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Ancient Aleppo, the Glossary

The Ancient City of Aleppo (Madīnat Ḥalab al-Qadīma) is the historic city centre of Aleppo, Syria.^[1]

197 relations: Abbasid Caliphate, Achaemenid Empire, Acropolis, Adli Qudsi, Aga Khan Foundation, Aga Khan Historic Cities Programme, Akkadian Empire, Al-Adiliyah Mosque, Al-Ahmadiyah Madrasa, Al-Firdaws Madrasa, Al-Halawiyah Madrasa, Al-Jdayde, Al-Kameliyah Madrasa, Al-Kamil, Al-Madina Souq, Al-Muqaddamiyah Madrasa, Al-Otrush Mosque, Al-Qaiqan Mosque, Al-Saffahiyah Mosque, Al-Sahibiyah Mosque, Al-Shadbakhtiyah Madrasa, Al-Sharafiyah Madrasa, Al-Shibani Church, Al-Shuaibiyah Mosque, Al-Sultaniyah Madrasa, Al-Tawashi Mosque, Al-Turantaiyah Madrasa, Al-Uthmaniyah Madrasa (Aleppo), Al-Walid I, Al-Zahiriyah Madrasa, Aleppo, Aleppo Codex, Aleppo soap, Alexander the Great, Altun Bogha Mosque, Amorites, An-Nasir Yusuf, Anatolian hieroglyphs, Ancient Aleppo, Ancient Egypt, Ancient Rome, André Gutton, Arab Kingdom of Syria, Arameans, Armenian Apostolic Church, Armenian language, Armi (Syria), Arpad, Syria, Artuqids, Assyrian people, ... Expand index (147 more) »
Amorite cities
Architecture in Syria
Historic sites in Syria
History of Aleppo
Neighborhoods of Aleppo
World Heritage Sites in Syria

Abbasid Caliphate

The Abbasid Caliphate or Abbasid Empire (translit) was the third caliphate to succeed the Islamic prophet Muhammad.

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The Achaemenid Empire or Achaemenian Empire, also known as the Persian Empire or First Persian Empire (𐎧𐏁𐏂), was an ancient Iranian empire founded by Cyrus the Great of the Achaemenid dynasty in 550 BC.

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Acropolis

An acropolis was the settlement of an upper part of an ancient Greek city, especially a citadel, and frequently a hill with precipitous sides, mainly chosen for purposes of defense.

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Adli Qudsi

Adli Qudsi (1940 – 2018) was an architect known for his efforts in the reconstruction and preservation of the ancient city of Aleppo, Syria.

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Aga Khan Foundation

The Aga Khan Foundation (AKF) is a private, not-for-profit international development agency, which was founded in 1967 by Shah Karim Al Hussaini, Aga Khan IV, the 49th Hereditary Imam of the Shia Ismaili Muslims.

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Aga Khan Historic Cities Programme

The Historic Cities Programme (HCP) of the Aga Khan Trust for Culture (AKTC) promotes the conservation and re-use of buildings and public spaces in historic cities of the Muslim world.

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Akkadian Empire

The Akkadian Empire was the first known ancient empire of Mesopotamia, succeeding the long-lived civilization of Sumer.

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Al-Adiliyah Mosque

Al-Adiliyah Mosque (Jāmiʿ al-ʿAdilīyah, Adliye Camii) or Dukaginzâde Mehmed Pasha mosque was a külliye in Aleppo, located to the southwest of the Citadel, in "Al-Jalloum" district of the ancient city, few meters away from Al-Saffahiyah mosque.

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Al-Ahmadiyah Madrasa

Al-Ahmadiyah Madrasa is a madrasah complex in old Aleppo, Syria.

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Al-Firdaws Madrasa

Al-Firdaws Madrasa, also known as School of Paradise, is a 13th-century complex located southwest of Bab al-Maqam in Aleppo, Syria and consists of a madrasa, mausoleum and other functional spaces.

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Al-Halawiyah Madrasa

Al-Halawiyah Madrasa is a madrasah complex located in al-Jalloum district of the Ancient city of Aleppo, Syria.

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Al-Jdayde

Al-Jdayde (جديدة, also transliterated as al-Jdeideh, al-Judayda, al-Jdeïdé or al-Jadida) is a historic predominantly Christian neighbourhood of Aleppo.

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Al-Kameliyah Madrasa

Al-Kamiliyah Madrasa is a madrasah complex in Aleppo, Syria.

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Al-Kamil

Al-Kamil (الكامل; full name: al-Malik al-Kamil Naser ad-Din Abu al-Ma'ali Muhammad; – 6 March 1238) was a Kurdish Muslim ruler and the fourth Ayyubid sultan of Egypt.

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Al-Madina Souq

Al-Madina Souq (Sūq al-Madīna) is the covered souq-market located at the heart of the Syrian city of Aleppo within the walled ancient part of the city. Ancient Aleppo and al-Madina Souq are architecture in Syria and historic sites in Syria.

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Al-Muqaddamiyah Madrasa

Al-Muqaddamiyah Madrasa is a madrasah complex in Aleppo, Syria.

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Al-Otrush Mosque

Al-Otrush Mosque (Jāmiʿ al-ʾUṭrūš) also known as Demirdash Mosque, is a mosque in the Syrian city of Aleppo, located at the south of the Citadel, in "al-A'jam" district of the Ancient City, few meters away from Al-Sultaniyah Madrasa.

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Al-Qaiqan Mosque

Al-Qaiqan Mosque (lit) is one of the oldest surviving mosques in Aleppo, Syria.

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Al-Saffahiyah Mosque

The Al-Saffahiyah Mosque (Jāmiʿ as-Saffāḥīyah) is a mosque in Aleppo, located to the south-west of the Citadel, at "Al-Jalloum" district of the ancient city, to the east of Al-Shibani Church-School.

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Al-Sahibiyah Mosque

Al-Sahibiyah Mosque (Jāmiʿ aṣ-Ṣāhibīyah) also known as Fustoq mosque ('جَامِع فُسْتُق' or 'جَامِع فُسْتَق', 'Jāmiʿ Fustaq' or 'Jāmiʿ Fustuq'), is a 14th-century mosque in Aleppo, Syria.

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Al-Shadbakhtiyah Madrasa

Al-Shadbakhtiyah Madrasa is a 12th-century madrasah complex in Aleppo, Syria.

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Al-Sharafiyah Madrasa

Al-Sharafiyah Madrasa is a madrasah complex in Aleppo, Syria.

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Al-Shibani Church

Al-Shibani Church (Kanīsa aš-Šībānī), also known as al-Shibani School (Madrasa aš-Šībānī), is a 12th-century religious and cultural centre located in al-Jalloum district of the Ancient City of Aleppo, Syria.

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Al-Shuaibiyah Mosque

Al-Shuaibiyah Mosque (Jāmiʿ aš-Šuʿaybīyah) also known as al-Omari (al-Jāmiʿ al-ʿUmarī), al-Tuteh (Jāmiʿ at-Tūtah) and al-Atras mosque (Jāmiʿ al-ʾAtrās), is the oldest mosque in Aleppo, Syria.

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Al-Sultaniyah Madrasa

Al-Sultaniyah Madrasa, is a madrasah complex located across from the Citadel entrance in the Ancient city of Aleppo, Syria.

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Al-Tawashi Mosque

Al-Tawashi Mosque (Jāmiʿ aṭ-Ṭawāšī), is one of the historical mosques in Aleppo, Syria, dating back to the Mamluk period.

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Al-Turantaiyah Madrasa

Al-Turantaiyah Madrasa is a madrasah complex in Aleppo, Syria.

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Al-Uthmaniyah Madrasa (Aleppo)

Al-Uthmaniyah Madrasa is a madrasah complex in Aleppo, Syria.

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Al-Walid I

Al-Walid ibn Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan (al-Walīd ibn ʿAbd al-Malik ibn Marwān; – 23 February 715), commonly known as al-Walid I (الوليد الأول), was the sixth Umayyad caliph, ruling from October 705 until his death in 715.

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Al-Zahiriyah Madrasa

Al-Zahiriyah Madrasa is a 13th-century madrasah complex in Aleppo, Syria.

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Aleppo

Aleppo (ﺣَﻠَﺐ, ALA-LC) is a city in Syria, which serves as the capital of the Aleppo Governorate, the most populous governorate of Syria. Ancient Aleppo and Aleppo are Amorite cities and world Heritage Sites in Syria.

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Aleppo Codex

The Aleppo Codex (כֶּתֶר אֲרָם צוֹבָא, romanized:, lit. 'Crown of Aleppo') is a medieval bound manuscript of the Hebrew Bible.

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Aleppo soap

Aleppo soap (also known as savon d'Alep, laurel soap, Syrian soap, or ghar soap, the Arabic word, meaning 'laurel') is a handmade, hard bar soap associated with the city of Aleppo, Syria.

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Alexander the Great

Alexander III of Macedon (Alexandros; 20/21 July 356 BC – 10/11 June 323 BC), most commonly known as Alexander the Great, was a king of the ancient Greek kingdom of Macedon.

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Altun Bogha Mosque

Altun Bogha Mosque (Jāmiʿ ʾAltūnbūḡā) is one of the oldest mosques in Aleppo, Syria.

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Amorites

The Amorites (author-link, Pl. XXVIII e+i|MAR.TU; Amurrūm or Tidnum Tidnum; ʾĔmōrī; Ἀμορραῖοι) were an ancient Northwest Semitic-speaking Bronze Age people from the Levant.

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An-Nasir Yusuf

An-Nasir Yusuf (الناصر يوسف; AD 1228–1260), fully al-Malik al-Nasir Salah al-Din Yusuf ibn al-Aziz ibn al-Zahir ibn Salah al-Din Yusuf ibn Ayyub ibn Shazy (الملك الناصر صلاح الدين يوسف بن الظاهر بن العزيز بن صلاح الدين يوسف بن أيوب بن شاذى), was the Ayyubid Kurdish Emir of Syria from his seat in Aleppo (1236–1260), and the Sultan of the Ayyubid Empire from 1250 until the sack of Aleppo by the Mongols in 1260.

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Anatolian hieroglyphs

Anatolian hieroglyphs are an indigenous logographic script native to central Anatolia, consisting of some 500 signs.

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Ancient Aleppo

The Ancient City of Aleppo (Madīnat Ḥalab al-Qadīma) is the historic city centre of Aleppo, Syria. Ancient Aleppo and Ancient Aleppo are Amorite cities, Arabic architecture, architecture in Syria, historic sites in Syria, history of Aleppo, Neighborhoods of Aleppo, world Heritage Sites in Danger and world Heritage Sites in Syria.

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Ancient Egypt

Ancient Egypt was a civilization of ancient Northeast Africa.

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Ancient Rome

In modern historiography, ancient Rome is the Roman civilisation from the founding of the Italian city of Rome in the 8th century BC to the collapse of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century AD.

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André Gutton

André Gutton (8 January 1904 – 10 November 2002) was a French architect.

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Arab Kingdom of Syria

The Arab Kingdom of Syria (المملكة العربية السورية) was a self-proclaimed, unrecognized monarchy existing briefly in the territory of historical Syria.

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Arameans

The Arameans, or Aramaeans (𐤀𐤓𐤌𐤉𐤀,,; אֲרַמִּים; Ἀραμαῖοι; ܐܪ̈ܡܝܐ), were a tribal Semitic people in the ancient Near East, first documented in historical sources from the late 12th century BC.

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Armenian Apostolic Church

The Armenian Apostolic Church (translit) is the national church of Armenia.

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Armenian language

Armenian (endonym) is an Indo-European language and the sole member of the independent branch of the Armenian language family.

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Armi (Syria)

Armi, was an important Bronze Age city-kingdom during the late third millennium BC located in northern Syria, or in southern Anatolia, Turkey, at the region of Cilicia. Ancient Aleppo and Armi (Syria) are history of Aleppo.

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Arpad, Syria

Arpad (ʾrpd; ʾArpaḏ or label; modern Tell Rifaat, Syria) was an ancient Aramaean Syro-Hittite city located in north-western Syria, north of Aleppo.

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Artuqids

The Artuqid dynasty (alternatively Artukid, Ortoqid, or Ortokid;, pl.) was established in 1102 as an Anatolian Beylik (Principality) of the Seljuk Empire.

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Assyrian people

Assyrians are an indigenous ethnic group native to Mesopotamia, a geographical region in West Asia.

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Ayyubid dynasty

The Ayyubid dynasty (الأيوبيون; Eyûbiyan), also known as the Ayyubid Sultanate, was the founding dynasty of the medieval Sultanate of Egypt established by Saladin in 1171, following his abolition of the Fatimid Caliphate of Egypt.

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Az-Zahir Ghazi

Al-Malik az-Zahir Ghiyath ud-din Ghazi ibn Yusuf ibn Ayyub (commonly known as az-Zahir Ghazi; 1172 – 8 October 1216) was the Kurdish Ayyubid emir of Aleppo between 1186 and 1216.

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Šuppiluliuma I

Šuppiluliuma I, also Suppiluliuma or Suppiluliumas was an ancient Hittite king (r. –1322 BC).

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Bab al-Ahmar

Bab al-Ahmar (Bāb al-ʾAḥmar) meaning the Red Gate, was one of the nine historical gates of the Ancient City of Aleppo, Syria.

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Bab al-Faraj (Aleppo)

Bab al-Faraj (Bāb al-Faraj or Bāb al-Faraǧ), meaning the Gate of Deliverance or Bab al-Faradis was one of the 9 main gates of the ancient city walls of Aleppo, Syria.

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Bab al-Faraj Clock Tower

Bab al-Faraj Clock Tower (برج ساعة باب الفرج) is one of the main landmarks of Aleppo, Syria.

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Bab al-Hadid

Bab al-Hadid (Bāb al-Ḥadīd) meaning the Iron Gate of Victory, is one of the nine historical gates of the Ancient City of Aleppo, Syria.

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Bab al-Jinan

Bab al-Jinan (Bāb al-Jinān), meaning the Gate of Gardens, was one of the gates of Aleppo that used to lead to gardens on the banks of the Quwēq river.

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Bab al-Maqam

Bab al-Maqam (Bāb al-Maqām), meaning the Gate of Maqam is one of the Gates of Aleppo.

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Bab al-Nairab

Bab al-Nairab (Bāb an-Nayrab, also spelled Bab al-Nayrab) meaning the "Gate of al-Nayrab", was one of the nine historical gates of the Ancient City of Aleppo in northern Syria, but has since disappeared. Ancient Aleppo and Bab al-Nairab are Neighborhoods of Aleppo.

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Bab al-Nasr (Aleppo)

Bab al-Nasr (Bāb an-Naṣr) meaning the Gate of Victory, is one of the nine historical gates of the Ancient City of Aleppo, Syria.

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Bab Antakeya

Bāb Antakiya (Bāb ʾAnṭākīyah, Aleppo Arabic:, "Gate of Antioch") is a critical defense gate in Aleppo, and protects the city from the west.

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Bab Qinnasrin

Bab Qinnasrin (Bāb Qinnasrīn), meaning the Gate of Qinnasrin is one of the gates of the medieval Old City of Aleppo in northern Syria.

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Balai of Qenneshrin

Balai of Qenneshrin (ܒܠܝ ܕܩܢܫܪܝܢ) was a Syriac poet who lived in Qenneshrin (Chalcis) in the early fifth century.

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Baratarna

Barattarna, Parattarna, Paršatar, or Parshatatar is the first known King of Mitanni and is considered to have reigned, as per middle chronology between c. 1510 and 1490 BC by J. A. Belmonte-Marin quoting H. Klengel.

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Battle of Aleppo (2012–2016)

The Battle of Aleppo (Maʿrakat Ḥalab) was a major military confrontation in Aleppo, the largest city in Syria, between the Syrian opposition (including the Free Syrian Army (FSA) and other largely-Sunni groups, such as the Levant Front and the al-Qaeda-affiliated al-Nusra Front) against the Syrian government, supported by Hezbollah, Shia militias and Russia, and against the Kurdish-majority People's Protection Units (YPG).

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Bazaar

A bazaar or souk is a marketplace consisting of multiple small stalls or shops, especially in the Middle East, the Balkans, North Africa and South Asia.

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Beit Achiqbash

Beit Achiqbash (Arabic: بيت أجقباش في الجديدة); (Bait Achikbache House, Bayt Ajiqbash, Maison Ajikbash) is an old Aleppine courtyard mansion built in the mid 18th Century by Qarah Ali (Karaly), a wealthy Christian merchant. Ancient Aleppo and Beit Achiqbash are architecture in Syria.

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Beit Ghazaleh

Beit Ghazaleh (The Ġazaleh House; بيت غزالة) is one of the largest and better-preserved palaces from the Ottoman period in Aleppo. Ancient Aleppo and Beit Ghazaleh are architecture in Syria.

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Beit Junblatt

Beit Junblatt (بيت جنبلاط) is a historic mansion that resides in Aleppo, Syria, built in the 16th century by a Kurdish emir of the Janbulad family. Ancient Aleppo and Beit Junblatt are architecture in Syria.

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Berlin

Berlin is the capital and largest city of Germany, both by area and by population.

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Bit Agusi

Bit Agusi or Bit Agushi (also written Bet Agus) was an ancient Aramaean Syro-Hittite state, established by Gusi of Yakhan at the beginning of the 9th century BC. Ancient Aleppo and Bit Agusi are history of Aleppo.

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Boule (ancient Greece)

In cities of ancient Greece, the boule (βουλή;: boulai, βουλαί) was a council (βουλευταί, bouleutai) appointed to run daily affairs of the city.

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Boutique hotel

Boutique hotels are small-capacity hotels that provide more personalized service than typical hotels.

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Byzantine architecture

Byzantine architecture is the architecture of the Byzantine Empire, or Eastern Roman Empire, usually dated from 330 AD, when Constantine the Great established a new Roman capital in Byzantium, which became Constantinople, until the fall of the Byzantine Empire in 1453.

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Byzantine Empire

The Byzantine Empire, also referred to as the Eastern Roman Empire, was the continuation of the Roman Empire centered in Constantinople during Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages.

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Caravanserai

A caravanserai (or caravansary) was a roadside inn where travelers (caravaners) could rest and recover from the day's journey.

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Cathedral of Saint Elijah, Aleppo

Saint Elijah Cathedral (كاتدرائية القدّيِس الياس), is an Eastern Catholic church in Aleppo, Syria, located in the Christian quarter of al-Jdayde.

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Central Synagogue of Aleppo

The Central Synagogue of Aleppo, (בית הכנסת המרכזי בחאלֶבּ, Kanīs Ḥalab al-Markazī), also known as the Great Synagogue of Aleppo, Joab's Synagogue or Al-Bandara Synagogue (كنيس البندرة), has been a Jewish place of worship since the 5th century C.E. in Aleppo.

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Church of the Dormition of Our Lady

Church of the Dormition of Our Lady (كنيسة رقاد السيدة العذراء) is a Greek Orthodox church in Jdeydeh quarter of Aleppo, Syria.

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Citadel of Aleppo

The Citadel of Aleppo (Qalʿat Ḥalab) is a large medieval fortified palace in the centre of the old city of Aleppo, northern Syria. Ancient Aleppo and Citadel of Aleppo are world Heritage Sites in Syria.

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Constantine the Great

Constantine I (27 February 22 May 337), also known as Constantine the Great, was a Roman emperor from AD 306 to 337 and the first Roman emperor to convert to Christianity.

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Crusades

The Crusades were a series of religious wars initiated, supported, and sometimes directed by the Christian Latin Church in the medieval period.

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Cult

A cult is a group requiring unwavering devotion to a set of beliefs and practices which are considered deviant outside the norms of society, which is typically led by a charismatic and self-appointed leader who tightly controls its members.

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Damascus

Damascus (Dimašq) is the capital and largest city of Syria, the oldest current capital in the world and, according to some, the fourth holiest city in Islam. Ancient Aleppo and Damascus are world Heritage Sites in Danger and world Heritage Sites in Syria.

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Dayfa Khatun

Dayfa Khatun (ضيفة خاتون; died 1242) was a Kurdish Ayyubid princess, and the regent of Aleppo from 26 November 1236 to 1242, during the minority of her grandson An-Nasir Yusuf.

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Dead Cities

The Dead Cities (المدن الميتة) or Forgotten Cities (المدن المنسية) are a group of 700 abandoned settlements in northwest Syria between Aleppo and Idlib. Ancient Aleppo and Dead Cities are world Heritage Sites in Danger and world Heritage Sites in Syria.

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Decumanus

In Roman urban planning, a decumanus was an east–west-oriented road in a Roman city or castrum (military camp).

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Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit

The Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH (English: German Development Cooperation (GIZ)), often simply shortened to GIZ, is the main German development agency.

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Early Muslim conquests

The early Muslim conquests or early Islamic conquests (translit), also known as the Arab conquests, were initiated in the 7th century by Muhammad, the founder of Islam.

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Ebla

Ebla (Sumerian: eb₂-la, إبلا., modern: تل مرديخ, Tell Mardikh) was one of the earliest kingdoms in Syria. Ancient Aleppo and Ebla are Amorite cities.

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Egypt

Egypt (مصر), officially the Arab Republic of Egypt, is a transcontinental country spanning the northeast corner of Africa and the Sinai Peninsula in the southwest corner of Asia.

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Europe

Europe is a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere.

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Faience

Faience or faïence is the general English language term for fine tin-glazed pottery.

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Fatimid Caliphate

The Fatimid Caliphate or Fatimid Empire (al-Khilāfa al-Fāṭimiyya) was a caliphate extant from the tenth to the twelfth centuries CE under the rule of the Fatimids, an Isma'ili Shia dynasty.

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Fertile Crescent

The Fertile Crescent (الهلال الخصيب) is a crescent-shaped region in the Middle East, spanning modern-day Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Palestine, and Syria, together with northern Kuwait, south-eastern Turkey, and western Iran.

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Forty Martyrs Cathedral

The Forty Martyrs Armenian Cathedral (Kanīsa al-ʿarbaʾīn šahīd) of Aleppo, Syria, is a 15th-century Armenian Apostolic church located in the old Christian quarter of Jdeydeh.

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Franciscan Missionaries of Mary

The Franciscan Missionaries of Mary are a Roman Catholic centralized religious institute of consecrated life of Pontifical Right for women founded by Mother Mary of the Passion (born Hélène Marie Philippine de Chappotin de Neuville, 1839–1904) at Ootacamund, then British India, in 1877.

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Giovanni Pettinato

Giovanni Pettinato (30 April 1934, in Troina – 19 May 2011, in Rome) was an Assyriologist and paleographer of writings from the ancient Near East, specializing in the Eblaite language, His major contributions to the field include the deciphering of the Eblaite script, discovered by Paolo Matthiae in 1974–75.

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Grand Serail of Aleppo

The Grand Serail (سراي حلب الكبير, Grand Serail d'Alep) was the former seat of the governor of the Syrian city of Aleppo.

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Great Mosque of Aleppo

The Great Mosque of Aleppo (جَـامِـع حَـلَـب الْـكَـبِـيْـر, Jāmi‘ Ḥalab al-Kabīr) is the largest and one of the oldest mosques in the city of Aleppo, Syria.

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Greece

Greece, officially the Hellenic Republic, is a country in Southeast Europe.

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Hamdanid dynasty

The Hamdanid dynasty (al-Ḥamdāniyyūn) was a Shia Muslim Arab dynasty of Northern Mesopotamia and Syria (890–1004).

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Hammam

A hammam (translit, hamam), called a Moorish bath (in reference to the Muslim Spain of Al-Andalus) and a Turkish bath by Westerners, is a type of steam bath or a place of public bathing associated with the Islamic world.

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Hammam al-Nahhasin

Hammam al-Nahhasin (حمامالنحاسين) is one of the oldest and largest public baths (hammam or Turkish bath) in Aleppo, Syria.

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Hammam Bab al-Ahmar

Hammam Bab al-Ahmar (Hamaam Bāb al-Aḥmar) meaning the Red Gate, is a hammam located in Aleppo.

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Hammam Yalbugha

Hammam Yalbugha (حماميلبغا) is a Mamluk-era public bath ("hammam") in Aleppo, Syria.

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Helena, mother of Constantine I

Flavia Julia Helena (Ἑλένη, Helénē; AD 246/248–330), also known as Helena of Constantinople and in Christianity as Saint Helena, was an Augusta of the Roman Empire and mother of Emperor Constantine the Great.

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Hittites

The Hittites were an Anatolian Indo-European people who formed one of the first major civilizations of Bronze Age West Asia.

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Hurrians

The Hurrians (Ḫu-ur-ri; also called Hari, Khurrites, Hourri, Churri, Hurri) were a people who inhabited the Ancient Near East during the Bronze Age.

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Ikhshidid dynasty

The Ikhshidid dynasty was a dynasty of Turkic mamluk origin, who ruled Egypt and the Levant from 935 to 969.

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Iran

Iran, officially the Islamic Republic of Iran (IRI), also known as Persia, is a country in West Asia. It borders Turkey to the northwest and Iraq to the west, Azerbaijan, Armenia, the Caspian Sea, and Turkmenistan to the north, Afghanistan to the east, Pakistan to the southeast, the Gulf of Oman and the Persian Gulf to the south.

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Jerusalem

Jerusalem is a city in the Southern Levant, on a plateau in the Judaean Mountains between the Mediterranean and the Dead Sea.

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John the Baptist

John the Baptist (–) was a Jewish preacher active in the area of the Jordan River in the early 1st century AD.

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Khalid ibn al-Walid

Khalid ibn al-Walid ibn al-Mughira al-Makhzumi (died 642) was a 7th-century Arab military commander.

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Khanqah al-Farafira

Khanqah al-Farafira (خانقاه الفرافرة) is a 13th-century Sufi monastery located in "al-Farafira district at the heart of the Ancient City of Aleppo, Syria.

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Khosrow I

Khosrow I (also spelled Khosrau, Khusro or Chosroes; 𐭧𐭥𐭮𐭫𐭥𐭣𐭩; New Persian: خسرو), traditionally known by his epithet of Anushirvan (انوشيروان "the Immortal Soul"), was the Sasanian King of Kings of Iran from 531 to 579.

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Khusruwiyah Mosque

The Khusraw mosque Arabized as Khusruwiyah Mosque (Jāmiʿ al-Ḵusruwīyah; Hüsreviye Camii) was a mosque complex in Aleppo, Syria.

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Kingdom of Armenia (antiquity)

Armenia, also the Kingdom of Greater Armenia, or simply Greater Armenia or Armenia Major (Մեծ Հայք; Armenia Maior) sometimes referred to as the Armenian Empire, was a kingdom in the Ancient Near East which existed from 331 BC to 428 AD.

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Kufic

The Kufic script (Romanized) is a style of Arabic script that gained prominence early on as a preferred script for Quran transcription and architectural decoration, and it has since become a reference and an archetype for a number of other Arabic scripts.

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Legatus

A legatus (anglicised as legate) was a high-ranking Roman military officer in the Roman army, equivalent to a high-ranking general officer of modern times.

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List of heritage sites damaged during the Syrian civil war

This is a list of heritage sites that were damaged or destroyed during the Syrian Civil War. Ancient Aleppo and list of heritage sites damaged during the Syrian civil war are world Heritage Sites in Syria.

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List of monarchs of Aleppo

The monarchs of Aleppo reigned as kings, emirs and sultans of the city and its surrounding region since the later half of the 3rd millennium BC, starting with the kings of Armi, followed by the Amorite dynasty of Yamhad.

See Ancient Aleppo and List of monarchs of Aleppo

List of World Heritage in Danger

The List of World Heritage in Danger is compiled by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) through the World Heritage Committee according to Article 11.4 of the World Heritage Convention,Full title: Convention concerning the protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage which was established in 1972 to designate and manage World Heritage Sites. Ancient Aleppo and List of World Heritage in Danger are world Heritage Sites in Danger.

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Macbeth

Macbeth (full title The Tragedie of Macbeth) is a tragedy by William Shakespeare.

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Macedonia (ancient kingdom)

Macedonia (Μακεδονία), also called Macedon, was an ancient kingdom on the periphery of Archaic and Classical Greece, which later became the dominant state of Hellenistic Greece.

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Madrasa

Madrasa (also,; Arabic: مدرسة, pl. مدارس), sometimes transliterated as madrasah or madrassa, is the Arabic word for any type of educational institution, secular or religious (of any religion), whether for elementary education or higher learning. Ancient Aleppo and madrasa are Arabic architecture.

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Mamluk

Mamluk or Mamaluk (mamlūk (singular), مماليك, mamālīk (plural); translated as "one who is owned", meaning "slave") were non-Arab, ethnically diverse (mostly Turkic, Caucasian, Eastern and Southeastern European) enslaved mercenaries, slave-soldiers, and freed slaves who were assigned high-ranking military and administrative duties, serving the ruling Arab and Ottoman dynasties in the Muslim world.

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Mamluk Sultanate

The Mamluk Sultanate (translit), also known as Mamluk Egypt or the Mamluk Empire, was a state that ruled Egypt, the Levant and the Hejaz from the mid-13th to early 16th centuries.

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Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon

The Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon (Mandat pour la Syrie et le Liban; al-intidāb al-faransīalā sūriyā wa-lubnān, also referred to as the Levant States; 1923−1946) was a League of Nations mandate founded in the aftermath of the First World War and the partitioning of the Ottoman Empire, concerning Syria and Lebanon.

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Mar Assia al-Hakim Church

Mar Assia al-Hakim Church (كنيسة مار آسيا الحكيم) is a Syriac Catholic Church in Al-Jdayde quarter of Aleppo, Syria.

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Mesopotamia

Mesopotamia is a historical region of West Asia situated within the Tigris–Euphrates river system, in the northern part of the Fertile Crescent.

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Mimar Sinan

Mimar Sinan (translit;,; – 17 July 1588) also known as Koca Mi'mâr Sinân Âğâ, ("Sinan Agha the Grand Architect" or "Grand Sinan") was the chief Ottoman architect, engineer and mathematician for sultans Suleiman the Magnificent, Selim II and Murad III.

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Mirdasid dynasty

The Mirdasid dynasty (al-Mirdāsiyyīn), also called the Banu Mirdas, was an Arab Shia Muslim dynasty which ruled an Aleppo-based emirate in northern Syria and the western Jazira (Upper Mesopotamia) more or less continuously from 1024 until 1080.

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Mitanni

Mitanni (–1260 BC), earlier called Ḫabigalbat in old Babylonian texts,; Hanigalbat or Hani-Rabbat in Assyrian records, or Naharin in Egyptian texts, was a Hurrian-speaking state in northern Syria and southeast Anatolia (modern-day Turkey) with Indo-Aryan linguistic and political influences.

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Mongol Empire

The Mongol Empire of the 13th and 14th centuries was the largest contiguous empire in history.

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Mongols

The Mongols are an East Asian ethnic group native to Mongolia, China (majority in Inner Mongolia), as well as Buryatia and Kalmykia of Russia.

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Muqarnas

Muqarnas (مقرنص; مقرنس, or translit), also known in Iberian architecture as Mocárabe (from), is a form of three-dimensional decoration in Islamic architecture in which rows or tiers of niche-like elements are projected over others below. Ancient Aleppo and Muqarnas are Arabic architecture.

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Mursili I

Mursili I (also known as Mursilis; sometimes transcribed as Murshili) was a king of the Hittites 1620-1590 BC, as per the middle chronology, the most accepted chronology in our times (or alternatively c. 1556–1526 BC, short chronology), and was likely a grandson of his predecessor, Hattusili I.

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Naram-Sin of Akkad

Naram-Sin, also transcribed Narām-Sîn or Naram-Suen (𒀭𒈾𒊏𒄠𒀭𒂗𒍪: DNa-ra-am DSîn, meaning "Beloved of the Moon God Sîn", the "𒀭" a determinative marking the name of a god), was a ruler of the Akkadian Empire, who reigned –2218 BC (middle chronology), and was the third successor and grandson of King Sargon of Akkad.

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National Library of Aleppo

The National Library of Aleppo (دار الكتب الوطنية) is a Syrian national library in the northern city of Aleppo.

See Ancient Aleppo and National Library of Aleppo

Neo-Assyrian Empire

The Neo-Assyrian Empire was the fourth and penultimate stage of ancient Assyrian history.

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Neo-Babylonian Empire

The Neo-Babylonian Empire or Second Babylonian Empire, historically known as the Chaldean Empire, was the last polity ruled by monarchs native to Mesopotamia until Faisal II in the 20th century.

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New Kingdom of Egypt

The New Kingdom, also referred to as the Egyptian Empire, was the ancient Egyptian state between the 16th century BC and the 11th century BC.

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Nur al-Din Zengi

Nūr al-Dīn Maḥmūd Zengī (نور الدين محمود زنگي; February 1118 – 15 May 1174), commonly known as Nur ad-Din (lit. 'Light of the Faith' in Arabic), was a Turkoman member of the Zengid dynasty, who ruled the Syrian province of the Seljuk Empire.

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Old Babylonian Empire

The Old Babylonian Empire, or First Babylonian Empire, is dated to, and comes after the end of Sumerian power with the destruction of the Third Dynasty of Ur, and the subsequent Isin-Larsa period.

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Ottoman Empire

The Ottoman Empire, historically and colloquially known as the Turkish Empire, was an imperial realm centered in Anatolia that controlled much of Southeast Europe, West Asia, and North Africa from the 14th to early 20th centuries; it also controlled parts of southeastern Central Europe, between the early 16th and early 18th centuries.

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Palistin

Palistin (or Walistin), was an early Syro-Hittite kingdom located in what is now northwestern Syria and the southeastern Turkish province of Hatay.

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Pergamon Museum

The Pergamon Museum is a listed building on the Museum Island in the historic centre of Berlin, Germany.

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Pompey

Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus (29 September 106 BC – 28 September 48 BC), known in English as Pompey or Pompey the Great, was a general and statesman of the Roman Republic.

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Queiq

The Queiq (Modern Standard Arabic: قُوَيْقٌ, Quwayq,; northern Syrian Arabic: ʾWēʾ), with many variant spellings, it was known to the Greeks in antiquity as the Belus in (Βήλος, Bēlos), the Chalos and also known in English as the Aleppo River is an endorheic river and valley of the Aleppo Governorate, Syria and Turkey.

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Rashidun Caliphate

The Rashidun Caliphate (al-Khilāfah ar-Rāšidah) was the first caliphate to succeed the Islamic prophet Muhammad.

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Roman Empire

The Roman Empire was the state ruled by the Romans following Octavian's assumption of sole rule under the Principate in 27 BC, the post-Republican state of ancient Rome.

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Roman Republic

The Roman Republic (Res publica Romana) was the era of classical Roman civilization beginning with the overthrow of the Roman Kingdom (traditionally dated to 509 BC) and ending in 27 BC with the establishment of the Roman Empire following the War of Actium.

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Roman Syria

Roman Syria was an early Roman province annexed to the Roman Republic in 64 BC by Pompey in the Third Mithridatic War following the defeat of King of Armenia Tigranes the Great, who had become the protector of the Hellenistic kingdom of Syria.

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Sack of Aleppo (1400)

The siege of Aleppo was a major event in 1400 during the war between the Timurid Empire and Mamluk Sultanate.

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Saladin

Salah ad-Din Yusuf ibn Ayyub (– 4 March 1193), commonly known as Saladin, was the founder of the Ayyubid dynasty.

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Sargon of Akkad

Sargon of Akkad (𒊬𒊒𒄀|Šarrugi), also known as Sargon the Great, was the first ruler of the Akkadian Empire, known for his conquests of the Sumerian city-states in the 24th to 23rd centuries BC.

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Sasanian Empire

The Sasanian Empire or Sassanid Empire, and officially known as Eranshahr ("Land/Empire of the Iranians"), was the last Iranian empire before the early Muslim conquests of the 7th to 8th centuries.

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Sayf al-Dawla

ʿAlī ibn ʾAbū'l-Hayjāʾ ʿAbdallāh ibn Ḥamdān ibn Ḥamdūn ibn al-Ḥārith al-Taghlibī (علي بن أبو الهيجاء عبد الله بن حمدان بن الحارث التغلبي, 22 June 916 – 8 February 967), more commonly known simply by his honorific of Sayf al-Dawla (سيف الدولة), was the founder of the Emirate of Aleppo, encompassing most of northern Syria and parts of the western Jazira.

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Second Syrian Republic

The Second Syrian Republic, officially the Syrian Republic from 1950 to 1958 and the Syrian Arab Republic from 1961 to 1963, succeeded the First Syrian Republic that had become de facto independent in April 1946 from the French Mandate.

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Seleucid Empire

The Seleucid Empire (lit) was a Greek power in West Asia during the Hellenistic period.

See Ancient Aleppo and Seleucid Empire

Seleucus I Nicator

Seleucus I Nicator (Σέλευκος Νικάτωρ) was a Macedonian Greek general, officer and successor of Alexander the Great who went on to found the eponymous Seleucid Empire, led by the Seleucid dynasty.

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Seljuk Empire

The Seljuk Empire, or the Great Seljuk Empire, was a high medieval, culturally Turco-Persian, Sunni Muslim empire, established and ruled by the Qïnïq branch of Oghuz Turks.

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Silk

Silk is a natural protein fiber, some forms of which can be woven into textiles.

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State of Aleppo

The State of Aleppo (État d'Alep; دولة حلب) was one of the six states that were established by the French High Commissioner of the Levant, General Henri Gouraud, in the French Mandate of Syria which followed the San Remo conference and the collapse of King Faisal I's short-lived Arab monarchy in Syria. Ancient Aleppo and state of Aleppo are history of Aleppo.

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Stefano Bianca

Stefano Bianca is a Swiss architectural historian and an urban designer.

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Sufi lodge

A Sufi lodge is a building designed specifically for gatherings of a Sufi brotherhood or tariqa and is a place for spiritual practice and religious education.

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Sufism

Sufism is a mystic body of religious practice found within Islam which is characterized by a focus on Islamic purification, spirituality, ritualism and asceticism.

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Sulayman ibn Abd al-Malik

Sulayman ibn Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan (translit, 24 September 717) was the seventh Umayyad caliph, ruling from 715 until his death.

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Syria

Syria, officially the Syrian Arab Republic, is a country in West Asia located in the Eastern Mediterranean and the Levant.

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Syrian civil war

The Syrian civil war is an ongoing multi-sided conflict in Syria involving various state-sponsored and non-state actors.

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Syro-Hittite states

The states called Neo-Hittite, Syro-Hittite (in older literature), or Luwian-Aramean (in modern scholarly works) were Luwian and Aramean regional polities of the Iron Age, situated in southeastern parts of modern Turkey and northwestern parts of modern Syria, known in ancient times as lands of Hatti and Aram.

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Tall Bazi

Tall Bazi, is an ancient Near East archaeological site in Raqqa Governorate of Syria in the same general area as Mari and Ebla.

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Teshub

Teshub was the Hurrian weather god, as well as the head of the Hurrian pantheon.

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Timeline of Aleppo

The following is a timeline of the history of the city of Aleppo, Syria. Ancient Aleppo and timeline of Aleppo are history of Aleppo.

See Ancient Aleppo and Timeline of Aleppo

Timur

Timur, also known as Tamerlane (8 April 133617–18 February 1405), was a Turco-Mongol conqueror who founded the Timurid Empire in and around modern-day Afghanistan, Iran, and Central Asia, becoming the first ruler of the Timurid dynasty. An undefeated commander, he is widely regarded as one of the greatest military leaders and tacticians in history, as well as one of the most brutal and deadly.

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Timurid Empire

The Timurid Empire was a late medieval, culturally Persianate Turco-Mongol empire that dominated Greater Iran in the early 15th century, comprising modern-day Iran, Iraq, Afghanistan, much of Central Asia, the South Caucasus, and parts of contemporary Pakistan, North India and Turkey.

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Tourism in Syria

Although Syria has some of the oldest cities in Western Asia, such as Damascus and Aleppo (a UNESCO World Heritage Site), tourism in Syria has greatly reduced as a result of the Syrian War, that began in 2011 and is ongoing, and its associated refugee crisis.

See Ancient Aleppo and Tourism in Syria

Tulunids

The Tulunids, were a Mamluk dynasty of Turkic origin who were the first independent dynasty to rule Egypt, as well as much of Syria, since the Ptolemaic dynasty.

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Tutush I

Abu Sa'id Taj al-Dawla Tutush (died 25 February 1095) or Tutush I, was the Seljuk emir of Damascus from 1078 to 1092, and sultan of Damascus from 1092 to 1094.

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U.S. News & World Report

U.S. News & World Report (USNWR, US NEWS) is an American media company publishing news, consumer advice, rankings, and analysis.

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Umayyad Caliphate

The Umayyad Caliphate or Umayyad Empire (al-Khilāfa al-Umawiyya) was the second caliphate established after the death of the Islamic prophet Muhammad and was ruled by the Umayyad dynasty.

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UNESCO

The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO; pronounced) is a specialized agency of the United Nations (UN) with the aim of promoting world peace and security through international cooperation in education, arts, sciences and culture.

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References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Aleppo

Also known as Aleppo in the middle ages, Ancient City of Aleppo, Classical aleppo, Medieval aleppo, Old Aleppo, Old City of Aleppo.

, Ayyubid dynasty, Az-Zahir Ghazi, Šuppiluliuma I, Bab al-Ahmar, Bab al-Faraj (Aleppo), Bab al-Faraj Clock Tower, Bab al-Hadid, Bab al-Jinan, Bab al-Maqam, Bab al-Nairab, Bab al-Nasr (Aleppo), Bab Antakeya, Bab Qinnasrin, Balai of Qenneshrin, Baratarna, Battle of Aleppo (2012–2016), Bazaar, Beit Achiqbash, Beit Ghazaleh, Beit Junblatt, Berlin, Bit Agusi, Boule (ancient Greece), Boutique hotel, Byzantine architecture, Byzantine Empire, Caravanserai, Cathedral of Saint Elijah, Aleppo, Central Synagogue of Aleppo, Church of the Dormition of Our Lady, Citadel of Aleppo, Constantine the Great, Crusades, Cult, Damascus, Dayfa Khatun, Dead Cities, Decumanus, Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit, Early Muslim conquests, Ebla, Egypt, Europe, Faience, Fatimid Caliphate, Fertile Crescent, Forty Martyrs Cathedral, Franciscan Missionaries of Mary, Giovanni Pettinato, Grand Serail of Aleppo, Great Mosque of Aleppo, Greece, Hamdanid dynasty, Hammam, Hammam al-Nahhasin, Hammam Bab al-Ahmar, Hammam Yalbugha, Helena, mother of Constantine I, Hittites, Hurrians, Ikhshidid dynasty, Iran, Jerusalem, John the Baptist, Khalid ibn al-Walid, Khanqah al-Farafira, Khosrow I, Khusruwiyah Mosque, Kingdom of Armenia (antiquity), Kufic, Legatus, List of heritage sites damaged during the Syrian civil war, List of monarchs of Aleppo, List of World Heritage in Danger, Macbeth, Macedonia (ancient kingdom), Madrasa, Mamluk, Mamluk Sultanate, Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon, Mar Assia al-Hakim Church, Mesopotamia, Mimar Sinan, Mirdasid dynasty, Mitanni, Mongol Empire, Mongols, Muqarnas, Mursili I, Naram-Sin of Akkad, National Library of Aleppo, Neo-Assyrian Empire, Neo-Babylonian Empire, New Kingdom of Egypt, Nur al-Din Zengi, Old Babylonian Empire, Ottoman Empire, Palistin, Pergamon Museum, Pompey, Queiq, Rashidun Caliphate, Roman Empire, Roman Republic, Roman Syria, Sack of Aleppo (1400), Saladin, Sargon of Akkad, Sasanian Empire, Sayf al-Dawla, Second Syrian Republic, Seleucid Empire, Seleucus I Nicator, Seljuk Empire, Silk, State of Aleppo, Stefano Bianca, Sufi lodge, Sufism, Sulayman ibn Abd al-Malik, Syria, Syrian civil war, Syro-Hittite states, Tall Bazi, Teshub, Timeline of Aleppo, Timur, Timurid Empire, Tourism in Syria, Tulunids, Tutush I, U.S. News & World Report, Umayyad Caliphate, UNESCO, United Arab Republic, Uqaylid dynasty, Urban design, Veria, William Shakespeare, World Heritage Site, World War II, Yamhad, Zechariah (New Testament figure), Zengid dynasty, 1138 Aleppo earthquake, 1822 Aleppo earthquake, 2 Maccabees.

Ancient Aleppo, the Glossary

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