liver Cell Carcinoma. Dordrecht, Kluwe Academic Publishers, 1989, pp 227–242.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mendenhall CL, Chedid LA: Peliosis hepatis. Its relationship to chronic alcoholism, aflatoxin B1 and carcinogenesis in male Holtzman rats. Dig Dis Sci 25:587–594, 1980.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Radike MJ, Stemmer KL, Brown PB, et al: Effect of ethanol and vinylchloride on the induction of liver tumors. Environ Health Perspect 21:153–155, 1977.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Garro AJ, McBeth DL, Lima V, et al: Ethanol consumption inhibits fetal DNA methylation in mice: Implications for the fetal alcohol syndrome. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 15:395–398, 1991.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Obe G, Ristow H: Acetaldehyde but not alcohol induces cystochromatide exchanges in Chinese hamster cells in vitro. Mut Res 56:211–213, 1977.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Obe G, Ristow H: Mutagenic, carcinogenic and teratogenic effects of alcohol. Mutat Res 65:229–259, 1979.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Casini A, Galli G, Salcano R, et al: Acetaldehyde induces C-phos and C-jun protooncogenes in fat storing cell cultures through protein kinase C activation. Alcohol Alcohol 29:903–314, 1994.

    Google Scholar 

  • Seitz HK, Simanowski UA: Cell turnover in the gastrointestinal tract and the effect of ethanol, in Preedy VR, Watson RR (eds): Alcohol and the Gastrointestinal Tract. Boca Raton, FL, CRC Press, 1996, pp 273–288.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maier H, Weidauer H, Zöller J, et al: Effect of chronic alcohol consumption on the morphology of the oral mucosa. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 18:387–391, 1994.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Haentjens P, DeBacker A, Willems G: Effect of an apple brandy from Normandy and of ethanol on epithelial cell proliferation in the esophagus of rats. Digestion 37:184–192, 1987.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mak KM, Leo MA, Lieber CS: Effect of ethanol and vitamin A deficiency on epithelial cell proliferation and structure in the rat esophagus. Gastroenterology 93:362–370, 1987.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Simanowski UA, Suter P, Stickel F, et al: Esophageal epithelial hyperregeneration following chronic ethanol consumption: effect of age and salivary gland function. J Natl Cancer Inst 85:2030–2033, 1993.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Craddock VM: Etiology of esophageal cancer: Some operative factors. Eur J Cancer Press 1:89–92, 1992.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Simanowski UA, Seitz HK, Baier B, et al: Chronic ethanol consumption selectively stimulates rectal cell proliferation in the rat. Gut 27278–282, 1986.

    Google Scholar 

  • Homann N, Seitz HK, Schuhmann H, et al: lmmunhistochemical studies on cell regeneration, differentiation and regulatory genes in the rectal mucosa of alcoholics (abstract). Alcohol Alcohol 30:520, 1995.

    Google Scholar 

  • Trimble KC, Molloy AM, Scott JM, et al: The effect of ethanol on one-carbon metabolism: Increased methionine catabolism and lipotrope methyl group wastage. Hepatology 18:984–989, 1993.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Trickler D, Shklar G, Schwartz J: Inhibition of oral carcinogenesis by glutathione. Nutr Cancer 20:139–144, 1993.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Meydani M, Seitz HK, Blumberg J, et al: Effect of chronic alcohol feeding on hepatic and extrahepatic distribution of vitamin E in rats. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 15:771–774, 1991.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lieber CS, Casini A, DeCarli LM, et al: S-adenosyl-L-methionine attenuates alcohol induced liver injury in the baboon. Hepatology 11:165–172, 1990.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Halsted CH, Villanuewa J, Chandler CJ, et al: Ethanol feeding of micropigs alters methionine metabolism and increases hepatocellular apoptosis and proliferation. Hepatology 23:497–505, 1996.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Glynn SA, Albanez D: Folate and cancer: A review of literature. Nutr Cancer 22:101–119, 1994.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stickel F, Kim Y, Selhub J, et al: Chronic ethanol intake increases plasma homocysteine in rats: Association with diminished pyridoxal 5′-phosphate status. Ger J Gastroenterol 35:802, 1997.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mobarhan S, Seitz HK, Russell RM, et al: Age related effects of chronic ethanol intake and vitamin A status in rats. J Nutr 121:510–517, 1991.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Leo MA, Kim C, Lowe N, et al: Interaction of ethanol with β-carotene: Delayed blood clearance and enhanced hepatotoxicity. Hepatology 15:883–891, 1992.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Albanes D, Heinonen OP, Taylor PR, et al: α-tocopherol and β-carotene supplements and lung cancer incidence in the α-tocopherol, β-carotene cancer prevention study: Effects of baseline characteristics and study compliance. J Natl Cancer lnst 88:1560–1570, 1996.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cho CH: Zinc: Absorption and role in gastrointestinal metabolism and disorders. Dig Dis 9:49–60, 1991.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Leo MA, Seitz HK, Maier H, et al: Carotinoid, retinoid and vitamin E status of the oropharyngeal mucosa in the alcoholic. Alcohol Alcohol 30:163–170, 1995.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Maier H, Born IA, Veith S, et al: The effect of chronic ethanol consumption on salivary gland morphology and function in the rat. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 10:425–427, 1986.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tsutsumi M, Ishizaki M, Takada A: Relative risk for the development of hepatocellular carcinoma in alcoholic patients with cirrhosis: A multiple logistic-regression coefficient analysis. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 20:758–762, 1996.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ohnishi K, Iida S, Iwama S, et al: The effect of chronic habitual alcohol intake on the development of liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma: Relation to hepatitis B surface antigen carriers. Cancer 49:672–677, 1982.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Oshita M, Hayashi N, Kashara A, et al: Increased serum hepatitis C virus RNA levels among alcoholic patients with chronic hepatitis C. Hepatology 20:1115–1120, 1994.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zignego AL, Foschi M, Laffi G, et al: Inapparent hepatitis B virus infection and hepatitis C virus replication in alcoholic subjects with and without liver disease. Hepatology 19:577–582, 1994.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fong TL, Kanel GC, Conrad A, et al: Clinical significance of concomitant hepatitis C infection in patients with alcoholic liver disease. Hepatology 19:554–557,1993.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nakanuma Y, Ohta G: Is Mallory body formation a preneoplastic change? A study of 181 cases of liver bearing hepatocellular carcinoma and 82 cases of cirrhosis. Cancer 55:2400–2405, 1985.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tazawa J, Irie T, French SW: Mallory body formation runs parallel to gammaglutamyl transferase induction in hepatocytes of griseofulvin fed mice. Hepatology 3:989–996, 1983.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Smith PG, Tee LB, Yeoh GC: Appearance of oval cells in the liver of rats after long-term exposure of ethanol. Hepatology 23:145–154, 1996.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Roselle G, Mendenhall C1, Grossman CJ: Effects of alcohol on immunity and cancer, in Yirmiya R, Taylor AN (eds): Alcohol, Immunity and Cancer. Boca Raton, FL, CRC Press, 1993, pp. 3–22.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brozinski S, Fami K, Grosberg JJ: Alcohol ingestion-induced changes in the human rectal mucosa: Light and electronmicroscopic studies. Dis Colon Rectum 21:329–335, 1979.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Giovannucci E, Rimm EB, Ascherio A, et al: Alcohol, low-methionine-low folate diets and risk of colon cancer in men. JNatl Cancer Inst 87:265–273, 1995.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Singletary K, Yan W: Ethanol and proliferation of human breast cancer cells. FASEB J 10:712–716, 1996.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wang XD, Liu C, Chung J, et al: Chronic alcohol intake reduces plasma retinoic acid concentration but not retinoic acid receptor gene expression in rats. FASEB J 2040:A351, 1998.

    Google Scholar