Psychiatric genome-wide association study analyses implicate neuronal, immune and histone pathways - Nature Neuroscience

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Gene Expression Omnibus

• 19 January 2015

  In the version of this article initially published, the affiliation numbers given for several authors were incorrect. Astrid M. Vicente was listed as associated with affiliations 234–236 instead of 233–235, Veronica J. Vieland as 237 instead of 236, Kenneth S. Kendler as 110, 253 and 254 instead of 110, 252 and 253, and Zhaoming Zhao as 255 instead of 254 and 255. The errors have been corrected in the HTML and PDF versions of the article.

• 28 April 2015

  In the version of this article initially published, the name of author Zhongming Zhao was misspelled Zhaoming Zhao. The error has been corrected in the HTML and PDF versions of the article.

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Author notes

1. Walter J Muir and Zhongming Zhao: Deceased.

2. Colm O'Dushlaine, Lizzy Rossin, Phil H Lee, Peter A Holmans and Gerome Breen: These authors contributed equally to this work.

Authors and Affiliations

1. Regeneron Genetics Center, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc., Tarrytown, NY

   Colm O'Dushlaine

2. Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA

   Colm O'Dushlaine, Lizzy Rossin, Laramie Duncan, Stephan Ripke, Benjamin M Neale, Shaun M Purcell, Roy H Perlis, Verneri Anttila, Soumya Raychaudhuri & Mark J Daly

3. Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

   Phil H Lee, Roy H Perlis, Sarah E Bergen & Jordan W Smoller

4. Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

   Laramie Duncan, Stephan Ripke, Benjamin M Neale, Shaun M Purcell, Sarah E Bergen, Kimberly Chambert, Steven A McCarroll, Jennifer L Moran, Soumya Raychaudhuri, Edward Scolnick, Mark J Daly & Jordan W Smoller

5. Program in Neurobehavioral Genetics, Semel Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA

   Neelroop N Parikshak

6. Medical Research Council (MRC) Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry (SGDP) Centre, King's College London, The Institute of Psychiatry Psychology and Neuroscience, London, UK

   Stephen Newhouse, Philip Asherson, David A Collier, Ian W Craig, Anne E Farmer, Jonna Kuntsi, Cathryn M Lewis, Peter McGuffin & Gerome Breen

7. National Institute of Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre for Mental Health, South London and Maudsley NHS Trust and Insitute of Psychiatry, London, UK

   Stephen Newhouse & Gerome Breen

8. Division of Psychiatric Genomics, Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA

   Shaun M Purcell & Douglas Ruderfer

9. Department of Functional Genomics, VU University, Amsterdam, the Netherlands

   Danielle Posthuma

10. Department of Clinical Genetics, VU Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands

    Danielle Posthuma

11. Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands

    Danielle Posthuma

12. Institute of Psychiatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA

    John I Nurnberger

13. Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA

    John I Nurnberger

14. The University of Queensland, Queensland Brain Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia

    S Hong Lee, Bryan J Mowry, Enda M Byrne & Naomi R Wray

15. Department of Psychiatry, State University of New York (SUNY) Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, USA

    Stephen V Faraone

16. Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, USA

    Stephen V Faraone

17. Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research, Wacol, Queensland, Australia

    Bryan J Mowry

18. MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK

    Anita Thapar, Christine Fraser, Lyudmila Georgieva, Katherine Gordon-Smith, Detelina Grozeva, Ian Jones, George K Kirov, Valentina Moskvina, Ivan Nikolov, Michael J Owen, Nigel Williams, Stanley Zammit, Michael C O'Donovan, Nicholas Craddock & Peter A Holmans

19. Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK

    Anita Thapar, Christine Fraser, Lyudmila Georgieva, Ian Jones, George K Kirov, Ivan Nikolov, Michael J Owen, Nigel Williams, Stanley Zammit, Pamela Sklar, Michael C O'Donovan & Nicholas Craddock

20. Biosciences Research Division, Department of Environment and Primary Industries Victoria, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia

    Michael E Goddard

21. Faculty of Land and Environment, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia

    Michael E Goddard

22. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA

    John S Witte, Tatiana Foroud & Daniel L Koller

23. HudsonAlpha Institute of Biotechnology, Huntsville, Alabama, USA

    Devin Absher & Richard M Myers

24. KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway

    Ingrid Agartz, Ole A Andreassen, Srdjan Djurovic, Morten Mattingsdal & Ingrid Melle

25. Department of Research, Diakonhjemmet Hospital, Oslo, Norway

    Ingrid Agartz

26. Molecular Psychiatry Laboratory, Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA

    Huda Akil, Fan Meng, Robert C Thompson & Stanley J Watson

27. Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA

    Farooq Amin

28. Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway

    Ole A Andreassen & Ingrid Melle

29. Mental Health Sciences Unit, University College London, London, UK

    Adebayo Anjorin, Nicholas Bass, Khalid Choudhury, Hugh Gurling, Radhika Kandaswamy, Robert Krasucki, Jacob Lawrence, Andrew McQuillin, Jonathan Pimm & Vinay Puri

30. Department of Psychiatry, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland

    Richard Anney, Paul Cormican, Aiden Corvin, Gary J Donohoe, Louise Gallagher, Michael Gill, Elaine Kenny, Derek W Morris, Emma M Quinn & Peter M Visscher

31. McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA

    Dan E Arking & Aravinda Chakravarti

32. Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal

    Maria H Azevedo & Guiomar Oliveira

33. Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden

    Lena Backlund, Louise Frisén, Urban Osby & Martin Schalling

34. Department of Psychiatry, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA

    Judith A Badner & Elliot S Gershon

35. Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada

    Anthony J Bailey

36. Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany

    Tobias Banaschewski

37. Department of Psychiatry, Weill Medical College, Cornell University, New York, New York, USA

    Jack D Barchas

38. GlaxoSmithKline, London, UK

    Michael R Barnes

39. Portland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Portland, Oregon, USA

    Thomas B Barrett

40. Stella Maris Institute for Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry, Calambrone, Pisa, Italy

    Agatino Battaglia

41. Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Carl Gustav Carus University Hospital, Dresden, Germany

    Michael Bauer

42. Centro Nacional de Análisis Genómico (CNAG), Parc Científic de Barcelona (PCB), Barcelona, Spain

    Mònica Bayés

43. Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U955, Psychiatrie Génétique, Créteil, France

    Frank Bellivier, Bruno Etain, Stéphane Jamain & Marion Leboyer

44. Université Denis Diderot, Paris, France

    Frank Bellivier

45. Assistance Publique–Höpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Groupe Hospitalier Saint-Louis, Lariboisiere, F Widal, Departement de Psychiatrie, Paris, France

    Frank Bellivier

46. ENBREC (European Network of Bipolar Research Expert Centres) Group, Fondation FondaMental, Créteil, France

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47. Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden

    Sarah E Bergen, Christina M Hultman, Anna K Kähler, Mikael Landén, Niklas Längström, Paul Lichtenstein & Patrik K E Magnusson

48. Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA

    Wade Berrettini, Josephine Elia & Falk W Lohoff

49. INSERM U952, Paris, France

    Catalina Betancur

50. Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 7224, Paris, France

    Catalina Betancur

51. Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France

    Catalina Betancur

52. Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany

    Thomas Bettecken, Elisabeth B Binder, Darina Czamara, Florian Holsboer, Marcus Ising, Martin A Kohli, Susanne Lucae, Bertram Müller-Myhsok & Manfred Uhr

53. Clinical and Research Programs in Pediatric Psychopharmacology and Adult ADHD, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

    Joseph Biederman

54. Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA

    Donald W Black, William H Coryell, James B Potash & Thomas H Wassink

55. Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, Edinburgh, UK

    Douglas H R Blackwood, Donald J MacIntyre, Kevin A McGhee, Andrew McIntosh, Alan W McLean, Walter J Muir & Benjamin S Pickard

56. The Scripps Translational Science Institute, La Jolla, California, USA

    Cinnamon S Bloss, Nicholas J Schork & Erin N Smith

57. Scripps Health, La Jolla, California, USA

    Cinnamon S Bloss

58. Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA

    Michael Boehnke, Matthew Flickinger, Weihua Guan, Phoenix Kwan, Laura J Scott, Peng Zhang & Sebastian Zöllner

59. Center for Statistical Genetics, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA

    Michael Boehnke, Matthew Flickinger, Weihua Guan, Phoenix Kwan, Laura J Scott, Peng Zhang & Sebastian Zöllner

60. Department of Biological Psychology, VU University, Amsterdam, the Netherlands

    Dorret I Boomsma, Eco J De Geus, Jouke-Jan Hottenga, Christel M Middeldorp & Gonneke Willemsen

61. EMGO+ (ExtraMuraalGeneeskundig Onderzoek) Institute for Health and Care Research, Amsterdam, the Netherlands

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62. Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands

    Dorret I Boomsma, Eco J De Geus, Jouke-Jan Hottenga, Christel M Middeldorp & Brenda W Penninx

63. Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany

    René Breuer, Josef Frank, Sandra Meier, Marcella Rietschel, Jana Strohmaier, Jens Treutlein & Stephanie H Witt

64. Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands

    Richard Bruggeman

65. School of Nursing, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA

    Nancy G Buccola

66. Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands

    Jan K Buitelaar & Barbara Franke

67. Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, USA

    William E Bunney

68. Department of Psychiatry, Seaver Autism Center for Research and Treatment, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA

    Joseph D Buxbaum

69. Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA

    William F Byerley, Steven P Hamilton & Lauren A Weiss

70. NCIRE (Northern California Institute of Q Research and Education), San Francisco, California, USA

    William F Byerley

71. Department of Psychiatry, Birmingham University, Birmingham, UK

    Sian Caesar, Katherine Gordon-Smith & Lisa Jones

72. Department of Psychiatry, Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, University Medical Center, Utrecht, the Netherlands

    Wiepke Cahn & René S Kahn

73. David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA

    Rita M Cantor

74. Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, CIBERSAM (Centro de Investigación Biomédica en el Area de Salud Mental), Barcelona, Spain

    Miguel Casas, Josep Antoni Ramos-Quiroga & Marta Ribasés

75. Department of Psychiatry and Legal Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain

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76. Department of Genomics, Life & Brain Center, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany

    Sven Cichon, Franziska Degenhardt, Stefan Herms, Thomas W Mühleisen & Markus M Nöthen

77. Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Center Jülich, Jülich, Germany

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78. Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany

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79. Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland

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80. The Lundbeck Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, Roskilde, Denmark

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81. Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark

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82. Department of Genomic Mathematics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany

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83. Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA

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84. Department of Psychiatry, Institute for Juvenile Research, University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois, USA

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85. Department of Psychiatry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA

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86. Departament de Genètica, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain

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87. Biomedical Network Research Centre on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Barcelona, Spain

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109. Department of Psychiatry, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA

     Ayman Fanous

110. Virginia Institute of Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA

     Ayman Fanous, Michael C Neale & Kenneth S Kendler

111. Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK

     I Nicol Ferrier, Jeremy R Parr & Allan H Young

112. Department of Psychiatry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA

     Eric Fombonne

113. Institute for Development & Disability, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA

     Eric Fombonne

114. Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA

     Robert Freedman & Ann Olincy

115. Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA

     Nelson B Freimer, Sandra K Loo, Stan F Nelson, Roel A Ophoff & Susan L Smalley

116. Department of Psychiatry, University of Halle, Halle, Germany

     Marion Friedl, Ina Giegling, Annette M Hartmann, Bettina Konte & Dan Rujescu

117. Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia

     Scott D Gordon, Anjali K Henders, Nicholas G Martin, Sarah E Medland, Grant W Montgomery & Dale R Nyholt

118. Department of Biomedical and Biological Sciences, Plymouth University, Plymouth, UK

     Elaine K Green

119. Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA

     Tiffany A Greenwood, Rebecca McKinney, Caroline M Nievergelt, Paul D Shilling & John R Kelsoe

120. Division of Tics, OCD and Related Disorders, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA

     Dorothy E Grice

121. Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA

     Dorothy E Grice & Jeremy M Silverman

122. Department of Psychiatry, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany

     Magdalena Gross, Susanne Hoefels & Wolfgang Maier

123. Division of Biostatistics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA

     Weihua Guan

124. Department of Psychiatry, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands

     Lieuwe De Haan

125. Center for Human Genetics Research, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA

     Jonathan L Haines

126. Division of Human Genetics, The Center for Applied Genomics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA

     Hakon Hakonarson

127. Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA

     Hakon Hakonarson

128. Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA

     Joachim Hallmayer

129. Department of Clinical and Developmental Psychology, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany

     Marian L Hamshere & Martin Hautzinger

130. Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Copenhagen University Hospital, Roskilde, Denmark

     Thomas F Hansen, Andrés Ingason, Edward G Jones, Line Olsen, Henrik B Rasmussen & Thomas Werge

131. Brain and Mind Research Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia

     Ian B Hickie

132. Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA

     Maria Hipolito, William B Lawson & Evaristus A Nwulia

133. Department of Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands

     Witte J Hoogendijk

134. Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA

     Vanessa Hus

135. Bioinformatics Research Center, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA

     Jung-Ying Tzeng

136. Department of Psychology, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA

     Matthew C Keller

137. Psychiatric Neurogenetics Section, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

     James L Kennedy

138. School of Medicine, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK

     Lindsey Kent

139. Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA

     Yunjung Kim & Patrick F Sullivan

140. Division of Molecular Genome Analysis, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany

     Sabine M Klauck

141. Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA

     Lambertus Klei & Bernie Devlin

142. Department of Psychiatry, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA

     James A Knowles, Helena Medeiros, Carlos N Pato & Michele T Pato

143. Wolfson Institute of Preventative Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK

     Ania Korszun

144. Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, South Limburg Mental Health Research and Teaching Network, Maastricht, the Netherlands

     Lydia Krabbendam, Inez Myin-Germeys & Jim Van Os

145. Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden

     Mikael Landén

146. Centre National de Genotypage, Evry, France

     Mark Lathrop

147. Geisinger Health System, Autism and Developmental Medicine Institute, Danville, Pennsylvania, USA

     David H Ledbetter & Christa L Martin

148. Department of Psychiatry, Division of Research, The Zucker Hillside Hospital Division of the North Shore, Long Island Jewish Health System, Glen Oaks, New York, USA

     Todd Lencz & Anil K Malhotra

149. Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, The Feinstein Institute of Medical Research, Manhasset, New York, USA

     Todd Lencz & Anil K Malhotra

150. Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Albert Einstein College of Medicine of Yeshiva University, Bronx, New York, USA

     Todd Lencz & Anil K Malhotra

151. Division of Molecular Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, ADHD Clinical Research Unit, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany

     Klaus-Peter Lesch

152. Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHENS), Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands

     Klaus-Peter Lesch

153. Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA

     Douglas F Levinson

154. Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA

     Jun Li

155. New York State Psychiatric Institute, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA

     Jeffrey A Lieberman & Patrick J McGrath

156. Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA

     Dan-Yu Lin

157. Department of Psychiatry, Academic Medical Centre University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands

     Don H Linszen

158. Department of Psychiatry, Institute of Human Genetics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA

     Chunyu Liu

159. Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Science, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA

     Sandra K Loo & Susan L Smalley

160. Center for Autism and the Developing Brain, Weill Cornell Medical College, White Plains, New York, USA

     Catherine Lord

161. Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA

     Jennifer K Lowe & Daniel H Geschwind

162. Center for Autism Research and Treatment, Semel Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA

     Jennifer K Lowe & Daniel H Geschwind

163. Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy

     Elena Maestrini

164. Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA

     Pamela B Mahon & Thomas G Schulze

165. Yale Center for Genome Analysis, Orange, Connecticut, USA

     Shrikant M Mane

166. Sørlandet Hospital, Kristiansand, Norway

     Morten Mattingsdal

167. Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Semel Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA

     James J McGough

168. Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA

     Melvin G McInnis, Peng Zhang & Sebastian Zöllner

169. Molecular Medicine Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK

     Andrew McIntosh, Alan W McLean, Walter J Muir & Benjamin S Pickard

170. National Institute of Mental Health, US National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA

     Francis J McMahon

171. Department of Neurobehavioral Genetics, Trier University, Trier, Germany

     Jobst Meyer

172. Neuroepidemiology and Ageing Research, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK

     Lefkos Middleton

173. Department of Psychiatry, First Psychiatric Clinic, Alexander University Hospital, Sofia, Bulgaria

     Vihra Milanova

174. Department of Developmental and Educational Psychology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain

     Ana Miranda

175. Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK

     Anthony P Monaco

176. Office of the President, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts, USA

     Anthony P Monaco

177. Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA

     Daniel Moreno-De-Luca, Stephan J Sanders & Matthew State

178. Department of Psychiatry, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim, Norway

     Gunnar Morken

179. Department of Neuroscience, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway

     Gunnar Morken

180. Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA

     Eric M Morrow

181. Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA

     Eric M Morrow

182. Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Unit, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK

     Valentina Moskvina & Peter A Holmans

183. Neurosciences Centre of Excellence in Drug Discovery, GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, Verona, Italy

     Pierandrea Muglia & Federica Tozzi

184. Life & Brain Center, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany

     Thomas W Mühleisen

185. Child Study Center, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA

     Michael Murtha, Matthew State & A Jeremy Willsey

186. Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA

     Vishwajit Nimgaonkar & Stephan J Sanders

187. Department of Human Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA

     Vishwajit Nimgaonkar

188. Department of Psychiatry, Groningen University Medical Center, Groningen, the Netherlands

     Willem A Nolen

189. Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany

     Robert D Oades

190. Research and Clinical Training Department, Pediatric Hospital, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal

     Guiomar Oliveira

191. Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands

     Roel A Ophoff

192. Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK

     Aarno Palotie & Karola Rehnström

193. Program in Genetics and Genomic Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

     Andrew D Paterson

194. Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

     Andrew D Paterson & Wei Xu

195. Department of Psychiatry, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands

     Brenda W Penninx, Johannes H Smit & Gerard Van Grootheest

196. Academic Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK

     Digby J Quested

197. Department of Psychiatry, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany

     Andreas Reif

198. Psychiatric Genetics Unit, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain

     Marta Ribasés

199. Division of Biostatistics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA

     John P Rice

200. Department of Statistics, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA

     Kathryn Roeder

201. Department of Experimental Clinical & Health Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium

     Herbert Roeyers & Edmund J S Sonuga-Barke

202. Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Medicine Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany

     Aribert Rothenberger

203. Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada

     Guy Rouleau

204. Department of Genetics, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA

     Stephan J Sanders, Matthew State & A Jeremy Willsey

205. Program on Neurogenetics, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA

     Stephan J Sanders

206. Department of Psychiatry, Maine Medical Center, Portland, Maine, USA

     Susan L Santangelo

207. Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

     Susan L Santangelo

208. Department of Clinical Neuropsychology, VU University, Amsterdam, the Netherlands

     Joseph A Sergeant

209. Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California, USA

     Alan F Schatzberg

210. Rush Ambulatory Behavioral Health, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA

     William A Scheftner

211. Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA

     Gerard D Schellenberg

212. The Centre for Applied Genomics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

     Stephen W Scherer

213. The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA

     Nicholas J Schork & Erin N Smith

214. Department of Psychiatry & Psychotherapy, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany

     Thomas G Schulze

215. Psychiatric Center Nordbaden, Wiesloch, Germany

     Markus Schwarz

216. Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA

     Jianxin Shi

217. Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA

     Stanley I Shyn

218. Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA

     Susan L Slager

219. Developmental Brain & Behaviour Laboratory, Academic Unit of Psychology, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK

     Edmund J S Sonuga-Barke

220. Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, UK

     David St. Clair

221. Research Department, Federal Institute for Drugs and Medical Devices (BfArM), Bonn, Germany

     Michael Steffens

222. Research Unit of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark

     Hans-Christoph Steinhausen

223. Clinical Psychology and Epidemiology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland

     Hans-Christoph Steinhausen

224. Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland

     Hans-Christoph Steinhausen

225. Molecular Neuropsychiatry and Development Laboratory, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

     John S Strauss

226. Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA

     T Scott Stroup & John B Vincent

227. Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA

     James S Sutcliffe

228. Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

     Peter Szatmari

229. Neurosciences and Mental Health Program, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

     Peter Szatmari

230. Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

     Peter Szatmari

231. Oxford Health NHS Foundation Trust, Marlborough House Secure Unit, Milton Keynes, UK

     Srinivasa Thirumalai

232. Center for Biomarker Research and Personalized Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA

     Edwin J C G van den Oord

233. Instituto Nacional de Saude Dr Ricardo Jorge, Lisbon, Portugal

     Astrid M Vicente

234. BioFIG—Center for Biodiversity, Functional and Integrative Genomics, Campus da FCUL, Campo Grande, Lisbon, Portugal

     Astrid M Vicente

235. Instituto Gulbenkian de Cîencia, Lisbon, Portugal

     Astrid M Vicente

236. Battelle Center for Mathematical Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA

     Veronica J Vieland

237. Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Children's Hospital Boston, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

     Christopher A Walsh

238. Division of Genetics, Children's Hospital Boston, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

     Christopher A Walsh

239. Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School Center for Life Sciences, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

     Christopher A Walsh

240. Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School Center for Life Sciences, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

     Christopher A Walsh

241. Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York, USA

     Myrna M Weissman

242. Faculty of Health and Medical Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

     Thomas Werge

243. Institute of Medical Biometry, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany

     Thomas F Wienker

244. Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA

     Ellen M Wijsman

245. Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA

     Ellen M Wijsman

246. Centre for Affective Disorders, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK

     Allan H Young

247. Division of Genetics, Children's Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

     Timothy W Yu

248. Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA

     Peter P Zandi

249. Department of Psychiatry, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands

     Frans G Zitman

250. Department of Psychiatry, Special Treatment and Evaluation Program (STEP), Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California, USA

     John R Kelsoe

251. Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA

     Kenneth S Kendler

252. Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA

     Kenneth S Kendler

253. Department of Biomedical Informatics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA

     Zhongming Zhao

254. Department of Psychiatry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA

     Zhongming Zhao

Consortia

Contributions

Project conception: G.B., P.F.S., P.A.H. Analysis: C.O'D., P.H.L., P.A.H., G.B., S.R., L.R., L.D., S.N. Writing of the manuscript: G.B., C.O'D. P.A.H., P.H.L., L.R., L.D., N.P. Quality control for PGC data: S. Ripke and B.M.N. Revisions to the manuscript: G.B., D.H.G., C.O'D., L.R., P.H.L., N.P. PGC Network and Pathway Analysis Workgroup: S.R., B.M.N., S.M.P., D.H.G., P.A.H., P.H.L., M.M., C.O'D., D.P., L.R., L.D., P.F.S., J.W.S., N.R.W., Z.Z. PGC Workgroup Chairs: M.J.D. (analysis), S.V.F. (ADHD), M.J.D. and B.D. (co-chairs ASD), G.B. and P.A.H. (Network and Pathway Analysis subgroup), J.K. and P. Sklar (co-chairs bipolar disorder), P.F.S. (major depressive disorder), M.C.O'D. (schizophrenia) and J.W.S. and K.S.K. (co-chairs cross-disorder group). Collection, genotyping and analysis for PGC Working Groups. PGC ADHD Working Group: B.M.N., S.V.F., A.T., R.A., P.A., T. Banaschewski, M. Bayés, J.B., J.K.B., M.C., B.C., J.C., A.E.D., R.P.E., J.E., B.F., C.M.F., L. Kent, J.K., K.-P.L., S.K.L., J.M., J.J.M., S.E.M., J.M.S., A. Miranda, S.F.N., R.D.O., J.A.R.-Q., A. Reif, M. Ribasés, H.R., A. Rothenberger, J.A.S., R.S., S.L. Smalley, E.J.S.S.-B., H.-C.S., A.A.T. and N.W. PGC ASD Working Group: R.A., D.E.A., A.J.B., A.B., C.B., J.D. Buxbaum, A. Chakravarti, E.H.C., H.C., M.L.C., G.D., E.D., S.E., E.F., C.M.F., L. Gallagher, D.H.G., M. Gill, D.E.G., J.L.H., H.H., J.H., V.H., S.M.K., L. Klei, D.H. Ledbetter, C. Lord, J.K.L., E.M., S.M.M., C.L.M., W.M.M., A.P.M., D.M.-D.-L., E.M.M., M. Murtha, G.O., A.P., J.R.P., A.D.P., M.A.P.-V., J. Piven, F.P., K. Rehnström, K. Roeder, G.R., S.J.S., S.L. Santangelo, G.D.S., S.W.S., M. State, J.S. Sutcliffe, P. Szatmari, A.M.V., V.J.V., C.A.W., T.H.W., E.M.W., A.J.W., T.W.Y., B.D. and M.J.D. PGC BPD Working Group: S.M.P., D.A., H.A., O.A.A., A.A., L.B., J.A.B., J.D. Barchas, T.B.B., N.B., M. Bauer, F.B., S.E.B., W.B., D.H.R.B., C.S.B., M. Boehnke, G.B., R. Breuer, W.E.B., W.F.B., S. Caesar, K. Chambert, S. Cichon, D.A.C., A. Corvin, W.H.C., D.W.C., R.D., F. Degenhardt, S. Djurovic, F. Dudbridge, H.J.E., B.E., A.E.F., I.N.F., M. Flickinger, T.F., J.F., C.F., L.F., E.S.G., M. Gill, K.G.-S., E.K.G., T.A.G., D.G., W.G., H.G., M.L.H., M. Hautzinger, S. Herms, M. Hipolito, P.A.H., C.M.H., S.J., E.G.J., I.J., L.J., R. Kandaswamy, J.L.K., G.K.K., D.L.K., P.K., M. Landén, N.L., M. Lathrop, J. Lawrence, W.B.L., M. Leboyer, P.H.L., J. Li, P.L., D.-Y.L., C. Liu, F.W.L., S.L., P.B.M., W.M., N.G.M., M. Mattheisen, K.M., M. Mattingsdal, K.A.M., P.M., M.G.M., A. McIntosh, R.M., A.W.M., F.J.M., A. McQuillin, S.M., I.M., F.M., G.W.M., J.L.M., G.M., D.W.M., V. Moskvina, P.M., T.W.M., W.J.M., B.M.-M., R.M.M., C.M.N., I.N., V.N., M.M.N., J.I.N., E.A.N., C.O., U.O., M.J.O., B.S.P., J.B.P., P.P., E.M.Q., S. Raychaudhuri, A. Reif, J.P.R., M. Rietschel, D. Ruderfer, M. Schalling, A.F.S., W.A.S., N.J.S., T.G.S., J. Schumacher, M. Schwarz, E.S., L.J.S., P.D.S., E.N.S., D.S.C., M. Steffens, J.S. Strauss, J. Strohmaier, S.S., R.C.T., F.T., J.T., J.B.V., S.J.W., T.F.W., S.H.W., W.X., A.H.Y., P.P.Z., P.Z., S. Zöllner, J.R.K., P. Sklar, M.J.D., M.C.O. and N.C. PGC MDD Working Group: M.R.B., T. Bettecken, E.B.B., D.H.R.B., D.I.B., G.B., R. Breuer, S. Cichon, W.H.C., I.W.C., D. Czamara, E.J.D.G., F. Degenhardt, A.E.F., J.F., S.D.G., M. Gross, S.P.H., A.C.H., A.K.H., S. Herms, I.B.H., F.H., W.J.H., S. Hoefels, J.-J.H., M.I., I.J., L.J., J.-Y.T., J.A.K., M.A.K., A.K., W.B.L., D.F.L., C.M.L., D.-Y.L., S.L., D.J.M., P.A.F.M., W.M., N.G.M., M. Mattheisen, P.J.M., P.M., A. McIntosh, A.W.M., C.M.M., L.M., G.W.M., P.M., B.M.-M., W.A.N., M.M.N., D.R.N., B.W.P., M.L.P., J.B.P., M. Rietschel, W.A.S., T.G.S., J. Shi, S.I.S., S.L. Slager, J.H.S., M. Steffens, F.T., J.T., M.U., E.J.C.G.v.d.O., G.V.G., M.M.W., G.W., F.G.Z., P.F.S. and N.R.W. PGC SCZ Working Group: S. Ripke, B.M.N., S.M.P., B.J.M., I.A., F.A., O.A.A., M.H.A., N.B., D.W.B., D.H.R.B., R. Bruggeman, N.G.B., W.F.B., W.C., R.M.C., K. Choudhury, S. Cichon, C.R.C., P.C., A. Corvin, D. Curtis, S. Datta, S. Djurovic, G.J.D., J.D., F. Dudbridge, A.F., R.F., N.B.F., M. Friedl, P.V.G., L. Georgieva, I.G., M. Gill, H.G., L.D.H., M.L.H., T.F.H., A.M.H., P.A.H., C.M.H., A.I., A.K.K., R.S.K., M.C.K., E.K., Y.K., G.K.K., B.K., L. Krabbendam, R. Krasucki, J. Lawrence, P.H.L., T.L., D.F.L., J.A.L., D.-Y.L., D.H. Linszen, P.K.E.M., W.M., A.K.M., M. Mattheisen, M. Mattingsdal, S.M., S.A.M., A. McIntosh, A. McQuillin, H.M., I.M., V. Milanova, D.W.M., V. Moskvina, I.M.-G., M.M.N., C.O., A.O., L.O., R.A.O., M.J.O., C.N.P., M.T.P., B.S.P., J. Pimm, D.P., V.P., D.J.Q., H.B.R., M. Rietschel, L.R., D. Ruderfer, D. Rujescu, A.R.S., T.G.S., J. Shi, J.M.S., D.S.C., T.S.S., S.T., J.V.O., P.M.V., T.W., S. Zammit, P. Sklar, M.J.D., M.C.O., N.C., P.F.S. and K.S.K. PGC Cross-Disorder Group Working Group: S.H.L., S. Ripke, B.M.N., S.M.P., R.H.P., A.T., A.F., M.C.N., J.I.N., B.W.P., M. Rietschel, T.G.S., N.C., S.L. Santangelo, P.F.S., J.W.S., K.S.K. and N.R.W. PGC Analysis Working Group: S.H.L., S. Ripke, B.M.N., S.M.P., V.A., E.M.B., P.H.L., S.E.M., M.C.N., D.P., G.B., M.J.D. and N.R.W.

Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Peter A Holmans or Gerome Breen.

Competing interests

G.B. is a consultant in PreClinical Genetics at Eli Lilly.