A general scaling law reveals why the largest animals are not the fastest - Nature Ecology & Evolution
- ️Brose, Ulrich
- ️Mon Jul 17 2017
References
Jetz, W., Carbone, C., Fulford, J. & Brown, J. H. The scaling of animal space use. Science 306, 266–268 (2004).
Bauer, S. & Hoye, B. J. Migratory animals couple biodiversity and ecosystem functioning worldwide. Science 344, 1242552 (2014).
Parmesan, C. & Yohe, G. A globally coherent fingerprint of climate change impacts across natural systems. Nature 421, 37–42 (2003).
Pawar, S., Dell, A. I. & Savage, V. M. Dimensionality of consumer search space drives trophic interaction strengths. Nature 486, 485–489 (2012).
Neutel, A.-M. et al. Reconciling complexity with stability in naturally assembling food webs. Nature 449, 599–602 (2007).
Kays, R., Crofoot, M. C., Jetz, W. & Wikelski, M. Terrestrial animal tracking as an eye on life and planet. Science 348, aaa2478 (2015).
Hussey, N. E. et al. Aquatic animal telemetry: a panoramic window into the underwater world. Science 348, 1255642 (2015).
Peters, R. H. The Ecological Implications of Body Size (Cambridge Univ. Press, 1983).
Hedenström, A. Scaling migration speed in animals that run, swim and fly. J. Zool. 259, 155–160 (2003).
Bejan, A. & Marden, J. H. Unifying constructal theory for scale effects in running, swimming and flying. J. Exp. Biol. 209, 238–248 (2006).
Iriarte-Díaz, J. Differential scaling of locomotor performance in small and large terrestrial mammals. J. Exp. Biol. 205, 2897–2908 (2002).
Fuentes, M. A. Theoretical considerations on maximum running speeds for large and small animals. J. Theor. Biol. 390, 127–135 (2016).
Garland, T. The relation between maximal running speed and body mass in terrestrial mammals. J. Zool. 199, 157–170 (1983).
Clemente, C. J. & Richards, C. Muscle function and hydrodynamics limit power and speed in swimming frogs. Nat. Commun. 4, 2737 (2013).
Clemente, C. J., Thompson, G. G. & Withers, P. C. Evolutionary relationships of sprint speed in Australian varanid lizards. J. Zool. 278, 270–280 (2009).
Van Damme, R. & Vanhooydonck, B. Origins of interspecific variation in lizard sprint capacity. Funct. Ecol. 15, 186–202 (2001).
Dick, T. J. & Clemente, C. J. Where have all the giants gone? How animals deal with the problem of size. PLoS Biol. 15, e2000473 (2017).
Clemente, C. J., Withers, P. C. & Thompson, G. Optimal body size with respect to maximal speed for the yellow-spotted monitor lizard (Varanus panoptes; Varanidae). Physiol. Biochem. Zool. 85, 265–273 (2012).
Alexander, R. M. Principles of Animal Locomotion (Princeton Univ. Press, 2003).
Huey, R. B. & Hertz, P. E. Effects of body size and slope on acceleration of a lizard (Stellio stellio). J. Exp. Biol. 110, 113–123 (1984).
Elliott, J. P., Cowan, I. M. & Holling, C. S. Prey capture by the African lion. Can. J. Zool. 55, 1811–1828 (1977).
Garcia, G. J. & da Silva, J. K. On the scaling of mammalian long bones. J. Exp. Biol. 207, 1577–1584 (2004).
Biewener, A. A. Biomechanical consequences of scaling. J. Exp. Biol. 208, 1665–1676 (2005).
Jones, J. H. & Lindstedt, S. L. Limits to maximal performance. Annu. Rev. Physiol. 55, 547–569 (1993).
Weyand, P. G. & Bundle, M. W. Energetics of high-speed running: integrating classical theory and contemporary observations. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 288, R956–R965 (2005).
Pollock, C. M. & Shadwick, R. E. Allometry of muscle, tendon, and elastic energy storage capacity in mammals. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 266, R1022–R1031 (1994).
Alexander, Rm, Jayes, A. S., Maloiy, G. M. O. & Wathuta, E. M. Allometry of the leg muscles of mammals. J. Zool. 194, 539–552 (1981).
Bennett, M. B. Allometry of the leg muscles of birds. J. Zool. 238, 435–443 (1996).
Maloiy, G. M. O., Alexander, R., Njau, R. & Jayes, A. S. Allometry of the legs of running birds. J. Zool. 187, 161–167 (1979).
Comparative Physiology: Life in Water and on Land (eds Dejours, P. et al.) (FIDIA Research Series Vol. 9, Springer, 1987).
Gillooly, J. F., Brown, J. H., West, G. B., Savage, V. M. & Charnov, E. L. Effects of size and temperature on metabolic rate. Science 293, 2248–2251 (2001).
Williams, T. M. The evolution of cost efficient swimming in marine mammals: limits to energetic optimization. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci. 354, 193–201 (1999).
Biewener, A. A. Bone strength in small mammals and bipedal birds: do safety factors change with body size? J. Exp. Biol. 98, 289–301 (1982).
Blanco, R. E. & Jones, W. W. Terror birds on the run: a mechanical model to estimate its maximum running speed. Proc. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci. 272, 1769–1773 (2005).
Thulborn, R. A. Speeds and gaits of dinosaurs. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 38, 227–256 (1982).
Sellers, W. I. & Manning, P. L. Estimating dinosaur maximum running speeds using evolutionary robotics. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci. 274, 2711–2716 (2007).
Hutchinson, J. R. & Garcia, M. Tyrannosaurus was not a fast runner. Nature 415, 1018–1021 (2002).
Brown, J. H., Gillooly, J. F., Allen, A. P., Savage, V. M. & West, G. B. Toward a metabolic theory of ecology. Ecology 85, 1771–1789 (2004).
Rall, B. C. et al. Universal temperature and body-mass scaling of feeding rates. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci. 367, 2923–2934 (2012).
Dell, A. I., Pawar, S. & Savage, V. M. Systematic variation in the temperature dependence of physiological and ecological traits. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 108, 10591–10596 (2011).
Tamburello, N., Côté, I. M. & Dulvy, N. K. Energy and the scaling of animal space use. Am. Nat. 186, 196–211 (2015).
Carbone, C., Cowlishaw, G., Isaac, N. J. B. & Rowcliffe, J. M. How far do animals go? Determinants of day range in mammals. Am. Nat. 165, 290–297 (2005).
Hein, A. M., Hou, C. & Gillooly, J. F. Energetic and biomechanical constraints on animal migration distance. Ecol. Lett. 15, 104–110 (2012).
R Core Team. R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing (R Foundation for Statistical Computing, 2015).
Freckleton, R. P. On the misuse of residuals in ecology: regression of residuals vs. multiple regression. J. Anim. Ecol. 71, 542–545 (2002).