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Abdul Qadeer Khan, the Glossary

Abdul Qadeer Khan, (عبد القدیر خان; 1 April 1936 – 10 October 2021), known as A. Q. Khan, was a Pakistani nuclear physicist and metallurgical engineer who is colloquially known as the "father of Pakistan's atomic weapons program".^[1]

Abdullah Ahmad Badawi

Tun Abdullah bin Ahmad Badawi (italic,; born 26 November 1939) is a Malaysian retired politician who served as the fifth Prime Minister of Malaysia from 2003 to 2009.

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Agha Shahi

Agha Shahi (آغا شا ﮨی; 25 August 1920 – 6 September 2006), ''NI'', was a Pakistani career Foreign service officer who was the leading civilian figure in the military government of former President General Zia-ul-Haq from 1977 to 1982. Abdul Qadeer Khan and Agha Shahi are Muhajir people, people from Karachi and Recipients of Nishan-e-Imtiaz.

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Alfred Hempel

Alfred Hempel (1920–1989) was a German businessman. Abdul Qadeer Khan and Alfred Hempel are nuclear proliferation.

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Alloy

An alloy is a mixture of chemical elements of which in most cases at least one is a metallic element, although it is also sometimes used for mixtures of elements; herein only metallic alloys are described.

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Almelo

Almelo is a municipality and a city in the eastern Netherlands.

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Alumni

Alumni (alumnus or alumna) are former students or graduates of a school, college, or university.

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Amsterdam

Amsterdam (literally, "The Dam on the River Amstel") is the capital and most populated city of the Netherlands.

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Analytical mechanics

In theoretical physics and mathematical physics, analytical mechanics, or theoretical mechanics is a collection of closely related formulations of classical mechanics.

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Anwar Ali (physicist)

Anwar Ali (born 1943), is a Pakistani physicist and a computer programmer, who served as the Chairman of the Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission (PAEC) from 2006 until 2009. Abdul Qadeer Khan and Anwar Ali (physicist) are nuclear proliferation and Pakistani nuclear physicists.

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Argos (radio program)

Argos is a Dutch radio show, broadcast on NPO Radio 1 on Saturday afternoon.

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Arif Alvi

Arif-ur-Rehman Alvi (born 29 July 1949) is a Pakistani politician who served as the 13th President of Pakistan, in office from 9 September 2018 to 10 March 2024. Abdul Qadeer Khan and Arif Alvi are Muhajir people.

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Arms Control Association

The Arms Control Association is a United States-based nonpartisan membership organization founded in 1971, with the self-stated mission of "promoting public understanding of and support for effective arms control policies." The group publishes the monthly magazine Arms Control Today. Abdul Qadeer Khan and arms Control Association are nuclear proliferation.

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ARY News

ARY News (ARY نیوز) is a Pakistani news channel launched on 26 September 2004 with the name "ARY One", the channel was later renamed to "ARY One World" until May 2009 when it was rebranded as "ARY News".

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Asher Karni

Asher Karni (אשר קרני; born 1954) is a South African and Israeli businessman known for his financial involvement and support for both the Pakistani and Israeli nuclear programs. Abdul Qadeer Khan and Asher Karni are nuclear proliferation.

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Associated Press

The Associated Press (AP) is an American not-for-profit news agency headquartered in New York City.

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Atta-ur-Rahman (chemist)

Atta-ur-Rahman (Urdu: عطاالرحمان; b. 22 September 1942), h-index 75, with 36,000 citations is a Pakistani organic chemist and is currently serving as Professor Emeritus at the International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences at the University of Karachi and as Chairman of PM Task Force on Science and Technology. Abdul Qadeer Khan and Atta-ur-Rahman (chemist) are Fellows of Pakistan Academy of Sciences, Muhajir people, people from Karachi, presidents of the Pakistan Academy of Sciences, Recipients of Hilal-i-Imtiaz and Recipients of Nishan-e-Imtiaz.

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Bachelor of Science

A Bachelor of Science (BS, BSc, B.Sc., SB, or ScB; from the Latin scientiae baccalaureus) is a bachelor's degree that is awarded for programs that generally last three to five years.

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Balancing of rotating masses

The balancing of rotating bodies is important to avoid vibration.

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Ballistic missile

A ballistic missile (BM) is a type of missile that uses projectile motion to deliver warheads on a target.

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Baqai Medical University

Baqai Medical University (جامعہَ بقائی برائے علومِ طبابت) is a higher education institution located on M-9, Super Highway, Karachi, Pakistan.

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BBC China

MV BBC China was a general cargo vessel constructed in China that was completed in 2000. Abdul Qadeer Khan and BBC China are nuclear proliferation.

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Benazir Bhutto

Benazir Bhutto (21 June 1953 – 27 December 2007) was a Pakistani politician and stateswoman who served as the 11th and 13th prime minister of Pakistan from 1988 to 1990 and again from 1993 to 1996. Abdul Qadeer Khan and Benazir Bhutto are people from Karachi.

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Bhopal

Bhopal (ISO: Bhōpāla) is the capital city of the Indian state of Madhya Pradesh and the administrative headquarters of both Bhopal district and Bhopal division.

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Bhopal State

Bhopal State (pronounced) was an Islamic principality founded in the beginning of 18th-century India by the Afghan Mughal noble Dost Muhammad Khan.

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Boosted fission weapon

A boosted fission weapon usually refers to a type of nuclear bomb that uses a small amount of fusion fuel to increase the rate, and thus yield, of a fission reaction.

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British Raj

The British Raj (from Hindustani, 'reign', 'rule' or 'government') was the rule of the British Crown on the Indian subcontinent,.

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Calutron

A calutron is a mass spectrometer originally designed and used for separating the isotopes of uranium.

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Catholic University of Leuven (1834–1968)

The Catholic University of Leuven or Louvain (Université catholique de Louvain, Katholieke Hogeschool te Leuven, later Katholieke Universiteit te Leuven) was founded in 1834 in Mechelen as the Catholic University of Belgium, and moved its seat to the town of Leuven in 1835, changing its name to Catholic University of Leuven.

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Central Intelligence Agency

The Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), known informally as the Agency, metonymously as Langley and historically as the Company, is a civilian foreign intelligence service of the federal government of the United States tasked with gathering, processing, and analyzing national security information from around the world, primarily through the use of human intelligence (HUMINT) and conducting covert action through its Directorate of Operations.

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Centrifuge

A centrifuge is a device that uses centrifugal force to subject a specimen to a specified constant force, for example to separate various components of a fluid.

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Chagai-I

Chagai-I is the code name of five simultaneous underground nuclear tests conducted by Pakistan at 15:15 hrs PKT on 28 May 1998.

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Chairman Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee

The Chairman Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee (CJCSC) (صدرنشین مجلسِ مشترکہَ رؤسائے افواجِ پاکستان) is, in principle, the highest-ranking and senior most uniformed military officer, typically at four-star rank, in the Pakistan Armed Forces who serves as a Principal Staff Officer and a chief military adviser to the civilian government led by elected Prime minister of Pakistan and his/her National Security Council.

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Chief of the Army Staff (Pakistan)

The Chief of the Army Staff (COAS) is a position in the Pakistani Army held by a four-star general.

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China

China, officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is a country in East Asia.

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China and weapons of mass destruction

The People's Republic of China has developed and possesses weapons of mass destruction, including chemical and nuclear weapons.

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Cold War

The Cold War was a period of geopolitical tension between the United States and the Soviet Union and their respective allies, the Western Bloc and the Eastern Bloc, that started in 1947, two years after the end of World War II, and lasted until the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991.

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Compact disc

The compact disc (CD) is a digital optical disc data storage format that was codeveloped by Philips and Sony to store and play digital audio recordings.

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Condensed matter physics

Condensed matter physics is the field of physics that deals with the macroscopic and microscopic physical properties of matter, especially the solid and liquid phases, that arise from electromagnetic forces between atoms and electrons.

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Congressional Research Service

The Congressional Research Service (CRS) is a public policy research institute of the United States Congress.

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Conservatism in Pakistan

Conservatism in Pakistan (پاکستان میں قدامت پسندی) generally relates to the traditional, social, and religious identities in the politics of Pakistan.

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COVID-19

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a contagious disease caused by the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2.

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D. J. Sindh Government Science College

Dayaram Jethamal Sindh Government Science College, (Urdu: ڈی جے سندھ گورنمنٹ سائنس کالج) commonly known as DJ Science College, is a public community college that is affiliated with the Board of Intermediate Education Karachi and the University of Karachi — it is located near Burns Road in Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan.

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Dawn (newspaper)

Dawn is a Pakistani English-language newspaper that was launched in British India by Jinnah in 1941.

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Decay product

In nuclear physics, a decay product (also known as a daughter product, daughter isotope, radio-daughter, or daughter nuclide) is the remaining nuclide left over from radioactive decay.

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Defense Industries Organization

The Defense Industries Organization (DIO) is a conglomerate of companies run by the Islamic Republic of Iran whose function is to provide the Armed Forces with the necessary manufacturing capacity and technical abilities.

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Delft University of Technology

The Delft University of Technology (TU Delft; Technische Universiteit Delft) is the oldest and largest Dutch public technical university, located in Delft, The Netherlands.

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DF-11

The Dong-Feng 11 (a.k.a. M-11, CSS-7) is a short-range ballistic missile developed by the People's Republic of China.

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Differential equation

In mathematics, a differential equation is an equation that relates one or more unknown functions and their derivatives.

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Dilation (morphology)

Dilation (usually represented by ⊕) is one of the basic operations in mathematical morphology.

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Doctor of Engineering

The Doctor of Engineering (D.Eng or EngD) is a research doctorate in engineering and applied science.

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Doctor of Philosophy

A Doctor of Philosophy (PhD or DPhil; philosophiae doctor or) is a terminal degree that usually denotes the highest level of academic achievement in a given discipline and is awarded following a course of graduate study and original research.

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Dr. A. Q. Khan Institute of Computer Sciences and Information Technology

Dr.

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Dutch language

Dutch (Nederlands.) is a West Germanic language, spoken by about 25 million people as a first language and 5 million as a second language and is the third most spoken Germanic language.

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Edward Teller

Edward Teller (Teller Ede; January 15, 1908 – September 9, 2003) was a Hungarian-American theoretical physicist and chemical engineer who is known colloquially as "the father of the hydrogen bomb" and one of the creators of the Teller–Ulam design. Abdul Qadeer Khan and Edward Teller are nuclear proliferation and theoretical physicists.

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Egomania

Egomania is a psychiatric term used to describe excessive preoccupation with one's ego, identity or selfdictionary.com and applies the same preoccupation to anyone who follows one’s own ungoverned impulses, is possessed by delusions of personal greatness & grandeur and feels a lack of appreciation.

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Electron-beam welding

Electron-beam welding (EBW) is a fusion welding process in which a beam of high-velocity electrons is applied to two materials to be joined.

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Elsevier

Elsevier is a Dutch academic publishing company specializing in scientific, technical, and medical content.

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Embassy of the United States, Islamabad

The Embassy of the United States in Islamabad is the diplomatic mission of the United States in Pakistan.

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Engineer's degree

An engineer's degree is an advanced academic degree in engineering which is conferred in Europe, some countries of Latin America, North Africa and a few institutions in the United States.

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English-speaking world

The English-speaking world comprises the 88 countries and territories in which English is an official, administrative, or cultural language.

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Enriched uranium

Enriched uranium is a type of uranium in which the percent composition of uranium-235 (written 235U) has been increased through the process of isotope separation.

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European Commission

The European Commission (EC) is the primary executive arm of the European Union (EU).

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European Union

The European Union (EU) is a supranational political and economic union of member states that are located primarily in Europe.

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Expendable launch system

An expendable launch system (or expendable launch vehicle/ELV) is a launch vehicle that can be launched only once, after which its components are either destroyed during reentry or discarded in space.

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Faisal Mosque

The Faisal Mosque (فیصل مسجد|faisal masjid) is the national mosque of Pakistan, located in the capital city, Islamabad.

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Federation of American Scientists

The Federation of American Scientists (FAS) is an American nonprofit global policy think tank with the stated intent of using science and scientific analysis to attempt to make the world more secure.

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Financial Times

The Financial Times (FT) is a British daily newspaper printed in broadsheet and also published digitally that focuses on business and economic current affairs.

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Fissile material

In nuclear engineering, fissile material is material that can undergo nuclear fission when struck by a neutron of low energy.

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Foreign Policy

Foreign Policy is an American news publication founded in 1970 focused on global affairs, current events, and domestic and international policy.

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Foundation for Strategic Research

The Foundation for Strategic Research (Fondation pour la recherche stratégique or FRS) is an independent French think-tank.

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Freezing

Freezing is a phase transition in which a liquid turns into a solid when its temperature is lowered below its freezing point.

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Friedrich Tinner

Friedrich Tinner, also known as Fred Tinner or Fred Tinner-Göldi (18 November 1936 - 3 May 2021), was a Swiss nuclear engineer and a long-associated friend of Abdul Qadeer Khan—Pakistan's former top scientist—and connected with the Khan nuclear network trafficking in the proliferation of nuclear materials and gas centrifuge designs to Iran, Libya, and North Korea. Abdul Qadeer Khan and Friedrich Tinner are nuclear proliferation and weapons scientists and engineers.

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Frits Veerman

Frits Veerman (8 November 1944 – 23 February 2021) was a Dutch technician and whistleblower.

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Frontline (American TV program)

Frontline (stylized in all capital letters) is an investigative documentary program distributed by the Public Broadcasting Service (PBS) in the United States.

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Full spectrum deterrence

The Full spectrum deterrence (previously known as Minimum Credible Deterrence (MCD; officially named N-deterrence) is the defence and strategic principle on which the atomic weapons programme of Pakistan is based. This doctrine is not a part of the nuclear doctrine, which is designed for the use of the atomic weapons in a full-scale declared war if the conditions of the doctrine are surpassed.

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Gas centrifuge

A gas centrifuge is a device that performs isotope separation of gases. Abdul Qadeer Khan and gas centrifuge are nuclear proliferation.

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Gas-filled tube

A gas-filled tube, also commonly known as a discharge tube or formerly as a Plücker tube, is an arrangement of electrodes in a gas within an insulating, temperature-resistant envelope.

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Gaseous diffusion

Gaseous diffusion is a technology that was used to produce enriched uranium by forcing gaseous uranium hexafluoride (UF6) through microporous membranes.

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General Intelligence and Security Service

The General Intelligence and Security Service (Algemene Inlichtingen- en Veiligheidsdienst, AIVD) is the intelligence and security agency of the Netherlands, tasked with domestic, foreign and signals intelligence and protecting national security as well as assisting the Five Eyes in investigating foreign citizens.

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Ghauri (missile)

The Ghauri–I (غوری-ا; Military designation: Hatf–V, ''Trans.'': Target-5) is a land-based medium-range ballistic missile, in current service with the strategic command of the Pakistan Army.

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Ghaznavi (missile)

The Ghaznavi (Urdu:غزنوی; Military designation: Hatf–III, Trans.: Target-3), is a land-based short range ballistic missile, currently in military service with the strategic command of the Pakistan Army.

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Ghulam Dastagir Alam

Ghulam Dastagir Alam Qasmi (Urdu: غلامدستگیر عالمقاسمی; popularly known as G.D. Alam), was a Pakistani theoretical physicist and professor of mathematics at the Quaid-e-Azam University. Abdul Qadeer Khan and Ghulam Dastagir Alam are Indian emigrants to Pakistan, Muhajir people, nuclear weapons scientists and engineers, Pakistani inventors, Pakistani nuclear physicists, Pakistani textbook writers and Recipients of Hilal-i-Imtiaz.

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Ghulam Ishaq Khan

Ghulam Ishaq Khan (20 January 1915 – 27 October 2006), commonly known by his initials GIK, was a Pakistani bureaucrat, politician and statesman who served as the seventh president of Pakistan from 1988 to 1993.

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Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology

The Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology (غلاماسحاق خان انسٹیٹیوٹ; د غلاماسحاق خان د انجینرۍ علومو او ټکنالوژۍ انسټیټوټ; commonly referred as GIKI) is a private research university located in Topi, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa in Pakistan.

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GlobalSecurity.org

GlobalSecurity.org is an American independent, nonpartisan, nonprofit organization that serves as a think tank, and research and consultancy group.

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Gold medal

A gold medal is a medal awarded for highest achievement in a non-military field.

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Gomal University

Gomal University (Urdu: جامعہ گومل), is a public research university located in Dera Ismail Khan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan.

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Government of Pakistan

The Government of Pakistan (حکومتِ پاکستان, abbreviated as GoP), constitutionally known as the Federal Government, commonly known as the Centre, is the national authority of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, a federal republic located in South Asia, consisting of four provinces and one federal territory.

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Graphene morphology

A graphene morphology is any of the structures related to, and formed from, single sheets of graphene.

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Gun-type fission weapon

Gun-type fission weapons are fission-based nuclear weapons whose design assembles their fissile material into a supercritical mass by the use of the "gun" method: shooting one piece of sub-critical material into another.

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H-8, Islamabad

H-8 (حلقہ ایچ ۸) is a sector of Islamabad.

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Hamdard University

Hamdard University (جامعہَ ہمدرد) is a private research university with campuses in Karachi and Islamabad, Pakistan.

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Hans Blix

Hans Martin Blix (born 28 June 1928) is a Swedish diplomat and politician for the Liberal People's Party.

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Hanzhong

Hanzhong (abbreviation: Han) is a prefecture-level city in the southwest of Shaanxi province, China, bordering the provinces of Sichuan to the south and Gansu to the west.

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Hilal-i-Imtiaz

The Hilaal-e-Imtiaz, also spelled and transliterated as Hilāl-e-Imtiyāz, is the second-highest (in the hierarchy of "Hilal") civilian award and honour given to both civilians and military officers of the Pakistan Armed Forces by the Government of Pakistan. Abdul Qadeer Khan and Hilal-i-Imtiaz are Recipients of Hilal-i-Imtiaz.

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Hindustan Times

Hindustan Times is an Indian English-language daily newspaper based in Delhi.

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History Commons

The History Commons is a website and organization that documents events and issues of great social and political significance via detailed timelines.

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History of Libya under Muammar Gaddafi

Muammar Gaddafi became the de facto leader of Libya on 1 September 1969 after leading a group of young Libyan Army officers against King Idris I in a bloodless coup d'état.

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History of Pakistan

The history of Pakistan preceding the country's creation in 1947. Although, Pakistan was created in 1947 as a whole new country by the British through partition of India, but the history of the land extends much further back and is intertwined with that of Afghanistan, India, and Iran.

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Hwasong-7

The Hwasong-7 (spelled Hwaseong-7 in South Korea, lit. Mars Type 7), also known as Nodong-1 (Hangul: 로동(North),노동(South) 1호; Hanja: 蘆洞 1號), is a single-stage, mobile liquid propellant medium-range ballistic missile developed by North Korea.

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Imran Khan

Imran Ahmed Khan Niazi (عمران احمد خان نیازی,; born 5 October 1952) is a Pakistani politician and former cricketer who served as the 22nd prime minister of Pakistan from August 2018 until April 2022. Abdul Qadeer Khan and Imran Khan are Recipients of Hilal-i-Imtiaz.

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India

India, officially the Republic of India (ISO), is a country in South Asia.

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Indo-Asian News Service

Indo-Asian News Service or IANS is a private Indian news agency.

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Institute for Science and International Security

The Institute for Science and International Security (ISIS) is a nonprofit, non-governmental institution to inform the public about "science and policy issues affecting international security". Abdul Qadeer Khan and institute for Science and International Security are nuclear proliferation.

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Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa

The insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, also known as the War in North-West Pakistan or Pakistan's war on terror, is an ongoing armed conflict involving Pakistan and Islamist militant groups such as the Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan (TTP), Jundallah, Lashkar-e-Islam (LeI), TNSM, al-Qaeda, and their Central Asian allies such as the ISIL–Khorasan (ISIL), Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan, East Turkistan Movement, Emirate of Caucasus, and elements of organized crime.

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Integrated Guided Missile Development Programme

The Integrated Guided Missile Development Programme (IGMDP) was an Indian Ministry of Defence programme for the research and development of the comprehensive range of missiles.

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Inter-Services Intelligence

The Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI; بین الخدماتی استخبارات|bayn al-khidmati estekhbarat) is the largest and best-known component of the Pakistani intelligence community.

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International Atomic Energy Agency

The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) is an intergovernmental organization that seeks to promote the peaceful use of nuclear energy and to inhibit its use for any military purpose, including nuclear weapons. Abdul Qadeer Khan and International Atomic Energy Agency are nuclear proliferation.

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Iran and Libya Sanctions Act

The Iran and Libya Sanctions Act of 1996 (ILSA) was a 1996 act of the United States Congress that imposed economic sanctions on firms doing business with Iran and Libya.

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Iraq–Pakistan relations

Iraq and Pakistan established diplomatic relations in 1947.

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Ishfaq Ahmad Khan

Ishfaq Ahmad Khan (3 November 1930 – 18 January 2018), was a Pakistani nuclear physicist, emeritus professor of high-energy physics at the National Centre for Physics, and former science advisor to the Government of Pakistan. Abdul Qadeer Khan and Ishfaq Ahmad Khan are 20th-century Pakistani engineers, Fellows of Pakistan Academy of Sciences, nuclear weapons scientists and engineers, Pakistani nuclear physicists, Pakistani physicists, Pakistani textbook writers, presidents of the Pakistan Academy of Sciences, Recipients of Hilal-i-Imtiaz, Recipients of Nishan-e-Imtiaz and theoretical physicists.

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Islamabad

Islamabad (اسلام&zwnj;آباد|translit.

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Islamabad High Court

The Islamabad High Court (IHC) is the senior court of the Islamabad Capital Territory, Pakistan, with appellate jurisdiction over the following district courts.

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Islamic World Academy of Sciences

The Islamic World Academy of Sciences (IAS) is a non-profit organisation of scientists and technologists that works for the promotion of science and technology in the Islamic world.

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Isotope separation

Isotope separation is the process of concentrating specific isotopes of a chemical element by removing other isotopes.

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Isotopes of uranium

Uranium (U) is a naturally occurring radioactive element that has no stable isotope.

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Javed Hashmi

Makhdoom Muhammad Javed Hashmi (مخدوممحمد جاوید ہاشمی; born 1 January 1948), is a Pakistani politician, political realist, and a senior conservative thinker on the platform of Pakistan Muslim League (N).

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Jehangir Karamat

General Jehangir Karamat (جہانگیر کرامت; born 20 February 1941) is a retired four-star rank military officer, diplomat, public intellectual, and a former professor of political science at the National Defense University.

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Kahuta

Kahuta (Punjabi, Urdu) is a census-designated place, city and tehsil in the Rawalpindi District of Punjab, Pakistan.

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Karachi

Karachi (کراچی) is the capital city of the Pakistani province of Sindh.

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Karachi Metropolitan Corporation

Karachi Metropolitan Corporation is a public corporation and governing body to provide municipal services in most of Karachi, the capital of Sindh.

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Khalil Qureshi

Khalil Ahmad Qureshi (Urdu: خليل احمد قريشى; HI, SI), is a Pakistani physical chemist and the professor of physical chemistry at the Punjab University. Abdul Qadeer Khan and Khalil Qureshi are nuclear weapons scientists and engineers and Recipients of Hilal-i-Imtiaz.

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Khan Research Laboratories

The Dr.

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Khyber District

Khyber District (خېبر ولسوالۍ, ضلع خیبر) is a district in the Peshawar Division of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan.

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Khyber News

Khyber News is a news and current affairs Pashto language satellite television channel in Pakistan, which was launched in August 2007.

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Khyber Pakhtunkhwa

Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (خېبر پښتونخوا; Hindko and,; abbr. KP), formerly known as North West Frontier Province (NWFP), is a province of Pakistan.

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KU Leuven

KU Leuven (Katholieke Universiteit Leuven) is a Catholic research university in the city of Leuven, Belgium.

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Kuldip Nayar

Kuldip Nayar (14 August 1923 – 23 August 2018) was an Indian journalist, syndicated columnist, human rights activist, author and former High Commissioner of India to the United Kingdom noted for his long career as a left-wing political commentator.

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Le Figaro

() is a French daily morning newspaper founded in 1826.

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Legal technicality

The term legal technicality is a casual or colloquial phrase referring to a technical aspect of law.

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Li Fangwei

Li Fangwei (Chinese 李方伟, born 18 September 1972), is a Chinese entrepreneur and international arms dealer.

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Libya and weapons of mass destruction

Libya pursued programs to develop or acquire weapons of mass destruction from when Muammar Gaddafi seized control of Libya in 1969 until he announced on 19 December 2003 that Libya would voluntarily eliminate all materials, equipment and programs that could lead to internationally proscribed weapons.

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List of Iranian nuclear negotiators

There is a list of chief nuclear negotiators of Iran since 2003.

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List of states with nuclear weapons

Eight sovereign states have publicly announced successful detonation of nuclear weapons. Abdul Qadeer Khan and List of states with nuclear weapons are nuclear proliferation.

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Local government

Local government is a generic term for the lowest tiers of governance or public administration within a particular sovereign state.

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Lockheed C-130 Hercules

The Lockheed C-130 Hercules is an American four-engine turboprop military transport aircraft designed and built by Lockheed (now Lockheed Martin).

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Madhya Pradesh

Madhya Pradesh (meaning 'central province') is a state in central India.

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Magnetic field

A magnetic field (sometimes called B-field) is a physical field that describes the magnetic influence on moving electric charges, electric currents, and magnetic materials.

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Mainichi Shimbun

The is one of the major newspapers in Japan, published by In addition to the Mainichi Shimbun, which is printed twice a day in several local editions, Mainichi also operates an English-language news website called The Mainichi (previously Mainichi Daily News, abbreviated MDN), and publishes a bilingual news magazine, Mainichi Weekly.

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Major general

Major general is a military rank used in many countries.

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Manhattan Project

The Manhattan Project was a research and development program undertaken during World War II to produce the first nuclear weapons.

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Marriage in Islam

In Islam, nikah (translit) is a contract exclusively between a man and woman.

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Martensite

Martensite is a very hard form of steel crystalline structure.

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Master of Science

A Master of Science (Magister Scientiae; abbreviated MS, M.S., MSc, M.Sc., SM, S.M., ScM or Sc.M.) is a master's degree.

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Materials science

Materials science is an interdisciplinary field of researching and discovering materials.

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Matriculation

Matriculation is the formal process of entering a university, or of becoming eligible to enter by fulfilling certain academic requirements such as a matriculation examination.

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Merchant ship

A merchant ship, merchant vessel, trading vessel, or merchantman is a watercraft that transports cargo or carries passengers for hire.

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Metallurgy is a domain of materials science and engineering that studies the physical and chemical behavior of metallic elements, their inter-metallic compounds, and their mixtures, which are known as alloys.

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Ministry of Education (India)

The Ministry of Education (MoE) is a ministry of the Government of India, responsible for the implementation of the National Policy on Education.

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Mirza Aslam Beg

General Mirza Aslam Beg (مرزا اسلمبیگ; born 2 August 1931), also known as M. A. Beg, is a retired Pakistani four-star general who served as the third Chief of Army Staff of the Pakistan Army from 1988 until his retirement in 1991. Abdul Qadeer Khan and Mirza Aslam Beg are Muhajir people, people from Karachi, Recipients of Hilal-i-Imtiaz and Recipients of Nishan-e-Imtiaz.

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Moisés Naím

Moisés Naím (born July 5, 1952) is a Venezuelan journalist and writer.

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Mubashir Hassan

Mubashir Hassan (مبشر حسن; 22 January 1922 – 14 March 2020) was a Pakistani politician, humanist, political adviser, and an engineer who served in the capacity of Finance Minister in Bhutto administration from 1971 until 1974. Abdul Qadeer Khan and Mubashir Hassan are Indian emigrants to Pakistan.

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Muhajir (Pakistan)

The Muhajir people (also spelled Mahajir and Mohajir) (مہاجر) are Muslim immigrants of various ethnic groups and regional origins, and their descendants, who migrated from various regions of India after the 1947 independence to settle in the newly independent state of Pakistan. Abdul Qadeer Khan and Muhajir (Pakistan) are Indian emigrants to Pakistan and Muhajir people.

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Muhammad of Ghor

Mu'izz al-Din Muhammad ibn Sam (translit; 15 March 1206), also known as Muhammad of Ghor or Muhammad Ghori, was a ruler from the Ghurid dynasty based in the Ghor region of what is today central Afghanistan who ruled from 1173 to 1206.

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Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq

Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq (12 August 192417 August 1988) was a Pakistani military officer who served as the sixth president of Pakistan from 1978 until his death.

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Munir Ahmad Khan

Munir Ahmad Khan (منير احمد خان; 20 May 1926 – 22 April 1999),, was a Pakistani nuclear reactor physicist who is credited, among others, with being the "father of the atomic bomb program" of Pakistan for their leading role in developing their nation's nuclear weapons during the successive years after the war with India in 1971. Abdul Qadeer Khan and Munir Ahmad Khan are 20th-century Pakistani engineers, Fellows of Pakistan Academy of Sciences, Founders of Pakistani schools and colleges, members of the Pakistan Philosophical Congress, nuclear weapons scientists and engineers, Pakistani nuclear physicists, Pakistani physicists, Recipients of Hilal-i-Imtiaz, Recipients of Nishan-e-Imtiaz, scientists from Islamabad, theoretical physicists and weapons scientists and engineers.

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Natanz

Natanz (نطنز) is a city in the Central District of Natanz County, Isfahan province, Iran, serving as capital of both the county and the district.

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National Security Archive

The National Security Archive is a 501(c)(3) non-governmental, non-profit research and archival institution located on the campus of the George Washington University in Washington, D.C. Founded in 1985 to check rising government secrecy.

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Natural uranium

Natural uranium (NU or Unat) is uranium with the same isotopic ratio as found in nature.

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Nawaiwaqt

Nawaiwaqt (نوائے وقت) is an Urdu daily newspaper in Pakistan which is currently owned by Majid Nizami Trust.

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Netherlands

The Netherlands, informally Holland, is a country located in Northwestern Europe with overseas territories in the Caribbean.

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Newsweek

Newsweek is a weekly news magazine.

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Nickel

Nickel is a chemical element; it has symbol Ni and atomic number 28.

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Nishan-e-Imtiaz

The Nishan-e-Imtiaz is one of the state organized civil decorations of Pakistan. Abdul Qadeer Khan and Nishan-e-Imtiaz are Recipients of Nishan-e-Imtiaz.

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North Korea

North Korea, officially the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK), is a country in East Asia.

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Nuclear arms race

The nuclear arms race was an arms race competition for supremacy in nuclear warfare between the United States, the Soviet Union, and their respective allies during the Cold War.

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Nuclear espionage

Nuclear espionage is the purposeful giving of state secrets regarding nuclear weapons to other states without authorization (espionage).

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Nuclear fuel cycle

The nuclear fuel cycle, also called nuclear fuel chain, is the progression of nuclear fuel through a series of differing stages.

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Nuclear physics

Nuclear physics is the field of physics that studies atomic nuclei and their constituents and interactions, in addition to the study of other forms of nuclear matter.

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Nuclear power in the Netherlands

The Netherlands' only commercial nuclear reactor is Borssele nuclear power plant, which became operational in 1973 and produces 485 MW and about 4% of the country's electricity.

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Nuclear program of Iran

Iran has research sites, two uranium mines, a research reactor, and uranium processing facilities that include three known uranium enrichment plants.

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Nuclear proliferation

Nuclear proliferation is the spread of nuclear weapons, fissionable material, and weapons-applicable nuclear technology and information to nations not recognized as "Nuclear Weapon States" by the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, commonly known as the Non-Proliferation Treaty or NPT.

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Nuclear Secrets

Nuclear Secrets, aka Spies, Lies and the Superbomb, is a 2007 BBC Television docudrama series which looks at the race for nuclear supremacy from the Manhattan Project through to Pakistan's nuclear weapons programme.

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Nuclear sharing

Nuclear sharing is a concept in NATO's policy of nuclear deterrence, which allows member countries without nuclear weapons of their own to participate in the planning for the use of nuclear weapons by NATO.

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Nuclear Threat Initiative

The Nuclear Threat Initiative, generally referred to as NTI, is a non-profit organization located in Washington, D.C. The American foreign policy think tank was founded in 2001 by former U.S. Senator Sam Nunn and philanthropist Ted Turner and describes itself as a "nonprofit, nonpartisan global security organization focused on reducing nuclear and biological threats imperiling humanity." NTI has four policy programs: the Global Nuclear Policy Program, Nuclear Materials Security, Scientific and Technical Affairs, and Global Biological Policy and Programs (stylized as NTI | bio). Abdul Qadeer Khan and nuclear Threat Initiative are nuclear proliferation.

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Nuclear weapon

A nuclear weapon is an explosive device that derives its destructive force from nuclear reactions, either fission (fission bomb) or a combination of fission and fusion reactions (thermonuclear bomb), producing a nuclear explosion.

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Nuclear weapon design

Nuclear weapon designs are physical, chemical, and engineering arrangements that cause the physics package of a nuclear weapon to detonate.

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Offshore company

The term "offshore company" or "offshore corporation" is used in at least two distinct and different ways.

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Omroepvereniging VARA

The Omroepvereniging VARA, the VARA Broadcasting Association, was a Dutch public broadcasting association primarily operating in the fields of television, radio, publishing and interactive media.

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Operation Brasstacks

Operation Brasstacks was a major combined arms military exercise of the Indian Armed Forces in the Indian state of Rajasthan.

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PAF Base Nur Khan

Pakistan Air Force Base, Nur Khan (founded as RAF Station Chaklala and previously known as PAF Base Chaklala) is an active Pakistan Air Force airbase located in Chaklala, Rawalpindi, Punjab province, Pakistan.

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Pakistan Academy of Sciences

The Pakistan Academy of Sciences (پاکستان اکادمی برائے سائنس) (abbreviated as: PAS), is a learned society of sciences, which described itself as "a repository of the highest scientific talent available in the country." Established in 1953 in Lahore, Punjab, the academy acts as a consultative forum and scientific advisor to the Pakistan government on important aspects on the affairs of all forms of science– the social and physical sciences.

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Pakistan Air Force

The Pakistan Air Force (PAF) (پاک فِضائیہ|translit.

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Pakistan and weapons of mass destruction

Pakistan is one of nine states that possess nuclear weapons. Pakistan began developing nuclear weapons in January 1972 under Prime Minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, who delegated the program to the Chairman of the Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission (PAEC) Munir Ahmad Khan with a commitment to having the device ready by the end of 1976.

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Pakistan Army Corps of Engineers

The Pakistan Army Corps of Engineers is a military administrative and the engineering staff branch of the Pakistan Army.

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Pakistan Observer

Pakistan Observer is one of the oldest and widely read English-language daily newspapers of Pakistan.

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Pakistan Physics Society

The Pakistan Physical Society, also known as Pakistan Physics Society, (پاکستان مصاحبتِ طبیعات) is an academic and professional physics society of Pakistan's academicians and physicists, dedicated for the development and research in physics.

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Pakistan Television Corporation

Pakistan Television Corporation (پاکستان ٹیلی وژن نیٹ ورک; reporting name: PTV) is the Pakistani state-owned broadcaster founded by the Government of Pakistan, operating under the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting.

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Pakistani missile research and development program

The Hatf Program (Urdu: حتف; ''Trans''. ḥāṯaʿf, meaning: ''Target'') was the classified program by the Ministry of Defence (MoD) of Pakistan for the comprehensive research and the development of guided missiles.

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Panama Papers (Asia)

The Panama Papers are 11.5 million leaked documents that detail financial and attorney–client information for more than 214,488 offshore entities.

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Partition of India

The Partition of India in 1947 was the change of political borders and the division of other assets that accompanied the dissolution of the British Raj in the Indian subcontinent and the creation of two independent dominions in South Asia: India and Pakistan.

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Pashtuns

Pashtuns (translit), also known as Pakhtuns, or Pathans, are a nomadic, pastoral, Eastern Iranic ethnic group primarily residing in northwestern Pakistan and southern and eastern Afghanistan. They historically were also referred to as Afghans until the 1970s after the term's meaning had become a demonym for members of all ethnic groups in Afghanistan.

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PBS

The Public Broadcasting Service (PBS) is an American public broadcaster and non-commercial, free-to-air television network based in Crystal City, Virginia.

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Peace through strength

"Peace through strength" is a phrase that suggests that military power can help preserve peace.

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Pervez Hoodbhoy

Pervez Amirali Hoodbhoy (Urdu: پرویز امِیرعلی ہودبھائی; Urdu pronunciation: pərʋeːz əmiːɾəliː ɦuːd̪bʱaːiː; born 11 July 1950) is a Pakistani nuclear physicist, author, media commentator, and social activist. Abdul Qadeer Khan and Pervez Hoodbhoy are members of the Pakistan Philosophical Congress, Pakistani nuclear physicists and Pakistani physicists.

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Pervez Musharraf

Pervez Musharraf (11 August 1943 – 5 February 2023) was a Pakistani military officer and politician who served as the tenth president of Pakistan from 2001 to 2008. Abdul Qadeer Khan and Pervez Musharraf are Muhajir people, Pakistani memoirists, Recipients of Hilal-i-Imtiaz and Recipients of Nishan-e-Imtiaz.

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Peter Finke

Peter Finke (born 1944) is a German theoretical physicist who participated in Project-706, Pakistan's clandestine nuclear research project. Abdul Qadeer Khan and Peter Finke are nuclear proliferation, Pakistani physicists, Pakistani spies and scientists from Islamabad.

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Phase transition

In physics, chemistry, and other related fields like biology, a phase transition (or phase change) is the physical process of transition between one state of a medium and another.

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Physical chemistry

Physical chemistry is the study of macroscopic and microscopic phenomena in chemical systems in terms of the principles, practices, and concepts of physics such as motion, energy, force, time, thermodynamics, quantum chemistry, statistical mechanics, analytical dynamics and chemical equilibria.

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Physical metallurgy is one of the two main branches of the scientific approach to metallurgy, which considers in a systematic way the physical properties of metals and alloys.

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Physics

Physics is the natural science of matter, involving the study of matter, its fundamental constituents, its motion and behavior through space and time, and the related entities of energy and force.

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Plutonium

Plutonium is a chemical element; it has symbol Pu and atomic number 94.

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Pokhran-II

Pokhran-II (Operation Shakti) was a series of five nuclear weapon tests conducted by India in May 1998.

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Politics of the Netherlands

The Netherlands is a parliamentary representative democracy.

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Presidencies and provinces of British India

The provinces of India, earlier presidencies of British India and still earlier, presidency towns, were the administrative divisions of British governance on the Indian subcontinent.

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Presidency of Barack Obama

Barack Obama's tenure as the 44th president of the United States began with his first inauguration on January 20, 2009, and ended on January 20, 2017.

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Presidency of Bill Clinton

Bill Clinton's tenure as the 42nd president of the United States began with his first inauguration on January 20, 1993, and ended on January 20, 2001.

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Presidency of George W. Bush

George W. Bush's tenure as the 43rd president of the United States began with his first inauguration on January 20, 2001, and ended on January 20, 2009.

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Presidency of Ronald Reagan

Ronald Reagan's tenure as the 40th president of the United States began with his first inauguration on January 20, 1981, and ended on January 20, 1989.

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Pressure politics

Pressure politics generally refers to political action which relies heavily on the use of mass media and mass communications to persuade politicians that the public wants or demands a particular action.

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Prime Minister of Pakistan House

Prime Minister House is a palace located in Islamabad, Pakistan.

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Prime Minister of the Netherlands

The prime minister of the Netherlands (Minister-president van Nederland) is the head of the executive branch of the Government of the Netherlands.

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Prime Minister's Office (Pakistan)

The Prime Minister's Office (Urdu: دفترِ وزیرِ اعظم) is the principal workplace of the Prime Minister of Pakistan and is headed by the Principal Secretary to the Prime Minister of Pakistan.

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Project-706

Project-706, also known as Project-786 was the codename of a research and development program to develop Pakistan's first nuclear weapons.

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Rediff.com

Rediff.com, stylized as rediff.com, is an Indian news, information, entertainment, and shopping website.

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Religious violence in India

Religious violence in India includes acts of violence by followers of one religious group against followers and institutions of another religious group, often in the form of rioting.

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Reservation in India

Reservation is a system of caste-based affirmative action in India.

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Revolutions per minute

Revolutions per minute (abbreviated rpm, RPM, rev/min, r/min, or r⋅min−1) is a unit of rotational speed (or rotational frequency) for rotating machines.

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Rigour

Rigour (British English) or rigor (American English; see spelling differences) describes a condition of stiffness or strictness.

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Rotation around a fixed axis

Rotation around a fixed axis or axial rotation is a special case of rotational motion around an axis of rotation fixed, stationary, or static in three-dimensional space.

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Ruud Lubbers

Rudolphus Franciscus Marie "Ruud" Lubbers (7 May 1939 – 14 February 2018) was a Dutch politician, diplomat and businessman who served as Prime Minister of the Netherlands from 1982 to 1994, and as United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees from 2001 to 2005.

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Scholarship

A scholarship is a form of financial aid awarded to students for further education.

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Scomi

Scomi Group Berhad is a global service provider that is based in Selangor, Sabah, Malaysia and is mainly involved in oil & gas, transport engineering and marine transportation.

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Scomi Precision Engineering nuclear scandal

Syarikat Scomi Precision Engineering Sdn Bhd (SCOPE) was established under the Scomi group of companies controlled by Kamaluddin Abdullah, a businessman who is the son of former Malaysian Prime Minister Abdullah Ahmad Badawi. Abdul Qadeer Khan and Scomi Precision Engineering nuclear scandal are nuclear proliferation and weapons scientists and engineers.

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Separative work units

Separative work – the amount of separation done by an enrichment process – is a function of the concentrations of the feedstock, the enriched output, and the depleted tailings; and is expressed in units which are so calculated as to be proportional to the total input (energy / machine operation time) and to the mass processed.

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Seymour Hersh

Seymour Myron "Sy" Hersh (born April 8, 1937) is an American investigative journalist and political writer.

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Shaukat Aziz

Shaukat Aziz (شوکت عزیز; born 6 March 1949) is a Pakistani former banker and financier who served as 17th prime minister of Pakistan from 28 August 2004 to 15 November 2007, as well as the finance minister of Pakistan from 6 November 1999 to 15 November 2007. Abdul Qadeer Khan and Shaukat Aziz are Muhajir people and people from Karachi.

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Shell corporation

A shell corporation is a company or corporation with no significant assets or operations often formed to obtain financing before beginning business.

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Sind Mail

Sind Mail was a passenger train that ran between Bombay and Karachi during the British era in British India.

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Sir Syed University of Engineering and Technology

Sir Syed University of Engineering and Technology (دانشگاہِ سرسید برائے علومِ مہندسی و فنونِ سائنسی) (known as "SSUET") is a private research university located in the urban area of Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan.

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Smiling Buddha

Smiling Buddha (MEA designation: Pokhran-I) was the code name of India's first successful nuclear weapon test on 18 May 1974. Abdul Qadeer Khan and Smiling Buddha are nuclear proliferation.

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Social rejection occurs when an individual is deliberately excluded from a social relationship or social interaction.

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Solid-state physics

Solid-state physics is the study of rigid matter, or solids, through methods such as solid-state chemistry, quantum mechanics, crystallography, electromagnetism, and metallurgy.

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Soviet–Afghan War

The Soviet–Afghan War was a protracted armed conflict fought in the Soviet-controlled Democratic Republic of Afghanistan (DRA) from 1979 to 1989. The war was a major conflict of the Cold War as it saw extensive fighting between Soviet Union, the DRA and allied paramilitary groups against the Afghan mujahideen and their allied foreign fighters.

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State funeral

A state funeral is a public funeral ceremony, observing the strict rules of protocol, held to honour people of national significance.

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Stork B.V.

Stork B.V. is a Dutch manufacturing and services company with headquarters in Utrecht.

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Sublimation (phase transition)

Sublimation is the transition of a substance directly from the solid to the gas state, without passing through the liquid state.

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Sultan Bashiruddin Mahmood

Sultan Bashiruddin Mahmood (سلطان بشیر الدین محمود; b. 1940) is a Pakistani nuclear engineer, a scholar of Islamic studies and pseudoscientist. Abdul Qadeer Khan and Sultan Bashiruddin Mahmood are 20th-century Pakistani engineers, engineers from Karachi, Indian emigrants to Pakistan, Muhajir people, Pakistani inventors and Pakistani nuclear physicists.

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Syed Ali Nawab

Major-General Syed Ali Nawab (Urdu: سید علی نواب; b. 6 October 1925–22 February 1994), was an engineering officer in the Pakistan Army Corps of EME, and a mechanical engineer with an MIMechE from UK and two bachelor's degrees, one in Electrical Engineering, and the other in Physics, Chemistry and Mathematics from Aligarh Muslim University (AMU). Abdul Qadeer Khan and Syed Ali Nawab are engineers from Karachi, Indian emigrants to Pakistan, Muhajir people and Recipients of Hilal-i-Imtiaz.

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Syed Muhammad Zafar

Syed Muhammad Zafar (سید محمد ظفر; 6 December 1930 – 19 October 2023) was a Pakistani human rights activist, lawyer (Senior Advocate Supreme Court), and politician who was a member of the Senate of Pakistan.

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Tariq Majid

General Tariq Majid (طارق مجید; born 23 August 1950) is a retired four-star rank army general in the Pakistan Army who served as the 13th Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee from 2007 to 2010, the principal and highest-ranking military adviser in the Pakistan Armed Forces. Abdul Qadeer Khan and Tariq Majid are Recipients of Hilal-i-Imtiaz and Recipients of Nishan-e-Imtiaz.

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Tasneem M. Shah

Tasneem Mohammad Shah (تسنیممحمد شاه.), SI, TI, was a Pakistani scientist and a prominent mathematician who has made pioneering and instrumental research and contributions to the field of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) at A. Q. Khan Research Laboratories (KRL). Abdul Qadeer Khan and Tasneem M. Shah are nuclear weapons scientists and engineers, Recipients of Hilal-i-Imtiaz, scientists from Islamabad and weapons scientists and engineers.

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Technische Universität Berlin

italic (TU Berlin; also known as Berlin Institute of Technology and Technical University of Berlin, although officially the name should not be translated) is a public research university located in Berlin, Germany.

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Technology transfer

Technology transfer (TT), also called transfer of technology (TOT), is the process of transferring (disseminating) technology from the person or organization that owns or holds it to another person or organization, in an attempt to transform inventions and scientific outcomes into new products and services that benefit society.

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Tehreek-e-Tahaffuz-e-Pakistan

Tehreek-e-Tahaffuz-e-Pakistan (TTP) (تحریک تحفظ پاکستان; Movement for the Protection of Pakistan) was a political party in Pakistan founded and led by nuclear scientist Abdul Qadeer Khan.

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The Atlantic

The Atlantic is an American magazine and multi-platform publisher.

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The Dong-A Ilbo

The Dong-A Ilbo is a daily Korean-language newspaper published in South Korea.

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The Express Tribune

The Express Tribune is a daily English-language newspaper based in Pakistan.

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The Hague

The Hague is the capital city of the South Holland province of the Netherlands.

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The Independent

The Independent is a British online newspaper.

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The News International

The News International, published in broadsheet size, is one of the largest English language newspapers in Pakistan.

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The Times of India

The Times of India, also known by its abbreviation TOI, is an Indian English-language daily newspaper and digital news media owned and managed by The Times Group.

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Thermal quantum field theory

In theoretical physics, thermal quantum field theory (thermal field theory for short) or finite temperature field theory is a set of methods to calculate expectation values of physical observables of a quantum field theory at finite temperature.

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Thermodynamic equilibrium

Thermodynamic equilibrium is an axiomatic concept of thermodynamics.

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Thermodynamics

Thermodynamics is a branch of physics that deals with heat, work, and temperature, and their relation to energy, entropy, and the physical properties of matter and radiation.

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Thermonuclear weapon

A thermonuclear weapon, fusion weapon or hydrogen bomb (H bomb) is a second-generation nuclear weapon design.

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Thesis

A thesis (theses), or dissertation (abbreviated diss.), is a document submitted in support of candidature for an academic degree or professional qualification presenting the author's research and findings.

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Timbuktu

Timbuktu (Tombouctou; Koyra Chiini: Tumbutu; Tin Bukt) is an ancient city in Mali, situated north of the Niger River.

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Time (magazine)

Time (stylized in all caps as TIME) is an American news magazine based in New York City.

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Tirah

Tirah, also spelled Terah (تیراہ), also called the Tirah Valley (د تیرا دره), is a mountainous tract located in the Orakzai District and the southern part of the Khyber District, lying between the Khyber Pass and the Khanki Valley in Pakistan.

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Trial in absentia

Trial in absentia is a criminal proceeding in a court of law in which the person being tried is not present.

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Tripoli International Airport

Tripoli International Airport is a closed international airport built to serve Tripoli, the capital city of Libya.

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Twitter

X, commonly referred to by its former name Twitter, is a social networking service.

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United Nations Monitoring, Verification and Inspection Commission

The United Nations Monitoring, Verification and Inspection Commission (UNMOVIC) was created through the adoption of United Nations Security Council resolution 1284 of 17 December 1999 and its mission lasted until June 2007.

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The United States Intelligence Community (IC) is a group of separate U.S. federal government intelligence agencies and subordinate organizations that work both separately and collectively to conduct intelligence activities which support the foreign policy and national security interests of the United States.

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Université du Québec à Montréal

The italics (UQAM), is a French-language public research university based in Montreal, Quebec, Canada.

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University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore

The University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore (UET Lahore) is a public university located in Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan specializing in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) subjects.

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University of Karachi

The University of Karachi (ڪراچی يونيورسٹی.; informally Karachi University, KU, or UoK) is a public research university located in Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan.

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Uranium hexafluoride

Uranium hexafluoride, sometimes called hex, is an inorganic compound with the formula. Uranium hexafluoride is a volatile and toxic white solid that reacts with water, releasing corrosive hydrofluoric acid. The compound reacts mildly with aluminium, forming a thin surface layer of AlF3 that resists any further reaction from the compound.

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In materials science and materials engineering, uranium metallurgy is the study of the physical and chemical behavior of uranium and its alloys.

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Uranium-234

Uranium-234 (234U or U-234) is an isotope of uranium.

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Uranium-235

Uranium-235 (235U or U-235) is an isotope of uranium making up about 0.72% of natural uranium.

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Uranium-238

Uranium-238 (238U or U-238) is the most common isotope of uranium found in nature, with a relative abundance of 99%.

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Urdu-speaking people

Native speakers of Urdu are spread across South Asia.

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Urenco Group

The Urenco Group is a British-German-Dutch nuclear fuel consortium operating several uranium enrichment plants in Germany, the Netherlands, United States, and United Kingdom.

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Uzbeks

The Uzbeks (Oʻzbek, Ўзбек,, Oʻzbeklar, Ўзбеклар) are a Turkic ethnic group native to the wider Central Asian region, being among the largest Turkic ethnic group in the area.

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VPRO

The VPRO (stylized vpro; originally an acronym for Vrijzinnig Protestantse Radio Omroep) is a Dutch public broadcaster and part of the Dutch public broadcasting system.

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Weapons of Mass Destruction Commission

The Weapons of Mass Destruction Commission (WMDC) is established on an initiative by the late Foreign Minister of Sweden, Anna Lindh, acting on a proposal by then United Nations Under-Secretary-General Jayantha Dhanapala.

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West Berlin

West Berlin (Berlin (West) or West-Berlin) was a political enclave which comprised the western part of Berlin from 1948 until 1990, during the Cold War.

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West Germany

West Germany is the common English name for the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG) from its formation on 23 May 1949 until the reunification with East Germany on 3 October 1990. The Cold War-era country is sometimes known as the Bonn Republic (Bonner Republik) after its capital city of Bonn. During the Cold War, the western portion of Germany and the associated territory of West Berlin were parts of the Western Bloc.

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Winning hearts and minds

Winning hearts and minds is a concept occasionally expressed in the resolution of war, insurgency, and other conflicts, in which one side seeks to prevail not by the use of superior force, but by making emotional or intellectual appeals to sway supporters of the other side.

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Wisconsin Project on Nuclear Arms Control

The Wisconsin Project on Nuclear Arms Control is a private non-profit, non-partisan organization, which, according to its website, "carries out research and public education designed to stop the spread of nuclear weapons, chemical/biological weapons and long-range missiles.

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References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdul_Qadeer_Khan

Also known as A Q Khan, A. Q. Khan, A.Q. Khan, AQ Khan, AQK, Abdul Kahn, Abdul Khan, Abdul Qadheer Khan, Abdul Qadir Kan, Dr. A.Q. Khan, Dr. Abdul Qadeer Khan, Mohsin-e-Pakistan.

, Doctor of Philosophy, Dr. A. Q. Khan Institute of Computer Sciences and Information Technology, Dutch language, Edward Teller, Egomania, Electron-beam welding, Elsevier, Embassy of the United States, Islamabad, Engineer's degree, English-speaking world, Enriched uranium, European Commission, European Union, Expendable launch system, Faisal Mosque, Federation of American Scientists, Financial Times, Fissile material, Foreign Policy, Foundation for Strategic Research, Freezing, Friedrich Tinner, Frits Veerman, Frontline (American TV program), Full spectrum deterrence, Gas centrifuge, Gas-filled tube, Gaseous diffusion, General Intelligence and Security Service, Ghauri (missile), Ghaznavi (missile), Ghulam Dastagir Alam, Ghulam Ishaq Khan, Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology, GlobalSecurity.org, Gold medal, Gomal University, Government of Pakistan, Graphene morphology, Gun-type fission weapon, H-8, Islamabad, Hamdard University, Hans Blix, Hanzhong, Hilal-i-Imtiaz, Hindustan Times, History Commons, History of Libya under Muammar Gaddafi, History of Pakistan, Hwasong-7, Imran Khan, India, Indo-Asian News Service, Institute for Science and International Security, Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Integrated Guided Missile Development Programme, Inter-Services Intelligence, International Atomic Energy Agency, Iran and Libya Sanctions Act, Iraq–Pakistan relations, Ishfaq Ahmad Khan, Islamabad, Islamabad High Court, Islamic World Academy of Sciences, Isotope separation, Isotopes of uranium, Javed Hashmi, Jehangir Karamat, Kahuta, Karachi, Karachi Metropolitan Corporation, Khalil Qureshi, Khan Research Laboratories, Khyber District, Khyber News, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, KU Leuven, Kuldip Nayar, Le Figaro, Legal technicality, Li Fangwei, Libya and weapons of mass destruction, List of Iranian nuclear negotiators, List of states with nuclear weapons, Local government, Lockheed C-130 Hercules, Madhya Pradesh, Magnetic field, Mainichi Shimbun, Major general, Manhattan Project, Marriage in Islam, Martensite, Master of Science, Materials science, Matriculation, Merchant ship, Metallurgy, Ministry of Education (India), Mirza Aslam Beg, Moisés Naím, Mubashir Hassan, Muhajir (Pakistan), Muhammad of Ghor, Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq, Munir Ahmad Khan, Natanz, National Security Archive, Natural uranium, Nawaiwaqt, Netherlands, Newsweek, Nickel, Nishan-e-Imtiaz, North Korea, Nuclear arms race, Nuclear espionage, Nuclear fuel cycle, Nuclear physics, Nuclear power in the Netherlands, Nuclear program of Iran, Nuclear proliferation, Nuclear Secrets, Nuclear sharing, Nuclear Threat Initiative, Nuclear weapon, Nuclear weapon design, Offshore company, Omroepvereniging VARA, Operation Brasstacks, PAF Base Nur Khan, Pakistan Academy of Sciences, Pakistan Air Force, Pakistan and weapons of mass destruction, Pakistan Army Corps of Engineers, Pakistan Observer, Pakistan Physics Society, Pakistan Television Corporation, Pakistani missile research and development program, Panama Papers (Asia), Partition of India, Pashtuns, PBS, Peace through strength, Pervez Hoodbhoy, Pervez Musharraf, Peter Finke, Phase transition, Physical chemistry, Physical metallurgy, Physics, Plutonium, Pokhran-II, Politics of the Netherlands, Presidencies and provinces of British India, Presidency of Barack Obama, Presidency of Bill Clinton, Presidency of George W. Bush, Presidency of Ronald Reagan, Pressure politics, Prime Minister of Pakistan House, Prime Minister of the Netherlands, Prime Minister's Office (Pakistan), Project-706, Rediff.com, Religious violence in India, Reservation in India, Revolutions per minute, Rigour, Rotation around a fixed axis, Ruud Lubbers, Scholarship, Scomi, Scomi Precision Engineering nuclear scandal, Separative work units, Seymour Hersh, Shaukat Aziz, Shell corporation, Sind Mail, Sir Syed University of Engineering and Technology, Smiling Buddha, Social rejection, Solid-state physics, Soviet–Afghan War, State funeral, Stork B.V., Sublimation (phase transition), Sultan Bashiruddin Mahmood, Syed Ali Nawab, Syed Muhammad Zafar, Tariq Majid, Tasneem M. Shah, Technische Universität Berlin, Technology transfer, Tehreek-e-Tahaffuz-e-Pakistan, The Atlantic, The Dong-A Ilbo, The Express Tribune, The Hague, The Independent, The News International, The Times of India, Thermal quantum field theory, Thermodynamic equilibrium, Thermodynamics, Thermonuclear weapon, Thesis, Timbuktu, Time (magazine), Tirah, Trial in absentia, Tripoli International Airport, Twitter, United Nations Monitoring, Verification and Inspection Commission, United States Intelligence Community, Université du Québec à Montréal, University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore, University of Karachi, Uranium hexafluoride, Uranium metallurgy, Uranium-234, Uranium-235, Uranium-238, Urdu-speaking people, Urenco Group, Uzbeks, VPRO, Weapons of Mass Destruction Commission, West Berlin, West Germany, Winning hearts and minds, Wisconsin Project on Nuclear Arms Control, Zembla (TV series), Zippe-type centrifuge, Zulfikar Ali Bhutto.

Abdul Qadeer Khan, the Glossary

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