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Al-Biruni, the Glossary

Abu Rayhan Muhammad ibn Ahmad al-Biruni (ابوریحان بیرونی; أبو الريحان البيروني; 973after 1050), known as al-Biruni, was a Khwarazmian Iranian scholar and polymath during the Islamic Golden Age.^[1]

Abu Bakr al-Razi

Abū Bakr al-Rāzī (full name: label),, often known as (al-)Razi or by his Latin name Rhazes, also rendered Rhasis, was a Persian physician, philosopher and alchemist who lived during the Islamic Golden Age. Al-Biruni and Abu Bakr al-Razi are Alchemists of the medieval Islamic world, Inventors of the medieval Islamic world, medieval Iranian pharmacologists and Psychology in the medieval Islamic world.

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Abu Hanifa Dinawari

Abū Ḥanīfa Aḥmad ibn Dāwūd Dīnawarī (ابوحنيفه دينوری; died 895) was an Islamic Golden Age polymath: astronomer, agriculturist, botanist, metallurgist, geographer, mathematician, and historian. Al-Biruni and Abu Hanifa Dinawari are astronomers of the medieval Islamic world.

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Abu Nasr Mansur

Abu Nasri Mansur ibn Ali ibn Iraq al-Jaʿdī (أبو نصر منصور بن علی بن عراق; c. 960 – 1036) was a Persian Muslim mathematician and astronomer. Al-Biruni and Abu Nasr Mansur are 10th-century Iranian mathematicians, 11th-century Iranian astronomers, astronomers of the medieval Islamic world, Scholars from the Ghaznavid Empire and Scientists who worked on qibla determination.

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Afghanistan

Afghanistan, officially the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan, is a landlocked country located at the crossroads of Central Asia and South Asia.

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Afrighids

The Afrighids (Khwarazmian: ʾfryḡ) were a native Khwarezmian IranianClifford Edmund Bosworth, The New Islamic Dynasties: A Chronological and Genealogical Manual, Columbia University, 1996.

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Afro-Eurasia

Afro-Eurasia (also Afroeurasia and Eurafrasia) is a landmass comprising the continents of Africa, Asia, and Europe.

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Al-Battani

Abū ʿAbd Allāh Muḥammad ibn Jābir ibn Sinān al-Raqqī al-Ḥarrānī aṣ-Ṣābiʾ al-Battānī (محمد بن جابر بن سنان البتاني), usually called al-Battānī, a name that was in the past Latinized as Albategnius, (before 858929) was an astronomer, astrologer and mathematician, who lived and worked for most of his life at Raqqa, now in Syria. Al-Biruni and al-Battani are astronomers of the medieval Islamic world and Scientists who worked on qibla determination.

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Al-Biruni (crater)

Al-Biruni is an impact crater that lies on the far side of the Moon, just beyond the eastern limb.

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Al-Ghazali

Abū Ḥāmid Muḥammad ibn Muḥammad al-Ṭūsiyy al-Ghazali (أَبُو حَامِد مُحَمَّد بْن مُحَمَّد ٱلطُّوسِيّ ٱلْغَزَّالِيّ), known commonly as Al-Ghazali (ٱلْغَزَالِيُّ;,; – 19 December 1111), known in Medieval Europe by the Latinized Algazelus or Algazel, was a Persian Sunni Muslim polymath. Al-Biruni and al-Ghazali are Asharis, critics of atheism, Islamic philosophers and Psychology in the medieval Islamic world.

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Al-Jahiz

Abu Uthman Amr ibn Bahr al-Kinani al-Basri (translit), commonly known as al-Jahiz (lit), was an Arabic polymath and author of works of literature (including theory and criticism), theology, zoology, philosophy, grammar, dialectics, rhetoric, philology, linguistics, and politico-religious polemics.

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Al-Khazini

Abū al-Fath Abd al-Rahman Mansūr al-Khāzini or simply al-Khāzini (flourished 1115–1130) was an Iranian astronomer, during the Seljuk Empire. Al-Biruni and al-Khazini are Alchemists of the medieval Islamic world, astronomers of the medieval Islamic world, Iranian chemists and Islamic philosophers.

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Al-Marzuban

Al-Marzuban or Marzuban bin Rustam of Parim (مرزبان بن رستمپریمی.), was the thirteenth ruler of the Bavand dynasty from 979 to 986.

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Al-Sijzi

Abu Sa'id Ahmed ibn Mohammed ibn Abd al-Jalil al-Sijzi (c. 945 - c. 1020, also known as al-Sinjari and al-Sijazi; ابوسعید سجزی; Al-Sijzi is short for "Al-Sijistani") was an Iranian Muslim astronomer, mathematician, and astrologer. Al-Biruni and al-Sijzi are 10th-century Iranian mathematicians, 11th-century Iranian astronomers, astronomers of the medieval Islamic world and medieval Iranian astrologers.

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Alberuni's India

Alberuni's India (تحقيق ما للهند من مقولة مقبولة في العقل أو مرذولة,, meaning: A Critical Study of Indian Doctrines, Whether Rationally Acceptable or Not) is a book written by Persian Polymath Al-Biruni about history and culture of India.

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Alparslan: Büyük Selçuklu

Alparslan: Büyük Selçuklu is a Turkish historical action drama series written by Serdar Özönalan, directed by Sedat İnci and produced by Emre Konuk.

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Ancient Greek

Ancient Greek (Ἑλληνῐκή) includes the forms of the Greek language used in ancient Greece and the ancient world from around 1500 BC to 300 BC.

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Antarctica

Antarctica is Earth's southernmost and least-populated continent.

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Anthropological Quarterly

Anthropological Quarterly is a widely read peer-reviewed journal covering topics in social and cultural anthropology.

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Anthropologist

An anthropologist is a person engaged in the practice of anthropology.

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Anthropology

Anthropology is the scientific study of humanity, concerned with human behavior, human biology, cultures, societies, and linguistics, in both the present and past, including archaic humans.

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Anthropomorphism

Anthropomorphism is the attribution of human traits, emotions, or intentions to non-human entities.

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Apsis

An apsis is the farthest or nearest point in the orbit of a planetary body about its primary body.

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Arabic

Arabic (اَلْعَرَبِيَّةُ, or عَرَبِيّ, or) is a Central Semitic language of the Afroasiatic language family spoken primarily in the Arab world.

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Aramco World

Aramco World (formerly Saudi Aramco World) is a bi-monthly magazine published by Aramco Services Company, a US-based subsidiary of Saudi Aramco, the state-owned oil company of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

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Aristotle

Aristotle (Ἀριστοτέλης Aristotélēs; 384–322 BC) was an Ancient Greek philosopher and polymath.

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Ash'arism

Ash'arism (translit) is a school of theology in Sunni Islam named after Abu al-Hasan al-Ash'ari, a Shāfiʿī jurist, reformer (mujaddid), and scholastic theologian, in the 9th–10th century. Al-Biruni and Ash'arism are Asharis.

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Astrolabe

An astrolabe (ἀστρολάβος,; ٱلأَسْطُرلاب; ستاره‌یاب) is an astronomical instrument dating to ancient times.

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Astrology

Astrology is a range of divinatory practices, recognized as pseudoscientific since the 18th century, that propose that information about human affairs and terrestrial events may be discerned by studying the apparent positions of celestial objects.

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Astronomy

Astronomy is a natural science that studies celestial objects and the phenomena that occur in the cosmos.

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Atmospheric refraction

Atmospheric refraction is the deviation of light or other electromagnetic wave from a straight line as it passes through the atmosphere due to the variation in air density as a function of height.

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Autonomous republic

An autonomous republic is a type of administrative division similar to a province or state.

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Avicenna

Ibn Sina (translit; – 22 June 1037 CE), commonly known in the West as Avicenna, was a preeminent philosopher and physician of the Muslim world, flourishing during the Islamic Golden Age, serving in the courts of various Iranian rulers. Al-Biruni and Avicenna are Alchemists of the medieval Islamic world, critics of atheism, Islamic philosophers, medieval Iranian pharmacologists and Transoxanian Islamic scholars.

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Bavand dynasty

The Bavand dynasty (also spelled Bavend), or simply the Bavandids, was an Iranian dynasty that ruled in parts of Tabaristan (present-day Mazandaran province) in what is now northern Iran from 651 until 1349, alternating between outright independence and submission as vassals to more powerful regional rulers.

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BBC

The British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) is a British public service broadcaster headquartered at Broadcasting House in London, England.

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Beruniy

Beruniy (Beruniy/Беруний; Biruniy/Бируний; Беруни) is a city in the autonomous republic of Karakalpakstan, Uzbekistan.

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Bharat Ek Khoj

Bharat Ek Khoj is a 53-episode Indian historical drama based on the book The Discovery of India (1946) by Jawaharlal Nehru that covers a 5,000-year history of the Indian subcontinent from its beginnings to independence from the British in 1947.

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Biblical Hebrew

Biblical Hebrew (rtl ʿīḇrîṯ miqrāʾîṯ or rtl ləšôn ham-miqrāʾ), also called Classical Hebrew, is an archaic form of the Hebrew language, a language in the Canaanitic branch of the Semitic languages spoken by the Israelites in the area known as the Land of Israel, roughly west of the Jordan River and east of the Mediterranean Sea.

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Biruni Island

Biruni Island (ostrov Biruni) is the rocky island off the north coast of Elephant Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica 450 m long in southwest–northeast direction and 150 m wide, with a surface area of 3.59 ha.

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Brill Publishers

Brill Academic Publishers, also known as E. J. Brill, Koninklijke Brill, Brill, is a Dutch international academic publisher of books and journals.

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British Library

The British Library is a research library in London that is the national library of the United Kingdom.

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British Raj

The British Raj (from Hindustani, 'reign', 'rule' or 'government') was the rule of the British Crown on the Indian subcontinent,.

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Buddhism

Buddhism, also known as Buddha Dharma and Dharmavinaya, is an Indian religion and philosophical tradition based on teachings attributed to the Buddha, a wandering teacher who lived in the 6th or 5th century BCE.

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Bukhara

Bukhara (Uzbek; بخارا) is the seventh-largest city in Uzbekistan by population, with 280,187 residents.

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Cambridge University Press

Cambridge University Press is the university press of the University of Cambridge.

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Chemistry

Chemistry is the scientific study of the properties and behavior of matter.

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Chronology

Chronology (from Latin chronologia, from Ancient Greek χρόνος, chrónos, "time"; and -λογία, -logia) is the science of arranging events in their order of occurrence in time.

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Comparative religion

Comparative religion is the branch of the study of religions with the systematic comparison of the doctrines and practices, themes and impacts (including migration) of the world's religions.

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Comparative sociology

Comparative sociology involves comparison of the social processes between nation states, or across different types of society (for example capitalist and socialist).

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Cubit

The cubit is an ancient unit of length based on the distance from the elbow to the tip of the middle finger.

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Doordarshan

Doordarshan (abbreviated as DD) is an Indian state-owned public television broadcaster founded by the Government of India, owned by the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting and one of Prasar Bharati's two divisions.

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Earth's circumference

Earth's circumference is the distance around Earth.

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Empiricism

In philosophy, empiricism is an epistemological view which holds that true knowledge or justification comes only or primarily from sensory experience and empirical evidence.

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Encyclopædia Iranica

Encyclopædia Iranica is a project whose goal is to create a comprehensive and authoritative English-language encyclopedia about the history, culture, and civilization of Iranian peoples from prehistory to modern times.

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Eurasia

Eurasia is the largest continental area on Earth, comprising all of Europe and Asia.

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Fiqh

Fiqh (فقه) is Islamic jurisprudence.

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Geodesy

Geodesy or geodetics is the science of measuring and representing the geometry, gravity, and spatial orientation of the Earth in temporally varying 3D.

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Geography

Geography (from Ancient Greek γεωγραφία; combining 'Earth' and 'write') is the study of the lands, features, inhabitants, and phenomena of Earth.

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Ghaznavids

The Ghaznavid dynasty (غزنویان Ġaznaviyān) or the Ghaznavid Empire was a Persianate Muslim dynasty and empire of Turkic mamluk origin, ruling at its greatest extent from the Oxus to the Indus Valley from 977 to 1186.

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Ghazni

Ghazni (غزنی, غزني), historically known as Ghaznayn (غزنين) or Ghazna (غزنه), also transliterated as Ghuznee, and anciently known as Alexandria in Opiana (Αλεξάνδρεια Ωπιανή), is a city in southeastern Afghanistan with a population of around 190,000 people.

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Harvard University Press

Harvard University Press (HUP) is a publishing house established on January 13, 1913, as a division of Harvard University, and focused on academic publishing.

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Hindu calendar

The Hindu calendar, also called Panchanga, is one of various lunisolar calendars that are traditionally used in the Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia, with further regional variations for social and Hindu religious purposes.

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Hinduism

Hinduism is an Indian religion or dharma, a religious and universal order by which its followers abide.

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Hindus

Hindus (also known as Sanātanīs) are people who religiously adhere to Hinduism, also known by its endonym Sanātana Dharma.

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Hydrostatic equilibrium

In fluid mechanics, hydrostatic equilibrium (hydrostatic balance, hydrostasy) is the condition of a fluid or plastic solid at rest, which occurs when external forces, such as gravity, are balanced by a pressure-gradient force.

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Indian astronomy

Indian astronomy refers to astronomy practiced in the Indian subcontinent.

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Indian subcontinent

The Indian subcontinent is a physiographical region in Southern Asia, mostly situated on the Indian Plate, projecting southwards into the Indian Ocean from the Himalayas.

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Indology

Indology, also known as South Asian studies, is the academic study of the history and cultures, languages, and literature of the Indian subcontinent, and as such is a subset of Asian studies.

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Internet Archive

The Internet Archive is an American nonprofit digital library founded in 1996 by Brewster Kahle.

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Iran

Iran, officially the Islamic Republic of Iran (IRI), also known as Persia, is a country in West Asia. It borders Turkey to the northwest and Iraq to the west, Azerbaijan, Armenia, the Caspian Sea, and Turkmenistan to the north, Afghanistan to the east, Pakistan to the southeast, the Gulf of Oman and the Persian Gulf to the south.

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Iranian peoples

The Iranian peoples or Iranic peoples are a diverse grouping of peoples who are identified by their usage of the Iranian languages (branch of the Indo-European languages) and other cultural similarities.

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Irrfan Khan

Irrfan Khan (born Sahabzade Irfan Ali Khan; 7 January 196729 April 2020) was an Indian actor who worked in Indian cinema as well as British and American films.

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Isis (journal)

Isis is a quarterly peer-reviewed academic journal published by the University of Chicago Press.

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Islam

Islam (al-Islām) is an Abrahamic monotheistic religion centered on the Quran and the teachings of Muhammad, the religion's founder.

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Islam and astrology

Astrology refers to the study of the movements and relative positions of celestial bodies interpreted as having an influence on human affairs and the natural world.

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Islamic Golden Age

The Islamic Golden Age was a period of scientific, economic and cultural flourishing in the history of Islam, traditionally dated from the 8th century to the 13th century.

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Islamic philosophy

Islamic philosophy is philosophy that emerges from the Islamic tradition.

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Jabriyya

Jabriyya (also spelled Jabriyyah, Djabriyya or Jabriyah) was an Islamic theological group based on the belief that humans are controlled by predestination, without having choice or free will.

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Karakalpakstan

Karakalpakstan, officially the Republic of Karakalpakstan, is an autonomous republic of Uzbekistan.

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Khwarazm

Khwarazm (Hwârazmiya; خوارزم, Xwârazm or Xârazm) or Chorasmia is a large oasis region on the Amu Darya river delta in western Central Asia, bordered on the north by the (former) Aral Sea, on the east by the Kyzylkum Desert, on the south by the Karakum Desert, and on the west by the Ustyurt Plateau.

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Khwarezmian language

Khwārezmian (Khwarezmian: transl, zβ'k 'y xw'rzm; also transliterated Khwarazmian, Chorasmian, Khorezmian) is an extinct Eastern Iranian language closely related to Sogdian.

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Latinisation of names

Latinisation (or Latinization) of names, also known as onomastic Latinisation, is the practice of rendering a non-Latin name in a modern Latin style.

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Lexicography

Lexicography is the study of lexicons, and is divided into two separate academic disciplines.

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Linguistics

Linguistics is the scientific study of language.

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Ma'munids

The Maʾmunids (مأمونیان) were an independent dynasty of Iranian rulers in Khwarazm.

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Mahmud of Ghazni

Abu al-Qasim Mahmud ibn Sabuktigin (translit; 2 November 971 – 30 April 1030), usually known as Mahmud of Ghazni or Mahmud Ghaznavi (محمود غزنوی), was Sultan of the Ghaznavid Empire, ruling from 998 to 1030.

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Mansur II

Abu'l-Harith Mansur II (منصور دومسامانی) was Amir of the Samanids (997–999).

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Maturidism

Maturidism (translit) is a school of theology in Sunni Islam named after Abu Mansur al-Maturidi.

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Mean radius

The mean radius (or sometimes the volumetric mean radius) in astronomy is a measure for the size of planets and small Solar System bodies.

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Mechanics

Mechanics (from Ancient Greek: μηχανική, mēkhanikḗ, "of machines") is the area of physics concerned with the relationships between force, matter, and motion among physical objects.

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Mu'tazilism

Mu'tazilism (translit, singular translit) was an Islamic sect that appeared in early Islamic history and flourished in Basra and Baghdad.

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Nandana Fort

Nandana Fort or Nandna Fort (نندنا) was a fort built at strategic location on a hilly range on the eastern flanks of the Salt Range in Punjab.

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Natural science

Natural science is one of the branches of science concerned with the description, understanding and prediction of natural phenomena, based on empirical evidence from observation and experimentation.

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New York University Press

New York University Press (or NYU Press) is a university press that is part of New York University.

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Nuh II

Nuh II (نوح, r. 13 June 976–22 July 997) was amir of the Samanids (976–997).

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Omar Khayyam

Ghiyāth al-Dīn Abū al-Fatḥ ʿUmar ibn Ibrāhīm Nīsābūrī (18 May 1048 – 4 December 1131), commonly known as Omar Khayyam (عمر خیّام), was a Persian polymath, known for his contributions to mathematics, astronomy, philosophy, and poetry. Al-Biruni and Omar Khayyam are 11th-century Iranian astronomers, 11th-century Persian-language writers and astronomers of the medieval Islamic world.

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Oxford University Press

Oxford University Press (OUP) is the publishing house of the University of Oxford.

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Pakistan

Pakistan, officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country in South Asia.

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Patanjali

Patanjali (पतञ्जलि) also called Gonardiya or Gonikaputra, was a Hindu author, mystic and philosopher.

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Persian language

Persian, also known by its endonym Farsi (Fārsī|), is a Western Iranian language belonging to the Iranian branch of the Indo-Iranian subdivision of the Indo-European languages.

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Pharmacopoeia

A pharmacopoeia, pharmacopeia, or pharmacopoea (from the obsolete typography pharmacopœia, meaning "drug-making"), in its modern technical sense, is a book containing directions for the identification of compound medicines, and published by the authority of a government or a medical or pharmaceutical society.

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Physics

Physics is the natural science of matter, involving the study of matter, its fundamental constituents, its motion and behavior through space and time, and the related entities of energy and force.

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Pind Dadan Khan

Pind Dadan Khan (P.D. Khan), a city in Jhelum District, Punjab, Pakistan, is the capital of Pind Dadan Khan Tehsil, which is an administrative subdivision of the district.

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Polymath

A polymath (lit; lit) or polyhistor (lit) is an individual whose knowledge spans many different subjects, known to draw on complex bodies of knowledge to solve specific problems.

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Pseudoscience

Pseudoscience consists of statements, beliefs, or practices that claim to be both scientific and factual but are incompatible with the scientific method.

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Psychology

Psychology is the scientific study of mind and behavior.

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Ptolemy

Claudius Ptolemy (Πτολεμαῖος,; Claudius Ptolemaeus; AD) was an Alexandrian mathematician, astronomer, astrologer, geographer, and music theorist who wrote about a dozen scientific treatises, three of which were important to later Byzantine, Islamic, and Western European science.

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Qabus

Qabus ibn Wushmagir (full name: Abol-Hasan Qābūs ibn Wušmagīr ibn Ziyar Sams al-maʿālī, ابوالحسن قابوس بن وشمگیر بن زیار, شمس‌المعالی; (died 1012) (r. 977–981; 997–1012) was the Ziyarid ruler of Gurgan and Tabaristan in medieval Iran.

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Quadrant (instrument)

A quadrant is an instrument used to measure angles up to 90°.

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Quadrivium

From the time of Plato through the Middle Ages, the quadrivium (plural: quadrivia) was a grouping of four subjects or arts—arithmetic, geometry, music, and astronomy—that formed a second curricular stage following preparatory work in the trivium, consisting of grammar, logic, and rhetoric.

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Ray, Iran

Shahre Ray, Shahr-e Ray, Shahre Rey, or Shahr-e Rey (Ŝahr-e Rey) or simply Ray or Rey (ری), is the capital of Rey County in Tehran Province, Iran.

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Relative density

Relative density, also called specific gravity, is a dimensionless quantity defined as the ratio of the density (mass of a unit volume) of a substance to the density of a given reference material.

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Routledge

Routledge is a British multinational publisher.

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Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland

The Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland (RAI) is a long-established anthropological organisation, and Learned Society, with a global membership.

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Samanid Empire

The Samanid Empire (Sāmāniyān), also known as the Samanian Empire, Samanid dynasty, Samanid amirate, or simply as the Samanids, was a Persianate Sunni Muslim empire, of Iranian dehqan origin.

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Sanskrit

Sanskrit (attributively संस्कृत-,; nominally संस्कृतम्) is a classical language belonging to the Indo-Aryan branch of the Indo-European languages.

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Scholars Pavilion

Scholars Pavilion or Scholars Chartagi is a monument donated by the nation of Iran to the United Nations Office at Vienna.

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Schools of Islamic theology

Schools of Islamic theology are various Islamic schools and branches in different schools of thought regarding creed.

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Scientific method

The scientific method is an empirical method for acquiring knowledge that has characterized the development of science since at least the 17th century.

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Scratch hardness

Scratch hardness refers to the hardness of a material in terms of resistance to scratches and abrasion by a harder material forcefully drawn over its surface.

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Soviet Union

The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), commonly known as the Soviet Union, was a transcontinental country that spanned much of Eurasia from 1922 to 1991.

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Springer Nature

Springer Nature or the Springer Nature Group is a German-British academic publishing company created by the May 2015 merger of Springer Science+Business Media and Holtzbrinck Publishing Group's Nature Publishing Group, Palgrave Macmillan, and Macmillan Education.

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Springer Science+Business Media, commonly known as Springer, is a German multinational publishing company of books, e-books and peer-reviewed journals in science, humanities, technical and medical (STM) publishing.

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Sunni Islam

Sunni Islam is the largest branch of Islam, followed by 85–90% of the world's Muslims, and simultaneously the largest religious denomination in the world.

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SUNY Press

The State University of New York Press (more commonly referred to as the SUNY Press) is a university press affiliated with the State University of New York system.

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Syriac language

The Syriac language (Leššānā Suryāyā), also known natively in its spoken form in early Syriac literature as Edessan (Urhāyā), the Mesopotamian language (Nahrāyā) and Aramaic (Aramāyā), is an Eastern Middle Aramaic dialect. Classical Syriac is the academic term used to refer to the dialect's literary usage and standardization, distinguishing it from other Aramaic dialects also known as 'Syriac' or 'Syrian'.

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Tabaristan

Tabaristan or Tabarestan (Ṭabarestān, or Tabarestun, ultimately from Middle Persian:, Tapur(i)stān), was a mountainous region located on the Caspian coast of northern Iran.

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The Remaining Signs of Past Centuries

The Remaining Signs of Past Centuries (کتاب الآثار الباقية عن القرون الخالية.), also known as Chronology of Ancient Nations or Vestiges of the Past, after the translation published by Eduard Sachau in 1879) by Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī is a comparative study of the calendrical timekeeping of different cultures and civilizations, supported by mathematical, astronomical, and historical research.

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TRT 1

TRT 1 (TRT One) is the first Turkish national television channel, owned by state broadcaster TRT.

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Turkification

Turkification, Turkization, or Turkicization (Türkleştirme) describes a shift whereby populations or places received or adopted Turkic attributes such as culture, language, history, or ethnicity.

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United Nations Information Service Vienna

The United Nations Information Service Vienna (UNIS Vienna) is part of a 63-strong network of United Nations Information Centres spanning the globe, which are part of the United Nations Department of Public Information.

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United Nations Office at Vienna

The United Nations Office at Vienna (UNOV) is one of the four major office sites of the United Nations where numerous different UN agencies have a joint presence.

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University of Chicago Press

The University of Chicago Press is the university press of the University of Chicago, a private research university in Chicago, Illinois.

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Uzbekistan

Uzbekistan, officially the Republic of Uzbekistan, is a doubly landlocked country located in Central Asia.

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Vienna International Centre

The Vienna International Centre (VIC) is the campus and building complex hosting the United Nations Office at Vienna (UNOV; in Büro der Vereinten Nationen in Wien).

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Wise old man

The wise old man (also called senex, '''sage''' or '''sophos''') is an archetype as described by Carl Jung, as well as a classic literary figure, and may be seen as a stock character.

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Yoga Sutras of Patanjali

The Yoga Sutras of Patañjali (IAST: Patañjali yoga-sūtras) is a collection of Sanskrit sutras (aphorisms) on the theory and practice of yoga – 195 sutras (according to Vyāsa and Krishnamacharya) and 196 sutras (according to others, including BKS Iyengar).

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Zakariya al-Qazwini

Zakariyya' al-Qazwini (أبو يحيى زكرياء بن محمد بن محمود القزويني), also known as Qazvini (قزوینی), (born in Qazvin, Iran and died 1283), was a cosmographer and geographer.

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Ziyarid dynasty

The Ziyarid dynasty (زیاریان) was an Iranian dynasty of Gilaki origin that ruled Tabaristan from 931 to 1090 during the Iranian Intermezzo period.

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Zoroastrianism

Zoroastrianism (Din-e Zartoshti), also known as Mazdayasna and Behdin, is an Iranian religion.

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9936 Al-Biruni

9936 Al-Biruni, provisional designation, is a carbonaceous asteroid from the outer region of the asteroid belt, approximately 24 kilometers in diameter.

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References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Biruni

Also known as Abou-Ryhan, Abu 'l-Rayhan al-Biruni, Abu Arrayhan Muhammad ibn Ahmad al-Biruni, Abu Arrayhan al-Biruni, Abu Rayhan, Abu Rayhan Al-Biruni, Abu Rayhan Biruni, Abu Rayhan Muhammad ibn Ahmad Al-Biruni, Abu al Biruni, Abu al-Rayhan Muhammad ibn al-Biruni, Abu ar-Rayhan Muhammad ibn Ahmad al-Biruni, Abu raihan, Abu raihan biruni, Abu reihan, Abu reihan birooni, Abu-Raihan Biruni, Abu-Rayhan Beruni, Abu-Rayhan Biruni, Abu-Reyhan Biruni, Abureihan, Abū Rayhān Bīrūnī, Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī, Abū Rayḥān Al-Bīrūnī, Abū Rayḥān Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad Bīrūnī, Abū al-Rayhān Muhammad ibn Ahm mad al-Bīrū, Abū al-Rayhān al-Bīrūnī, Abū al-Rayḥān al-Bīrūnī, Al Barauni, Al Bayroni, Al Beruni, Al Biruni, Al-Barauni, Al-Beroni, Al-Beruni, Al-Bīrūnī, Alberonius, Alberuni, Albiruni, Albērūnī, Beruni, Biruni, Biruni (language), Biruni Native Language, Medieval mathematician prediction, Muhammad Ibn Ahmad Al-Bayrouni.

, Earth's circumference, Empiricism, Encyclopædia Iranica, Eurasia, Fiqh, Geodesy, Geography, Ghaznavids, Ghazni, Harvard University Press, Hindu calendar, Hinduism, Hindus, Hydrostatic equilibrium, Indian astronomy, Indian subcontinent, Indology, Internet Archive, Iran, Iranian peoples, Irrfan Khan, Isis (journal), Islam, Islam and astrology, Islamic Golden Age, Islamic philosophy, Jabriyya, Karakalpakstan, Khwarazm, Khwarezmian language, Latinisation of names, Lexicography, Linguistics, Ma'munids, Mahmud of Ghazni, Mansur II, Maturidism, Mean radius, Mechanics, Mu'tazilism, Nandana Fort, Natural science, New York University Press, Nuh II, Omar Khayyam, Oxford University Press, Pakistan, Patanjali, Persian language, Pharmacopoeia, Physics, Pind Dadan Khan, Polymath, Pseudoscience, Psychology, Ptolemy, Qabus, Quadrant (instrument), Quadrivium, Ray, Iran, Relative density, Routledge, Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland, Samanid Empire, Sanskrit, Scholars Pavilion, Schools of Islamic theology, Scientific method, Scratch hardness, Soviet Union, Springer Nature, Springer Science+Business Media, Sunni Islam, SUNY Press, Syriac language, Tabaristan, The Remaining Signs of Past Centuries, TRT 1, Turkification, United Nations Information Service Vienna, United Nations Office at Vienna, University of Chicago Press, Uzbekistan, Vienna International Centre, Wise old man, Yoga Sutras of Patanjali, Zakariya al-Qazwini, Ziyarid dynasty, Zoroastrianism, 9936 Al-Biruni.

Al-Biruni, the Glossary

Table of Contents

See also

10th-century Iranian mathematicians

11th-century Arabic-language writers

11th-century Iranian astronomers

11th-century Iranian geographers

11th-century Iranian historians

11th-century Iranian philosophers

11th-century Iranian scientists

11th-century Persian-language writers