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4th millennium BC, the Glossary

The 4th millennium BC spanned the years 4000 BC to 3001 BC.^[1]

210 relations: Afanasievo culture, African humid period, Agriculture, Al Ubaidi, Alaska, Ancient Egypt, Anno Lucis, Antarctica, Archaeology Museum of Catalonia, Arghul, Aryabhata, Arzachena culture, Astrology, Astronomy, Australia, Ötzi, Ötztal Alps, Đồng Đậu culture, Ġgantija, Ħaġar Qim, Barcelona, Beaker (archaeology), Before Present, Bolívar Department, Botai culture, Bronze, Bronze Age, Brooklyn Museum, Bucharest, Byrd Polar and Climate Research Center, Canal, Caquetá Department, Caral–Supe civilization, Cart, Caucasus, Cause of death, Céide Fields, Cernavodă, Chalcolithic, Chaldea, Colombia, Copper Age state societies, Courtyard, Crete, Cucuteni–Trypillia culture, Cuneiform, Dam, Deforestation, Desertification, Domestication of the horse, ... Expand index (160 more) »
Millennia

Afanasievo culture

The Afanasievo culture, or Afanasevo culture (Afanasevan culture) (Афанасьевская культура Afanas'yevskaya kul'tura), is an early archaeological culture of south Siberia, occupying the Minusinsk Basin and the Altai Mountains during the eneolithic era, 3300 to 2500 BCE.

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African humid period

The African humid period (AHP; also known by other names) is a climate period in Africa during the late Pleistocene and Holocene geologic epochs, when northern Africa was wetter than today.

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Agriculture

Agriculture encompasses crop and livestock production, aquaculture, fisheries, and forestry for food and non-food products.

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Al Ubaidi

Al Ubaidi (or Al Obaidi) is a town in the Al Anbar Governorate of Iraq.

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Alaska

Alaska is a non-contiguous U.S. state on the northwest extremity of North America.

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Ancient Egypt

Ancient Egypt was a civilization of ancient Northeast Africa.

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Anno Lucis

Anno Lucis (“in the Year of Light”) is a dating system used in Masonic ceremonial or commemorative proceedings, which is equivalent to the Gregorian year plus 4000.

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Antarctica

Antarctica is Earth's southernmost and least-populated continent.

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Archaeology Museum of Catalonia

The Archaeology Museum of Catalonia (Museu d'Arqueologia de Catalunya, MAC) is an archaeological museum with five venues that exposes the most important archaeological collection of Catalonia, focusing on prehistoric times and ancient history.

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Arghul

The arghul (يرغول), also spelled argul, arghoul, arghool, argol, or yarghul, is a musical instrument in the reed family.

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Aryabhata

Aryabhata (ISO) or Aryabhata I (476–550 CE) was the first of the major mathematician-astronomers from the classical age of Indian mathematics and Indian astronomy.

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Arzachena culture

The Arzachena culture was a pre-Nuragic culture of the Late Neolithic Age occupying Gallura (the northeastern part of Sardinia) and part of southern Corsica from approximately the 4th to the 3rd millennium BC.

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Astrology

Astrology is a range of divinatory practices, recognized as pseudoscientific since the 18th century, that propose that information about human affairs and terrestrial events may be discerned by studying the apparent positions of celestial objects.

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Astronomy

Astronomy is a natural science that studies celestial objects and the phenomena that occur in the cosmos.

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Australia

Australia, officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a country comprising the mainland of the Australian continent, the island of Tasmania, and numerous smaller islands.

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Ötzi

Ötzi, also called The Iceman, is the natural mummy of a man who lived between 3350 and 3105 BC.

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Ötztal Alps

The Ötztal Alps (Alpi Venoste, Ötztaler Alpen) are a mountain range in the Central Eastern Alps, in the State of Tyrol in western Austria and the Province of South Tyrol in northern Italy.

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Đồng Đậu culture

The Đồng Đậu culture (c. 1,500-1,000 BC) was a culture of the Middle Bronze Age in Vietnam.

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Ġgantija

Ġgantija ("place of giants") is a megalithic temple complex from the Neolithic era (–2500 BC), on the Mediterranean island of Gozo in Malta.

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Ħaġar Qim

Ħaġar Qim ("Standing/Worshipping Stones") is a megalithic temple complex found on the Mediterranean island of Malta, dating from the Ġgantija phase (3600–3200 BC).

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Barcelona

Barcelona is a city on the northeastern coast of Spain.

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Beaker (archaeology)

In archaeology, a beaker is a small round ceramic or metal drinking vessel shaped to be held in the hands.

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Before Present

Before Present (BP) or "years before present (YBP)" is a time scale used mainly in archaeology, geology, and other scientific disciplines to specify when events occurred relative to the origin of practical radiocarbon dating in the 1950s.

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Bolívar Department

Bolívar is a department of Colombia.

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Botai culture

The Botai culture is an archaeological culture (c. 3700–3100 BC) of prehistoric northern Central Asia.

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Bronze

Bronze is an alloy consisting primarily of copper, commonly with about 12–12.5% tin and often with the addition of other metals (including aluminium, manganese, nickel, or zinc) and sometimes non-metals, such as phosphorus, or metalloids, such as arsenic or silicon.

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Bronze Age

The Bronze Age was a historical period lasting from approximately 3300 to 1200 BC.

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Brooklyn Museum

The Brooklyn Museum is an art museum in the New York City borough of Brooklyn.

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Bucharest

Bucharest (București) is the capital and largest city of Romania.

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Byrd Polar and Climate Research Center

The Byrd Polar and Climate Research Center (BPCRC) is a polar, alpine, and climate research center at Ohio State University founded in 1960.

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Canal

Canals or artificial waterways are waterways or engineered channels built for drainage management (e.g. flood control and irrigation) or for conveyancing water transport vehicles (e.g. water taxi).

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Caquetá Department

Caquetá Department is a department of Colombia.

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Caral–Supe civilization

Caral–Supe (also known as Caral and Norte Chico) was a complex Pre-Columbian era society that included as many as thirty major population centers in what is now the Caral region of north-central coastal Peru.

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Cart

A cart or dray (Australia and New Zealand) is a vehicle designed for transport, using two wheels and normally pulled by draught animals such as horses, donkeys, mules and oxen, or even smaller animals such as goats or large dogs.

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Caucasus

The Caucasus or Caucasia, is a transcontinental region between the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea, mainly comprising Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, and parts of Southern Russia.

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Cause of death

In law, medicine, and statistics, cause of death is an official determination of the conditions resulting in a human's death, which may be recorded on a death certificate.

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Céide Fields

The Céide Fields is an archaeological site on the north County Mayo coast in the west of Ireland, about northwest of Ballycastle.

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Cernavodă

Cernavodă is a town in Constanța County, Northern Dobruja, Romania with a population of 15,088 as of 2021.

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Chalcolithic

The Chalcolithic (also called the Copper Age and Eneolithic) was an archaeological period characterized by the increasing use of smelted copper.

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Chaldea

Chaldea was a small country that existed between the late 10th or early 9th and mid-6th centuries BC, after which the country and its people were absorbed and assimilated into the indigenous population of Babylonia.

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Colombia

Colombia, officially the Republic of Colombia, is a country primarily located in South America with insular regions in North America.

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Copper Age state societies

The Chalcolithic or Copper Age is the transitional period between the Neolithic and the Bronze Age.

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Courtyard

A courtyard or court is a circumscribed area, often surrounded by a building or complex, that is open to the sky.

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Crete

Crete (translit, Modern:, Ancient) is the largest and most populous of the Greek islands, the 88th largest island in the world and the fifth largest island in the Mediterranean Sea, after Sicily, Sardinia, Cyprus, and Corsica.

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Cucuteni–Trypillia culture

The Cucuteni–Trypillia culture, also known as the Cucuteni culture, Trypillia culture or Tripolye culture is a Neolithic–Chalcolithic archaeological culture (5500 to 2750 BC) of Southeast Europe.

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Cuneiform

Cuneiform is a logo-syllabic writing system that was used to write several languages of the Ancient Near East.

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Dam

A dam is a barrier that stops or restricts the flow of surface water or underground streams.

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Deforestation

Deforestation or forest clearance is the removal and destruction of a forest or stand of trees from land that is then converted to non-forest use.

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Desertification

Desertification is a type of gradual land degradation of fertile land into arid desert due to a combination of natural processes and human activities.

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Domestication of the horse

How and when horses became domesticated has been disputed.

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Early Dynastic Period (Egypt)

The Early Dynastic Period, also known as Archaic Period or the Thinite Period (from Thinis, the hometown of its rulers), is the era of ancient Egypt that immediately follows the unification of Upper and Lower Egypt in.

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Eburran industry

The Eburran industry is the name of an East African tool assemblage that dates from 13,000 BCE and thereafter, found around Lake Nakuru in the Ol Doinyo Eburru volcano complex in the Rift Valley, Kenya.

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Egyptian pyramids

The Egyptian pyramids are ancient masonry structures located in Egypt.

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Egyptology

Egyptology (from Egypt and Greek -λογία, -logia; علمالمصريات) is the scientific study of ancient Egypt.

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El Cogul

El Cogul is a municipality in Catalonia, Spain.

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Elmenteitan

The Elmenteitan culture was a prehistoric lithic industry and pottery tradition with a distinct pattern of land use, hunting and pastoralism that appeared and developed on the western plains of Kenya, East Africa during the Pastoral Neolithic c.3300-1200 BP.

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Epoch

In chronology and periodization, an epoch or reference epoch is an instant in time chosen as the origin of a particular calendar era.

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Eridu

Eridu (𒆠|translit.

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Estimates of historical world population

This article lists current estimates of the world population in history.

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Eurasia

Eurasia is the largest continental area on Earth, comprising all of Europe and Asia.

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Eurasian Steppe

The Eurasian Steppe, also called the Great Steppe or The Steppes, is the vast steppe ecoregion of Eurasia in the temperate grasslands, savannas and shrublands biome.

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Flute

The flute is a member of a family of musical instruments in the woodwind group.

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Freemasonry

Freemasonry or Masonry refers to fraternal organisations that trace their origins to the local guilds of stonemasons that, from the end of the 14th century, regulated the qualifications of stonemasons and their interaction with authorities and clients.

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Garth tsunami

The Garth tsunami is a likely prehistoric tsunami off the Shetland Islands that may have occurred 5,500 years ago (3,500 BCE).

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Göbekli Tepe

Göbekli Tepe (Kurdish: Girê Mirazan or Xirabreşkê, 'Wish Hill') is a Neolithic archaeological site in the Southeastern Anatolia Region of Turkey.

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Glacier

A glacier is a persistent body of dense ice that is constantly moving downhill under its own weight.

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Glaciology

Glaciology is the scientific study of glaciers, or, more generally, ice and natural phenomena that involve ice.

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Gozo

Gozo (Għawdex), in antiquity known as Gaulos (𐤂𐤅𐤋|; Gaúlos), is an island in the Maltese archipelago in the Mediterranean Sea.

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Greenland

Greenland (Kalaallit Nunaat,; Grønland) is a North American island autonomous territory of the Kingdom of Denmark.

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Harappa

Harappa is an archaeological site in Punjab, Pakistan, about west of Sahiwal.

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Harp

The harp is a stringed musical instrument that has individual strings running at an angle to its soundboard; the strings are plucked with the fingers.

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Hebrew calendar

The Hebrew calendar (translit), also called the Jewish calendar, is a lunisolar calendar used today for Jewish religious observance and as an official calendar of Israel.

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Hinduism

Hinduism is an Indian religion or dharma, a religious and universal order by which its followers abide.

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History of writing

The history of writing traces the development of writing systems and how their use transformed and was transformed by different societies.

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Homicide

Homicide is an act in which a human causes the death of another human.

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Hurrians

The Hurrians (Ḫu-ur-ri; also called Hari, Khurrites, Hourri, Churri, Hurri) were a people who inhabited the Ancient Near East during the Bronze Age.

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Hydrology

Hydrology is the scientific study of the movement, distribution, and management of water on Earth and other planets, including the water cycle, water resources, and drainage basin sustainability.

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Inclined plane

An inclined plane, also known as a ramp, is a flat supporting surface tilted at an angle from the vertical direction, with one end higher than the other, used as an aid for raising or lowering a load.

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Indus Valley Civilisation

The Indus Valley Civilisation (IVC), also known as the Indus Civilisation, was a Bronze Age civilisation in the northwestern regions of South Asia, lasting from 3300 BCE to 1300 BCE, and in its mature form from 2600 BCE to 1900 BCE.

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Ireland

Ireland (Éire; Ulster-Scots: Airlann) is an island in the North Atlantic Ocean, in north-western Europe.

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Iry-Hor

Iry-Hor (or Ro) was a predynastic pharaoh of Upper Egypt during the 32nd century BC.

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Jar

A jar is a rigid, cylindrical or slightly conical container, typically made of glass, ceramic, or plastic, with a wide mouth or opening that can be closed with a lid, screw cap, lug cap, cork stopper, roll-on cap, crimp-on cap, press-on cap, plastic shrink, heat sealed lidding film, an inner seal, a tamper-evident band, or other suitable means.

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John Lightfoot (29 March 1602 – 6 December 1675) was an English churchman, rabbinical scholar, Vice-Chancellor of the University of Cambridge and Master of St Catharine's College, Cambridge.

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Kali Yuga

Kali Yuga, in Hinduism, is the fourth, shortest and worst of the four yugas (world ages) in a Yuga Cycle, preceded by Dvapara Yuga and followed by the next cycle's Krita (Satya) Yuga.

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Kazakhstan

Kazakhstan, officially the Republic of Kazakhstan, is a landlocked country mostly in Central Asia, with a part in Eastern Europe.

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Kish (Sumer)

Kish (Kiš;; cuneiform: 𒆧𒆠; Kiššatu, near modern Tell al-Uhaymir) is an important archaeological site in Babil Governorate (Iraq), located south of Baghdad and east of the ancient city of Babylon.

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Kura–Araxes culture

The Kura–Araxes culture (also named Kur–Araz culture, Mtkvari–Araxes culture, Early Transcaucasian culture) was an archaeological culture that existed from about 4000 BC until about 2000 BC, which has traditionally been regarded as the date of its end; in some locations it may have disappeared as early as 2600 or 2700 BC.

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Kurgan hypothesis

The Kurgan hypothesis (also known as the Kurgan theory, Kurgan model, or steppe theory) is the most widely accepted proposal to identify the Proto-Indo-European homeland from which the Indo-European languages spread out throughout Europe and parts of Asia.

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Late Stone Age

The Later Stone Age (LSA) is a period in African prehistory that follows the Middle Stone Age.

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Lever

A lever is a simple machine consisting of a beam or rigid rod pivoted at a fixed hinge, or fulcrum.

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Linguistic homeland

In historical linguistics, the homeland or Urheimat (from German ur- "original" and Heimat, home) of a proto-language is the region in which it was spoken before splitting into different daughter languages.

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List of national legal systems

The contemporary national legal systems are generally based on one of four basic systems: civil law, common law, customary law, religious law or combinations of these.

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Ljubljana Marsh

The Ljubljana Marsh (Ljubljansko barje), located south of Ljubljana, the capital of Slovenia, is the largest marsh in the country.

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Ljubljana Marshes Wheel

The Ljubljana Marshes Wheel is a wooden wheel that was found in the Ljubljana Marsh some south of Ljubljana, the capital of Slovenia, in 2002.

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Lleida

Lleida (Lérida) is a city in the west of Catalonia, Spain.

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Longshan culture

The Longshan (or Lung-shan) culture, also sometimes referred to as the Black Pottery Culture, was a late Neolithic culture in the middle and lower Yellow River valley areas of northern China from about 3000 to 1900 BC.

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Lonnie Thompson

Lonnie Thompson (born July 1, 1948), is an American paleoclimatologist and university professor in the School of Earth Sciences at Ohio State University.

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Lost-wax casting

Lost-wax castingalso called investment casting, precision casting, or cire perdue (borrowed from French)is the process by which a duplicate sculpture (often a metal, such as silver, gold, brass, or bronze) is cast from an original sculpture.

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Louvre

The Louvre, or the Louvre Museum, is a national art museum in Paris, France, and one of the most famous museums in the world.

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Lyre

The lyre is a stringed musical instrument that is classified by Hornbostel–Sachs as a member of the lute family of instruments.

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Magdalena Department

Magdalena is a department of Colombia with more than 1.3 million people, located to the north of the country by the Caribbean Sea.

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Mahabharata

The Mahābhārata (महाभारतम्) is one of the two major Smriti texts and Sanskrit epics of ancient India revered in Hinduism, the other being the Rāmāyaṇa.

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Malta

Malta, officially the Republic of Malta, is an island country in Southern Europe located in the Mediterranean Sea.

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Mammoth

A mammoth is any species of the extinct elephantid genus Mammuthus. They lived from the late Miocene epoch (from around 6.2 million years ago) into the Holocene about 4,000 years ago, and various species existed in Africa, Europe, Asia, and North America.

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Masoretic Text

The Masoretic Text (MT or 𝕸; Nūssāḥ hamMāsōrā, lit. 'Text of the Tradition') is the authoritative Hebrew and Aramaic text of the 24 books of the Hebrew Bible (Tanakh) in Rabbinic Judaism.

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Mastaba

A mastaba, also mastabah or mastabat) is a type of ancient Egyptian tomb in the form of a flat-roofed, rectangular structure with inward sloping sides, constructed out of mudbricks or limestone. These edifices marked the burial sites of many eminent Egyptians during Egypt's Early Dynastic Period and Old Kingdom.

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Mathematics

Mathematics is a field of study that discovers and organizes abstract objects, methods, theories and theorems that are developed and proved for the needs of empirical sciences and mathematics itself.

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Maya calendar

The Maya calendar is a system of calendars used in pre-Columbian Mesoamerica and in many modern communities in the Guatemalan highlands, Veracruz, Oaxaca and Chiapas, Mexico.

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Maykop culture

The Maykop culture (scientific transliteration: Majkop), c. 3700 BC–3000 BC, is a major Bronze Age archaeological culture in the western Caucasus region.

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Mehrgarh

Mehrgarh is a Neolithic archaeological site (dated) situated on the Kacchi Plain of Balochistan in modern-day Pakistan.

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Mesoamerican Long Count calendar

The Mesoamerican Long Count calendar is a non-repeating base-20 and base-18 calendar used by several pre-Columbian Mesoamerican cultures, most notably the Maya.

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Mesopotamia

Mesopotamia is a historical region of West Asia situated within the Tigris–Euphrates river system, in the northern part of the Fertile Crescent.

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Methane

Methane is a chemical compound with the chemical formula (one carbon atom bonded to four hydrogen atoms).

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Methuselah (pine tree)

Methuselah is a -year-old Great Basin bristlecone pine (Pinus longaeva) tree growing high in the White Mountains of Inyo County in eastern California.

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Mijwiz

The mijwiz (مجوز, DIN: miǧwiz) is a traditional Middle East musical instrument popular in Egypt, Syria, Palestine, Lebanon and Jordan.

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Minoan civilization

The Minoan civilization was a Bronze Age culture which was centered on the island of Crete.

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Mnajdra

Mnajdra (L-Imnajdra) is a megalithic temple complex found on the southern coast of the Mediterranean island of Malta.

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Mohenjo-daro

Mohenjo-daro (موهن جو دڙو,; موئن جو دڑو) is an archaeological site in Larkana District, Sindh, Pakistan.

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Mount Kilimanjaro

Mount Kilimanjaro is a dormant volcano in Tanzania.

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Naqada

Naqada (Egyptian Arabic: نقادة; Coptic language: ⲛⲉⲕⲁⲧⲏⲣⲓⲟⲛ; Ancient Greek: Παμπανις, Ancient Egyptian: Nbyt), is a town on the west bank of the Nile in Qena Governorate, Egypt, situated ca.

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Narmer

Narmer (nꜥr-mr, may mean "painful catfish", "stinging catfish", "harsh catfish", or "fierce catfish;") was an ancient Egyptian pharaoh of the Early Dynastic Period, whose reign began at a date estimated to fall in the range 3273–2987 BC.

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Narmer Palette

The Narmer Palette, also known as the Great Hierakonpolis Palette or the Palette of Narmer, is a significant Egyptian archaeological find, dating from about the 31st century BC, belonging, at least nominally, to the category of cosmetic palettes.

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National History Museum of Romania

The National History Museum of Romania (Muzeul Național de Istorie a României) is a museum located at 12 Calea Victoriei in Bucharest, Romania, which contains Romanian historical artifacts from prehistoric times up to modern times.

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Nekhen

Nekhen (nḫn), also known as Hierakonpolis (Hierákōn pólis; either: City of the Hawk, or City of the Falcon, a reference to Horus; lit) was the religious and political capital of Upper Egypt at the end of prehistoric Egypt (3200–3100 BC) and probably also during the Early Dynastic Period (3100–2686 BC).

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Neolithic

The Neolithic or New Stone Age (from Greek νέος 'new' and λίθος 'stone') is an archaeological period, the final division of the Stone Age in Europe, Asia and Africa.

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Neolithic decline

The Neolithic decline was a rapid collapse in populations between about 3450 and 3000 BCE during the Neolithic period in western Eurasia.

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Neolithic Revolution

The Neolithic Revolution, also known as the First Agricultural Revolution, was the wide-scale transition of many human cultures during the Neolithic period in Afro-Eurasia from a lifestyle of hunting and gathering to one of agriculture and settlement, making an increasingly large population possible.

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New World

The term "New World" is used to describe the majority of lands of Earth's Western Hemisphere, particularly the Americas.

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Newgrange

Newgrange (Sí an Bhrú) is a prehistoric monument in County Meath in Ireland, located on a rise overlooking the River Boyne, west of the town of Drogheda.

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Nicolas Grimal

Nicolas-Christophe Grimal (born 13 November 1948 in Libourne) is a French Egyptologist.

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Niger–Congo languages

Niger–Congo is a hypothetical language family spoken over the majority of sub-Saharan Africa.

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Nile

The Nile (also known as the Nile River) is a major north-flowing river in northeastern Africa.

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Northern Isles

The Northern Isles (Northern Isles; Na h-Eileanan a Tuath; Norðreyjar; Nordøjar) are a chain (or archipelago) of islands off the north coast of mainland Scotland.

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Numeral system

A numeral system is a writing system for expressing numbers; that is, a mathematical notation for representing numbers of a given set, using digits or other symbols in a consistent manner.

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Observatory

An observatory is a location used for observing terrestrial, marine, or celestial events.

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Ochre Coloured Pottery culture

The Ochre Coloured Pottery culture (OCP) is a Bronze Age culture of the Indo-Gangetic Plain "generally dated 2000–1500 BCE," extending from eastern Punjab to northeastern Rajasthan and western Uttar Pradesh.

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Ohio State University

The Ohio State University (Ohio State or OSU) is a public land-grant research university in Columbus, Ohio, United States.

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Older Peron

The Older Peron was the name for a period identified in 1961 as an episode of a global sea-level (i.e. eustatic) high-stand during the Holocene Epoch.

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Orkney

Orkney (Orkney; Orkneyjar; Orknøjar), also known as the Orkney Islands (archaically "The Orkneys"), is an archipelago off the north coast of Scotland.

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Ozieri culture

The Ozieri culture (or San Michele culture) was a prehistoric pre-Nuragic culture that occupied Sardinia from c. 3200 to 2800 BCE.

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Palermo Stone

The Palermo Stone is one of seven surviving fragments of a stele known as the Royal Annals of the Old Kingdom of Ancient Egypt.

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Peru

Peru, officially the Republic of Peru, is a country in western South America. It is bordered in the north by Ecuador and Colombia, in the east by Brazil, in the southeast by Bolivia, in the south by Chile, and in the south and west by the Pacific Ocean. Peru is a megadiverse country with habitats ranging from the arid plains of the Pacific coastal region in the west to the peaks of the Andes mountains extending from the north to the southeast of the country to the tropical Amazon basin rainforest in the east with the Amazon River.

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Pontic–Caspian steppe

The Pontic–Caspian Steppe is a steppe extending across Eastern Europe to Central Asia, formed by the Caspian and Pontic steppes.

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Potter's wheel

In pottery, a potter's wheel is a machine used in the shaping (known as throwing) of clay into round ceramic ware.

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Pottery

Pottery is the process and the products of forming vessels and other objects with clay and other raw materials, which are fired at high temperatures to give them a hard and durable form.

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Prehistoric Egypt

Prehistoric Egypt and Predynastic Egypt was the period of time starting at the first human settlement and ending at the First Dynasty of Egypt around 3100 BC.

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Proto-cuneiform

The proto-cuneiform script was a system of proto-writing that emerged in Mesopotamia, eventually developing into the early cuneiform script used in the region's Early Dynastic I period.

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Proto-Elamite (period)

The Proto-Elamite period, also known as Susa III, is a chronological era in the ancient history of the area of Elam, dating from.

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Proto-Indo-European language

Proto-Indo-European (PIE) is the reconstructed common ancestor of the Indo-European language family.

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Proto-Indo-Europeans

The Proto-Indo-Europeans are a hypothetical prehistoric ethnolinguistic group of Eurasia who spoke Proto-Indo-European (PIE), the reconstructed common ancestor of the Indo-European language family.

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Puerto Hormiga archaeological site

The Puerto Hormiga archaeological site is located in the Bolivar department, Colombia, in the lower Magdalena basin near the Caribbean coast.

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Quelccaya Ice Cap

The Quelccaya Ice Cap (also known as Quenamari Ice Cap) is the second largest glaciated area in the tropics, after Coropuna.

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Recorded history

Recorded history or written history describes the historical events that have been recorded in a written form or other documented communication which are subsequently evaluated by historians using the historical method.

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Roca dels Moros

The Roca dels Moros or Caves of El Cogul is a rock shelter containing paintings of prehistoric Levantine rock art and Iberian schematic art.

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Romania

Romania is a country located at the crossroads of Central, Eastern, and Southeast Europe.

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Sahara

The Sahara is a desert spanning across North Africa.

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Sahel

The Sahel region or Sahelian acacia savanna is a biogeographical region in Africa.

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Sail

A sail is a tensile structure, which is made from fabric or other membrane materials, that uses wind power to propel sailing craft, including sailing ships, sailboats, windsurfers, ice boats, and even sail-powered land vehicles.

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Sailboat

A sailboat or sailing boat is a boat propelled partly or entirely by sails and is smaller than a sailing ship.

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Santorini

Santorini (Santoríni), officially Thira (Thíra) and Classical Greek Thera, is a Greek island in the southern Aegean Sea, about southeast from its mainland.

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Scandinavian prehistory

The Scandinavian Peninsula became ice-free around the end of the last ice age.

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ScienceDaily

ScienceDaily is an American website launched in 1995 that aggregates press releases and publishes lightly edited press releases (a practice called churnalism) about science, similar to Phys.org and EurekAlert!.

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Scorpion II

Scorpion II (Ancient Egyptian: possibly Selk or Weha) also known as King Scorpion, was a ruler during the Protodynastic Period of Upper Egypt (c.).

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Scotland

Scotland (Scots: Scotland; Scottish Gaelic: Alba) is a country that is part of the United Kingdom.

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Sewage treatment

Sewage treatment (or domestic wastewater treatment, municipal wastewater treatment) is a type of wastewater treatment which aims to remove contaminants from sewage to produce an effluent that is suitable to discharge to the surrounding environment or an intended reuse application, thereby preventing water pollution from raw sewage discharges.

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Sexagesimal

Sexagesimal, also known as base 60, is a numeral system with sixty as its base.

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Shush, Iran

Shush (شوش) is a city in the Central District of Shush County, Khuzestan province, Iran, serving as capital of both the county and the district.

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Skara Brae

Skara Brae is a stone-built Neolithic settlement, located on the Bay of Skaill on the west coast of Mainland, the largest island in the Orkney archipelago of Scotland.

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Slovenia

Slovenia (Slovenija), officially the Republic of Slovenia (Slovene), is a country in southern Central Europe.

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Southern Federal District

The Southern Federal District (p) is one of the eight federal districts of Russia.

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Sredny Stog culture

The Sredny Stog culture or Serednii Stih culture is a pre-Kurgan archaeological culture from the 5th–4th millennia BC.

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St. Paul, Alaska

St.

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Stone sculpture

A stone sculpture is an object made of stone which has been shaped, usually by carving, or assembled to form a visually interesting three-dimensional shape.

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Stonehenge

Stonehenge is a prehistoric megalithic structure on Salisbury Plain in Wiltshire, England, west of Amesbury.

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Storm drain

A storm drain, storm sewer (United Kingdom, U.S. and Canada), surface water drain/sewer (United Kingdom), or stormwater drain (Australia and New Zealand) is infrastructure designed to drain excess rain and ground water from impervious surfaces such as paved streets, car parks, parking lots, footpaths, sidewalks, and roofs.

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Sumer

Sumer is the earliest known civilization, located in the historical region of southern Mesopotamia (now south-central Iraq), emerging during the Chalcolithic and early Bronze Ages between the sixth and fifth millennium BC.

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Susa

Susa (Middle translit; Middle and Neo-translit; Neo-Elamite and Achaemenid translit; Achaemenid translit; شوش; שׁוּשָׁן; Σοῦσα; ܫܘܫ; 𐭮𐭥𐭱𐭩 or 𐭱𐭥𐭮; 𐏂𐎢𐏁𐎠) was an ancient city in the lower Zagros Mountains about east of the Tigris, between the Karkheh and Dez Rivers in Iran.

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Sweet Track

The Sweet Track is an ancient trackway, or causeway, in the Somerset Levels, England, named after its finder, Ray Sweet.

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Sydney

Sydney is the capital city of the state of New South Wales and the most populous city in Australia.

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Sydney rock engravings

Sydney rock engravings, or Sydney rock art, are a form of Australian Aboriginal rock art in the sandstone around Sydney, New South Wales, Australia, that consist of carefully drawn images of people, animals, or symbols.

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Tarxien

Tarxien (Ħal Tarxien) is a town in the Port region of Malta, seat of the Port Regional Council.

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Tehuacán

Tehuacán is the second largest city in the Mexican state of Puebla, nestled in the southeast of the valley of Tehuacán, bordering the states of Oaxaca and Veracruz.

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Tin

Tin is a chemical element; it has symbol Sn and atomic number 50.

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Tollmann's bolide hypothesis

Tollmann's bolide hypothesis is a hypothesis presented by Austrian palaeontologist Edith Kristan-Tollmann and geologist Alexander Tollmann in 1994.

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A tool is an object that can extend an individual's ability to modify features of the surrounding environment or help them accomplish a particular task.

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Ukraine

Ukraine is a country in Eastern Europe.

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Ur

Ur was an important Sumerian city-state in ancient Mesopotamia, located at the site of modern Tell el-Muqayyar (mound of bitumen) in Dhi Qar Governorate, southern Iraq.

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Urkesh

Urkesh, also transliterated Urkish (Akkadian: 𒌨𒆧𒆠 UR.KIŠKI, 𒌨𒋙𒀭𒄲𒆠 UR.KEŠ3KI; modern Tell Mozan; تل موزان), is a tell, or settlement mound, located in the foothills of the Taurus Mountains in Al-Hasakah Governorate, northeastern Syria.

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Uruk period

The Uruk period (c. 4000 to 3100 BC; also known as Protoliterate period) existed from the protohistoric Chalcolithic to Early Bronze Age period in the history of Mesopotamia, after the Ubaid period and before the Jemdet Nasr period.

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Weapon

A weapon, arm, or armament is any implement or device that is used to deter, threaten, inflict physical damage, harm, or kill.

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Wheel

A wheel is a rotating component (typically circular in shape) that is intended to turn on an axle bearing.

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Writing

Writing is the act of creating a persistent representation of human language.

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Yamnaya culture

The Yamnaya culture or the Yamna culture, also known as the Pit Grave culture or Ochre Grave culture, is a late Copper Age to early Bronze Age archaeological culture of the region between the Southern Bug, Dniester, and Ural rivers (the Pontic–Caspian steppe), dating to 3300–2600 BCE.

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References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4th_millennium_BC

Also known as 3000's B.C., 3100's BC, 4,000 bc, 4000 B.C., 4000 BCE, 4th millennium B.C., 4th millennium BCE, 6,000 years ago, Fourth millenium BC, Fourth millennium BC, Fourth millennium BCE.

, Early Dynastic Period (Egypt), Eburran industry, Egyptian pyramids, Egyptology, El Cogul, Elmenteitan, Epoch, Eridu, Estimates of historical world population, Eurasia, Eurasian Steppe, Flute, Freemasonry, Garth tsunami, Göbekli Tepe, Glacier, Glaciology, Gozo, Greenland, Harappa, Harp, Hebrew calendar, Hinduism, History of writing, Homicide, Hurrians, Hydrology, Inclined plane, Indus Valley Civilisation, Ireland, Iry-Hor, Jar, John Lightfoot, Kali Yuga, Kazakhstan, Kish (Sumer), Kura–Araxes culture, Kurgan hypothesis, Late Stone Age, Lever, Linguistic homeland, List of national legal systems, Ljubljana Marsh, Ljubljana Marshes Wheel, Lleida, Longshan culture, Lonnie Thompson, Lost-wax casting, Louvre, Lyre, Magdalena Department, Mahabharata, Malta, Mammoth, Masoretic Text, Mastaba, Mathematics, Maya calendar, Maykop culture, Mehrgarh, Mesoamerican Long Count calendar, Mesopotamia, Methane, Methuselah (pine tree), Mijwiz, Minoan civilization, Mnajdra, Mohenjo-daro, Mount Kilimanjaro, Naqada, Narmer, Narmer Palette, National History Museum of Romania, Nekhen, Neolithic, Neolithic decline, Neolithic Revolution, New World, Newgrange, Nicolas Grimal, Niger–Congo languages, Nile, Northern Isles, Numeral system, Observatory, Ochre Coloured Pottery culture, Ohio State University, Older Peron, Orkney, Ozieri culture, Palermo Stone, Peru, Pontic–Caspian steppe, Potter's wheel, Pottery, Prehistoric Egypt, Proto-cuneiform, Proto-Elamite (period), Proto-Indo-European language, Proto-Indo-Europeans, Puerto Hormiga archaeological site, Quelccaya Ice Cap, Recorded history, Roca dels Moros, Romania, Sahara, Sahel, Sail, Sailboat, Santorini, Scandinavian prehistory, ScienceDaily, Scorpion II, Scotland, Sewage treatment, Sexagesimal, Shush, Iran, Skara Brae, Slovenia, Southern Federal District, Sredny Stog culture, St. Paul, Alaska, Stone sculpture, Stonehenge, Storm drain, Sumer, Susa, Sweet Track, Sydney, Sydney rock engravings, Tarxien, Tehuacán, Tin, Tollmann's bolide hypothesis, Tool, Ukraine, Ur, Urkesh, Uruk period, Weapon, Wheel, Writing, Yamnaya culture, Yangshao culture, Ziggurat, 24th century BC, 25th century BC, 26th century BC, 29th century BC, 30th century BC, 31st century BC, 32nd century BC, 33rd century BC, 34th century BC, 35th century BC, 36th century BC, 37th century BC, 38th century BC, 39th century BC, 40th century BC.

4th millennium BC, the Glossary

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