PAIN

^aNeurosciences Research Center, Aging Research Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran

^bSocial Determinants of Health Research Center, Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran

^cDepartment of Anesthesiology and Pain Management, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran

^dDepartment of Global Health and Social Medicine, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States

^eDepartment of Social Services, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States

^fDepartment of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

^gDepartment of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Maragheh University of Medical Sciences, Maragheh, Iran

^hDepartment of Social Sciences, University of Nicosia, Nicosia, Cyprus

ⁱDepartment of Life and Health Sciences, University of Nicosia, Nicosia, Cyprus

^jDepartment of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada

^kCentre for Statistics in Medicine, NDORMS, Botnar Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom

^lNIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, United Kingdom

^mCentre for Disease Modelling, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada

ⁿSocial Determinants of Health Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

^*Corresponding author. Address: Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran, 1985717443. Tel.: 0098-2123872567. E-mail address: [email protected] (Dr. Ali-Asghar Kolahi)

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Data from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019 were used to report the burden of migraine in 204 countries and territories during the period 1990 to 2019, through a systematic analysis of point prevalence, annual incidence, and years lived with disability (YLD). In 2019, the global age-standardised point prevalence and annual incidence rate of migraine were 14,107.3 (95% Uncertainty Interval [UI] 12,270.3-16,239) and 1142.5 (95% UI 995.9-1289.4) per 100,000, an increase of 1.7% (95% UI 0.7%-2.8%) and 2.1% (95% UI 1.1%-2.8%) since 1990, respectively. Moreover, the global age-standardised YLD rate in 2019 was 525.5 (95% UI 78.8-1194), an increase of 1.5% (95% UI –4.4% to 3.3%) since 1990. The global point prevalence of migraine in 2019 was higher in females and increased by age up to the 40 to 44 age group, then decreased with increased age. Belgium (22,400.6 [95% UI: 19,305.2-26,215.8]), Italy (20,337.7 [95% UI: 17,724.7-23,405.8]), and Germany (19,436.4 [95% UI: 16,806.2-22,810.3]) had the 3 highest age-standardised point prevalence rates for migraine in 2019. In conclusion, there were large intercountry differences in the burden of migraine, and this burden increased significantly across the measurement period. These findings suggest that migraine care needs to be included within the health system to increase population awareness regarding the probable risk factors and treatment strategies especially among young adults and middle-aged women, as well as to increase the data on migraines.