Parallel palaeogenomic transects reveal complex genetic history of early European farmers - Nature

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Author notes

1. Mark Lipson and Anna Szécsényi-Nagy: These authors contributed equally to this work.

Authors and Affiliations

1. Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, 02115, Massachusetts, USA

   Mark Lipson, Swapan Mallick, Nadin Rohland, Kristin Stewardson, Matthew Ferry, Megan Michel, Jonas Oppenheimer, Nasreen Broomandkhoshbacht, Eadaoin Harney, Susanne Nordenfelt & David Reich

2. Institute of Archaeology, Research Centre for the Humanities, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, 1097, Hungary

   Anna Szécsényi-Nagy, Annamária Pósa, Balázs Stégmár, Balázs Gusztáv Mende, Kitti Köhler, Krisztián Oross, Mária Bondár, Tibor Marton, Anett Osztás, János Jakucs, Gábor Serlegi & Eszter Bánffy

3. Medical and Population Genetics Program, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, 02142, Massachusetts, USA

   Swapan Mallick & David Reich

4. Institute of Organismic and Molecular Evolution, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, 55128, Germany

   Victoria Keerl, Ruth Bollongino & Joachim Burger

5. Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, 02115, Massachusetts, USA

   Kristin Stewardson, Matthew Ferry, Megan Michel, Jonas Oppenheimer, Nasreen Broomandkhoshbacht, Eadaoin Harney & David Reich

6. Australian Centre for Ancient DNA, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, 5005, South Australia, Australia

   Bastien Llamas, Alan Cooper & Wolfgang Haak

7. Móra Ferenc Museum, Szeged 6720, Hungary

   Tibor Paluch & Ferenc Horváth

8. Herman Ottó Museum, Miskolc 3529, Hungary

   Piroska Csengeri & Judit Koós

9. Institute of Archaeological Sciences, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, 1088, Hungary

   Katalin Sebők, Alexandra Anders & Pál Raczky

10. Laczkó Dezso˝ Museum, Veszprém 8200, Hungary

    Judit Regenye

11. Balaton Museum, Keszthely 8360, Hungary

    Judit P. Barna

12. Department of Archaeological Excavations and Artefact Processing, Hungarian National Museum, Budapest, 1088, Hungary

    Szilvia Fábián

13. Jósa András Museum, Nyíregyháza 4400, Hungary

    Zoltán Toldi

14. Déri Museum, Debrecen 4026, Hungary

    Emese Gyöngyvér Nagy & János Dani

15. Department of Biological Anthropology, Szeged University, Szeged 6726, Hungary

    Erika Molnár & György Pálfi

16. Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, University of Pécs, Pécs, 7624, Hungary

    László Márk

17. Imaging Center for Life and Material Sciences, University of Pécs, Pécs, 7624, Hungary

    László Márk

18. Szentágothai Research Center, University of Pécs, Pécs, 7624, Hungary

    László Márk, Béla Melegh & Zsolt Bánfai

19. PTE-MTA Human Reproduction Research Group, Pécs, 7624, Hungary

    László Márk

20. Department of Medical Genetics and Szentágothai Research Center, University of Pécs, Pécs 7624, Hungary

    Béla Melegh & Zsolt Bánfai

21. Dobó István Castle Museum, Eger, 3300, Hungary

    László Domboróczki

22. Department of Geography, Prehistory, and Archaeology, University of the Basque Country, Investigation Group IT622-13, Vitoria-Gasteiz 01006, Spain

    Javier Fernández-Eraso & José Antonio Mujika-Alustiza

23. CRONOS SC, Burgos 09007, Spain

    Carmen Alonso Fernández & Javier Jiménez Echevarría

24. Department of Prehistoric Archaeology, Free University of Berlin, Berlin 14195, Germany

    Jörg Orschiedt

25. Curt-Engelhorn-Centre Archaeometry gGmbH, Mannheim 68159, Germany

    Jörg Orschiedt

26. Commission for Westphalian Antiquities, Westphalia-Lippe Regional Association, Münster, 48157, Germany

    Kerstin Schierhold

27. State Office for Heritage Management and Archaeology Saxony-Anhalt and State Heritage Museum, Halle 06114, Germany

    Harald Meller

28. Environment Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, 5005, Australia

    Alan Cooper

29. Romano-Germanic Commission, German Archaeological Institute, Frankfurt am Main 60325, Germany

    Eszter Bánffy

30. Center of Natural and Cultural History of Man, Danube Private University, Krems-Stein 3500, Austria

    Kurt W. Alt

31. Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Basel, Allschwil 4123, Switzerland

    Kurt W. Alt

32. Institute for Integrative Prehistory and Archaeological Science, University of Basel, Basel 4055, Switzerland

    Kurt W. Alt

33. Institute of Evolutionary Biology (CSIC-UPF), Barcelona 08003, Spain

    Carles Lalueza-Fox

34. Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena 07745, Germany

    Wolfgang Haak

Contributions

A.S.-N., J.B., E.B., K.W.A., C.L.-F., W.H. and D.R. designed and supervised the study. B.G.M., K.K., K.O., M.B., T.M., A.O., J.J., T.P., F.H., P.C., J.K., K.Se., A.A., P.R., J.R., J.P.B., S.F., G.S., Z.T., E.G.N., J.D., E.M., G.P., L.M., B.M., Z.B., L.D., J.F.-E., J.A.M.-A., C.A.F., J.J.E., R.B., J.Or., K.Sc., H.M., A.C., J.B., E.B., K.W.A., C.L.-F. and W.H. provided samples and assembled archaeological and anthropological information. A.S.-N., A.P., B.S., V.K., N.R., K.St., M.F., M.M., J.Op., N.B., E.H., S.N. and B.L. performed laboratory work. M.L., A.S.-N., S.M. and D.R. analysed genetic data. M.L., A.S.-N. and D.R. wrote the manuscript with input from all coauthors.

Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Mark Lipson, Anna Szécsényi-Nagy or David Reich.

Competing interests

The authors declare no competing financial interests.

Reviewer Information Nature thanks P. Bellwood and the other anonymous reviewer(s) for their contribution to the peer review of this work.

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