nature.com

Haematopoietic stem cell transplantation for autoimmune diseases - Nature Reviews Rheumatology

  • ️Wulffraat, Nico M.
  • ️Thu Feb 23 2017
  • Sureda, A. et al. Indications for allo- and auto-SCT for haematological diseases, solid tumours and immune disorders: current practice in Europe, 2015. Bone Marrow Transplant. 50, 1037–1056 (2015).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Alexander, T. et al. SCT for severe autoimmune diseases: consensus guidelines of the European Society for Blood and Marrow Transplantation for immune monitoring and biobanking. Bone Marrow Transplant. 50, 173–180 (2015).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Van Bekkum, D. W., Bohre, E. P., Houben, P. F. & Knaan-Shanzer, S. Regression of adjuvant-induced arthritis in rats following bone marrow transplantation. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 86, 10090–10094 (1989).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Knaan-Shanzer, S., Houben, P., Kinwel-Bohre, E. P. & van Bekkum, D. W. Remission induction of adjuvant arthritis in rats by total body irradiation and autologous bone marrow transplantation. Bone Marrow Transplant. 8, 333–338 (1991).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Baldwin, J. L., Storb, R., Thomas, E. D. & Mannik, M. Bone marrow transplantation in patients with gold-induced marrow aplasia. Arthritis Rheum. 20, 1043–1048 (1977).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jacobs, P., Vincent, M. & Martell, R. Prolonged remission of severe refractory rheumatoid arthritis following allogeneic bone marrow transplantation for drug-induced aplastic anaemia. Bone Marrow Transplant. 1, 237–239 (1986).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Roubenoff, R., Jones, R. J., Karp, J. E. & Stevens, M. B. Remission of rheumatoid arthritis with the successful treatment of acute myelogenous leukemia with cytosine arabinoside, daunorubicin, and m-AMSA. Arthritis Rheum. 30, 1187–1190 (1987).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Eedy, D. J., Burrows, D., Bridges, J. M. & Jones, F. G. Clearance of severe psoriasis after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation. BMJ 300, 908 (1990).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Yin, J. A. & Jowitt, S. N. Resolution of immune-mediated diseases following allogeneic bone marrow transplantation for leukaemia. Bone Marrow Transplant. 9, 31–33 (1992).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lowenthal, R. M., Cohen, M. L., Atkinson, K. & Biggs, J. C. Apparent cure of rheumatoid arthritis by bone marrow transplantation. J. Rheumatol. 20, 137–140 (1993).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Marmont, A. M. Immune ablation followed by allogeneic or autologous bone marrow transplantation: a new treatment for severe autoimmune diseases? Stem Cells 12, 125–135 (1994).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tamm, M., Gratwohl, A., Tichelli, A., Perruchoud, A. P. & Tyndall, A. Autologous haemopoietic stem cell transplantation in a patient with severe pulmonary hypertension complicating connective tissue disease. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 55, 779–780 (1996).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Tyndall, A. & Gratwohl, A. Blood and marrow stem cell transplants in auto-immune disease: a consensus report written on behalf of the European League against Rheumatism (EULAR) and the European Group for Blood and Marrow Transplantation (EBMT). Bone Marrow Transplant. 19, 643–645 (1997).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • European Society for Blood and Marrow Transplantation. Annual report 2014 [online], (2014).

  • Snowden, J. A. et al. Haematopoietic SCT in severe autoimmune diseases: updated guidelines of the European Group for Blood and Marrow Transplantation. Bone Marrow Transplant. 47, 770–790 (2012).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Van Rhijn-Brouwer, F. C. C. et al. Consensusdocument: Autologe hematopoïetische stamceltransplantatie bij ernstige diffuse cutane systemische sclerose. NT Reum. 19, 17–23 (2016).

    Google Scholar 

  • Blank, N. et al. Low-dose cyclophosphamide effectively mobilizes peripheral blood stem cells in patients with autoimmune disease. Eur. J. Haematol. 97, 78–82 (2016).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Isidori, A. et al. PBSC mobilization in patients with autoimmune diseases: what's next. Eur. J. Haematol. 97, 5–6 (2015).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • DiPersio, J. F. et al. Phase III prospective randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial of plerixafor plus granulocyte colony-stimulating factor compared with placebo plus granulocyte colony-stimulating factor for autologous stem-cell mobilization and transplantation for. J. Clin. Oncol. 27, 4767–4773 (2009).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jagirdar, N. et al. Plerixafor in combination with granulocyte-colony-stimulating factor after chemotherapy increases mobilization efficiency in patients with lymphoma or myeloma: results of a phase II clinical trial. Transfusion 55, 2351–2357 (2015).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jantunen, E. & Fruehauf, S. Importance of blood graft characteristics in auto-SCT: implications for optimizing mobilization regimens. Bone Marrow Transplant. 46, 627–635 (2011).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Swart, J. F. et al. Changing winds in refractory autoimmune disease in children: clearing the road for tolerance with cellular therapies. Curr. Opin. Rheumatol. 24, 267–273 (2012).

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zand, M. S. et al. Polyclonal rabbit antithymocyte globulin triggers B-cell and plasma cell apoptosis by multiple pathways. Transplantation 79, 1507–1515 (2005).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hiepe, F. et al. Long-lived autoreactive plasma cells drive persistent autoimmune inflammation. Nat. Rev. Rheumatol. 7, 170–178 (2011).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Alexander, T. et al. Depletion of autoreactive immunologic memory followed by autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in patients with refractory SLE induces long-term remission through de novo generation of a juvenile and tolerant immune system. Blood 113, 214–223 (2009).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Moore, J. et al. A pilot randomized trial comparing CD34-selected versus unmanipulated hemopoietic stem cell transplantation for severe, refractory rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 46, 2301–2309 (2002).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Oliveira, M. C. et al. Does ex vivo CD34+ positive selection influence outcome after autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in systemic sclerosis patients? Bone Marrow Transplant. 51, 1–5 (2015).

    Google Scholar 

  • Alchi, B. et al. Autologous haematopoietic stem cell transplantation for systemic lupus erythematosus: data from the European Group for Blood and Marrow Transplantation registry. Lupus 22, 245–253 (2013).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Admiraal, R. et al. Association between anti-thymocyte globulin exposure and CD4+ immune reconstitution in paediatric haemopoietic cell transplantation: a multicentre, retrospective pharmacodynamic cohort analysis. Lancet Haematol. 2, e194–e203 (2015).

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sensenbrenner, L. L., Steele, A. A. & Santos, G. W. Recovery of hematologic competence without engraftment following attempted bone marrow transplantation for aplastic anemia: report of a case with diffusion chamber studies. Exp. Hematol. 5, 51–58 (1977).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brodsky, R. A., Sensenbrenner, L. L. & Jones, R. J. Complete remission in severe aplastic anemia after high-dose cyclophosphamide without bone marrow transplantation. Blood 87, 491–494 (1996).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • DeZern, A. E. et al. High-dose cyclophosphamide without stem cell rescue in 207 patients with aplastic anemia and other autoimmune diseases. Medicine (Baltimore) 90, 89–98 (2011).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dezern, A. E. et al. Repeated treatment with high dose cyclophosphamide for severe autoimmune diseases. Am. J. Blood Res. 3, 84–90 (2013).

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Couzin-Frankel, J. Replacing an immune system gone haywire. Science 327, 772–774 (2010).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Muraro, P. A. et al. Thymic output generates a new and diverse TCR repertoire after autologous stem cell transplantation in multiple sclerosis patients. J. Exp. Med. 201, 805–816 (2005).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Dubinsky, A. N., Burt, R. K., Martin, R. & Muraro, P. A. T-cell clones persisting in the circulation after autologous hematopoietic SCT are undetectable in the peripheral CD34+ selected graft. Bone Marrow Transplant. 45, 325–331 (2010).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wu, Q. et al. Immunological characteristics and T-cell receptor clonal diversity in children with systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis undergoing T-cell-depleted autologous stem cell transplantation. Immunology 142, 227–236 (2014).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Jones, J. L. et al. IL-21 drives secondary autoimmunity in patients with multiple sclerosis, following therapeutic lymphocyte depletion with alemtuzumab (Campath-1H). J. Clin. Invest. 119, 2052–2061 (2009).

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Jones, J. L. et al. Human autoimmunity after lymphocyte depletion is caused by homeostatic T-cell proliferation. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 110, 20200–20205 (2013).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Le Campion, A. et al. Lymphopenia-induced spontaneous T-cell proliferation as a cofactor for autoimmune disease development. Blood 114, 1784–1793 (2009).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Khoruts, A. & Fraser, J. M. A causal link between lymphopenia and autoimmunity. Immunol. Lett. 98, 23–31 (2005).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Krupica, T., Fry, T. J. & Mackall, C. L. Autoimmunity during lymphopenia: a two-hit model. Clin. Immunol. 120, 121–128 (2006).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schulze-Koops, H. Lymphopenia and autoimmune diseases. Arthritis Res. Ther. 6, 178–180 (2004).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • De Kleer, I. Autologous stem cell transplantation for autoimmunity induces immunologic self-tolerance by reprogramming autoreactive T cells and restoring the CD4+CD25+ immune regulatory network. Blood 107, 1696–1702 (2006).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Farge, D. et al. Analysis of immune reconstitution after autologous bone marrow transplantation in systemic sclerosis. Arthritis Rheum. 52, 1555–1563 (2005).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Delemarre, E. M. et al. Brief report: autologous stem cell transplantation restores immune tolerance in experimental arthritis by renewal and modulation of the teff cell compartment. Arthritis Rheumatol. 66, 350–356 (2014).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Delemarre, E. M. et al. Autologous stem cell transplantation aids autoimmune patients by functional renewal and TCR diversification of regulatory T cells. Blood 127, 91–101 (2016).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Darlington, P. J. et al. Diminished Th17 (not Th1) responses underlie multiple sclerosis disease abrogation after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Ann. Neurol. 73, 341–354 (2013).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bellutti Enders, F. et al. Correlation of CXCL10, tumor necrosis factor receptor type II, and galectin 9 with disease activity in juvenile dermatomyositis. Arthritis Rheumatol. 66, 2281–2289 (2014).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Enders, F. B. et al. Autologous stem cell transplantation leads to a change in proinflammatory plasma cytokine profile of patients with juvenile dermatomyositis correlating with disease activity. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 74, 315–317 (2014).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fontenot, J. D., Gavin, M. A. & Rudensky, A. Y. Foxp3 programs the development and function of CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells. Nat. Immunol. 4, 330–336 (2003).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Meng, L. et al. Treatment of an autoimmune encephalomyelitis mouse model with nonmyeloablative conditioning and syngeneic bone marrow transplantation. Restor. Neurol. Neurosci. 29, 177–185 (2011).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Herrmann, M. M. Tolerance induction by bone marrow transplantation in a multiple sclerosis model. Blood 106, 1875–1883 (2005).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Burman, J. et al. T-cell responses after haematopoietic stem cell transplantation for aggressive relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. Immunology 140, 211–219 (2013).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Abrahamsson, S. V. et al. Non-myeloablative autologous haematopoietic stem cell transplantation expands regulatory cells and depletes IL-17 producing mucosal-associated invariant T cells in multiple sclerosis. Brain 136, 2888–2903 (2013).

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Baraut, J. et al. Peripheral blood regulatory T cells in patients with diffuse systemic sclerosis (SSc) before and after autologous hematopoietic SCT: a pilot study. Bone Marrow Transplant. 49, 349–354 (2014).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Alexander, T. et al. Foxp3+ Helios+ regulatory T cells are expanded in active systemic lupus erythematosus. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 72, 1549–1558 (2013).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Roord, S. T. A. et al. Autologous bone marrow transplantation in autoimmune arthritis restores immune homeostasis through CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells. Blood 111, 5233–5241 (2008).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Di Ianni, M. et al. Tregs prevent GVHD and promote immune reconstitution in HLA-haploidentical transplantation. Blood 117, 3921–3928 (2011).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Taylor, P. A. L-selectinhi but not the L-selectinlo CD4+25+ T-regulatory cells are potent inhibitors of GVHD and BM graft rejection. Blood 104, 3804–3812 (2004).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Steiner, D. et al. Overcoming T cell–mediated rejection of bone marrow allografts by T-regulatory cells: synergism with veto cells and rapamycin. Exp. Hematol. 34, 802–808 (2006).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Trzonkowski, P. et al. First-in-man clinical results of the treatment of patients with graft versus host disease with human ex vivo expanded CD4+CD25+CD127− T regulatory cells. Clin. Immunol. 133, 22–26 (2009).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brunstein, C. G. et al. Infusion of ex vivo expanded T regulatory cells in adults transplanted with umbilical cord blood: safety profile and detection kinetics. Blood 117, 1061–1070 (2011).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Schlieer, U., Streitz, M. & Sawitzki, B. Tregs. Curr. Opin. Organ Transplant. 17, 34–41 (2012).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Geissler, E. K. The ONE Study compares cell therapy products in organ transplantation: introduction to a review series on suppressive monocyte-derived cells. Transplant. Res. 1, 11 (2012).

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Nguyen, V. H. et al. The impact of regulatory T cells on T-cell immunity following hematopoietic cell transplantation. Blood 111, 945–953 (2008).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Wing, J. B. & Sakaguchi, S. TCR diversity and Treg cells, sometimes more is more. Eur. J. Immunol. 41, 3097–3100 (2011).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nishio, J. et al. Requirement of full TCR repertoire for regulatory T cells to maintain intestinal homeostasis. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 112, 12770–12775 (2015).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Muraro, P. A. et al. T cell repertoire following autologous stem cell transplantation for multiple sclerosis. J. Clin. Invest. 124, 1168–1172 (2014).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Brinkman, D. M. C. et al. Autologous stem cell transplantation in children with severe progressive systemic or polyarticular juvenile idiopathic arthritis: Long-term followup of a prospective clinical trial. Arthritis Rheum. 56, 2410–2421 (2007).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Szodoray, P. et al. Immunological reconstitution after autologous stem cell transplantation in patients with refractory systemic autoimmune diseases. Scand. J. Rheumatol. 9742, 110–115 (2011).

    Google Scholar 

  • Liu, B., Shu, S., Kenny, T. P., Chang, C. & Leung, P. S. C. Stem cell therapy in autoimmune rheumatic diseases: a comprehensive review. Clin. Rev. Allergy Immunol. 47, 244–257 (2014).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hoy, D. et al. The global burden of low back pain: estimates from the Global Burden of Disease 2010 study. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 73, 968–974 (2014).

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bathon, J. M. et al. A comparison of etanercept and methotrexate in patients with early rheumatoid arthritis. N. Engl. J. Med. 343, 1586–1593 (2000).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Weinblatt, M. E. et al. A trial of etanercept, a recombinant tumor necrosis factor receptor:Fc fusion protein, in patients with rheumatoid arthritis receiving methotrexate. N. Engl. J. Med. 340, 253–259 (1999).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Weinblatt, M. E. et al. Adalimumab, a fully human anti-tumor necrosis factor alpha monoclonal antibody, for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis in patients taking concomitant methotrexate: the ARMADA trial. Arthritis Rheum. 48, 35–45 (2003).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jobanputra, P. et al. A randomised efficacy and discontinuation study of etanercept versus adalimumab (RED SEA) for rheumatoid arthritis: a pragmatic, unblinded, non-inferiority study of first TNF inhibitor use: outcomes over 2 years. BMJ Open 2, e001395 (2012).

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Manders, S. H. M. et al. Cost-effectiveness of abatacept, rituximab, and TNFi treatment after previous failure with TNFi treatment in rheumatoid arthritis: a pragmatic multi-centre randomised trial. Arthritis Res. Ther. 17, 134 (2015).

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hyrich, K. L., Watson, K. D., Lunt, M. & Symmons, D. P. M. Changes in disease characteristics and response rates among patients in the United Kingdom starting anti-tumour necrosis factor therapy for rheumatoid arthritis between 2001 and 2008. Rheumatology 50, 117–123 (2011).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chang, C. Unmet needs in the treatment of autoimmunity: from aspirin to stem cells. Autoimmun. Rev. 13, 331–346 (2014).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Youssef, J., Novosad, S. A. & Winthrop, K. L. Infection risk and safety of corticosteroid use. Rheum. Dis. Clin. North Am. 42, 157–176 (2016).

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pasquini, M. C. et al. Transplantation for autoimmune diseases in North and South America: a report of the Center for International Blood and Marrow Transplant Research. Biol. Blood Marrow Transplant. 18, 1471–1478 (2012).

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Farge, D. et al. Autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for autoimmune diseases: an observational study on 12 years' experience from the European Group for Blood and Marrow Transplantation Working Party on Autoimmune Diseases. Haematologica 95, 284–292 (2010).

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gratwohl, A. et al. Autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for autoimmune diseases. Bone Marrow Transplant. 35, 869–879 (2005).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Van Laar, J. M., Naraghi, K. & Tyndall, A. Haematopoietic stem cell transplantation for poor-prognosis systemic sclerosis. Rheumatology (Oxford) 54, 2126–2133 (2015).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Burt, R. K. et al. Autologous non-myeloablative haemopoietic stem-cell transplantation compared with pulse cyclophosphamide once per month for systemic sclerosis (ASSIST): an open-label, randomised phase 2 trial. Lancet 378, 498–506 (2011).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bassler, D. Stopping randomized trials early for benefit and estimation of treatment effects: systematic review and meta-regression analysis. JAMA 303, 1180 (2010).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Van Laar, J. M. et al. Autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation versus intravenous pulse cyclophosphamide in diffuse cutaneous systemic sclerosis. JAMA 311, 2490 (2014).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hung, E. W. et al. Gastric antral vascular ectasia and its clinical correlates in patients with early diffuse systemic sclerosis in the SCOT trial. J. Rheumatol. 40, 455–460 (2013).

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Soysal, T. et al. Bone marrow transplantation for Behçet's disease: a case report and systematic review of the literature. Rheumatology (Oxford) 53, 1136–1141 (2014).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Daikeler, T., Tichelli, A. & Passweg, J. Complications of autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for patients with autoimmune diseases. Pediatr. Res. 71, 439–444 (2012).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Saccardi, R. et al. Consensus statement concerning cardiotoxicity occurring during haematopoietic stem cell transplantation in the treatment of autoimmune diseases, with special reference to systemic sclerosis and multiple sclerosis. Bone Marrow Transplant. 34, 877–881 (2004).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Daikeler, T. et al. Secondary autoimmune diseases occurring after HSCT for an autoimmune disease: a retrospective study of the EBMT Autoimmune Disease Working Party Secondary autoimmune diseases occurring after HSCT for an autoimmune disease: a retrospective study of the EBMT Autoimmune Disease Working Party. Blood 118, 1693–1698 (2013).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Daikeler, T. et al. Allogeneic hematopoietic SCT for patients with autoimmune diseases. Bone Marrow Transplant. 44, 27–33 (2009).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Majhail, N. S. et al. Recommended screening and preventive practices for long-term survivors after hematopoietic cell transplantation. Biol. Blood Marrow Transplant. 18, 348–371 (2012).

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tichelli, A. et al. Late complications after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Expert Rev. Hematol. 2, 583–601 (2009).

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Admiraal, R. et al. Excellent T-cell reconstitution and survival depend on low ATG exposure after pediatric cord blood transplantation. Blood 128, 2734–2741 (2016).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bartelink, I. H. et al. Association of busulfan exposure with survival and toxicity after haemopoietic cell transplantation in children and young adults: a multicentre, retrospective cohort analysis. Lancet Haematol. 3, e526–e536 (2016).

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Gutman, J. A. et al. Chronic graft versus host disease burden and late transplant complications are lower following adult double cord blood versus matched unrelated donor peripheral blood transplantation. Bone Marrow Transplant. 51, 1–6 (2016).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Griffith, L. M. et al. Feasibility of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for autoimmune disease: position statement from a National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases and National Cancer Institute-Sponsored International Workshop, Bethesda, MD, March 1. Biol. Blood Marrow Transplant. 11, 862–870 (2005).

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Majhail, N. S. et al. Indications for autologous and allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation: guidelines from the American Society for Blood and Marrow Transplantation. Biol. Blood Marrow Transplant. 21, 1863–1869 (2015).

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Passweg, J. R. et al. Hematopoietic SCT in Europe 2013: recent trends in the use of alternative donors showing more haploidentical donors but fewer cord blood transplants. Bone Marrow Transplant. 50, 476–482 (2015).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Cras, A. et al. Update on mesenchymal stem cell-based therapy in lupus and scleroderma. Arthritis Res. Ther. 17, 301 (2015).

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar