Genome-wide meta-analyses identify multiple loci associated with smoking behavior - Nature Genetics

1. Rose, R.J., Broms, U., Korhonen, T., Dick, D.M. & Kaprio, J. Genetics of Smoking Behavior. in Handbook of Behavior Genetics, 1 (ed. Kim, Y.-K.) 411–432 (Springer, New York, 2009).

2. Li, M.D. Identifying susceptibility loci for nicotine dependence: 2008 update based on recent genome-wide linkage analyses. Hum. Genet. 123, 119–131 (2008).

   Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

3. Thorgeirsson, T.E. et al. A variant associated with nicotine dependence, lung cancer and peripheral arterial disease. Nature 452, 638–642 (2008).

   Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

4. Fiore, M.C., Smith, S.S., Jorenby, D.E. & Baker, T.B. The effectiveness of the nicotine patch for smoking cessation. A meta-analysis. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 271, 1940–1947 (1994).

   Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

5. Li, Y., Willer, C., Sanna, S. & Abecasis, G. Genotype imputation. Annu. Rev. Genomics Hum. Genet. 10, 387–406 (2009).

   Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

6. de Bakker, P.I. et al. Practical aspects of imputation-driven meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies. Hum. Mol. Genet. 17, R122–R128 (2008).

   Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

7. Kraft, P., Zeggini, E. & Ioannidis, J.P.A. Replication in genome-wide association studies. Stat. Sci. published online, doi:10.1214/09-STS290 (2010).

8. Pereira, T.V., Patsopoulos, N.A., Salanti, G. & Ioannidis, J.P. Discovery properties of genome-wide association signals from cumulatively combined data sets. Am. J. Epidemiol. 170, 1197–1206 (2009).

   Article  Google Scholar 

9. Ioannidis, J.P., Patsopoulos, N.A. & Evangelou, E. Heterogeneity in meta-analyses of genome-wide association investigations. PLoS One 2, e841 (2007).

   Article  Google Scholar 

10. Pe'er, I. et al. Evaluating and improving power in whole-genome association studies using fixed marker sets. Nat. Genet. 38, 663–667 (2006).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

11. Pe'er, I., Yelensky, R., Altshuler, D. & Daly, M.J. Estimation of the multiple testing burden for genomewide association studies of nearly all common variants. Genet. Epidemiol. 32, 381–385 (2008).

    Article  Google Scholar 

12. Thorgeirsson, T. et al. Sequence variants at CHRNB3-CHRNA6 and CYP2A6 affect smoking behavior. Nat. Genet. 42, 448–453 (2010).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

13. Liu, J. et al. Meta-analysis and imputation refines the association of 15q25 with smoking quantity. Nat. Genet. 42, 436–440 (2010).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

14. Saccone, N.L. et al. Multiple distinct risk loci for nicotine dependence identified by dense coverage of the complete family of nicotinic receptor subunit (CHRN) genes. Am. J. Med. Genet. B. Neuropsychiatr. Genet. 150B, 453–466 (2009).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

15. Nakajima, M. et al. Role of human cytochrome P4502A6 in C-oxidation of nicotine. Drug Metab. Dispos. 24, 1212–1217 (1996).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

16. Mwenifumbo, J.C. & Tyndale, R.F. Molecular genetics of nicotine metabolism. Handb. Exp. Pharmacol. 192, 235–259 (2009).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

17. Ray, R., Tyndale, R.F. & Lerman, C. Nicotine dependence pharmacogenetics: role of genetic variation in nicotine-metabolizing enzymes. J. Neurogenet. 23, 252–261 (2009).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

18. Zhang, L.I. & Poo, M.M. Electrical activity and development of neural circuits. Nat. Neurosci. 4 Suppl, 1207–1214 (2001).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

19. Levin, E.D., McClernon, F.J. & Rezvani, A.H. Nicotinic effects on cognitive function: behavioral characterization, pharmacological specification, and anatomic localization. Psychopharmacology (Berl.) 184, 523–539 (2006).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

20. Gratacòs, M. et al. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor Val66Met and psychiatric disorders: meta-analysis of case-control studies confirm association to substance-related disorders, eating disorders, and schizophrenia. Biol. Psychiatry 61, 911–922 (2007).

    Article  Google Scholar 

21. Thorleifsson, G. et al. Genome-wide association yields new sequence variants at seven loci that associate with measures of obesity. Nat. Genet. 41, 18–24 (2009).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

22. Zabetian, C.P. et al. A quantitative-trait analysis of human plasma-dopamine beta-hydroxylase activity: evidence for a major functional polymorphism at the DBH locus. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 68, 515–522 (2001).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

23. Hindorff, L.A. et al. Potential etiologic and functional implications of genome-wide association loci for human diseases and traits. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 106, 9362–9367 (2009).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

24. Keskitalo, K. et al. Association of serum cotinine level with a cluster of three nicotinic acetylcholine receptor genes (CHRNA3/CHRNA5/CHRNB4) on chromosome 15. Hum. Mol. Genet. 18, 4007–4012 (2009).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

25. Pomerleau, O.F. et al. Genetic research on complex behaviors: an examination of attempts to identify genes for smoking. Nicotine Tob. Res. 9, 883–901 (2007).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

26. Lichtenstein, P. et al. The Swedish Twin Registry: a unique resource for clinical, epidemiological and genetic studies. J. Intern. Med. 252, 184–205 (2002).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

27. Furberg, H., Lichtenstein, P., Pedersen, N.L., Bulik, C. & Sullivan, P.F. Cigarettes and oral snuff use in Sweden: prevalence and transitions. Addiction. 10, 1509–1515 (2006).

    Article  Google Scholar 

28. Kaprio, J., Pulkkinen, L. & Rose, R.J. Genetic and environmental factors in health-related behaviors: studies on Finnish twins and twin families. Twin Res. 5, 366–371 (2002).

    Article  Google Scholar 

29. Kaprio, J. & Koskenvuo, M. Genetic and environmental factors in complex diseases: the older Finnish Twin Cohort. Twin Res. 5, 358–365 (2002).

    Article  Google Scholar 

30. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Cigarette smoking among adults–United States, 2007. MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. 57, 1221–1226 (2008); erratum 57, 1281 (2008).

31. Furberg, H., Lichtenstein, P., Pedersen, N.L., Bulik, C. & Sullivan, P.F. Cigarettes and oral snuff use in Sweden: Prevalence and transitions. Addiction 101, 1509–1515 (2006).

    Article  Google Scholar 

32. Frazer, K.A. et al. A second generation human haplotype map of over 3.1 million SNPs. Nature 449, 851–861 (2007).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

33. Pritchard, J.K., Stephens, M. & Donnelly, P. Inference of population structure using multilocus genotype data. Genetics 155, 945–959 (2000).

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

34. Price, A.L. et al. Principal components analysis corrects for stratification in genome-wide association studies. Nat. Genet. 38, 904–909 (2006).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

35. Li, Y., Ding, J. & Abecasis, G.R. MACH 1.0: rapid haplotype reconstruction and missing genotype inference. Am. J. Hum. Genet. S79, 2290 (2006).

    Google Scholar 

36. Marchini, J., Howie, B., Myers, S., McVean, G. & Donnelly, P. A new multipoint method for genome-wide association studies by imputation of genotypes. Nat. Genet. 39, 906–913 (2007).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

37. Servin, B. & Stephens, M. Imputation-based analysis of association studies: candidate regions and quantitative traits. PLoS Genet. 3, e114 (2007).

    Article  Google Scholar 

38. Lin, D.Y. & Zeng, D. Proper analysis of secondary phenotype data in case-control association studies. Genet. Epidemiol. 33, 256–265 (2009).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

39. Devlin, B. & Roeder, K. Genomic control for association studies. Biometrics 55, 997–1004 (1999).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

40. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Cigarette smoking among adults-United States, 2006. MMWR CDC Surveill. Summ. 56, 1157–1161 (2007).

41. Dudbridge, F. & Gusnanto, A. Estimation of significance thresholds for genomewide association scans. Genet. Epidemiol. 32, 227–234 (2008).

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors and Affiliations

1. Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA

   Helena Furberg, YunJung Kim, Jennifer Dackor, Karen L Mohlke & Patrick F Sullivan

2. University of North Carolina Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA

   Helena Furberg, Karen L Mohlke & Patrick F Sullivan

3. Human Genetics Center and Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas, USA

   Eric Boerwinkle

4. Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA

   Nora Franceschini

5. Division of Cardiology, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Parma, Parma, Italy

   Diego Ardissino

6. Statistical Laboratory, Centre for Mathematical Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK

   Luisa Bernardinelli

7. Department of Applied Health Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy

   Luisa Bernardinelli

8. Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Ospedale Maggiore, Mangiagalli e Regina Elena, University of Milan, Milan, Italy

   Pier M Mannucci

9. Department of Cardiology, Azienda Ospedaliera Niguarda Ca' Granda, Milan, Italy

   Francesco Mauri & Piera A Merlini

10. HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, Alabama, USA

    Devin Absher

11. Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA

    Themistocles L Assimes, Joshua W Knowles & Thomas Quertermous

12. Stanford Prevention Research Center, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA

    Stephen P Fortmann

13. Kaiser Permanente Northern California Division of Research, Oakland, California, USA

    Carlos Iribarren

14. National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, Maryland, USA

    Luigi Ferrucci

15. Medstart Research Institute, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, Maryland, USA

    Toshiko Tanaka

16. Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA

    Joshua C Bis, Barbara McKnight, Bruce M Psaty, Evan L Thacker & Stephen M Schwartz

17. Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA

    Joshua C Bis & Bruce M Psaty

18. Division of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA

    Curt D Furberg

19. Medical Genetics Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA

    Talin Haritunians & Kent D Taylor

20. Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA

    Barbara McKnight

21. Department of Epidemiology and Health Services, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA

    Bruce M Psaty

22. Group Health Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA

    Bruce M Psaty

23. Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA

    Evan L Thacker

24. Department of Clinical Sciences, Diabetes and Endocrinology Unit, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden

    Peter Almgren, Leif Groop & Claes Ladenvall

25. Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA

    Michael Boehnke, Anne U Jackson & Heather M Stringham

26. Department of Public Health, Hjelt Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland

    Jaakko Tuomilehto & Jaakko Kaprio

27. Diabetes Prevention Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland

    Jaakko Tuomilehto

28. Finland South Ostrobothnia Central Hospital, Seinäjoki, Finland

    Jaakko Tuomilehto

29. Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

    Emelia J Benjamin & Ramachandran S Vasan

30. Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

    Emelia J Benjamin

31. Center for Population Studies, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA

    Shih-Jen Hwang & Sarah Rosner Preis

32. Department of Medicine, Sections of Preventive Medicine and Cardiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

    Daniel Levy & Ramachandran S Vasan

33. Center for Psychiatric Genetics, NorthShore University HealthSystem Research Institute, Evanston, Illinois, USA

    Jubao Duan, Pablo V Gejman & Alan R Sanders

34. Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA

    Douglas F Levinson

35. Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, Biostatistics Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA

    Jianxin Shi

36. International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon, France

    Esther H Lips, James D McKay & Paul Brennan

37. Institut Català d'Oncologia, Barcelona, Spain

    Antonio Agudo & Xavier Castellsagué

38. General Hospital, Pordenone, Italy

    Luigi Barzan

39. Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic

    Vladimir Bencko & Ivana Holcátová

40. Institut National de la santé et de la Recherche Medicalé (INSERM) U794, Paris, France

    Simone Benhamou

41. Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France

    Simone Benhamou

42. Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, University of Padua, Padua, Italy

    Cristina Canova

43. University of Glasgow Medical Faculty Dental School, Glasgow, UK

    David I Conway

44. Specialized Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Banska Bystrica, Slovakia

    Eleonora Fabianova

45. Department of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Brno, Czech Republic

    Lenka Foretova

46. Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic

    Vladimir Janout

47. Trinity College School of Dental Science, Dublin, Ireland

    Claire M Healy

48. Cancer Registry of Norway, Oslo, Norway

    Kristina Kjaerheim

49. University of Athens School of Medicine, Athens, Greece

    Pagona Lagiou

50. Department of Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland

    Jolanta Lissowska

51. University of Newcastle Dental School, Newcastle, UK

    Ray Lowry

52. University of Aberdeen School of Medicine, Aberdeen, UK

    Tatiana V Macfarlane

53. Institute of Public Health, Bucharest, Romania

    Dana Mates

54. Center for Experimental Research and Medical Studies, University of Turin, Turin, Italy

    Lorenzo Richiardi

55. National Institute of Environmental Health, Budapest, Hungary

    Peter Rudnai

56. Department of Epidemiology, Institute of Occupational Medicine, Lodz, Poland

    Neonilia Szeszenia-Dabrowska

57. Institute of Carcinogenesis, Cancer Research Centre, Moscow, Russia

    David Zaridze

58. Croatian National Cancer Registry, Zagreb, Croatia

    Ariana Znaor

59. Centre National de Genotypage, Institut Genomique, Comissariat à l'énergie Atomique, Evry, France

    Mark Lathrop

60. Fondation Jean Dausset-Centre d'Étude du Polymorphisme Humain (CEPH), Paris, France

    Mark Lathrop

61. Geriatric Unit, Azienda Sanitaria di Firenze, Florence, Italy

    Stefania Bandinelli

62. Genetics of Complex Traits, Peninsula Medical School, The University of Exeter, Exeter, UK

    Timothy M Frayling & John R B Perry

63. Laboratory of Epidemiology, Demography and Biometry, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, Maryland, USA

    Jack M Guralnik

64. Tuscany Health Regional Agency, Florence, Italy

    Yuri Milaneschi

65. Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA

    David Altshuler & Sek Kathiresan

66. Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

    David Altshuler

67. Diabetes Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

    David Altshuler

68. Center for Human Genetics Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

    David Altshuler & Sek Kathiresan

69. Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

    David Altshuler

70. Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

    David Altshuler

71. Cardiovascular Epidemiology and Genetics, Institut Municipal d'Investigacio Medica, Barcelona, Spain

    Roberto Elosua & Gavin Lucas

72. Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

    Sek Kathiresan

73. Department of Clinical Sciences, Hypertension and Cardiovascular Diseases, University Hospital Malmö, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden

    Olle Melander

74. National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Massachusetts, USA

    Christopher J O'Donnell

75. National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, Finland

    Veikko Salomaa & Jaakko Kaprio

76. Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA

    Benjamin F Voight

77. EMGO Institute, Vrije Universiteit (VU) Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

    Brenda W Penninx, Johannes H Smit & Nicole Vogelzangs

78. Department of Psychiatry, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

    Brenda W Penninx, Johannes H Smit & Nicole Vogelzangs

79. Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

    Dorret I Boomsma, Eco J C de Geus, Jacqueline M Vink & Gonneke Willemsen

80. Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA

    Stephen J Chanock

81. Department of Epidemiology, Program in Molecular and Genetic Epidemiology, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

    Fangyi Gu, David J Hunter & Peter Kraft

82. Department of Medicine, Channing Laboratory, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

    Susan E Hankinson

83. Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Member of the Netherlands Consortium on Healthy Aging, Rotterdam, The Netherlands

    Albert Hofman, Henning Tiemeier, Andre G Uitterlinden, Cornelia M van Duijn & Stefan Walter

84. Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands

    Henning Tiemeier

85. Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands

    Andre G Uitterlinden

86. Centre for Medical Systems Biology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands

    Cornelia M van Duijn

87. Department of Public Health, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands

    Stefan Walter

88. Division of Preventive Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

    Daniel I Chasman, Brendan M Everett, Guillaume Paré & Paul M Ridker

89. Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

    Brendan M Everett & Paul M Ridker

90. Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA

    Ming D Li

91. Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA

    Hermine H Maes

92. Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA

    Hermine H Maes

93. Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA

    Janet Audrain-McGovern & Caryn Lerman

94. Department of Functional Genomics, VU Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

    Danielle Posthuma

95. Department of Medical Genomics, VU University Medical Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

    Danielle Posthuma

96. Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA

    Laura M Thornton

97. Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA

    Caryn Lerman

98. Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland

    Jaakko Kaprio

99. Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA

    Jed E Rose

100. Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, University of Ioannina School of Medicine, Ioannina, Greece

     John P A Ioannidis

101. Tufts Clinical and Translational Science Institute, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

     John P A Ioannidis

102. Center for Genetic Epidemiology and Modeling, Institute for Clinical Research and Health Policy Studies, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

     John P A Ioannidis

103. Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA

     Dan-Yu Lin

Consortia

Contributions

TAG: study conception, design, management: H.F., P.F.S., Y.K., J. Dackor; TAG Statistical Working Group: D.-Y.L., P.K., J.P.A.I., D.P., H.F., Y.K., J. Dackor, S.P.F., N.F., E.H.L., J.D.M., J.M.V., D.I.B., D.L., B.M.E., E.L.T., B. McKnight, P.F.S., D. Absher; TAG Phenotype Working Group: C. Lerman, J.K., H.H.M., L.M.T., J.A.-M., E.H.L., J.E.R., M.D.L., J.M.V., H.F., Y.K., J. Dackor, S.P.F., P.F.S., E.L.T.; data analysis: Y.K., D.M.A., F.G., E.H.L., J.D.M., J.M.V., A.U.J., L. Bernardinelli, S.R.P., S.-J.H., B.M.E., C. Ladenvall, J.R.B.P., T.T., E.L.T., J.C.B., G.L., S.W.; TAG Manuscript Writing Group: H.F., Y.K., J. Dackor, P.F.S., C. Lerman, M.D.L., J.K., J.A.-M., P.K. All authors reviewed and approved the final version of the manuscript. The corresponding authors had access to the full data set of summary results contributed by each study.

ARIC: study conception, design, management: E.B.; phenotype collection, data management: N.F.; sample processing and genotyping: N.F.; data analysis: Y.K., N.F.

Atherosclerosis Thrombosis and Vascular Biology Italian Study Group: study conception, design, management: L. Bernardinelli, P.M.M., P.A.M., D. Ardissino; phenotype collection, data management: F.M., L. Bernandinelli; data analysis: L. Bernandinelli.

ADVANCE: study conception, design, management: S.P.F., D. Absher, T.Q., C.I., T.L.A., J.W.K.; phenotype collection, data management: S.P.F., T.Q., C.I., T.L.A., J.W.K.; sample processing and genotyping: D. Absher, T.Q.; data analysis: S.P.F., D. Absher, T.L.A., J.W.K.

Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging: study conception, design, management: L. Ferrucci; phenotype collection, data management: L. Ferrucci; data analysis: T.T.

CHS: study conception, design, management: B.M.P., J.C.B., C.D.F.; phenotype collection, data management: B.M.P.; sample processing and genotyping: T.H., K.D.T.; data analysis: B.M.P., E.L.T., J.C.B., B. McKnight.

DGI: study conception, design, management: L.G.; phenotype collection, data management: P.A.; data analysis: P.A., C. Ladenvall.

FUSION: study conception, design, management: K.L.M., M.B.; phenotype collection, data management: H.M.S., J.T.; data analysis: H.M.S., A.U.J.

Framingham Heart Study: study conception, design, management: R.S.V., E.J.B., D.L.; phenotype collection, data management: S.R.P., R.S.V., S.-J.H., E.J.B., D.L.; data analysis: S.R.P., S.-J.H.

GAIN: study conception, design, management: D.F.L., P.V.G.; phenotype collection, data management: A.R.S., D.F.L., J. Duan, J.S., P.V.G.; sample processing and genotyping: J. Duan, P.V.G.; data analysis: A.R.S., D.F.L., J. Duan, J.S., P.V.G.

IARC/ARCAGE/Central European GWAS: phenotype collection, data management: D.Z., N.S.-D., J.L., P.R., E.F., D.M., V.B., L. Foretova, V.J., S. Benhamou, P.L., I.H., L.R., K.K., A.A., X.C., T.V.M., L. Barzan, C.C., R.L., D.I. Conway, A.Z., C.M.H., P.B.; sample processing and genotyping: J.D.M., M.L., P.B.; data analysis: E.H.L., J.D.M.

InCHIANTI: study conception, design, management: T.M.F., J.M.G., S. Bandinelli; phenotype collection, data management: Y.M.; data analysis: J.R.B.P.

MIGEN: study conception, design, management: R.E., V.S., O.M., C.J.O., D. Altshuler; phenotype collection, data management: G.L., S.M.S., R.E., V.S., B.F.V., O.M., S.K., C.J.O.; sample processing and genotyping: S.K., D. Altshuler; data analysis: G.L., B.F.V., D. Altshuler

NESDA: study conception, design, management: B.W.P., J.H.S.; phenotype collection, data management: B.W.P., J.H.S., N.V.; sample processing and genotyping: B.W.P., J.H.S.; data analysis: N.V.

NTR: study conception, design, management: D.I.B., G.W., E.J.C.d.G.; phenotype collection, data management: D.I.B., G.W., E.J.C.d.G., J.M.V.; sample processing and genotyping: D.I.B., G.W., E.J.C.d.G.; data analysis: J.M.V.

NHS: phenotype collection, data management: S.E.H., D.J.H., P.K., F.G.; sample processing and genotyping: S.J.C., S.E.H., D.J.H., P.K.; data analysis: S.J.C., F.G., P.K.

Rotterdam: study conception, design, management: A.H.; phenotype collection, data management: H.T., A.G.U.; sample processing and genotyping: H.T., A.G.U.; data analysis: H.T., A.G.U., S.W., C.M.v.D.

WGHS: study conception, design, management: B.M.E., G.P., D.I. Chasman, P.M.R.; phenotype collection, data management: B.M.E., G.P., D.I. Chasman, P.M.R.; sample processing and genotyping: G.P., D.I. Chasman; data analysis: B.M.E., G.P., D.I. Chasman.

Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Helena Furberg or Patrick F Sullivan.

Competing interests

The author declare no competing financial interests.

Cite this article

The Tobacco and Genetics Consortium. Genome-wide meta-analyses identify multiple loci associated with smoking behavior. Nat Genet 42, 441–447 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1038/ng.571

Download citation

• Received: 19 October 2009

• Accepted: 18 March 2010

• Published: 25 April 2010

• Issue Date: May 2010

• DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/ng.571