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2011 Egyptian revolution, the Glossary

The 2011 Egyptian revolution, also known as the 25 January Revolution (translit), began on 25 January 2011 and spread across Egypt.^[1]

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A New Beginning (speech)

"A New Beginning" is the name of a speech delivered by United States President Barack Obama on 4 June 2009, from the Major Reception Hall at Cairo University in Egypt.

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ABC News (United States)

ABC News is the news division of the American television network ABC.

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Abdel Fattah el-Sisi

Abd el-Fattah el-Sisi (born 19 November 1954) is an Egyptian politician and retired military officer who has been serving as the sixth and current president of Egypt since 2014.

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Aboud El Zomor (also Abboud el-Zumar, Abbud el-Zumar, Aboud el-Zomoor, Abboud el-Zomor, Abboud el-Zomor, Abod Zoummar, Abbud el-Zummor,, born August 1948) is an Egyptian Islamist and fundamentalist and former military intelligence colonel in the Egyptian Army.

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Academy of Political Science

The Academy of Political Science is an American non-profit organization and publisher devoted to cultivating non-partisan, objective analysis of political, social, and economic issues.

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Adly Mansour

Adly Mahmoud Mansour (عدلى محمود منصور,; born 23 December 1945) is an Egyptian judge and politician who served as the president (or chief justice) of the Supreme Constitutional Court of Egypt.

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Agence France-Presse

Agence France-Presse (AFP) is a French international news agency headquartered in Paris, France.

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Ahmad Fathi Sorour

Ahmad Fathi Sorour (احمد فتحى سرور; 9 July 1932 – 5 April 2024) was an Egyptian politician who was the Speaker of the People's Assembly of Egypt from 1990 until the Egyptian Revolution of 2011.

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Ahmed Ezz (businessman)

Ahmed Ezz (أحمد عز; born 12 January 1959) is an Egyptian businessman and one-time politician, the owner of Ezz Steel and the former chairman of Egypt's national assembly's budget committee.

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Ahmed Hassan Said

Ahmed Hassan Said is a prominent Egyptian businessman in the IT sector and has become a leading political figure as a result of the Arab Spring uprising and the ouster of former President Hosni Mubarak.

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Ahmed Nazif

Ahmed Nazif (أحمد نظيف,; born 8 July 1952) served as the Prime Minister of Egypt from 14 July 2004 to 29 January 2011, when his cabinet was dismissed by President Hosni Mubarak in light of a popular uprising that led to the Egyptian Revolution of 2011.

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Ahmed Seada

Ahmed Ragab Seada (أحمد سعده) is a human rights activist and a labor leader in the petroleum sector, and occupies in Egypt.

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Ahmed Shafik

Air Marshal Ahmed Mohamed Shafik ZakiAlso spelled: Shafiq.

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Al Arabiya

Al Arabiya (العربية, transliterated:; meaning "The Arabic One" or "The Arab One") is a Saudi state-owned international Arabic news television channel.

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Al Jazeera English

Al Jazeera English (AJE; lit) is a 24-hour English-language news channel operating under Al Jazeera Media Network, which is partially funded by the government of Qatar.

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Al Jazeera Media Network (AJMN; The Peninsula) is a private-media conglomerate headquartered at Wadi Al Sail, Doha, funded in part by the government of Qatar.

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Al-Ahram Weekly

Al-Ahram Weekly is an English-language weekly broadsheet printed by the Al-Ahram Publishing House in Cairo, Egypt.

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Al-Azhar Mosque

Al-Azhar Mosque (lit, Gāmiʿ el-ʾazhar), known in Egypt simply as al-Azhar, is a mosque in Cairo, Egypt in the historic Islamic core of the city.

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Al-Azhar University

The Al-Azhar University (1) is a public university in Cairo, Egypt.

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Al-Masry Al-Youm

Al-Masry Al-Youm (المصري اليوم,, meaning The Egyptian Today) is an Egyptian privately owned daily newspaper that was first published in June 2004.

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Al-Wasat Party

The al-Wasat Party (Hizb al-Wasat), translated in English as the Center Party, is a moderate Islamist political party in Egypt. 2011 Egyptian revolution and al-Wasat Party are Egyptian revolution of 2011.

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Alaa Al Aswany

Alaa Al Aswany (علاء الأسواني,; born 26 May 1957) is an Egyptian writer, novelist, and a founding member of the political movement Kefaya.

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Alaa Mubarak

Alaa Mohammed Hosni El Sayed Mubarak (علاء محمد حسني السيد مبارك) (born 26 November 1960) is an Egyptian businessman and the elder of two sons of Hosni Mubarak, the former President of Egypt who served from 1981 to 2011, and his wife, Suzanne Mubarak.

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Alexandria

Alexandria (الإسكندرية; Ἀλεξάνδρεια, Coptic: Ⲣⲁⲕⲟϯ - Rakoti or ⲁⲗⲉⲝⲁⲛⲇⲣⲓⲁ) is the second largest city in Egypt and the largest city on the Mediterranean coast.

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Alexandria Governorate

Alexandria Governorate (محافظة الإسكندرية, محافظة اسكندريه) is one of the governorates of Egypt.

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Amnesty International

Amnesty International (also referred to as Amnesty or AI) is an international non-governmental organization focused on human rights, with its headquarters in the United Kingdom.

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Amr Waked

Amr Waked (عمرو واكد; born)is an Egyptian film, television and stage actor.

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Anas el-Fiqqi

Anas el-Fiqqi (alternate spelling: Anas El Feki, Anas El-Feki, Anas al-Fiqi, Anas El-Fekky or el-Fiqi) (14 October 1960 —) is an Egyptian entrepreneur and former state official, well known for being Hosni Mubarak's last minister of information.

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Angela Merkel

Angela Dorothea Merkel (born 17 July 1954) is a German retired politician who served as Chancellor of Germany from 2005 to 2021 and was the first woman to hold that office.

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Anwar Sadat

Muhammad Anwar es-Sadat (25 December 1918 – 6 October 1981) was an Egyptian politician and military officer who served as the third president of Egypt, from 15 October 1970 until his assassination by fundamentalist army officers on 6 October 1981.

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April 6 Youth Movement

The April 6 Youth Movement (حركة شباب 6 أبريل) is an Egyptian activist group established in Spring 2008 to support the workers in El-Mahalla El-Kubra, an industrial town, who were planning to strike on 6 April. 2011 Egyptian revolution and April 6 Youth Movement are 2011 in Egypt, 2011 riots, Egyptian revolution of 2011, politics of Egypt and riots and civil disorder in Egypt.

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Arab citizens of Israel

The Arab citizens of Israel (Arab Israelis or Israeli Arabs) are the country's largest ethnic minority.

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The Arab Socialist Union may refer to.

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Arab Spring

The Arab Spring (ar-rabīʻ al-ʻarabī) or the First Arab Spring (to distinguish from the Second Arab Spring) was a series of anti-government protests, uprisings and armed rebellions that spread across much of the Arab world in the early 2010s. 2011 Egyptian revolution and Arab Spring are 2011 protests and 21st-century revolutions.

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Arab world

The Arab world (اَلْعَالَمُ الْعَرَبِيُّ), formally the Arab homeland (اَلْوَطَنُ الْعَرَبِيُّ), also known as the Arab nation (اَلْأُمَّةُ الْعَرَبِيَّةُ), the Arabsphere, or the Arab states, comprises a large group of countries, mainly located in Western Asia and Northern Africa.

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Arable land

Arable land (from the arabilis, "able to be ploughed") is any land capable of being ploughed and used to grow crops.

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Arish

ʻArish or el-ʻArīsh (العريش) is the capital and largest city (with 164,830 inhabitants) of the North Sinai Governorate of Egypt, as well as the largest city on the Sinai Peninsula, lying on the Mediterranean coast northeast of Cairo and west of the Egypt–Gaza border.

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Armed Forces & Society

Armed Forces & Society is a quarterly peer-reviewed academic publication that publishes articles and book reviews on a wide variety of topics including civil–military relations, military sociology, veterans, military psychology, military institutions, conflict management, peacekeeping, conflict resolution, military contracting, terrorism, gender related issues, military families and military ethics.

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Arson

Arson is the act of willfully and deliberately setting fire to or charring property.

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Asmaa Mahfouz

Asmaa Mahfouz (أسماء محفوظ,, born 1 February 1985) is an Egyptian activist and one of the founders of the April 6 Youth Movement.

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Assassination of Anwar Sadat

On 6 October 1981, Anwar Sadat, the 3rd President of Egypt, was assassinated during the annual victory parade held in Cairo to celebrate Operation Badr, during which the Egyptian Army had crossed the Suez Canal and taken back the Sinai Peninsula from Israel at the beginning of the Yom Kippur War.

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Asset freezing

Asset freezing is a form of interim or interlocutory injunction which prevents a defendant to an action from dealing with or dissipating its assets so as to frustrate a potential judgment.

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Australian Broadcasting Corporation

The Australian Broadcasting Corporation (ABC), is the national broadcaster of Australia.

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Authoritarianism is a political system characterized by the rejection of political plurality, the use of strong central power to preserve the political status quo, and reductions in democracy, separation of powers, civil liberties, and the rule of law.

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Ayman Nour

Ayman Abd El Aziz Nour (أيمن عبد العزيز نور,; born 5 December 1964) is an Egyptian politician, a former member of the Egyptian Parliament, founder and chairman of the El Ghad party.

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Azerbaijan

Azerbaijan, officially the Republic of Azerbaijan, is a transcontinental country located at the boundary of Eastern Europe and West Asia.

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Bachelor's degree or higher

Bachelor's degree or higher is a commonly used term by the United States Census Bureau and other U.S. government agencies on the federal as well as state and local level.

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Baltagiya

Baltagiya or Baltageya (البلطجية) is an Egyptian slang word that generally means "goons" or "thugs" or "gangs or criminals," who are often hired to attack regime targets, anti-regime protestors or any peaceful people even if they had nothing to do with politics, in the majority of times those gangs are paid thugs. 2011 Egyptian revolution and Baltagiya are Egyptian revolution of 2011.

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Bashar al-Assad

Bashar al-Assad (born 11 September 1965) is a Syrian politician who is the current and 19th president of Syria since 17 July 2000.

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BBC

The British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) is a British public service broadcaster headquartered at Broadcasting House in London, England.

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BBC Arabic

BBC Arabic (بي بي سي عربي) consisted of the Literary Arabic language radio station which was run by the BBC World Service, as well as the BBC's satellite TV channel, and the website that serves as an Literary Arabic language news portal and provides online access to both the TV and radio broadcasts.

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BBC News

BBC News is an operational business division of the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) responsible for the gathering and broadcasting of news and current affairs in the UK and around the world.

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Bedouin

The Bedouin, Beduin, or Bedu (singular) are pastorally nomadic Arab tribes who have historically inhabited the desert regions in the Arabian Peninsula, North Africa, the Levant, and Mesopotamia (Iraq).

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Belal Fadl

Belal Fadl (بلال فضل) (born 1974) is an Egyptian screenplay writer, journalist and a column writer.

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Benjamin Netanyahu

Benjamin "Bibi" Netanyahu (born 21 October 1949) is an Israeli politician, serving as the prime minister of Israel since 2022, having previously held the office in 1996–1999 and 2009–2021.

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Blockade of the Gaza Strip

A blockade has been imposed on the movement of goods and people in and out of the Gaza Strip since Hamas's takeover in 2007, led by Israel and supported by Egypt. 2011 Egyptian revolution and blockade of the Gaza Strip are politics of Egypt.

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Bloomberg L.P.

Bloomberg L.P. is a privately held financial, software, data, and media company headquartered in Midtown Manhattan, New York City.

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Boeing

The Boeing Company (or simply Boeing) is an American multinational corporation that designs, manufactures, and sells airplanes, rotorcraft, rockets, satellites, and missiles worldwide.

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Boing Boing

Boing Boing is a website, first established as a zine in 1988, later becoming a group blog.

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Bribery

Bribery is the offering, giving, receiving, or soliciting of any item of value to influence the actions of an official, or other person, in charge of a public or legal duty and to incline the individual to act contrary to their duty and the known rules of honesty and integrity.

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Cabinet of Egypt

The Cabinet of Egypt (مجلس وزراء مصر) is the chief executive body of the Arab Republic of Egypt. 2011 Egyptian revolution and Cabinet of Egypt are politics of Egypt.

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Cairo

Cairo (al-Qāhirah) is the capital of Egypt and the Cairo Governorate, and is the country's largest city, being home to more than 10 million people.

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Camp David Accords

The Camp David Accords were a pair of political agreements signed by Egyptian President Anwar Sadat and Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin on 17 September 1978, following twelve days of secret negotiations at Camp David, the country retreat of the President of the United States in Maryland.

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Canadian Broadcasting Corporation

The Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (Société Radio-Canada), branded as CBC/Radio-Canada, is the Canadian public broadcaster for both radio and television.

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Caroline Glick

Caroline B. Glick (קרולין גליק; born 1969) is an Israeli-American conservative journalist and author.

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CBC News

CBC News is a division of the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation responsible for the news gathering and production of news programs on the corporation's English-language operations, namely CBC Television, CBC Radio, CBC News Network, and CBC.ca.

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CBS News

CBS News is the news division of the American television and radio broadcaster CBS.

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Central Security Forces

The General Security and Central Security Forces (Quwwāt al-Amn al- Amm wa Quwwāt al-Amn al-Markazī, often shortened to Al-Amn al-Markazī) is an Egyptian SWAT force which is responsible for assisting the Egyptian National Police (ENP) for the security of governmental fixed sites, foreign embassies & missions, riots & crowds control, publicly crowded events, high risk arrests, disaster response and SWAT operations.

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Civil disobedience

Civil disobedience is the active, and professed refusal of a citizen to obey certain laws, demands, orders or commands of a government (or any other authority).

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Civil resistance

Civil resistance is a form of political action that relies on the use of nonviolent resistance by ordinary people to challenge a particular power, force, policy or regime.

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Cliodynamics

Cliodynamics is a transdisciplinary area of research that integrates cultural evolution, economic history/cliometrics, macrosociology, the mathematical modeling of historical processes during the longue durée, and the construction and analysis of historical databases.

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The Coalition of Socialist Forces (CSF) (Arabic: تحالف القوى الاشتراكية) is a coalition of five socialist and left-wing groups in Egypt formed on 10 May 2011.

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Coalition of the Youth of the Revolution

The Coalition of the Youth of the Revolution was a coalition of organisations of young people involved in the Egyptian Revolution of 2011. 2011 Egyptian revolution and coalition of the Youth of the Revolution are Egyptian revolution of 2011.

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Committee to Protect Journalists

The Committee to Protect Journalists (CPJ) is an American independent non-profit, non-governmental organization, based in New York City, with correspondents around the world.

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Constitution of Egypt

The Constitution of the Arab Republic of Egypt is the fundamental law of Egypt. 2011 Egyptian revolution and Constitution of Egypt are Egyptian Crisis (2011–2014).

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Copts

Copts (niremənkhēmi; al-qibṭ) are a Christian ethnoreligious group indigenous to North Africa who have primarily inhabited the area of modern Egypt since antiquity.

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Corruption

Corruption is a form of dishonesty or a criminal offense which is undertaken by a person or an organization which is entrusted in a position of authority, in order to acquire illicit benefits or abuse power for one's personal gain.

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Corruption Perceptions Index

The Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI) is an index that scores and ranks countries by their perceived levels of public sector corruption, as assessed by experts and business executives.

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Cross border attacks in Sabah

The cross border attacks in Sabah are a series of cross border terrorist attacks perpetrated by Moro pirates from Mindanao, Philippines, in the state of Sabah, Malaysia, that began even before the British colonial period.

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Curfew

A curfew is an order that imposes certain regulations during specified hours.

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Daily News Egypt

Daily News Egypt (DNE) is an English-language daily Egyptian newspaper established in 2005 and relaunched in June 2012.

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Dairut

Dairut is a city in Egypt.

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Dar al-Ifta al-Misriyyah

Egypt's Dar al-Ifta (دار الإفتاء المصرية) is an Egyptian Islamic advisory, justiciary and governmental body established as a centre for Islam and Islamic legal research in Egypt in 1313 AH / 1895 CE.

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David Cameron

David William Donald Cameron, Baron Cameron of Chipping Norton, (born 9 October 1966) is a British politician who served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 2010 to 2016, and as UK Foreign Secretary under Prime Minister Rishi Sunak from November 2023 to July 2024.

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David Lipton

David Lipton (born November 9, 1953) is an American economist who served as the Acting Managing Director of the International Monetary Fund from July 2, 2019, following Christine Lagarde's nomination as President of the European Central Bank, until Kristalina Georgieva was appointed in the office on October 1, 2019.

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Death of Khaled Mohamed Saeed

Khaled Mohamed Saeed (خالد محمد سعيد; 27 January 1982 – 6 June 2010) was an Egyptian man whose death in police custody in the Sidi Gaber area of Alexandria on 6 June 2010 helped incite the Egyptian Revolution of 2011. 2011 Egyptian revolution and death of Khaled Mohamed Saeed are Egyptian revolution of 2011.

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Democracy in the Middle East and North Africa

The state of Democracy in Middle East and North Africa can be comparatively assessed according to various definitions of democracy.

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Democracy Now!

Democracy Now! is an hour-long TV, radio, and Internet news program based in Manhattan and hosted by journalists Amy Goodman (who also acts as the show's executive producer), Juan González, and Nermeen Shaikh.

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Democratic Front Party

The Democratic Front Party was an Egyptian political party.

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Dignity Party (Egypt)

The Dignity Party (Ḥizb al-Karāma) is an Egyptian left-wing Nasserist political party founded in 1996 by Amin Iskander and Hamdeen Sabahi.

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Dubai Debates

Dubai Debates is an online video debating forum based in Dubai, United Arab Emirates.

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Egypt

Egypt (مصر), officially the Arab Republic of Egypt, is a transcontinental country spanning the northeast corner of Africa and the Sinai Peninsula in the southwest corner of Asia.

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Egypt–Israel peace treaty

The Egypt–Israel peace treaty was signed in Washington, D.C., United States, on 26 March 1979, following the 1978 Camp David Accords.

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Egyptian Armed Forces

The Egyptian Armed Forces (alquwwat almusalahat almisria, Egyptian (Coptic): ⲠⲐⲱⲟⲩϯ ⲙ̀ⲙⲁⲧⲟⲓ ⲛ̀ⲣⲉⲙⲛⲕⲏⲙⲓ) are the military forces of the Arab Republic of Egypt.

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Egyptian Army

The Egyptian Army (Coptic: Ⲛⲉⲛⲁⲗⲁⲥⲱϯ ⲛ̀ⲕⲏⲙⲓ), officially the Egyptian Ground Forces, is the land warfare branch of the Egyptian Armed Forces.

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Egyptian Constituent Assembly of 2012

The Egyptian Constituent Assembly of 2012 (CA) is the committee for the creation of a new Constitution of Egypt. 2011 Egyptian revolution and Egyptian Constituent Assembly of 2012 are Egyptian Crisis (2011–2014) and politics of Egypt.

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Egyptian Constitution of 1971

The Constitution of the Arab Republic of Egypt was the former constitution of Egypt. 2011 Egyptian revolution and Egyptian Constitution of 1971 are politics of Egypt.

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Egyptian Crisis (2011–2014)

The Egyptian Crisis was a period that started with the Egyptian revolution of 2011 and ended with beginning of the presidency of Abdel Fattah el-Sisi in 2014.

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Egyptian Islamic Jihad

The Egyptian Islamic Jihad (EIJ, الجهاد الإسلامي المصري), formerly called simply Islamic Jihad (الجهاد الإسلامي) and the Liberation Army for Holy Sites, originally referred to as al-Jihad, and then the Jihad Group, or the Jihad Organization, was an Egyptian Islamist group active since the late 1970s.

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Egyptian Museum

The Museum of Egyptian Antiquities, commonly known as the Egyptian Museum (al-Matḥaf al-Miṣrī, Egyptian Arabic) (also called the Cairo Museum), located in Cairo, Egypt, houses the largest collection of Egyptian antiquities in the world.

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Egyptian Organization for Human Rights

The Egyptian Organization for Human Rights (EOHR), founded in April 1985 and with its headquarters in Cairo, Egypt, is a non-profit NGO and one of the longest-standing bodies for the defense of human rights in Egypt.

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Egyptian Wafd Party

The New Wafd Party (New Delegation Party), officially the Egyptian Wafd Party and also known as the Al-Wafd Party, is a nationalist liberal party in Egypt.

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Elaph

Elaph (إيلاف; Solidarity) is the first daily Arabic independent online newspaper and is not associated with any established print or broadcast medium.

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Electoral fraud

Electoral fraud, sometimes referred to as election manipulation, voter fraud, or vote rigging, involves illegal interference with the process of an election, either by increasing the vote share of a favored candidate, depressing the vote share of rival candidates, or both.

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Emad Effat

Sheikh Emad Effat (15 August 1959 – 16 December 2011) was a senior Egyptian Sunni Islamic cleric at al-Azhar Mosque who was shot and killed during protest demonstrations on 16 December 2011. 2011 Egyptian revolution and Emad Effat are 2011 protests.

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Embezzlement

Embezzlement (from Anglo-Norman, from Old French besillier ("to torment, etc."), of unknown origin) is a term commonly used for a type of financial crime, usually involving theft of money from a business or employer.

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Emergency law in Egypt

The emergency law in Egypt (Law No. 162/1958) details the framework governing the declaration of a state of emergency in Egypt.

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Emir

Emir (أمير, also transliterated as amir, is a word of Arabic origin that can refer to a male monarch, aristocrat, holder of high-ranking military or political office, or other person possessing actual or ceremonial authority. The title has a long history of use in the Arab World, East Africa, West Africa, Central Asia, and the Indian subcontinent.

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Essam Sharaf

Essam Abdel-Aziz Sharaf (عصامعبد العزيز شرف,; born 1952) is an Egyptian academic who was the Prime Minister of Egypt from 3 March 2011 to 7 December 2011.

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Euronews

Euronews (stylised in lowercase) is a European television news network, headquartered in Lyon, France.

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Expatriate

An expatriate (often shortened to expat) is a person who resides outside their country of citizenship.

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Farouk of Egypt

Farouk I (فاروق الأول Fārūq al-Awwal; 11 February 1920 – 18 March 1965) was the tenth ruler of Egypt from the Muhammad Ali dynasty and the penultimate King of Egypt and the Sudan, succeeding his father, Fuad I, in 1936 and reigning until his overthrow in a military coup in 1952.

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Free Officers movement (Egypt)

The Free Officers (Ḥarakat al-dubbāṭ al-ʾaḥrār) were a group of revolutionary Egyptian nationalist officers in the Egyptian Armed Forces and Sudanese Armed Forces that instigated the Egyptian revolution of 1952. 2011 Egyptian revolution and Free Officers movement (Egypt) are revolutions in Egypt.

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Freedom and Justice Party (Egypt)

The Freedom and Justice Party (FJP; Ḥizb al-Ḥurriyyah wa-l-ʿAdālah) is an Egyptian Islamist political party.

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Freedom in the World

Freedom in the World is a yearly survey and report by the U.S.-based non-governmental organization Freedom House that measures the degree of civil liberties and political rights in every nation and significant related and disputed territories around the world.

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Freedom of speech

Freedom of speech is a principle that supports the freedom of an individual or a community to articulate their opinions and ideas without fear of retaliation, censorship, or legal sanction.

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Gamal Abdel Nasser

Gamal Abdel Nasser Hussein (15 January 1918 – 28 September 1970) was an Egyptian military officer and politician who served as the second president of Egypt from 1954 until his death in 1970.

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Gamal Mubarak

Gamal Al Din Muhammad Hosni Sayed Mubarak (جمال الدين محمد حسنى سيد مبارك,; born 27 December 1963) is the younger of the two sons of former Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak and former First Lady Suzanne Mubarak.

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Gene Sharp

Gene Sharp (January 21, 1928 – January 28, 2018) was an American political scientist.

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General election

A general election is an electoral process to choose most or all members of an elected body, typically a legislature.

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General strike

A general strike is a strike action in which participants cease all economic activity, such as working, to strengthen the bargaining position of a trade union or achieve a common social or political goal.

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Ghad El-Thawra Party

Ghad El-Thawra Party (حزب غد الثورة; "Revolution's Tomorrow Party"), is an Egyptian political party that was approved on 9 October 2011.

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Global Voices

Global Voices is an international community of writers, bloggers and digital activists that aim to translate and report on what is being said in citizen media worldwide.

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Google

Google LLC is an American multinational corporation and technology company focusing on online advertising, search engine technology, cloud computing, computer software, quantum computing, e-commerce, consumer electronics, and artificial intelligence (AI).

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Great Recession

The Great Recession was a period of marked decline in economies around the world that occurred in the late 2000s.

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Grigoris Lambrakis

Grigoris Lambrakis (Γρηγόρης Λαμπράκης; 3 April 1912 – 27 May 1963) was a Greek politician, physician, athlete, and lecturer.

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Haaretz

Haaretz (originally Ḥadshot Haaretz –) is an Israeli newspaper.

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Habeas corpus

Habeas corpus (from Medieval Latin) is a recourse in law by which a report can be made to a court in the events of unlawful detention or imprisonment, requesting that the court order the person's custodian (usually a prison official) to bring the prisoner to court, to determine whether their detention is lawful.

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Habib el-Adly

Habib Ibrahim El-Adly (حبيب إبراهيمالعادلي,; born 1 March 1938) is a former Egyptian politician.

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Hafez al-Assad

Hafez al-Assad (6 October 193010 June 2000) was a Syrian statesman, military officer and revolutionary who served as the 18th president of Syria from 1971 until his death in 2000.

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Hashish

Hashish (), commonly shortened to hash, is an oleoresin made by compressing and processing parts of the cannabis plant, typically focusing on flowering buds (female flowers) containing the most trichomes.

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Headscarf

A headscarf is a scarf covering most or all of the top of a person's, usually women's, hair and head, leaving the face uncovered.

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Heather Ford

Heather Ford is a South African researcher, blogger, journalist, social entrepreneur and open source activist who has worked in the field of Internet policy, law and management in South Africa, the United Kingdom and the United States.

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Hevrat HaHadashot

Keshet 12 News (Hevrat HaHadashot, lit) is one of the three major brands of Israeli television news programmes.

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Hillary Clinton

Hillary Diane Rodham Clinton (Rodham; born October 26, 1947) is an American politician and diplomat who served as the 67th United States secretary of state in the administration of Barack Obama from 2009 to 2013, as a U.S. senator representing New York from 2001 to 2009, and as the first lady of the United States to former president Bill Clinton from 1993 to 2001.

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Hosni Mubarak

Muhammad Hosni El Sayed Mubarak (4 May 1928 – 25 February 2020) was an Egyptian politician and military officer who served as the fourth president of Egypt from 1981 to 2011.

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Hossam el-Hamalawy

Hossam el-Hamalawy (حسامالحملاوى,; AKA 3arabawy عرباوى,; born 14 July 1977) is an Egyptian journalist, blogger, photographer and socialist activist.

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House of Representatives (Egypt)

The House of Representatives (Maglis El Nowwab) is the lower house of Egypt's bicameral parliament.

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Human rights

Human rights are moral principles or normsJames Nickel, with assistance from Thomas Pogge, M.B.E. Smith, and Leif Wenar, 13 December 2013, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy,.

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Human Rights Watch

Human Rights Watch (HRW) is an international non-governmental organization headquartered in New York City that conducts research and advocacy on human rights.

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Hussein Salem

Hussein Salem (11 November 1933 – 12 August 2019) (حسين سالم) was an Egyptian businessman, co-owner of the East Mediterranean Gas Company (EMG), and ally and advisor to former president Hosni Mubarak.

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Imam

Imam (إمام,;: أئمة) is an Islamic leadership position.

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Imbaba

Imbaba (إمبابة) is a working-class neighbourhood in northern Giza, Egypt, located west of the Nile and northwest of and near Gezira Island and downtown Cairo, within the Giza Governorate.

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Inflation

In economics, inflation is a general increase in the prices of goods and services in an economy.

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Infobox

An infobox is a digital or physical table used to collect and present a subset of information about its subject, such as a document.

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Inter Press Service

Inter Press Service (IPS) is a global news agency headquartered in Rome, Italy.

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International Atomic Energy Agency

The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) is an intergovernmental organization that seeks to promote the peaceful use of nuclear energy and to inhibit its use for any military purpose, including nuclear weapons.

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International Court of Justice

The International Court of Justice (ICJ; Cour internationale de justice, CIJ), or colloquially the World Court, is the only international court that adjudicates general disputes between nations, and gives advisory opinions on international legal issues.

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Internet activism

Internet activism involves the use of electronic-communication technologies such as social media, e-mail, and podcasts for various forms of activism to enable faster and more effective communication by citizen movements, the delivery of particular information to large and specific audiences, as well as coordination.

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Internet Archive

The Internet Archive is an American nonprofit digital library founded in 1996 by Brewster Kahle.

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Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict

Iran and Saudi Arabia are engaged in an ongoing struggle for influence in the Middle East and other regions of the Muslim world. 2011 Egyptian revolution and Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict are Iran–Saudi Arabia relations.

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Islam in Egypt

Islam is the dominant religion in Egypt, with approximately 90% of Egyptians identifying as Muslims.

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Islamism

Islamism (also often called political Islam) refers to a broad set of religious and political ideological movements.

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Ismailia

Ismailia (الإسماعيلية) is a city in north-eastern Egypt.

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Israel

Israel, officially the State of Israel, is a country in the Southern Levant, West Asia.

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Israeli–Palestinian conflict

The Israeli–Palestinian conflict is an ongoing military and political conflict about land and self-determination within the territory of the former Mandatory Palestine.

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Jadaliyya

Jadaliyya ("dialectic") is an independent ezine founded in 2010 by the Arab Studies Institute (ASI) to cover the Arab World and the broader Middle East.

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Jean Baudrillard

Jean Baudrillard (– 6 March 2007) was a French sociologist and philosopher with an interest in cultural studies.

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June 2013 Egyptian protests

The 30 June revolution occurred in Egypt on 30 June 2013, marking the one-year anniversary of Mohamed Morsi's inauguration as president. 2011 Egyptian revolution and June 2013 Egyptian protests are 21st-century revolutions, Egyptian Crisis (2011–2014), protests in Egypt and riots and civil disorder in Egypt.

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Kal Naga

Kal Naga, is an Egyptian actor, director and producer.

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Kefaya

Kefaya (كفاية kefāya,, "enough") is the unofficial moniker of the Egyptian Movement for Change (الحركة المصرية من أجل التغيير el-Haraka el-Masreyya men agl el-Taghyeer), a grassroots coalition which prior to the 2011 revolution drew its support from across Egypt's political spectrum. 2011 Egyptian revolution and Kefaya are 2011 in Egypt, 2011 riots, Egyptian revolution of 2011 and politics of Egypt.

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Lara Logan

Lara Logan (born 29 March 1971) is a South African television and radio journalist and war correspondent.

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Law and order (politics)

In modern politics, "law and order" is an ideological approach focusing on harsher enforcement and penalties as ways to reduce crime.

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Lebanese Civil War

The Lebanese Civil War (الحرب الأهلية اللبنانية) was a multifaceted armed conflict that took place from 1975 to 1990.

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Left-wing politics

Left-wing politics describes the range of political ideologies that support and seek to achieve social equality and egalitarianism, often in opposition to social hierarchy as a whole or certain social hierarchies.

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Libyan civil war (2011)

The Libyan civil war, also known as the First Libyan Civil War, was an armed conflict in 2011 in the North African country of Libya that was fought between forces loyal to Colonel Muammar Gaddafi and rebel groups that were seeking to oust his government. 2011 Egyptian revolution and Libyan civil war (2011) are 21st-century revolutions and arab Spring by country.

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List of freedom indices

This article is a list of freedom indices produced by several non-governmental organizations that publish and maintain assessments of the state of freedom in the world, according to their own various definitions of the term, and rank countries as being free, partly free, or using various measures of freedom, including civil liberties, political rights and economic rights.

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List of modern conflicts in North Africa

Note.

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List of modern conflicts in the Middle East

This is a list of modern conflicts in the Middle East ensuing in the geographic and political region known as the Middle East.

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Lockdown

A lockdown is a restriction policy for people, community or a country to stay where they are, usually due to specific risks that could possibly harm the people if they move and interact freely.

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Looting

Looting is the act of stealing, or the taking of goods by force, typically in the midst of a military, political, or other social crisis, such as war, natural disasters (where law and civil enforcement are temporarily ineffective), or rioting.

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Los Angeles Times

The Los Angeles Times is a regional American daily newspaper that began publishing in Los Angeles, California in 1881.

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Luxor

Luxor (lit) is a city in Upper Egypt, which includes the site of the Ancient Egyptian city of Thebes.

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Majlis al-Shura

In Arab culture, a Majlis-ash-Shura (مجلس الشورى; Shura Council in English) is an advisory council or consultative council.

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Mansoura, Egypt

Mansoura (rural) is a city in Egypt located on the eastern bank of the Damietta branch of the Nile river.

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Market economy

A market economy is an economic system in which the decisions regarding investment, production and distribution to the consumers are guided by the price signals created by the forces of supply and demand.

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Marketplace (radio program)

Marketplace is an American radio program that focuses on business, the economy, and events that influence them.

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Mars

Mars is the fourth planet from the Sun.

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Martial law

Martial law is the replacement of civilian government by military rule and the suspension of civilian legal processes for military powers.

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Maspero demonstrations

The Maspero Massacre initially started as demonstrations in October 2011 by a group dominated by Egyptian Copts in reaction to the demolition of a church in Upper Egypt claimed to be built without the appropriate license. 2011 Egyptian revolution and Maspero demonstrations are 2011 protests, Egyptian Crisis (2011–2014), Egyptian revolution of 2011 and protests in Egypt.

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Maspero television building

Maspero (ماسبيرو) is the name of the huge building on the bank of the Nile river in Cairo, Egypt.

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Mass surveillance

Mass surveillance is the intricate surveillance of an entire or a substantial fraction of a population in order to monitor that group of citizens.

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Mauritania

Mauritania, officially the Islamic Republic of Mauritania, is a sovereign country in Northwest Africa. It is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the west, Western Sahara to the north and northwest, Algeria to the northeast, Mali to the east and southeast, and Senegal to the southwest. By land area Mauritania is the 11th-largest country in Africa and 28th-largest in the world; 90% of its territory is in the Sahara.

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Middle East and North Africa

The Middle East and North Africa (MENA), also referred to as West Asia and North Africa (WANA) or South West Asia and North Africa (SWANA), is a geographic region which comprises the Middle East and North Africa together.

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Minimum wage

A minimum wage is the lowest remuneration that employers can legally pay their employees—the price floor below which employees may not sell their labor.

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Ministry of Information (Egypt)

The Ministry of Information (Arabic: وزارة الإعلام) was the ministry in charge of state-owned media and press in Egypt, and for regulating the practices through affiliate agencies between 1971 until its latest dissolution in 2021.

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Ministry of Interior (Egypt)

The Ministry of Interior of Egypt is a part of the Cabinet of Egypt.

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Minya, Egypt

MinyaAlso spelled el... or al......Menia,...Minia or...Menya.

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Mohamed Bouazizi

Tarek El-Tayeb Mohamed Bouazizi (Ṭāriq aṭ-Ṭayib Muḥammad al-Būʿazīzī; 29 March 1984 – 4 January 2011) was a Tunisian street vendor who set himself on fire on 17 December 2010 in Sidi Bouzid, Tunisia, an act which became a catalyst for the Tunisian Revolution and the wider Arab Spring against autocratic regimes.

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Mohamed ElBaradei

Mohamed Mostafa ElBaradei (Muḥammad Muṣṭafá al-Barādaʿī,; born 17 June 1942) is an Egyptian law scholar and diplomat who served as the vice president of Egypt on an interim basis from 14 July 2013 until his resignation on 14 August 2013.

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Mohamed Mahmoud graffiti

Mohamed Mahmoud Graffiti is a collection of graffiti that was painted on several walls in and surrounding Mohamed Mahmoud street near Tahrir Square in Cairo, Egypt during and after the 2011 Egyptian revolution.

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Mohamed Morsi

Mohamed Mohamed Morsi Eissa al-AyyatThe spellings of his first and last names vary.

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Mona Eltahawy

Mona Eltahawy (منى الطحاوى,; born August 1, 1967) is a freelance Egyptian-American journalist and social commentator based in New York City.

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Money laundering

Money laundering is the process of illegally concealing the origin of money, obtained from illicit activities such as drug trafficking, corruption, embezzlement or gambling, by converting it into a legitimate source.

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Monopoly

A monopoly (from Greek label and label), as described by Irving Fisher, is a market with the "absence of competition", creating a situation where a specific person or enterprise is the only supplier of a particular thing.

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Muhammad Hussein Tantawy

Muhammad Hussein Tantawi Soliman (translit; 31 October 1935 – 21 September 2021) was an Egyptian field marshal and politician.

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Mujahideen

Mujahideen, or Mujahidin (mujāhidīn), is the plural form of mujahid (strugglers or strivers, doers of jihād), an Arabic term that broadly refers to people who engage in jihad, interpreted in a jurisprudence of Islam as the fight on behalf of God, religion or the community (ummah).

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Multinational corporation

A multinational corporation (MNC; also called a multinational enterprise (MNE), transnational enterprise (TNE), transnational corporation (TNC), international corporation, or stateless corporation,with subtle but contrasting senses) is a corporate organization that owns and controls the production of goods or services in at least one country other than its home country.

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Murder

Murder is the unlawful killing of another human without justification or valid excuse committed with the necessary intention as defined by the law in a specific jurisdiction.

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Muslim Brotherhood

The Society of the Muslim Brothers (جماعة الإخوان المسلمين), better known as the Muslim Brotherhood (الإخوان المسلمون) is a transnational Sunni Islamist organization founded in Egypt by Islamic scholar and schoolteacher Hassan al-Banna in 1928. 2011 Egyptian revolution and Muslim Brotherhood are Egyptian revolution of 2011 and politics of Egypt.

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Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt

In Egypt, the Muslim Brotherhood (جماعة الاخوان المسلمين jamāʿat /al-ikhwan/el-ekhwan al-muslimīn) is a Sunni Islamist religious, political, and social movement,Eric Trager, " ", Foreign Affairs, September October 2011, p. 114–222. 2011 Egyptian revolution and Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt are Egyptian revolution of 2011.

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Muslim Brotherhood in post-Mubarak electoral politics of Egypt

Following the 2011 Egyptian revolution, the Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt became one of the main forces contending for political power in Egypt against the Supreme Council of the Armed Forces (SCAF) and other established centers of the former Hosni Mubarak regime. 2011 Egyptian revolution and Muslim Brotherhood in post-Mubarak electoral politics of Egypt are Egyptian revolution of 2011 and politics of Egypt.

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Nabil Elaraby

Nabil Elaraby (نبيل العربي; born 15 March 1935) is an Egyptian politician and diplomat who was Secretary General of the Arab League from 1 July 2011 to 3 July 2016.

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Narus Inc.

Narus Inc. was a software company and vendor of big data analytics for cybersecurity.

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NASA

The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) is an independent agency of the U.S. federal government responsible for the civil space program, aeronautics research, and space research.

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Nasr City

Nasr City (مدينة نصر) forms two of the nine districts of the Eastern Area of Cairo, Egypt.

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National Association for Change

National Association for Change (الجمعية الوطنية للتغيير) is a loose grouping of the various Egyptian of all political affiliations and religion, men and women, including representatives of civil society and young people aims to change Egypt. 2011 Egyptian revolution and National Association for Change are Egyptian revolution of 2011 and politics of Egypt.

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National Democratic Party (Egypt)

The National Democratic Party (translit), often referred to in Egypt as simply the National Party (translit), was the ruling political party in Egypt from 1978 to 2011. 2011 Egyptian revolution and National Democratic Party (Egypt) are Egyptian revolution of 2011.

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National Police Day (Egypt)

National Police Day is a national holiday in Egypt that occurs each year on 25 January.

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National Post

The National Post is a Canadian English-language broadsheet newspaper and the flagship publication of Postmedia Network.

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National Progressive Unionist Party

The National Progressive Unionist Party (Ḥizb al-Tagammu' al-Watani al-Taqadomi al-Wahdawi, commonly referred to as Tagammu) is a socialist political party in Egypt.

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Navi Pillay

Navanethem "Navi" Pillay (born 23 September 1941) is a South African jurist who served as the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights from 2008 to 2014.

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NBC News

NBC News is the news division of the American broadcast television network NBC.

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NDTV

New Delhi Television Ltd is an Indian news media company focusing on broadcast and digital news publication.

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Nelumbo nucifera

Nelumbo nucifera, also known as sacred lotus, Indian lotus, or simply lotus, is one of two extant species of aquatic plant in the family Nelumbonaceae.

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Newsquest

Newsquest Media Group Limited is the second largest publisher of regional and local newspapers in the United Kingdom.

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Nile

The Nile (also known as the Nile River) is a major north-flowing river in northeastern Africa.

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Non-governmental organization

A non-governmental organization (NGO) (see spelling differences) is an organization that generally is formed independent from government.

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Norman Finkelstein

Norman Gary Finkelstein (born December 8, 1953) is an American political scientist and activist.

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NPR

National Public Radio (NPR, stylized as npr) is an American public broadcasting organization headquartered in Washington, D.C., with its NPR West headquarters in Culver City, California.

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Omar Suleiman (politician)

Omar Mahmoud Suleiman (عمر محمود سليمان,; 2 July 1936 – 19 July 2012) was an Egyptian army general, politician, diplomat, and intelligence officer.

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Otpor

Otpor (Отпор!, Resistance!, stylized as Otpor!) was a political organization in Serbia (then part of FR Yugoslavia) from 1998 until 2004.

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Overthrow of Slobodan Milošević

The overthrow of Slobodan Milošević began in the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia after the general election on 24 September 2000 and culminated in the downfall of Slobodan Milošević's government on 5 October 2000. 2011 Egyptian revolution and overthrow of Slobodan Milošević are 21st-century revolutions and nonviolent revolutions.

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Peterson Institute for International Economics

The Peterson Institute for International Economics (PIIE), known until 2006 as the Institute for International Economics (IIE), is an American think tank based in Washington, D.C. It was founded by C. Fred Bergsten in 1981 and has been led by Adam S. Posen since 2013.

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Pew

A pew is a long bench seat or enclosed box, used for seating members of a congregation or choir in a church, synagogue or sometimes a courtroom.

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Pharaoh

Pharaoh (Egyptian: pr ꜥꜣ; ⲡⲣ̄ⲣⲟ|Pǝrro; Biblical Hebrew: Parʿō) is the vernacular term often used for the monarchs of ancient Egypt, who ruled from the First Dynasty until the annexation of Egypt by the Roman Republic in 30 BCE.

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Police brutality

Police brutality is the excessive and unwarranted use of force by law enforcement against an individual or a group.

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Political censorship

Political censorship exists when a government attempts to conceal, fake, distort, or falsify information that its citizens receive by suppressing or crowding out political news that the public might receive through news outlets.

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Political demonstration

A political demonstration is an action by a mass group or collection of groups of people in favor of a political or other cause or people partaking in a protest against a cause of concern; it often consists of walking in a mass march formation and either beginning with or meeting at a designated endpoint, or rally, in order to hear speakers.

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Political freedom

Political freedom (also known as political autonomy or political agency) is a central concept in history and political thought and one of the most important features of democratic societies.

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Political repression

Political repression is the act of a state entity controlling a citizenry by force for political reasons, particularly for the purpose of restricting or preventing the citizenry's ability to take part in the political life of a society, thereby reducing their standing among their fellow citizens.

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Pope Shenouda III of Alexandria

Pope Shenouda III (Ⲡⲁⲡⲁ Ⲁⲃⲃⲁ Ϣⲉⲛⲟⲩϯ ⲅ̅; بابا الإسكندرية شنودة الثالث; 3 August 1923 – 17 March 2012) was the 117th Pope of Alexandria and Patriarch of the See of St. Mark.

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Population pyramid

A population pyramid (age structure diagram) or "age-sex pyramid" is a graphical illustration of the distribution of a population (typically that of a country or region of the world) by age groups and sex; it typically takes the shape of a pyramid when the population is growing.

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President of Egypt

The president of the Arab Republic of Egypt (رئيس جمهورية مصر العربية.) is the executive head of state of Egypt and the de facto appointee of the official head of government under the Egyptian Constitution of 2014.

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President of the European Commission

The president of the European Commission, also known as president of the College of Commissioners or prime commissioner, is the head of the European Commission, the executive branch of the European Union (EU).

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Prime Minister of Israel

The prime minister of Israel (Head of the Government, Hebrew acronym: רה״מ; رئيس الحكومة, Ra'īs al-Ḥukūma) is the head of government and chief executive of the State of Israel.

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Princeton University Press

Princeton University Press is an independent publisher with close connections to Princeton University.

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Profiteering

Profiteering is a pejorative term for the act of making a profit by methods considered unethical.

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Project Syndicate

Project Syndicate is an international media organization that publishes and syndicates commentary and analysis on a variety of global topics.

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Qalyoub train collision

The Qalyoub train collision occurred at a converging junction in Qalyoub to the north of Cairo in Egypt on 21 August 2006, when two commuter trains collided during the morning rush hour, killing 58 people and injuring over 140.

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Rabaa massacre

On 14 August 2013, the Egyptian police (and to a lesser extent the armed forces), under the command of then-Defense Minister Abdel Fattah el-Sisi, used lethal force to “disperse” two camps of protesters in Cairo: one at al-Nahda Square and a larger one at Rabaa al-Adawiya Square. 2011 Egyptian revolution and Rabaa massacre are Egyptian Crisis (2011–2014), protests in Egypt and riots and civil disorder in Egypt.

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Rachid Mohamed Rachid

Rachid Mohamed Rachid or Rasheed Mohamed Rasheed (born 9 February 1955) is an Egyptian born entrepreneur and investor.

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Rape in Egypt

Rape in Egypt is a criminal offense with penalties ranging from 15 to 25 years and a lifetime sentence if the rape included abduction.

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Raw Story

Raw Story (also stylized as RawStory) is an American progressive news website.

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Raymond Lakah

Raymond Lakah, (born c. 1960 as Rami Lakah) (رامي لكح), is a French-Egyptian magnate, and former owner of the French newspaper France Soir.

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Recession

In economics, a recession is a business cycle contraction that occurs when there is a general decline in economic activity.

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Reuters

Reuters is a news agency owned by Thomson Reuters.

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The Revolutionary Socialists (الاشتراكيون الثوريون) (RS) are a Trotskyist organisation in Egypt originating in the tradition of 'Socialism from Below'. 2011 Egyptian revolution and Revolutionary Socialists (Egypt) are Egyptian revolution of 2011.

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Revolutionary wave

A revolutionary wave (sometimes revolutionary decade) is a series of revolutions occurring in various locations within a particular timespan.

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Riot

A riot or mob violence is a form of civil disorder commonly characterized by a group lashing out in a violent public disturbance against authority, property, or people.

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Romano Prodi

Romano Prodi (born 9 August 1939) is an Italian politician who served as President of the European Commission from 1999 to 2004 and twice as Prime Minister of Italy, from 1996 to 1998, and again 2006 to 2008.

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Safwat El-Sherif

Mohamed Safwat El Sherif (محمد صفوت الشريف; 19 December 1933 – 13 January 2021) was an Egyptian politician who served as chairman of the State Information Service, minister of information, speaker of the Egyptian Shura Council, and secretary general of the ruling National Democratic Party, and head of the Supreme Press Council.

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Salafi movement

The Salafi movement or Salafism is a revival movement within Sunni Islam, which was formed as a socio-religious movement during the late 19th century and has remained influential in the Islamic world for over a century.

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Sami Hafez Anan

Lieutenant General Sami Hafez Anan (سامى حافظ عنان,; born 27 February 1948) is a retired Egyptian military officer.

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Self-immolation

Self-immolation is the act of setting oneself on fire.

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Serbia

Serbia, officially the Republic of Serbia, is a landlocked country at the crossroads of Southeast and Central Europe, located in the Balkans and the Pannonian Plain.

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Sharia

Sharia (sharīʿah) is a body of religious law that forms a part of the Islamic tradition based on scriptures of Islam, particularly the Quran and hadith.

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Sharm El Sheikh

Sharm El Sheikh (شرمالشيخ,, literally "bay of the Sheikh"), alternatively rendered Sharm el-Sheikh, Sharm el Sheikh, or Sharm El-Sheikh, is an Egyptian city on the southern tip of the Sinai Peninsula, in South Sinai Governorate, on the coastal strip along the Red Sea.

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Sheikh

Sheikh (shaykh,, شُيُوخ, shuyūkh) is an honorific title in the Arabic language, literally meaning "elder".

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Shibin El Kom

Shibin El Kom (شبين الكوم, colloquially shortened to Shibin) is a city in Egypt's Nile Delta, and the capital of the Monufia Governorate.

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Shlomo Ben-Ami

Shlomo Ben-Ami (שלמה בן עמי; born 17 July 1943) is a former Israeli diplomat, politician, and historian who participated in the Israeli–Palestinian peace process, including the 2000 Camp David Summit.

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Sidi Bouzid

Sidi Bouzid (سيدي بوزيد), sometimes called Sidi Bou Zid or Sīdī Bū Zayd, is a city in Tunisia and is the capital of Sidi Bouzid Governorate in the centre of the country.

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Sidi Gaber

Sidi Gaber (سيدي جابر) is a neighbourhood in Alexandria, Egypt.

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Sinai Peninsula

The Sinai Peninsula, or simply Sinai (سِينَاء; سينا; Ⲥⲓⲛⲁ), is a peninsula in Egypt, and the only part of the country located in Asia.

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Sit-in

A sit-in or sit-down is a form of direct action that involves one or more people occupying an area for a protest, often to promote political, social, or economic change.

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Siwa Oasis

The Siwa Oasis (واحة سيوة) is an urban oasis in Egypt.

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Six-Day War

The Six-Day War, also known as the June War, 1967 Arab–Israeli War or Third Arab–Israeli War, was fought between Israel and a coalition of Arab states (primarily Egypt, Syria, and Jordan) from 5 to 10 June 1967.

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SOAS University of London

The School of Oriental and African Studies (SOAS University of London) is a public research university in London, England, and a member institution of the federal University of London.

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Social media are interactive technologies that facilitate the creation, sharing and aggregation of content (such as ideas, interests, and other forms of expression) amongst virtual communities and networks.

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Socioeconomics

Socioeconomics (also known as social economics) is the social science that studies how economic activity affects and is shaped by social processes.

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Sohag

Sohag, also spelled as Suhag or Suhaj, is a city on the west bank of the Nile in Egypt.

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State of emergency

A state of emergency is a situation in which a government is empowered to put through policies that it would normally not be permitted to do, for the safety and protection of its citizens.

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State Security Investigations Service

The State Security Investigations Service (مباحث أمن الدولة) was the highest national internal security authority in Egypt.

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Statute of limitations

A statute of limitations, known in civil law systems as a prescriptive period, is a law passed by a legislative body to set the maximum time after an event within which legal proceedings may be initiated.

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Street art

Street art is visual art created in public locations for public visibility.

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Strike action

Strike action, also called labor strike, labour strike and industrial action in British English, or simply strike, is a work stoppage caused by the mass refusal of employees to work.

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Subdivisions of Egypt

Egypt is divided, for the purpose of public administration, according to a three-layer hierarchy and some districts are further subdivided, creating an occasional fourth layer.

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Suez

Suez (as-Suways) is a seaport city (population of about 700,000) in north-eastern Egypt, located on the north coast of the Gulf of Suez on the Red Sea, near the southern terminus of the Suez Canal, and is the capital of the Suez Governorate.

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Supreme Constitutional Court (Egypt)

The Supreme Constitutional Court (المحكمة الدستورية العليا, Al Mahkama Al Dustūrīya El ‘Ulyā) is an independent judicial body in Egypt, located in the Cairo suburb of Maadi.

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Supreme Council of the Armed Forces

The Supreme Council of the Armed Forces (SCAF; المجلس الأعلى للقوات المسلحة,, also Higher Council of the Armed Forces) is a statutory body of between 20 and 25 senior officers of the Egyptian Armed Forces, and is headed by Field Marshal Abdel Fattah al-Sisi and Lieutenant General Mohamed Ahmed Zaki. 2011 Egyptian revolution and Supreme Council of the Armed Forces are Egyptian revolution of 2011.

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Suzanne Mubarak

Suzanne Saleh Mubarak (سوزان مبارك,; born 28 February 1941) is the widow of Egyptian former president Hosni Mubarak and was the First Lady of Egypt during her husband's presidential tenure from 14 October 1981 to 11 February 2011.

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Syria

Syria, officially the Syrian Arab Republic, is a country in West Asia located in the Eastern Mediterranean and the Levant.

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Syrian civil war

The Syrian civil war is an ongoing multi-sided conflict in Syria involving various state-sponsored and non-state actors. 2011 Egyptian revolution and Syrian civil war are Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict.

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Syrian revolution

The Syrian revolution, also known as the Syrian Revolution of Dignity, was a series of mass protests and uprisings in Syria – with a subsequent violent reaction by the Syrian Arab Republic – lasting from March 2011 to June 2012, as part of the wider Arab Spring in the Arab world. 2011 Egyptian revolution and Syrian revolution are 2011 protests, 2011 riots, 21st-century revolutions and arab Spring by country.

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Tahrir Square

Tahrir Square (Maydān at-Taḥrīr,; "Liberation Square"), also known as Martyr Square, is a public town square in downtown Cairo, Egypt. 2011 Egyptian revolution and Tahrir Square are Egyptian revolution of 2011.

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Tear gas

Tear gas, also known as a lachrymatory agent or lachrymator, sometimes colloquially known as "mace" after the early commercial self-defense spray, is a chemical weapon that stimulates the nerves of the lacrimal gland in the eye to produce tears.

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Tell Me More

Tell Me More is a National Public Radio (NPR) interview show that was hosted by journalist Michel Martin.

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Term limit

A term limit is a legal restriction on the number of terms a person may serve in a particular elected office.

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The Daily Telegraph

The Daily Telegraph, known online and elsewhere as The Telegraph, is a British daily broadsheet newspaper published in London by Telegraph Media Group and distributed in the United Kingdom and internationally.

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The Guardian

The Guardian is a British daily newspaper.

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The Nation

The Nation is a progressive American monthly magazine that covers political and cultural news, opinion, and analysis.

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The New York Times

The New York Times (NYT) is an American daily newspaper based in New York City.

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The Real News Network

The Real News Network (TRNN) is a news organization based in Baltimore, Maryland, that covers both national and international news.

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The Square (2013 film)

The Square is a 2013 Egyptian-American documentary film by Jehane Noujaim, which depicts the Egyptian Crisis until 2013, starting with the Egyptian Revolution of 2011 at Tahrir Square. 2011 Egyptian revolution and the Square (2013 film) are Egyptian revolution of 2011.

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The Washington Post

The Washington Post, locally known as "the Post" and, informally, WaPo or WP, is an American daily newspaper published in Washington, D.C., the national capital.

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The World Factbook

The World Factbook, also known as the CIA World Factbook, is a reference resource produced by the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) with almanac-style information about the countries of the world.

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Threshold model

In mathematical or statistical modeling a threshold model is any model where a threshold value, or set of threshold values, is used to distinguish ranges of values where the behaviour predicted by the model varies in some important way.

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Tickling Giants

Tickling Giants is a 2017 American documentary film directed by Sara Taksler, about the story of Bassem Youssef, who, in the midst of the 2011 Egyptian revolution, left his job as a heart surgeon to become a full-time comedian.

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Timeline of the Egyptian Crisis under the SCAF

The following is a chronological summary of the major events that occurred during the Egyptian Revolution of 2011, after Hosni Mubarak's resignation. 2011 Egyptian revolution and Timeline of the Egyptian Crisis under the SCAF are 2011 in Egypt and Egyptian Crisis (2011–2014).

See 2011 Egyptian revolution and Timeline of the Egyptian Crisis under the SCAF

Timeline of the Egyptian revolution of 2011

The following chronological summary of major events took place during the 2011 Egyptian revolution right up to Hosni Mubarak's resignation as the fourth President of Egypt on 11 February 2011. 2011 Egyptian revolution and Timeline of the Egyptian revolution of 2011 are Egyptian Crisis (2011–2014) and Egyptian revolution of 2011.

See 2011 Egyptian revolution and Timeline of the Egyptian revolution of 2011

Trade unions in Egypt

Trade unions in Egypt first emerged at the start of the 20th century, although organised collective action in the form of strikes undertaken by workers was recorded as early as 1882.

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Transparency International

Transparency International e.V. (TI) is a German registered association founded in 1993 by former employees of the World Bank.

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Twitter

X, commonly referred to by its former name Twitter, is a social networking service.

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Unemployment

Unemployment, according to the OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development), is people above a specified age (usually 15) not being in paid employment or self-employment but currently available for work during the reference period.

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University of London

The University of London (UoL; abbreviated as Lond or more rarely Londin in post-nominals) is a federal public research university located in London, England, United Kingdom.

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University on the Square

The University on the Square: Documenting Egypt's 21st Century Revolution is a documentation project by the American University in Cairo (AUC) to collect web content, videos, photographs, personal accounts, oral histories and memorabilia related to the Egyptian Revolution of 2011. 2011 Egyptian revolution and University on the Square are Egyptian revolution of 2011.

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Upper Egypt

Upper Egypt (صعيد مصر, shortened to الصعيد,, locally) is the southern portion of Egypt and is composed of the Nile River valley south of the delta and the 30th parallel N. It thus consists of the entire Nile River valley from Cairo south to Lake Nasser (formed by the Aswan High Dam).

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Uprising (2012 film)

Uprising is a 2012 documentary that traces the origins of the Egyptian Revolution of 2011 that began in January 2011.

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Vigilantism

Vigilantism is the act of preventing, investigating, and punishing perceived offenses and crimes without legal authority.

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Viral video

A viral video is a video that becomes popular through a viral process of Internet sharing, typically through video sharing websites such as YouTube as well as social media and email.

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Virginity test

A virginity test is the pseudoscientific practice and process of determining whether a woman or girl is a virgin; i.e., to determine that she has never engaged in, or been subjected to, vaginal intercourse.

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Vlog

A vlog, also known as a video blog or video log, is a form of blog for which the medium is video.

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Vodafone

Vodafone Group is a British multinational telecommunications company.

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Wael Ghonim

Wael Ghonim (وائل غنيم; born 23 December 1980) is an Internet activist and computer engineer with an interest in social entrepreneurship.

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Wafd Party

The Wafd Party (حزب الوفد, Ḥizb al-Wafd) was a nationalist liberal political party in Egypt.

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Washington Report on Middle East Affairs

The Washington Report on Middle East Affairs (also known as The Washington Report and WRMEA) is an American foreign policy magazine that focuses on the Middle East and U.S. policy in the region.

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William J. Burns (diplomat)

William Joseph Burns (born April 11, 1956) is an American diplomat and the director of the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) during the Biden administration since March 19, 2021.

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Women in Egypt

The role of women in Egypt has changed throughout history, from ancient to modern times.

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Xeni Jardin

Xeni Jardin (born Jennifer Hamm, August 5, 1970) is an American weblogger, digital media commentator, and tech culture journalist.

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Yahoo! News

Yahoo! News is a news website that originated as an internet-based news aggregator by Yahoo!.

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Yemeni revolution

The Yemeni revolution (or Yemeni intifada) followed the initial stages of the Tunisian Revolution and occurred simultaneously with the 2011 Egyptian revolution and other Arab Spring protests in the Middle East and North Africa. 2011 Egyptian revolution and Yemeni revolution are 2011 protests, 2011 riots, 21st-century revolutions, arab Spring by country, Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict, Iran–Saudi Arabia relations and nonviolent revolutions.

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Zagazig

Zagazig (الزقازيق, rural) is a city in Egypt.

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Zakaria Azmi

Zakaria Azmi (زكريا عزمي; born June 26 1938) is the former chief of presidential staff in Egypt.

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1952 Egyptian revolution

The Egyptian revolution of 1952 (ثورة 23 يوليو), also known as the 1952 coup d'état (انقلاب 1952) and 23 July Revolution, was a period of profound political, economic, and societal change in Egypt. 2011 Egyptian revolution and 1952 Egyptian revolution are politics of Egypt, protests in Egypt and revolutions in Egypt.

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1967 Hong Kong riots

The 1967 Hong Kong riots were large-scale anti-government riots that occurred in Hong Kong during British colonial rule.

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2005 Egyptian presidential election

Presidential elections were held in Egypt on September 7, 2005, the first to feature more than one candidate.

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2007–2008 financial crisis

The 2007–2008 financial crisis, or the global financial crisis (GFC), was the most severe worldwide economic crisis since the Great Depression.

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2007–2008 world food price crisis

World food prices increased dramatically in 2007 and the first and second quarter of 2008, creating a global crisis and causing political and economic instability and social unrest in both poor and developed nations.

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2008 Egyptian general strike

The 2008 Egyptian general strike was a strike which occurred on 6 April 2008, by Egyptian workers, primarily in the state-run textile industry, in response to low wages and rising food costs. 2011 Egyptian revolution and 2008 Egyptian general strike are protests in Egypt and riots and civil disorder in Egypt.

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2010 Egyptian parliamentary election

Parliamentary elections were held in Egypt in 2010.

See 2011 Egyptian revolution and 2010 Egyptian parliamentary election

2010–2012 Algerian protests

The 2010–2012 Algerian protests were a series of protests taking place throughout Algeria, lasting from 28 December 2010 to 10 January 2012. 2011 Egyptian revolution and 2010–2012 Algerian protests are 2011 protests, 2011 riots and arab Spring by country.

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2011 Alexandria bombing

The 2011 Alexandria bombing was an attack on Coptic Christians in Alexandria, Egypt, on Saturday, 1 January 2011. 2011 Egyptian revolution and 2011 Alexandria bombing are January 2011 events in Africa.

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2011 attack on the Israeli Embassy in Egypt

On 9 September 2011, several thousand protesters forcibly entered the Israeli embassy in Giza, Greater Cairo, after breaking down a recently constructed wall built to protect the compound. 2011 Egyptian revolution and 2011 attack on the Israeli Embassy in Egypt are Egyptian Crisis (2011–2014).

See 2011 Egyptian revolution and 2011 attack on the Israeli Embassy in Egypt

2011 Bahraini uprising

The 2011 Bahraini uprising was a series of anti-government protests in Bahrain led by the Shia-dominant and some Sunni minority Bahraini opposition from 2011 until 2014. 2011 Egyptian revolution and 2011 Bahraini uprising are 2011 protests, 2011 riots, arab Spring by country, Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict, Iran–Saudi Arabia relations and nonviolent revolutions.

See 2011 Egyptian revolution and 2011 Bahraini uprising

2011 Egyptian constitutional referendum

A constitutional referendum was held in Egypt on 19 March 2011, following the 2011 Egyptian revolution. 2011 Egyptian revolution and 2011 Egyptian constitutional referendum are 2011 in Egypt and Egyptian Crisis (2011–2014).

See 2011 Egyptian revolution and 2011 Egyptian constitutional referendum

2011 Imbaba church attacks

The 2011 Imbaba church attacks were a series of attacks that took place in Egypt on 7 May 2011 against Coptic Christian churches in the poor working-class neighborhood of Imbaba in Giza, near Cairo.

See 2011 Egyptian revolution and 2011 Imbaba church attacks

2011 Iraqi protests

The 2011 Iraqi protests came in the wake of the Tunisian revolution and 2011 Egyptian revolution. 2011 Egyptian revolution and 2011 Iraqi protests are 2011 protests and arab Spring by country.

See 2011 Egyptian revolution and 2011 Iraqi protests

2011 Omani protests

The 2011 Omani protests (also called the Omani Spring) were a series of protests in the Persian Gulf country of Oman that occurred as part of the revolutionary wave popularly known as the "Arab Spring". 2011 Egyptian revolution and 2011 Omani protests are 2011 protests and arab Spring by country.

See 2011 Egyptian revolution and 2011 Omani protests

2011 virginity tests of protestors in Egypt

During the Egyptian revolution of 2011, several female protestors at Tahrir Square were taken into military custody and subjected to torture and virginity tests. 2011 Egyptian revolution and 2011 virginity tests of protestors in Egypt are Egyptian revolution of 2011.

See 2011 Egyptian revolution and 2011 virginity tests of protestors in Egypt

2011–2012 Iranian protests

The 2011–2012 protests in Iran were a series of demonstrations in Iran which began on 14 February 2011, called "The Day of Rage". 2011 Egyptian revolution and 2011–2012 Iranian protests are 2011 protests and 2011 riots.

See 2011 Egyptian revolution and 2011–2012 Iranian protests

2011–2012 Jordanian protests

The Jordanian protests were a series of protests in Jordan that began in January 2011, and resulted in the firing of the cabinet ministers of the government. 2011 Egyptian revolution and 2011–2012 Jordanian protests are 2011 protests, 2011 riots, arab Spring by country and nonviolent revolutions.

See 2011 Egyptian revolution and 2011–2012 Jordanian protests

2011–2012 Moroccan protests

The Moroccan protests are a series of demonstrations across Morocco which occurred from 20 February 2011 to the fall of 2012. 2011 Egyptian revolution and 2011–2012 Moroccan protests are 2011 protests, 2011 riots and arab Spring by country.

See 2011 Egyptian revolution and 2011–2012 Moroccan protests

2011–2012 Saudi Arabian protests

The protests in Saudi Arabia were part of the Arab Spring that started with the 2011 Tunisian revolution. 2011 Egyptian revolution and 2011–2012 Saudi Arabian protests are 2011 protests, arab Spring by country, Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict and Iran–Saudi Arabia relations.

See 2011 Egyptian revolution and 2011–2012 Saudi Arabian protests

2011–2013 Sudanese protests

The 2011–2013 protests in Sudan began in January 2011 as part of the Arab Spring regional protest movement. 2011 Egyptian revolution and 2011–2013 Sudanese protests are 2011 protests and arab Spring by country.

See 2011 Egyptian revolution and 2011–2013 Sudanese protests

2012 Egyptian presidential election

Presidential elections were held in Egypt in 2012, with the first round on 23 and 24 May 2012 and the second on 16 and 17 June. 2011 Egyptian revolution and 2012 Egyptian presidential election are Egyptian Crisis (2011–2014).

See 2011 Egyptian revolution and 2012 Egyptian presidential election

2013 Egyptian coup d'état

The 2013 Egyptian coup d'etat took place on 3 July 2013. 2011 Egyptian revolution and 2013 Egyptian coup d'état are Egyptian Crisis (2011–2014) and protests in Egypt.

See 2011 Egyptian revolution and 2013 Egyptian coup d'état

2014 Egyptian presidential election

Presidential elections were held in Egypt between 26 and 28 May 2014. 2011 Egyptian revolution and 2014 Egyptian presidential election are Egyptian Crisis (2011–2014).

See 2011 Egyptian revolution and 2014 Egyptian presidential election

2016–17 Egyptian protests

The 2016-2017 Egyptian protests was a mass protest movement and political unrest movement against president Abdel Fattah Al-Sisi and his reforms, government and many other core issues. 2011 Egyptian revolution and 2016–17 Egyptian protests are protests in Egypt.

See 2011 Egyptian revolution and 2016–17 Egyptian protests

2019 Egyptian protests

The 2019 Egyptian protests were mass protests in Cairo, Alexandria, Damietta and other cities on 20, 21 and 27 September 2019 in which the protestors called for President Abdel Fattah el-Sisi to be removed from power. 2011 Egyptian revolution and 2019 Egyptian protests are protests in Egypt.

See 2011 Egyptian revolution and 2019 Egyptian protests

References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Egyptian_revolution

Also known as 2011 Egypt Protests, 2011 Egypt Revolution, 2011 Egypt crisis, 2011 Egypt riots, 2011 Egyptian Protest, 2011 Egyptian Protests, 2011 Egyptian coup d'état, 2011 Egyptian crisis, 2011 Egyptian protests/Deaths table, 2011 Egyptian unrest, 2011 Egyptian uprising, 2011 egyptian civil disobedience, 2011 protests in Egypt, 2011-2012 Egyptian revolution, 25 January Revolution, 25th January revolution, Battle of Cairo (2011), Cairo protests (2011), Day of Anger Revolution, Deaths in the 2011 Egyptian protests, Egypt Crisis, Egypt Revolution of 2011, Egypt protests (2011), Egyptian Crisis of 2011, Egyptian Revolution (2011), Egyptian Revolution 2011, Egyptian Revolution of 2011, Egyptian protests 2011, Egyptian protests, 2011, Egyptian uprising, Egyptian uprising of 2011, Fall of Hosni Mubarak, Female Egyptian Street Artists, Jade Revolution, Jan25, January 2011 Egyptian protests, January 25 Revolution, January 25, 2011 revolution, Jasmine Revolution in Egypt, List of 2011 Egyptian protests victims, List of Egyptian Revolution of 2011 victims, Mubarak overthrown, Mubarak resignation, Nile Revolution, Ouster of mubarak, Overthrow of Hosni Mubarak, Protests in Egypt (2011), Sally Zahran, Tahrir Square protests, The 25 January Revolution, The Lotus Revolution, Youth Revolution.

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Baudrillard, June 2013 Egyptian protests, Kal Naga, Kefaya, Lara Logan, Law and order (politics), Lebanese Civil War, Left-wing politics, Libyan civil war (2011), List of freedom indices, List of modern conflicts in North Africa, List of modern conflicts in the Middle East, Lockdown, Looting, Los Angeles Times, Luxor, Majlis al-Shura, Mansoura, Egypt, Market economy, Marketplace (radio program), Mars, Martial law, Maspero demonstrations, Maspero television building, Mass surveillance, Mauritania, Middle East and North Africa, Minimum wage, Ministry of Information (Egypt), Ministry of Interior (Egypt), Minya, Egypt, Mohamed Bouazizi, Mohamed ElBaradei, Mohamed Mahmoud graffiti, Mohamed Morsi, Mona Eltahawy, Money laundering, Monopoly, Muhammad Hussein Tantawy, Mujahideen, Multinational corporation, Murder, Muslim Brotherhood, Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt, Muslim Brotherhood in post-Mubarak electoral politics of Egypt, Nabil Elaraby, Narus Inc., NASA, Nasr City, National Association for Change, National Democratic Party (Egypt), National Police Day (Egypt), National Post, National Progressive Unionist Party, Navi Pillay, NBC News, NDTV, Nelumbo nucifera, Newsquest, Nile, Non-governmental organization, Norman Finkelstein, NPR, Omar Suleiman (politician), Otpor, Overthrow of Slobodan Milošević, Peterson Institute for International Economics, Pew, Pharaoh, Police brutality, Political censorship, Political demonstration, Political freedom, Political repression, Pope Shenouda III of Alexandria, Population pyramid, President of Egypt, President of the European Commission, Prime Minister of Israel, Princeton University Press, Profiteering, Project Syndicate, Qalyoub train collision, Rabaa massacre, Rachid Mohamed Rachid, Rape in Egypt, Raw Story, Raymond Lakah, Recession, Reuters, Revolutionary Socialists (Egypt), Revolutionary wave, Riot, Romano Prodi, Safwat El-Sherif, Salafi movement, Sami Hafez Anan, Self-immolation, Serbia, Sharia, Sharm El Sheikh, Sheikh, Shibin El Kom, Shlomo Ben-Ami, Sidi Bouzid, Sidi Gaber, Sinai Peninsula, Sit-in, Siwa Oasis, Six-Day War, SOAS University of London, Social media, Socioeconomics, Sohag, State of emergency, State Security Investigations Service, Statute of limitations, Street art, Strike action, Subdivisions of Egypt, Suez, Supreme Constitutional Court (Egypt), Supreme Council of the Armed Forces, Suzanne Mubarak, Syria, Syrian civil war, Syrian revolution, Tahrir Square, Tear gas, Tell Me More, Term limit, The Daily Telegraph, The Guardian, The Nation, The New York Times, The Real News Network, The Square (2013 film), The Washington Post, The World Factbook, Threshold model, Tickling Giants, Timeline of the Egyptian Crisis under the SCAF, Timeline of the Egyptian revolution of 2011, Trade unions in Egypt, Transparency International, Twitter, Unemployment, University of London, University on the Square, Upper Egypt, Uprising (2012 film), Vigilantism, Viral video, Virginity test, Vlog, Vodafone, Wael Ghonim, Wafd Party, Washington Report on Middle East Affairs, William J. Burns (diplomat), Women in Egypt, Xeni Jardin, Yahoo! News, Yemeni revolution, Zagazig, Zakaria Azmi, 1952 Egyptian revolution, 1967 Hong Kong riots, 2005 Egyptian presidential election, 2007–2008 financial crisis, 2007–2008 world food price crisis, 2008 Egyptian general strike, 2010 Egyptian parliamentary election, 2010–2012 Algerian protests, 2011 Alexandria bombing, 2011 attack on the Israeli Embassy in Egypt, 2011 Bahraini uprising, 2011 Egyptian constitutional referendum, 2011 Imbaba church attacks, 2011 Iraqi protests, 2011 Omani protests, 2011 virginity tests of protestors in Egypt, 2011–2012 Iranian protests, 2011–2012 Jordanian protests, 2011–2012 Moroccan protests, 2011–2012 Saudi Arabian protests, 2011–2013 Sudanese protests, 2012 Egyptian presidential election, 2013 Egyptian coup d'état, 2014 Egyptian presidential election, 2016–17 Egyptian protests, 2019 Egyptian protests.

2011 Egyptian revolution, the Glossary

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