D̲j̲unayd
, last of the amīrs of the family of the Aydi̊n-og̲h̲lu [q.v.]. D̲j̲unayd who is given in the Ottoman sources the surname of Izmir-og̲h̲lu, succeeded for nearly a quarter of a century in prolonging the existence of the Aydi̊n amīrate through intrigues as clever as they were bold and by turning to account the dynastic wars between the sons of Bayezīd I. The recent researches by Himmet Akin, whose efforts were directed mainly towards documents in Turkish archives, have helped to enrich the insufficient information from sources, and to shed light on the origins of This figure who has been unjustly called an adventurer. The son of Ibrāhīm Bahadur, Amīr of Bodemya, and grandson of Meḥmed Beg, founder of the Aydi̊n amīrate, D̲j̲unayd appears in history after the departure from Anatolia of Tīmūr-Lang. In 804/1402 Tīmūr had restored the Aydi̊n amīrate annexed in 792/1390 by Bāyezid I, and returned it to the sons of ʿĪsā b. Meḥmed, Mūsā, then Umūr II. D̲j̲unayd and his brother Ḥasan Ag̲h̲a, who had been the ḳara-ṣubas̲h̲i̊ of the upper fortress of Izmir (the fortress of the port, occupied since 744/1344 by the Knights of Rhodes, had been retaken in 804/1402 by Tīmūr) during Ottomanrule, contended for power with their cousins and obtained respectively Izmir and Ayasoluḳ. But upon the death of Mūsā in 805/1403, Umūr II sought the aid of his kinsman Mentes̲h̲eog̲h̲lu Ilyās Beg, who helped him to reconquer Ayasoluḳ and imprisoned Ḥasan Ag̲h̲a in Marmaris. D̲j̲unayd succeeded in arranging the escape of his brother who was brought to Izmir by boat, and then, thanks to the intervention of the former governor of the province of Aydi̊n, Süleymān Čelebi, who was proclaimed Sultan at Edirne he regained Ayasoluḳ and made peace with Umūr II whose daughter he married. On the death of his father-in-law in 807/1405, he alone governed the amīrate to which he had added Alas̲h̲ehir, Ṣāliḥli and Nif. In the same year ʿĪsā Čelebi, whom Süleymān supported, came to Izmir to seek the help of D̲j̲unayd against his brother Meḥmed; D̲j̲unayd brought into the war his neighbours, the amīrs of Ṣaruk̲h̲an, Mentes̲h̲e, Teke and Germiyān, but in spite of their greater numbers, the allies were defeated by Meḥmed; ʿĪsā fled, while D̲j̲unayd asked for pardon and safeguarded his authority by submitting to the victor. The following year Süleymān led a campaign in Anatolia; D̲j̲unayd, allied with the Amīrs of Ḳaraman and of Germiyān, made preparations for resistance; but, fearing betrayal by This allies, he deserted their side to ask pardon of the sultan; Süleymān, who now mistrusted him, took him into Rumelia and made him governor of Ochrida. In 814/1411, however, Süleymān was killed in fighting his brother Mūsā, and D̲j̲unayd profited from the troubles of the interregnum and returned to Izmir, expelled the governor of Ayasoluḳ, appointed by Süleymān and reconquered his former amīrate. But when Meḥemmed I had triumphed over Mūsā and consolidated his power in Rumelia, he turned against D̲j̲unayd and took the fortresses of Kyma, Ḳayad̲j̲i̊k and Nif; then he besieged Izmir which had to surrender after ten days. Once more D̲j̲unayd asked pardon and won it; according to Turkish sources, the sultan granted him the region of Izmir after making him renounce the right to pronounce the k̲h̲uṭba and to mint money. The Sultan, however, had to alter his decision for, according to Dukas’ testimony, towards 818/1415 D̲j̲unayd was sent to Rumelia and made governor of Nicopolis, while the province of Aydîn was given to Alexander, son of S̲h̲is̲h̲man, of the royal family of Bulgaria, who was killed in 819/1416 during the revolt of Börklüd̲j̲e Muṣṭafā. D̲j̲unayd, meanwhile, in his Danubian province, did not hesitate to get into contact with the pretender whom the Turkish historians call Muṣṭafā Düzme [q.v.] and who was, according to Nes̲h̲ri and the Byzantine historians, the son of Bāyezid I who had disappeared in the battle of Ankara. After seeking the aid of Byzantium and Venice, Muṣṭafā had taken refuge with the prince of Wallachia, with the support of some Begs of Rumelia; he made D̲j̲unayd his vizier. In 819/1416, profiting from the troubles aroused in Anatolia by the religious propaganda of S̲h̲ayk̲h̲ Bedreddin (Badr al-Din) and Börklüd̲j̲e Muṣṭafā, and supported in part by Byzantium and Venice, Muṣṭafā laid claim to the throne. But Meḥemmed I, returning from Anatolia, concluded a treaty with Venice; Muṣṭafā and D̲j̲unayd took refuge in Salonika where the Byzantine governor refused to deliver the fugitives to the Sultan who blockaded the town. Meḥemmed I undertook to pay an annual allowance for the custody of the prisoners; Muṣṭafā was interned on the isle of Lemnos, and D̲j̲unayd in the monastery of Pammakaristos, at Constantinople. But in 824/ 1421, on the death of Meḥemmed, the emperor restored the prisoners to liberty. With the support of Byzantium, Muṣṭafā had himself proclaimed sultan at Edirne and won to his cause all the Begs of Rumelia. In spite, however, of his promise to the Emperor, he refused to restore to him Gelibolu, taken with his assistance, and Byzantium turned against him. The meeting with Murād II took place at Ulubād (Lopadion) in 825/1422; by trickery, Murād induced the defection of the Rumelian Begs and promised to D̲j̲unayd the restitution of his former territory, if be abandoned the pretender’s cause; D̲j̲unayd fled in the night and returned to Izmir where the population welcomed him with open arms. But not content with the region of Izmir, he expelled from Ayasoluḳ the son of Umūr II, Muṣṭafā, who was subject to the Ottomans, and gradually reconquered the former amīrate of Aydi̊n. In 827/1424 Murād II turned against D̲j̲unayd; meaning to limit the possessions of the latter to the region of Izmir, he named as governor of the province of Aydi̊n a renegade Greek, K̲h̲alīl Yak̲h̲s̲h̲i̊, who recaptured the towns of Ayasoluḳ and of Tire. But D̲j̲unayd did not stop raiding the Ottoman territories, and seized the sister of the new governor. Murād II sent against him a new army under the command of the son of Timurṭas̲h̲, Orud̲j̲, beǧler-beǧi of Anatolia; the region of Izmir was conquered, and D̲j̲unayd had to take refuge in the fortress of Ipsili, situated on the coast opposite Samos; he put to death his prisoner, the sister of Yak̲h̲s̲h̲i̊. From Ipsili, D̲j̲unayd sent a petition to Venice, asking help for himself and for the son of Muṣṭafā, brother of the Sultan Meḥemmed, who was with him; but Venice did not respond to This appeal. Meanwhile, Orud̲j̲ having died, his post was given to Ḥamza, a forceful man. In 828/1425 there was a new appeal from D̲j̲unayd to Venice and a request for assistance to the amīr of Ḳaraman, who did not reply. D̲j̲unayd’s army, under the command of his son Ḳurt Ḥasan, was defeated in the plain of Ak Ḥiṣār (T̲h̲yatira), and Ḳurt Ḥasan was taken prisoner. On the other side, with the help of some Genoese from Phocea, Ipsili was attacked from the sea. Blockaded on two sides, D̲j̲unayd had to surrender; but although he had obtained a safeguard for his life, Yak̲h̲s̲h̲i̊, to avenge his sister, put him to death, as well as Ḳurt Ḥasan and all the other members of his family. Such was the end of the Aydi̊n-og̲h̲ullari̊.
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First-online:
- 24 Apr 2012
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ISSN:
- 1573-3912
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Publisher:
- Brill
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Table of Contents
, last of the amīrs of the family of the Aydi̊n-og̲h̲lu [q.v.]. D̲j̲unayd who is given in the Ottoman sources the surname of Izmir-og̲h̲lu, succeeded for nearly a quarter of a century in prolonging the existence of the Aydi̊n amīrate through intrigues as clever as they were bold and by turning to account the dynastic wars between the sons of Bayezīd I. The recent researches by Himmet Akin, whose efforts were directed mainly towards documents in Turkish archives, have helped to enrich the insufficient information from sources, and to shed light on the origins of This figure who has been unjustly called an adventurer. The son of Ibrāhīm Bahadur, Amīr of Bodemya, and grandson of Meḥmed Beg, founder of the Aydi̊n amīrate, D̲j̲unayd appears in history after the departure from Anatolia of Tīmūr-Lang. In 804/1402 Tīmūr had restored the Aydi̊n amīrate annexed in 792/1390 by Bāyezid I, and returned it to the sons of ʿĪsā b. Meḥmed, Mūsā, then Umūr II. D̲j̲unayd and his brother Ḥasan Ag̲h̲a, who had been the ḳara-ṣubas̲h̲i̊ of the upper fortress of Izmir (the fortress of the port, occupied since 744/1344 by the Knights of Rhodes, had been retaken in 804/1402 by Tīmūr) during Ottomanrule, contended for power with their cousins and obtained respectively Izmir and Ayasoluḳ. But upon the death of Mūsā in 805/1403, Umūr II sought the aid of his kinsman Mentes̲h̲eog̲h̲lu Ilyās Beg, who helped him to reconquer Ayasoluḳ and imprisoned Ḥasan Ag̲h̲a in Marmaris. D̲j̲unayd succeeded in arranging the escape of his brother who was brought to Izmir by boat, and then, thanks to the intervention of the former governor of the province of Aydi̊n, Süleymān Čelebi, who was proclaimed Sultan at Edirne he regained Ayasoluḳ and made peace with Umūr II whose daughter he married. On the death of his father-in-law in 807/1405, he alone governed the amīrate to which he had added Alas̲h̲ehir, Ṣāliḥli and Nif. In the same year ʿĪsā Čelebi, whom Süleymān supported, came to Izmir to seek the help of D̲j̲unayd against his brother Meḥmed; D̲j̲unayd brought into the war his neighbours, the amīrs of Ṣaruk̲h̲an, Mentes̲h̲e, Teke and Germiyān, but in spite of their greater numbers, the allies were defeated by Meḥmed; ʿĪsā fled, while D̲j̲unayd asked for pardon and safeguarded his authority by submitting to the victor. The following year Süleymān led a campaign in Anatolia; D̲j̲unayd, allied with the Amīrs of Ḳaraman and of Germiyān, made preparations for resistance; but, fearing betrayal by This allies, he deserted their side to ask pardon of the sultan; Süleymān, who now mistrusted him, took him into Rumelia and made him governor of Ochrida. In 814/1411, however, Süleymān was killed in fighting his brother Mūsā, and D̲j̲unayd profited from the troubles of the interregnum and returned to Izmir, expelled the governor of Ayasoluḳ, appointed by Süleymān and reconquered his former amīrate. But when Meḥemmed I had triumphed over Mūsā and consolidated his power in Rumelia, he turned against D̲j̲unayd and took the fortresses of Kyma, Ḳayad̲j̲i̊k and Nif; then he besieged Izmir which had to surrender after ten days. Once more D̲j̲unayd asked pardon and won it; according to Turkish sources, the sultan granted him the region of Izmir after making him renounce the right to pronounce the k̲h̲uṭba and to mint money. The Sultan, however, had to alter his decision for, according to Dukas’ testimony, towards 818/1415 D̲j̲unayd was sent to Rumelia and made governor of Nicopolis, while the province of Aydîn was given to Alexander, son of S̲h̲is̲h̲man, of the royal family of Bulgaria, who was killed in 819/1416 during the revolt of Börklüd̲j̲e Muṣṭafā. D̲j̲unayd, meanwhile, in his Danubian province, did not hesitate to get into contact with the pretender whom the Turkish historians call Muṣṭafā Düzme [q.v.] and who was, according to Nes̲h̲ri and the Byzantine historians, the son of Bāyezid I who had disappeared in the battle of Ankara. After seeking the aid of Byzantium and Venice, Muṣṭafā had taken refuge with the prince of Wallachia, with the support of some Begs of Rumelia; he made D̲j̲unayd his vizier. In 819/1416, profiting from the troubles aroused in Anatolia by the religious propaganda of S̲h̲ayk̲h̲ Bedreddin (Badr al-Din) and Börklüd̲j̲e Muṣṭafā, and supported in part by Byzantium and Venice, Muṣṭafā laid claim to the throne. But Meḥemmed I, returning from Anatolia, concluded a treaty with Venice; Muṣṭafā and D̲j̲unayd took refuge in Salonika where the Byzantine governor refused to deliver the fugitives to the Sultan who blockaded the town. Meḥemmed I undertook to pay an annual allowance for the custody of the prisoners; Muṣṭafā was interned on the isle of Lemnos, and D̲j̲unayd in the monastery of Pammakaristos, at Constantinople. But in 824/ 1421, on the death of Meḥemmed, the emperor restored the prisoners to liberty. With the support of Byzantium, Muṣṭafā had himself proclaimed sultan at Edirne and won to his cause all the Begs of Rumelia. In spite, however, of his promise to the Emperor, he refused to restore to him Gelibolu, taken with his assistance, and Byzantium turned against him. The meeting with Murād II took place at Ulubād (Lopadion) in 825/1422; by trickery, Murād induced the defection of the Rumelian Begs and promised to D̲j̲unayd the restitution of his former territory, if be abandoned the pretender’s cause; D̲j̲unayd fled in the night and returned to Izmir where the population welcomed him with open arms. But not content with the region of Izmir, he expelled from Ayasoluḳ the son of Umūr II, Muṣṭafā, who was subject to the Ottomans, and gradually reconquered the former amīrate of Aydi̊n. In 827/1424 Murād II turned against D̲j̲unayd; meaning to limit the possessions of the latter to the region of Izmir, he named as governor of the province of Aydi̊n a renegade Greek, K̲h̲alīl Yak̲h̲s̲h̲i̊, who recaptured the towns of Ayasoluḳ and of Tire. But D̲j̲unayd did not stop raiding the Ottoman territories, and seized the sister of the new governor. Murād II sent against him a new army under the command of the son of Timurṭas̲h̲, Orud̲j̲, beǧler-beǧi of Anatolia; the region of Izmir was conquered, and D̲j̲unayd had to take refuge in the fortress of Ipsili, situated on the coast opposite Samos; he put to death his prisoner, the sister of Yak̲h̲s̲h̲i̊. From Ipsili, D̲j̲unayd sent a petition to Venice, asking help for himself and for the son of Muṣṭafā, brother of the Sultan Meḥemmed, who was with him; but Venice did not respond to This appeal. Meanwhile, Orud̲j̲ having died, his post was given to Ḥamza, a forceful man. In 828/1425 there was a new appeal from D̲j̲unayd to Venice and a request for assistance to the amīr of Ḳaraman, who did not reply. D̲j̲unayd’s army, under the command of his son Ḳurt Ḥasan, was defeated in the plain of Ak Ḥiṣār (T̲h̲yatira), and Ḳurt Ḥasan was taken prisoner. On the other side, with the help of some Genoese from Phocea, Ipsili was attacked from the sea. Blockaded on two sides, D̲j̲unayd had to surrender; but although he had obtained a safeguard for his life, Yak̲h̲s̲h̲i̊, to avenge his sister, put him to death, as well as Ḳurt Ḥasan and all the other members of his family. Such was the end of the Aydi̊n-og̲h̲ullari̊.