History of Syria, the Glossary

Table of Contents

1. 412 relations: Abbas the Great, Abbasid dynasty, Abd al-Karim al-Nahlawi, Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan, Abilene (ancient), Achaemenid Empire, Adib Shishakli, Akkad (city), Akkadian Empire, Akkadian language, Al-Assad family, Al-Dirbasiyah, Al-Hasakah, Al-Hasakah Governorate, Al-Malikiyah, Al-Nusra Front, Al-Walid I, Alawites, Aleppo, Aleppo offensive (November–December 2016), Alexander the Great, Alexandria, Amazon (company), Amnesty International, Amorites, Anatolia, Ancient Egypt, Ancient Greece, Ancient Rome, Antioch, Anwar al-Bunni, Apamea, Syria, Arab Kingdom of Syria, Arab League, Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region, Arab Spring, Arab states of the Persian Gulf, Arab world, Arabic, Arabs, Aram (region), Aramaic, Arameans, Archaeology, Aref Dalila, Armenian genocide, Armenian Soviet Encyclopedia, Artaxerxes III, Arwad, As-Safir, ... Expand index (362 more) »

2. History of Upper Mesopotamia
3. History of the Levant

Abbas the Great

Abbas I (translit; 27 January 1571 – 19 January 1629), commonly known as Abbas the Great (translit), was the fifth shah of Safavid Iran from 1588 to 1629.

See History of Syria and Abbas the Great

Abbasid dynasty

The Abbasid dynasty or Abbasids (Banu al-ʿAbbās) were an Arab dynasty that ruled the Abbasid Caliphate between 750 and 1258.

See History of Syria and Abbasid dynasty

Abd al-Karim al-Nahlawi

Abd al-Karim al-Nahlawi (عبد الكريمالنحلاوي; born 1926) is a Syrian former military officer and head of the September 1961 Syrian coup d'état against Gamal Abdel Nasser which ended the union of Syria and Egypt as the United Arab Republic.

See History of Syria and Abd al-Karim al-Nahlawi

Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan

Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan ibn al-Hakam (translit; July/August 644 or June/July 647 – 9 October 705) was the fifth Umayyad caliph, ruling from April 685 until his death in October 705.

See History of Syria and Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan

Abilene (ancient)

Abilene (Ἀβιληνή) or simply Abila (Ἄβιλα) was a plain, a district in Coele-Syria, of which the chief town was Abila Lysaniou (Ἄβιλα Λυσανίου).

See History of Syria and Abilene (ancient)

Achaemenid Empire

The Achaemenid Empire or Achaemenian Empire, also known as the Persian Empire or First Persian Empire (𐎧𐏁𐏂), was an ancient Iranian empire founded by Cyrus the Great of the Achaemenid dynasty in 550 BC.

See History of Syria and Achaemenid Empire

Adib Shishakli

Adib al-Shishakli (1909 – 27 September 1964 ʾAdīb aš-Šīšaklī) was a Syrian military officer who served as President of Syria briefly in 1951 and later from 1953 to 1954.

See History of Syria and Adib Shishakli

Akkad (city)

Akkad (also spelt Accad, Akkade, or Agade, Akkadian:, also URIKI in Sumerian during the Ur III period) was the capital of the Akkadian Empire, which was the dominant political force in Mesopotamia during a period of about 150 years in the last third of the 3rd millennium BC.

See History of Syria and Akkad (city)

Akkadian Empire

The Akkadian Empire was the first known ancient empire of Mesopotamia, succeeding the long-lived civilization of Sumer.

See History of Syria and Akkadian Empire

Akkadian language

Akkadian (translit)John Huehnergard & Christopher Woods, "Akkadian and Eblaite", The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the World's Ancient Languages.

See History of Syria and Akkadian language

Al-Assad family

The al-Assad family, also known as the Assad dynasty, is a Syrian political family that has ruled Syria since Hafez al-Assad became president of Syria in 1971 under the Ba'ath Party.

See History of Syria and Al-Assad family

Al-Dirbasiyah

Al-Dirbasiyah (ad-Dirbāsīyah, Dirbêsiyê) is a Syrian town on the Syria–Turkey border opposite the Turkish town of Şenyurt.

See History of Syria and Al-Dirbasiyah

Al-Hasakah

Al-Hasakah (al-Ḥasaka; Heseke/حەسەکە; ܚܣܝܟܐ Hasake) is the capital city of the Al-Hasakah Governorate, in the northeastern corner of Syria.

See History of Syria and Al-Hasakah

Al-Hasakah Governorate

Al-Hasakah Governorate (Muḥāfaẓat al-Ḥasakah; Parêzgeha Hesekê; Huparkiyo d'Ḥasake, also known as ܓܙܪܬܐ, Gozarto) is one of the fourteen governorates (provinces) of Syria.

See History of Syria and Al-Hasakah Governorate

Al-Malikiyah

Al-Malikiyah (al-Mālikīyah; translit) also known as Derik, is a small Syrian city and the center of an administrative district belonging to Al-Hasakah Governorate.

See History of Syria and Al-Malikiyah

Al-Nusra Front

Al-Nusra Front, also known as Front for the Conquest of the Levant, was a Salafi jihadist organization fighting against Syrian government forces in the Syrian Civil War.

See History of Syria and Al-Nusra Front

Al-Walid I

Al-Walid ibn Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan (al-Walīd ibn ʿAbd al-Malik ibn Marwān; – 23 February 715), commonly known as al-Walid I (الوليد الأول), was the sixth Umayyad caliph, ruling from October 705 until his death in 715.

See History of Syria and Al-Walid I

Alawites

The Alawites, also known as Nusayrites, are an Arab ethnoreligious group that live primarily in the Levant and follow Alawism, a religious sect that splintered from early Shi'ism as a ghulat branch during the ninth century.

See History of Syria and Alawites

Aleppo

Aleppo (ﺣَﻠَﺐ, ALA-LC) is a city in Syria, which serves as the capital of the Aleppo Governorate, the most populous governorate of Syria.

See History of Syria and Aleppo

Aleppo offensive (November–December 2016)

The Aleppo offensive (November–December 2016), code named Operation Dawn of Victory by government forces, was a successful military offensive launched by the Syrian Armed Forces and allied groups against rebel-held districts in Aleppo.

See History of Syria and Aleppo offensive (November–December 2016)

Alexander the Great

Alexander III of Macedon (Alexandros; 20/21 July 356 BC – 10/11 June 323 BC), most commonly known as Alexander the Great, was a king of the ancient Greek kingdom of Macedon.

See History of Syria and Alexander the Great

Alexandria

Alexandria (الإسكندرية; Ἀλεξάνδρεια, Coptic: Ⲣⲁⲕⲟϯ - Rakoti or ⲁⲗⲉⲝⲁⲛⲇⲣⲓⲁ) is the second largest city in Egypt and the largest city on the Mediterranean coast.

See History of Syria and Alexandria

Amazon (company)

Amazon.com, Inc., doing business as Amazon, is an American multinational technology company, engaged in e-commerce, cloud computing, online advertising, digital streaming, and artificial intelligence.

See History of Syria and Amazon (company)

Amnesty International

Amnesty International (also referred to as Amnesty or AI) is an international non-governmental organization focused on human rights, with its headquarters in the United Kingdom.

See History of Syria and Amnesty International

Amorites

The Amorites (author-link, Pl. XXVIII e+i|MAR.TU; Amurrūm or Tidnum Tidnum; ʾĔmōrī; Ἀμορραῖοι) were an ancient Northwest Semitic-speaking Bronze Age people from the Levant.

See History of Syria and Amorites

Anatolia

Anatolia (Anadolu), also known as Asia Minor, is a large peninsula or a region in Turkey, constituting most of its contemporary territory.

See History of Syria and Anatolia

Ancient Egypt

Ancient Egypt was a civilization of ancient Northeast Africa.

See History of Syria and Ancient Egypt

Ancient Greece

Ancient Greece (Hellás) was a northeastern Mediterranean civilization, existing from the Greek Dark Ages of the 12th–9th centuries BC to the end of classical antiquity, that comprised a loose collection of culturally and linguistically related city-states and other territories.

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Ancient Rome

In modern historiography, ancient Rome is the Roman civilisation from the founding of the Italian city of Rome in the 8th century BC to the collapse of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century AD.

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Antioch

Antioch on the Orontes (Antiókheia hē epì Oróntou)Ἀντιόχεια ἡ ἐπὶ Ὀρόντου; or Ἀντιόχεια ἡ ἐπὶ Δάφνῃ "Antioch on Daphne"; or Ἀντιόχεια ἡ Μεγάλη "Antioch the Great"; Antiochia ad Orontem; Անտիոք Antiokʽ; ܐܢܛܝܘܟܝܐ Anṭiokya; אנטיוכיה, Anṭiyokhya; أنطاكية, Anṭākiya; انطاکیه; Antakya.

See History of Syria and Antioch

Anwar al-Bunni

Anwar al-Bunni (أنور البني, born 1959) is a Syrian human rights lawyer who has defended clients such as Riad al-Turk, Riad Seif, the owner of The Lamplighter, (an independent newspaper shut down by the Syrian government), Kurdish protesters, and "dozens of others." Al-Bunni was born in Hama to a Christian family active in dissident leftist politics.

See History of Syria and Anwar al-Bunni

Apamea, Syria

Apamea (Ἀπάμεια, Apameia; آفاميا, Afamia), on the right bank of the Orontes River, was an ancient Greek and Roman city.

See History of Syria and Apamea, Syria

Arab Kingdom of Syria

The Arab Kingdom of Syria (المملكة العربية السورية) was a self-proclaimed, unrecognized monarchy existing briefly in the territory of historical Syria.

See History of Syria and Arab Kingdom of Syria

Arab League

The Arab League (الجامعة العربية), formally the League of Arab States (جامعة الدول العربية), is a regional organization in the Arab world.

See History of Syria and Arab League

The Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region (حزب البعث العربي الاشتراكي – قطر سوريا Ḥizb al-Ba'th al-'Arabī al-Ishtirākī – Quṭr Sūriyā), officially the Syrian Regional Branch (Syria being a "region" of the Arab nation in Ba'ath ideology), is a neo-Ba'athist organisation founded on 7 April 1947 by Michel Aflaq, Salah al-Din al-Bitar and followers of Zaki al-Arsuzi.

See History of Syria and Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region

Arab Spring

The Arab Spring (ar-rabīʻ al-ʻarabī) or the First Arab Spring (to distinguish from the Second Arab Spring) was a series of anti-government protests, uprisings and armed rebellions that spread across much of the Arab world in the early 2010s.

See History of Syria and Arab Spring

Arab states of the Persian Gulf

The Arab states of the Persian Gulf or the Arab Gulf states (دول الخليج العربي) refers to a group of Arab states bordering the Persian Gulf.

See History of Syria and Arab states of the Persian Gulf

Arab world

The Arab world (اَلْعَالَمُ الْعَرَبِيُّ), formally the Arab homeland (اَلْوَطَنُ الْعَرَبِيُّ), also known as the Arab nation (اَلْأُمَّةُ الْعَرَبِيَّةُ), the Arabsphere, or the Arab states, comprises a large group of countries, mainly located in Western Asia and Northern Africa.

See History of Syria and Arab world

Arabic

Arabic (اَلْعَرَبِيَّةُ, or عَرَبِيّ, or) is a Central Semitic language of the Afroasiatic language family spoken primarily in the Arab world.

See History of Syria and Arabic

Arabs

The Arabs (عَرَب, DIN 31635:, Arabic pronunciation), also known as the Arab people (الشَّعْبَ الْعَرَبِيّ), are an ethnic group mainly inhabiting the Arab world in West Asia and North Africa.

See History of Syria and Arabs

Aram (region)

Aram (ʾĀrām; ʾĂrām; ܐܪܡ) was a historical region mentioned in early cuneiforms and in the Bible, populated by Arameans.

See History of Syria and Aram (region)

Aramaic

Aramaic (ˀərāmiṯ; arāmāˀiṯ) is a Northwest Semitic language that originated in the ancient region of Syria and quickly spread to Mesopotamia, the southern Levant, southeastern Anatolia, Eastern Arabia and the Sinai Peninsula, where it has been continually written and spoken in different varieties for over three thousand years.

See History of Syria and Aramaic

Arameans

The Arameans, or Aramaeans (𐤀𐤓𐤌𐤉𐤀,,; אֲרַמִּים; Ἀραμαῖοι; ܐܪ̈ܡܝܐ), were a tribal Semitic people in the ancient Near East, first documented in historical sources from the late 12th century BC.

See History of Syria and Arameans

Archaeology

Archaeology or archeology is the study of human activity through the recovery and analysis of material culture.

See History of Syria and Archaeology

Aref Dalila

Aref Dalila (عارف دليلة) (born 1942) is a Syrian economist and former Dean of the Faculty of Economics in Damascus University.

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Armenian genocide

The Armenian genocide was the systematic destruction of the Armenian people and identity in the Ottoman Empire during World War I.

See History of Syria and Armenian genocide

Armenian Soviet Encyclopedia

Armenian Soviet Encyclopedia (also rendered Soviet Armenian Encyclopedia; Հայկական սովետական հանրագիտարան, Haykakan sovetakan hanragitaran; ASE) is the first general encyclopedia in Armenian language.

See History of Syria and Armenian Soviet Encyclopedia

Artaxerxes III

Ochus (Ὦχος), known by his dynastic name Artaxerxes III (𐎠𐎼𐎫𐎧𐏁𐏂𐎠; Ἀρταξέρξης), was King of Kings of the Achaemenid Empire from 359/58 to 338 BC.

See History of Syria and Artaxerxes III

Arwad

Arwad (translit; translit), the classical Aradus, is a town in Syria on an eponymous island in the Mediterranean Sea.

See History of Syria and Arwad

As-Safir

As-Safir (lit) was a leading Arabic-language daily newspaper in Lebanon.

See History of Syria and As-Safir

Assyria

Assyria (Neo-Assyrian cuneiform: x16px, māt Aššur) was a major ancient Mesopotamian civilization which existed as a city-state from the 21st century BC to the 14th century BC, which eventually expanded into an empire from the 14th century BC to the 7th century BC.

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Assyrian people

Assyrians are an indigenous ethnic group native to Mesopotamia, a geographical region in West Asia.

See History of Syria and Assyrian people

Aurelian

Aurelian (Lucius Domitius Aurelianus; 9 September 214 – November 275) was a Roman emperor who reigned from 270 to 275 during the Crisis of the Third Century.

See History of Syria and Aurelian

Axis of evil

The phrase "axis of evil" was first used by U.S. President George W. Bush and originally referred to Iran, Ba'athist Iraq, and North Korea.

See History of Syria and Axis of evil

Ayyubid dynasty

The Ayyubid dynasty (الأيوبيون; Eyûbiyan), also known as the Ayyubid Sultanate, was the founding dynasty of the medieval Sultanate of Egypt established by Saladin in 1171, following his abolition of the Fatimid Caliphate of Egypt. History of Syria and Ayyubid dynasty are history of the Levant.

See History of Syria and Ayyubid dynasty

İskenderun

İskenderun (إسكندرونة), historically known as Alexandretta (Αλεξανδρέττα) and Scanderoon, is a municipality and district of Hatay Province, Turkey.

See History of Syria and İskenderun

Ba'ath Party

The Arab Socialist Baʿth Party (also anglicized as Ba'ath in loose transcription; البعث العربي الاشتراكي) was a political party founded in Syria by Mishel ʿAflaq, Ṣalāḥ al-Dīn al-Bīṭār, and associates of Zakī al-ʾArsūzī.

See History of Syria and Ba'ath Party

Ba'athism

Ba'athism, also spelled Baathism, is an Arab nationalist ideology which promotes the creation and development of a unified Arab state through the leadership of a vanguard party over a socialist revolutionary government.

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Baba Amr

Baba Amr (بابا عمرو/ALA-LC: Bâba ʿAmr) is a city district (hayy) in southwestern Homs in central Syria.

See History of Syria and Baba Amr

Babylonia

Babylonia (𒆳𒆍𒀭𒊏𒆠) was an ancient Akkadian-speaking state and cultural area based in the city of Babylon in central-southern Mesopotamia (present-day Iraq and parts of Syria and Iran).

See History of Syria and Babylonia

Bachir Gemayel

Bachir Pierre Gemayel (10 November 1947 – 14 September 1982) was a Lebanese militia commander who led the Lebanese Forces, the military wing of the Kataeb Party in the Lebanese Civil War and was elected President of Lebanon in 1982.

See History of Syria and Bachir Gemayel

Baghdad

Baghdad (or; translit) is the capital of Iraq and the second-largest city in the Arab and in West Asia after Tehran.

See History of Syria and Baghdad

Barakah

In Islam, Barakah or Baraka (بركة "blessing") is a blessing power, a kind of continuity of spiritual presence and revelation that begins with God and flows through that and those closest to God.

See History of Syria and Barakah

Bashar al-Assad

Bashar al-Assad (born 11 September 1965) is a Syrian politician who is the current and 19th president of Syria since 17 July 2000.

See History of Syria and Bashar al-Assad

Bassel al-Assad

Bassel al-Assad (translit; 23 March 196221 January 1994) was a Syrian engineer, colonel, equestrian and politician who was the eldest son of Syrian President Hafez al-Assad and the older brother of (later) President Bashar al-Assad.

See History of Syria and Bassel al-Assad

Battle of Antioch (218)

The Battle of Antioch (8 June 218) was fought between the Roman army of the Emperor Macrinus and his rival Elagabalus, whose troops were commanded by General Gannys, probably a short distance from Antioch.

See History of Syria and Battle of Antioch (218)

Battle of Issus

The Battle of Issus (also Issos) occurred in southern Anatolia, on 5 November 333 BC between the Hellenic League led by Alexander the Great and the Achaemenid Empire, led by Darius III.

See History of Syria and Battle of Issus

Battle of Marj Dabiq

The Battle of Marj Dābiq (مرج دابق, meaning "the meadow of Dābiq"; Mercidabık Muharebesi), a decisive military engagement in Middle Eastern history, was fought on 24 August 1516, near the town of Dabiq, 44 km north of Aleppo (modern Syria).

See History of Syria and Battle of Marj Dabiq

Battle of Maysalun

The Battle of Maysalun (معركة ميسلون), also known as the Battle of Maysalun Pass or the Battle of Khan Maysalun (Bataille de Khan Mayssaloun), was a four-hour battle fought between the forces of the Arab Kingdom of Syria and the French Army of the Levant on 24 July 1920 near Khan Maysalun in the Anti-Lebanon Mountains, about west of Damascus.

See History of Syria and Battle of Maysalun

Battle of Pelusium

The Battle of Pelusium was the first major battle between the Achaemenid Empire and Egypt.

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Battle of the Iron Bridge

The Battle of the Iron Bridge was fought between the Muslim Rashidun army and the Byzantine army in 637 AD.

See History of Syria and Battle of the Iron Bridge

Battle of the Yarmuk

The Battle of the Yarmuk (also spelled Yarmouk) was a major battle between the army of the Byzantine Empire and the Arab Muslim forces of the Rashidun Caliphate.

See History of Syria and Battle of the Yarmuk

Baybars

Al-Malik al-Zahir Rukn al-Din Baybars al-Bunduqdari (الملك الظاهر ركن الدين بيبرس البندقداري; 1223/1228 – 1 July 1277), commonly known as Baibars or Baybars and nicknamed Abu al-Futuh (أبو الفتوح), was the fourth Mamluk sultan of Egypt and Syria, of Turkic Kipchak origin, in the Bahri dynasty, succeeding Qutuz.

See History of Syria and Baybars

Bilad al-Sham

Bilad al-Sham (Bilād al-Shām), often referred to as Islamic Syria or simply Syria in English-language sources, was a province of the Rashidun, Umayyad, Abbasid, and Fatimid caliphates.

See History of Syria and Bilad al-Sham

Bill Clinton

William Jefferson Clinton (né Blythe III; born August 19, 1946) is an American politician who served as the 42nd president of the United States from 1993 to 2001.

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Black September

Black September (أيلول الأسود), also known as the Jordanian Civil War, was an armed conflict between Jordan, led by King Hussein, and the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO), led by chairman Yasser Arafat.

See History of Syria and Black September

Bosporus

The Bosporus or Bosphorus Strait (Istanbul strait, colloquially Boğaz) is a natural strait and an internationally significant waterway located in Istanbul, Turkey.

See History of Syria and Bosporus

Brussels

Brussels (Bruxelles,; Brussel), officially the Brussels-Capital Region (All text and all but one graphic show the English name as Brussels-Capital Region.) (Région de Bruxelles-Capitale; Brussels Hoofdstedelijk Gewest), is a region of Belgium comprising 19 municipalities, including the City of Brussels, which is the capital of Belgium.

See History of Syria and Brussels

Burid dynasty

The Burid dynasty was a Sunni Muslim dynasty of Oghuz Turkic origin which ruled over the Emirate of Damascus in the early 12th century, as subjects of the Seljuk Empire.

See History of Syria and Burid dynasty

Buyid dynasty

The Buyid dynasty (Âl-i Bōya), also spelled Buwayhid (Al-Buwayhiyyah), was a Zaydi and, later, Twelver Shia dynasty of Daylamite origin, which mainly ruled over central and southern Iran and Iraq from 934 to 1062.

See History of Syria and Buyid dynasty

Byzantine Empire

The Byzantine Empire, also referred to as the Eastern Roman Empire, was the continuation of the Roman Empire centered in Constantinople during Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages.

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Byzantine–Sasanian War of 602–628

The Byzantine–Sasanian War of 602–628 was the final and most devastating of the series of wars fought between the Byzantine Empire and the Persian Sasanian Empire.

See History of Syria and Byzantine–Sasanian War of 602–628

Cairo

Cairo (al-Qāhirah) is the capital of Egypt and the Cairo Governorate, and is the country's largest city, being home to more than 10 million people.

See History of Syria and Cairo

Caliphate

A caliphate or khilāfah (خِلَافَةْ) is a monarchical form of government (initially elective, later absolute) that originated in the 7th century Arabia, whose political identity is based on a claim of succession to the Islamic State of Muhammad and the identification of a monarch called caliph (خَلِيفَةْ) as his heir and successor.

See History of Syria and Caliphate

Cambyses II

Cambyses II (translit) was the second King of Kings of the Achaemenid Empire from 530 to 522 BC.

See History of Syria and Cambyses II

Canaan

Canaan (Phoenician: 𐤊𐤍𐤏𐤍 –; כְּנַעַן –, in pausa כְּנָעַן –; Χανααν –;The current scholarly edition of the Greek Old Testament spells the word without any accents, cf. Septuaginta: id est Vetus Testamentum graece iuxta LXX interpretes.

See History of Syria and Canaan

Cappadocia

Cappadocia (Kapadokya, Greek: Καππαδοκία) is a historical region in Central Anatolia, Turkey.

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Carthage

Carthage was an ancient city in Northern Africa, on the eastern side of the Lake of Tunis in what is now Tunisia.

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Central Asia

Central Asia is a subregion of Asia that stretches from the Caspian Sea in the southwest and Eastern Europe in the northwest to Western China and Mongolia in the east, and from Afghanistan and Iran in the south to Russia in the north.

See History of Syria and Central Asia

Chalcedon

Chalcedon (Χαλκηδών||; sometimes transliterated as Khalqedon) was an ancient maritime town of Bithynia, in Asia Minor.

See History of Syria and Chalcedon

Charter of the United Nations

The Charter of the United Nations (UN) is the foundational treaty of the United Nations.

See History of Syria and Charter of the United Nations

Christians

A Christian is a person who follows or adheres to Christianity, a monotheistic Abrahamic religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus Christ.

See History of Syria and Christians

Church of Antioch

The Church of Antioch (translit) was the first of the five major churches of the early pentarchy in Christianity, with its primary seat in the ancient Greek city of Antioch (present-day Antakya, Turkey).

See History of Syria and Church of Antioch

Civil war

A civil war is a war between organized groups within the same state (or country).

See History of Syria and Civil war

Coele-Syria

Coele-Syria (Κοίλη Συρία, Koílē Syría, 'Hollow Syria') was a region of Syria in classical antiquity.

See History of Syria and Coele-Syria

Communism

Communism (from Latin label) is a sociopolitical, philosophical, and economic ideology within the socialist movement, whose goal is the creation of a communist society, a socioeconomic order centered around common ownership of the means of production, distribution, and exchange that allocates products to everyone in the society based on need.

See History of Syria and Communism

Condoleezza Rice

Condoleezza Rice (born November 14, 1954) is an American diplomat and political scientist who is the current director of the Hoover Institution at Stanford University.

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Conversion of Paul the Apostle

The conversion of Paul the Apostle (also the Pauline conversion, Damascene conversion, Damascus Christophany and the "road to Damascus" event) was, according to the New Testament, an event in the life of Saul/Paul the Apostle that led him to cease persecuting early Christians and to become a follower of Jesus.

See History of Syria and Conversion of Paul the Apostle

Cornell University Press

The Cornell University Press is the university press of Cornell University; currently housed in Sage House, the former residence of Henry William Sage.

See History of Syria and Cornell University Press

Corrective Movement (Syria)

The Corrective Movement (translit), also referred to as the Corrective Revolution or the 1970 coup, was a bloodless coup d'état led by General Hafez al-Assad on 13 November 1970 in Syria.

See History of Syria and Corrective Movement (Syria)

County of Edessa

"Les Croisades, Origines et consequences", Claude Lebedel, p.50--> The County of Edessa (Latin: Comitatus Edessanus) was a 12th-century Crusader state in Upper Mesopotamia.

See History of Syria and County of Edessa

County of Tripoli

The County of Tripoli (1102–1289) was one of the Crusader states.

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Crisis of the Third Century

The Crisis of the Third Century, also known as the Military Anarchy or the Imperial Crisis (235–285), was a period in Roman history during which the Roman Empire had nearly collapsed under the combined pressure of repeated foreign invasions, civil wars and economic disintegration.

See History of Syria and Crisis of the Third Century

Crusader states

The Crusader states, or Outremer, were four Catholic polities that existed in the Levant from 1098 to 1291.

See History of Syria and Crusader states

Ctesiphon

Ctesiphon (𐭲𐭩𐭮𐭯𐭥𐭭, Tyspwn or Tysfwn; تیسفون; Κτησιφῶν,; ܩܛܝܣܦܘܢThomas A. Carlson et al., “Ctesiphon — ܩܛܝܣܦܘܢ ” in The Syriac Gazetteer last modified July 28, 2014, http://syriaca.org/place/58.) was an ancient Mesopotamian city, located on the eastern bank of the Tigris, and about southeast of present-day Baghdad.

See History of Syria and Ctesiphon

Cyrus the Great

Cyrus II of Persia (𐎤𐎢𐎽𐎢𐏁), commonly known as Cyrus the Great, was the founder of the Achaemenid Persian Empire.

See History of Syria and Cyrus the Great

Damascus

Damascus (Dimašq) is the capital and largest city of Syria, the oldest current capital in the world and, according to some, the fourth holiest city in Islam.

See History of Syria and Damascus

Damascus Declaration

The Damascus Declaration (إعلان دمشق) was a statement of unity by Syrian opposition figures issued in October 2005.

See History of Syria and Damascus Declaration

Damascus Spring

The Damascus Spring (ربيع دمشق) was a period of intense political and social debate in Syria which started after the death of President Hafiz al-Assad in June 2000 and continued to some degree until autumn 2001, when most of the activities associated with it were suppressed by the government.

See History of Syria and Damascus Spring

Danube

The Danube (see also other names) is the second-longest river in Europe, after the Volga in Russia.

See History of Syria and Danube

Daraa

Daraa (Darʿā, Levantine Arabic:, also Darʿā, Dara’a, Deraa, Dera'a, Dera, Derʿā and Edrei; means "fortress", compare Dura-Europos) is a city in southwestern Syria, located about north of the border with Jordan.

See History of Syria and Daraa

Daraa Governorate

Daraa Governorate (مُحافظة درعا / ALA-LC) is one of the fourteen governorates (provinces) of Syria.

See History of Syria and Daraa Governorate

Death of Hamza Ali Al-Khateeb

Hamza Ali Al-Khateeb (حمزة علي الخطيب; October 24, 1997 – May 25, 2011) was a 13-year-old Syrian boy who died while in the custody of the Syrian government in Daraa.

See History of Syria and Death of Hamza Ali Al-Khateeb

Death squad

A death squad is an armed group whose primary activity is carrying out extrajudicial killings, massacres, or enforced disappearances as part of political repression, genocide, ethnic cleansing, or revolutionary terror.

See History of Syria and Death squad

Decius

Gaius Messius Quintus Trajanus Decius (201June 251), known as Trajan Decius or simply Decius, was Roman emperor from 249 to 251.

See History of Syria and Decius

Demilitarized zone

A demilitarized zone (DMZ or DZ) is an area in which treaties or agreements between states, military powers or contending groups forbid military installations, activities, or personnel.

See History of Syria and Demilitarized zone

Demographics of Lebanon

This is a demography of the population of Lebanon including population density, education level, health of the populace, economic status, religious affiliations and other aspects of the population.

See History of Syria and Demographics of Lebanon

Dura-Europos

Dura-Europos was a Hellenistic, Parthian, and Roman border city built on an escarpment above the southwestern bank of the Euphrates river.

See History of Syria and Dura-Europos

East Semitic languages

The East Semitic languages are one of three divisions of the Semitic languages.

See History of Syria and East Semitic languages

Eastern Bloc

The Eastern Bloc, also known as the Communist Bloc (Combloc), the Socialist Bloc, and the Soviet Bloc, was the unofficial coalition of communist states of Central and Eastern Europe, Asia, Africa, and Latin America that were aligned with the Soviet Union and existed during the Cold War (1947–1991).

See History of Syria and Eastern Bloc

Eber-Nari

Eber-Nari or Ebir-Nari (Akkadian), also Abar-Nahara (Aramaic) or Aber Nahra (Syriac), was a region of the ancient Near East.

See History of Syria and Eber-Nari

Ebla

Ebla (Sumerian: eb₂-la, إبلا., modern: تل مرديخ, Tell Mardikh) was one of the earliest kingdoms in Syria.

See History of Syria and Ebla

Eblaite language

Eblaite (also known as Eblan ISO 639-3), or Palaeosyrian, is an extinct East Semitic language used during the 3rd millennium BC in Northern Syria.

See History of Syria and Eblaite language

Economic liberalization

Economic liberalization, or economic liberalisation, is the lessening of government regulations and restrictions in an economy in exchange for greater participation by private entities.

See History of Syria and Economic liberalization

Egypt

Egypt (مصر), officially the Arab Republic of Egypt, is a transcontinental country spanning the northeast corner of Africa and the Sinai Peninsula in the southwest corner of Asia.

See History of Syria and Egypt

Egyptians

Egyptians (translit,; translit,; remenkhēmi) are an ethnic group native to the Nile Valley in Egypt.

See History of Syria and Egyptians

Ehud Olmert

Ehud Olmert (אֶהוּד אוֹלְמֶרְט,; born 30 September 1945) is an Israeli politician and lawyer.

See History of Syria and Ehud Olmert

Eid al-Adha

Eid al-Adha is the second of the two main holidays in Islam alongside Eid al-Fitr.

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Elagabalus

Marcus Aurelius Antoninus (born Sextus Varius Avitus Bassianus, 204 – 13 March 222), better known by his posthumous nicknames Elagabalus and Heliogabalus, was Roman emperor from 218 to 222, while he was still a teenager.

See History of Syria and Elagabalus

Elagabalus (deity)

Elagabalus, Aelagabalus, Heliogabalus, or simply Elagabal (Aramaic: 𐡁𐡋𐡄𐡂𐡀𐡋 ʾĕlāhgabāl or 𐡁𐡋𐡄𐡀𐡂𐡀𐡋 ʾĕlāhaʾgabāl; Arabic: إله الجبل Ilah al-Jabal, both literally meaning "God of the Mountain") was an Arab-Roman sun god, initially venerated in Emesa (modern-day Homs), Syria.

See History of Syria and Elagabalus (deity)

Emar

Emar, is an archaeological site at Tell Meskene in the Aleppo Governorate of northern Syria.

See History of Syria and Emar

Emesene dynasty

The Emesene (or Emesan) dynasty, also called the Sampsigeramids or the Sampsigerami or the House of Sampsigeramus (translit), were a Roman client dynasty of Syrian priest-kings known to have ruled by 46 BC from Arethusa and later from Emesa, Syria, until between 72 and 78/79, or at the latest the reign of Emperor Antoninus Pius (138–161).

See History of Syria and Emesene dynasty

Eyalet

Eyalets (ایالت), also known as beylerbeyliks or pashaliks, were the primary administrative divisions of the Ottoman Empire.

See History of Syria and Eyalet

Facebook

Facebook is a social media and social networking service owned by American technology conglomerate Meta.

See History of Syria and Facebook

Faisal I of Iraq

Faisal I bin al-Hussein bin Ali al-Hashemi (فيصل الأول بن الحسين بن علي الهاشمي, Fayṣal al-Awwal bin al-Ḥusayn bin ʻAlī al-Hāshimī; 20 May 1885 – 8 September 1933) was King of Iraq from 23 August 1921 until his death in 1933.

See History of Syria and Faisal I of Iraq

Fatimid Caliphate

The Fatimid Caliphate or Fatimid Empire (al-Khilāfa al-Fāṭimiyya) was a caliphate extant from the tenth to the twelfth centuries CE under the rule of the Fatimids, an Isma'ili Shia dynasty.

See History of Syria and Fatimid Caliphate

Fertile Crescent

The Fertile Crescent (الهلال الخصيب) is a crescent-shaped region in the Middle East, spanning modern-day Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Palestine, and Syria, together with northern Kuwait, south-eastern Turkey, and western Iran.

See History of Syria and Fertile Crescent

First Syrian Republic

The First Syrian Republic, officially the Syrian Republic, was formed in 1930 as a component of the Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon, succeeding the State of Syria.

See History of Syria and First Syrian Republic

François Georges-Picot

François Marie Denis Georges-Picot (21 December 1870 – 20 June 1951) was a French diplomat and lawyer who negotiated the Sykes–Picot Agreement with the British diplomat Sir Mark Sykes between November 1915 and March 1916 before its signing on May 16, 1916.

See History of Syria and François Georges-Picot

France

France, officially the French Republic, is a country located primarily in Western Europe.

See History of Syria and France

Franco-Syrian Treaty of Independence

The Franco-Syrian Treaty of Independence, also known as the Viénot Accords, was a treaty negotiated between France and Syria to provide for Syrian independence from French authority.

See History of Syria and Franco-Syrian Treaty of Independence

Free Syrian Army

The Free Syrian Army (FSA; al-jaysh as-Sūrī al-ḥur) is a big-tent coalition of decentralized Syrian opposition rebel groups in the Syrian civil war founded on 29 July 2011 by Colonel Riad al-Asaad and six officers who defected from the Syrian Armed Forces.

See History of Syria and Free Syrian Army

Gamal Abdel Nasser

Gamal Abdel Nasser Hussein (15 January 1918 – 28 September 1970) was an Egyptian military officer and politician who served as the second president of Egypt from 1954 until his death in 1970.

See History of Syria and Gamal Abdel Nasser

Geneva

Geneva (Genève)Genf; Ginevra; Genevra.

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George J. Mitchell

George John Mitchell Jr. (born August 20, 1933) is an American politician, diplomat, and lawyer.

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George W. Bush

George Walker Bush (born July 6, 1946) is an American politician and businessman who served as the 43rd president of the United States from 2001 to 2009.

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Golan Heights

The Golan Heights (Haḍbatu l-Jawlān or; רמת הגולן), or simply the Golan, is a basaltic plateau, at the southwest corner of Syria.

See History of Syria and Golan Heights

Great Syrian Revolt

The Great Syrian Revolt (الثورة السورية الكبرى), also known as the Revolt of 1925, was a general uprising across the State of Syria and Greater Lebanon during the period of 1925 to 1927. History of Syria and Great Syrian Revolt are history of the Levant.

See History of Syria and Great Syrian Revolt

Greek language

Greek (Elliniká,; Hellēnikḗ) is an independent branch of the Indo-European family of languages, native to Greece, Cyprus, Italy (in Calabria and Salento), southern Albania, and other regions of the Balkans, the Black Sea coast, Asia Minor, and the Eastern Mediterranean.

See History of Syria and Greek language

Gulf Cooperation Council

The Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf (مجلس التعاون لدول الخلیج العربية.), also known as the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC; مجلس التعاون الخليجي), is a regional, intergovernmental, political, and economic union comprising Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates.

See History of Syria and Gulf Cooperation Council

Hafez al-Assad

Hafez al-Assad (6 October 193010 June 2000) was a Syrian statesman, military officer and revolutionary who served as the 18th president of Syria from 1971 until his death in 2000.

See History of Syria and Hafez al-Assad

Haitham al-Maleh

Haitham al-Maleh (هيثمالمالح, born August 15, 1931) is a Syrian human rights activist and former judge.

See History of Syria and Haitham al-Maleh

Hajj

Hajj (translit; also spelled Hadj, Haj or Haji) is an annual Islamic pilgrimage to Mecca, Saudi Arabia, the holiest city for Muslims.

See History of Syria and Hajj

Hakkari (historical region)

Hakkari (ܚܟܐܪܝ, or ܗܟܐܪܝ Kurdish: هەکاری), was a historical mountainous region lying to the south of Lake Van, encompassing parts of the modern provinces of Hakkâri, Şırnak, Van in Turkey and Dohuk in Iraq.

See History of Syria and Hakkari (historical region)

Hamas

Hamas, an acronym of its official name, Harakat al-Muqawama al-Islamiya (lit), is a Palestinian Sunni Islamist militant resistance movement governing parts of the Israeli-occupied Gaza Strip since 2007.

See History of Syria and Hamas

Hamdanid dynasty

The Hamdanid dynasty (al-Ḥamdāniyyūn) was a Shia Muslim Arab dynasty of Northern Mesopotamia and Syria (890–1004).

See History of Syria and Hamdanid dynasty

Hamoukar

Hamoukar (حموكار, known locally as Khirbat al-Fakhar) is a large archaeological site located in the Jazira region of northeastern Syria (Al Hasakah Governorate), near the Iraqi and Turkish borders.

See History of Syria and Hamoukar

Hashim al-Atassi

Hashim al-Atassi (Hāšim al-ʾAtāsī; 11 January 1875 – 5 December 1960) was a Syrian nationalist and statesman and the President of Syria from 1936 to 1939, 1949 to 1951 and 1954 to 1955.

See History of Syria and Hashim al-Atassi

Heraclius

Heraclius (Hērákleios; – 11 February 641) was Byzantine emperor from 610 to 641.

See History of Syria and Heraclius

Hezbollah

Hezbollah (Ḥizbu 'llāh) is a Lebanese Shia Islamist political party and paramilitary group, led since 1992 by its Secretary-General Hassan Nasrallah.

See History of Syria and Hezbollah

History of Asia

The history of Asia can be seen as the collective history of several distinct peripheral coastal regions such as East Asia, South Asia, Southeast Asia and the Middle East linked by the interior mass of the Eurasian steppe.

See History of Syria and History of Asia

History of Christianity

The history of Christianity follows the Christian religion as it developed from its earliest beliefs and practices in the first-century, spread geographically in the Roman Empire and beyond, and became a global religion in the twenty-first century.

See History of Syria and History of Christianity

History of Syria

The history of Syria covers events which occurred on the territory of the present Syrian Arab Republic and events which occurred in the region of Syria. History of Syria and history of Syria are history of Upper Mesopotamia and history of the Levant.

See History of Syria and History of Syria

History of the ancient Levant

The Levant is the area in Southwest Asia, south of the Taurus Mountains, bounded by the Mediterranean Sea in the west, the Arabian Desert in the south, and Mesopotamia in the east. History of Syria and History of the ancient Levant are history of the Levant.

See History of Syria and History of the ancient Levant

History of the Middle East

The Middle East, also known as the Near East, is home to one of the Cradles of Civilization and has seen many of the world's oldest cultures and civilizations.

See History of Syria and History of the Middle East

Hittites

The Hittites were an Anatolian Indo-European people who formed one of the first major civilizations of Bronze Age West Asia.

See History of Syria and Hittites

Homs

Homs (حِمْص / ALA-LC:; Levantine Arabic: حُمْص / Ḥomṣ), known in pre-Islamic Syria as Emesa (Émesa), is a city in western Syria and the capital of the Homs Governorate.

See History of Syria and Homs

Houla

The Houla Region or Houla Plain (الحولة Al-Ḥūla) is an area consisting of three villages in the Homs Governorate of central Syria, northwest of the city of Homs.

See History of Syria and Houla

Houla massacre

The Houla massacre (مجزرة الحولة) was a mass murder of civilians by Syrian government forces that took place on May 25, 2012, in the midst of the Syrian Civil War, in the town of Taldou, in the Houla Region of Syria, a string of towns northwest of Homs.

See History of Syria and Houla massacre

Hurrians

The Hurrians (Ḫu-ur-ri; also called Hari, Khurrites, Hourri, Churri, Hurri) were a people who inhabited the Ancient Near East during the Bronze Age.

See History of Syria and Hurrians

Husni al-Za'im

Husni al-Za'im (حسني الزعيمḤusnī az-Za’īm; 11 May 1897 – 14 August 1949) was a Syrian Kurdish military officer and who was head of state of Syria in 1949.

See History of Syria and Husni al-Za'im

Idlib

Idlib (ʾIdlib,; also spelt Idleb or Edlib) is a city in northwestern Syria, and is the capital of the Idlib Governorate.

See History of Syria and Idlib

Ikhshidid dynasty

The Ikhshidid dynasty was a dynasty of Turkic mamluk origin, who ruled Egypt and the Levant from 935 to 969.

See History of Syria and Ikhshidid dynasty

Indo-European languages

The Indo-European languages are a language family native to the overwhelming majority of Europe, the Iranian plateau, and the northern Indian subcontinent.

See History of Syria and Indo-European languages

International Atomic Energy Agency

The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) is an intergovernmental organization that seeks to promote the peaceful use of nuclear energy and to inhibit its use for any military purpose, including nuclear weapons.

See History of Syria and International Atomic Energy Agency

Internet censorship

Internet censorship is the legal control or suppression of what can be accessed, published, or viewed on the Internet.

See History of Syria and Internet censorship

Interventionism (politics)

Interventionism, in international politics, is the interference of a state or group of states into the domestic affairs of another state for the purposes of coercing that state to do something or refrain from doing something.

See History of Syria and Interventionism (politics)

Iran–Iraq War

The Iran–Iraq War, also known as the First Gulf War, was an armed conflict between Iran and Iraq that lasted from September 1980 to August 1988.

See History of Syria and Iran–Iraq War

Iraq

Iraq, officially the Republic of Iraq, is a country in West Asia and a core country in the geopolitical region known as the Middle East.

See History of Syria and Iraq

Islam in Syria

Several different denominations and sects of Islam are practised within Syria, whom collectively, constitute approximately 87% of the population and form a majority in most of the districts of the country.

See History of Syria and Islam in Syria

Islamic state

An Islamic state has a form of government based on sharia law.

See History of Syria and Islamic state

Ismail I

Ismail I (translit; 14 July 1487 – 23 May 1524) was the founder and first shah of Safavid Iran, ruling from 1501 until his death in 1524.

See History of Syria and Ismail I

Israel

Israel, officially the State of Israel, is a country in the Southern Levant, West Asia.

See History of Syria and Israel

Israeli-occupied territories

Israel has occupied the Palestinian territories and the Golan Heights since the Six-Day War of 1967.

See History of Syria and Israeli-occupied territories

Issus (Cilicia)

Issus (Latin; Phoenician: Sissu) or Issos (Ἰσσός, Issós, or Ἰσσοί, Issoí) was an ancient settlement on the strategic coastal plain straddling the small Pinarus river (a fast melt-water stream several metres wide) below the navigationally difficult inland mountains towering above to the east in the Turkish Province of Hatay, near the border with Syria.

See History of Syria and Issus (Cilicia)

Jabal al-Druze

Jabal al-Druze (Mountain of the Druze), is an elevated volcanic region in the As-Suwayda Governorate of southern Syria.

See History of Syria and Jabal al-Druze

Jamal al-Atassi

Jamal Al-Atassi (1922−2000) (جمال الأتاسي) was a Syrian Arab nationalist, politician and author.

See History of Syria and Jamal al-Atassi

Jazira Region

The Jazira Region, formerly Jazira Canton, (Herêma Cizîrê, إقليمالجزيرة, Ponyotho d'Gozarto), is the largest of the three original regions of the de facto Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria (AANES).

See History of Syria and Jazira Region

Jewish exodus from the Muslim world

In the 20th century, approximately Jews migrated, fled, or were expelled from Muslim-majority countries throughout Africa and Asia.

See History of Syria and Jewish exodus from the Muslim world

Jordan

Jordan, officially the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan, is a country in the Southern Levant region of West Asia.

See History of Syria and Jordan

Julia Domna

Julia Domna (– 217 AD) was Roman empress from 193 to 211 as the wife of Emperor Septimius Severus.

See History of Syria and Julia Domna

Julia Maesa

Julia Maesa (7 May before 160 AD – AD) was a member of the Severan dynasty of the Roman Empire who was the grandmother of emperors Elagabalus and Severus Alexander, elder sister of empress Julia Domna, and mother of Julia Soaemias and Julia Mamaea.

See History of Syria and Julia Maesa

Jund Filastin

Jund Filasṭīn (جُنْد فِلَسْطِيْن, "the military district of Palestine") was one of the military districts of the Umayyad and Abbasid province of Bilad al-Sham (Levant), organized soon after the Muslim conquest of the Levant in the 630s.

See History of Syria and Jund Filastin

Kamal al-Labwani

Kamal al-Labwani (كمال اللبواني; born October 10, 1957, in Zabadani, Syria) is a Syrian doctor and artist, He was released from Adra Prison, near Damascus on November 15, 2011, according to state media.

See History of Syria and Kamal al-Labwani

Kamal Jumblatt

Kamal Fouad Jumblatt (كمال فؤاد جنبلاط; 6 December 1917 – 16 March 1977) was a Lebanese politician who founded the Progressive Socialist Party.

See History of Syria and Kamal Jumblatt

Khalid ibn al-Walid

Khalid ibn al-Walid ibn al-Mughira al-Makhzumi (died 642) was a 7th-century Arab military commander.

See History of Syria and Khalid ibn al-Walid

Kingdom of Armenia (antiquity)

Armenia, also the Kingdom of Greater Armenia, or simply Greater Armenia or Armenia Major (Մեծ Հայք; Armenia Maior) sometimes referred to as the Armenian Empire, was a kingdom in the Ancient Near East which existed from 331 BC to 428 AD.

See History of Syria and Kingdom of Armenia (antiquity)

Kitab al-I'tibar

Kitab al-I'tibar (كتاب الاعتبار, The Book of Learning by Example) is the autobiography of Usama ibn-Munqidh, an Arab Syrian diplomat, soldier of the 12th century, hunter, poet and nobleman.

See History of Syria and Kitab al-I'tibar

Kofi Annan

Kofi Atta Annan (8 April 193818 August 2018) was a Ghanaian diplomat who served as the seventh secretary-general of the United Nations from 1997 to 2006.

See History of Syria and Kofi Annan

Kurds in Syria

The Kurdish population of Syria is the country's largest ethnic minority, usually estimated at around 10% of the Syrian population Kurds are the largest ethnic minority in Syria, constituting around 10 per cent of the population – around 2 million of the pre-conflict population of around 22 million.

See History of Syria and Kurds in Syria

Latakia

Latakia (translit; Syrian pronunciation) is the principal port city of Syria and capital city of the Latakia Governorate located on the Mediterranean coast.

See History of Syria and Latakia

Late Bronze Age collapse

The Late Bronze Age collapse was a time of widespread societal collapse during the 12th century BC associated with environmental change, mass migration, and the destruction of cities.

See History of Syria and Late Bronze Age collapse

League of Nations

The League of Nations (LN or LoN; Société des Nations, SdN) was the first worldwide intergovernmental organisation whose principal mission was to maintain world peace.

See History of Syria and League of Nations

Lebanese Civil War

The Lebanese Civil War (الحرب الأهلية اللبنانية) was a multifaceted armed conflict that took place from 1975 to 1990.

See History of Syria and Lebanese Civil War

Lebanese Maronite Christians

Lebanese Maronite Christians (المسيحية المارونية في لبنان; ܡܫܝܚܝ̈ܐ ܡܪ̈ܘܢܝܐ ܕܠܒܢܢ) refers to Lebanese people who are members of the Maronite Church in Lebanon, the largest Christian denomination in the country.

See History of Syria and Lebanese Maronite Christians

Legio III Gallica

Legio III Gallica (Third Legion "Gallic") was a legion of the Imperial Roman army.

See History of Syria and Legio III Gallica

Legio XXII Primigenia

Legio XXII Primigenia ("Fortune's Twenty-Second Legion") was a legion of the Imperial Roman army dedicated to the goddess Fortuna Primigenia.

See History of Syria and Legio XXII Primigenia

Levant Crisis

The Levant Crisis, also known as the Damascus Crisis, the Syrian Crisis, or the Levant Confrontation, was a military confrontation that took place between British and French forces in Syria in May 1945 soon after the end of World War II in Europe.

See History of Syria and Levant Crisis

Liberal internationalism

Liberal internationalism is a foreign policy doctrine that supports international institutions, open markets, cooperative security and liberal democracy.

See History of Syria and Liberal internationalism

List of presidents of Syria

This is a list of presidents of Syria since 1920.

See History of Syria and List of presidents of Syria

List of prime ministers of Syria

This is a list of prime ministers of Syria since 1920.

See History of Syria and List of prime ministers of Syria

List of rulers of Damascus

This is a list of rulers of Damascus from ancient times to the present.

See History of Syria and List of rulers of Damascus

Macedonia (ancient kingdom)

Macedonia (Μακεδονία), also called Macedon, was an ancient kingdom on the periphery of Archaic and Classical Greece, which later became the dominant state of Hellenistic Greece.

See History of Syria and Macedonia (ancient kingdom)

Macrinus

Marcus Opellius Macrinus (– June 218) was a Roman emperor who reigned from April 217 to June 218, jointly with his young son Diadumenianus.

See History of Syria and Macrinus

Madrid

Madrid is the capital and most populous city of Spain.

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Madrid Conference of 1991

The Madrid Conference of 1991 was a peace conference, held from 30 October to 1 November 1991 in Madrid, hosted by Spain and co-sponsored by the United States and the Soviet Union.

See History of Syria and Madrid Conference of 1991

Maeonius

Maeonius (died 267), or Maconius, was a usurper who, according to the Historia Augusta, briefly ruled over Palmyra.

See History of Syria and Maeonius

Malik-Shah I

Malik-Shah I (ملک شاه) was the third sultan of the Seljuk Empire from 1072 to 1092, under whom the sultanate reached the zenith of its power and influence.

See History of Syria and Malik-Shah I

Mamluk

Mamluk or Mamaluk (mamlūk (singular), مماليك, mamālīk (plural); translated as "one who is owned", meaning "slave") were non-Arab, ethnically diverse (mostly Turkic, Caucasian, Eastern and Southeastern European) enslaved mercenaries, slave-soldiers, and freed slaves who were assigned high-ranking military and administrative duties, serving the ruling Arab and Ottoman dynasties in the Muslim world.

See History of Syria and Mamluk

Manaf Tlass

Manaf Tlass or Manaf Tlas (Manāf Ṭalās; born 1964) is a former Brigadier General of the Syrian Republican Guard and member of Bashar al-Assad's inner circle who defected in 2012.

See History of Syria and Manaf Tlass

Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon

The Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon (Mandat pour la Syrie et le Liban; al-intidāb al-faransīalā sūriyā wa-lubnān, also referred to as the Levant States; 1923−1946) was a League of Nations mandate founded in the aftermath of the First World War and the partitioning of the Ottoman Empire, concerning Syria and Lebanon. History of Syria and mandate for Syria and the Lebanon are history of the Levant.

See History of Syria and Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon

March 1949 Syrian coup d'état

The March 1949 Syrian coup d'état was a bloodless coup d'état that took place on 30 March, and was the first military coup in modern Syrian history which overthrew the country's democratically elected government.

See History of Syria and March 1949 Syrian coup d'état

Mark Sykes

Colonel Sir Tatton Benvenuto Mark Sykes, 6th Baronet (16 March 1879 – 16 February 1919) was an English traveller, Conservative Party politician, and diplomatic advisor, particularly with regard to the Middle East at the time of the First World War.

See History of Syria and Mark Sykes

Mecca

Mecca (officially Makkah al-Mukarramah, commonly shortened to Makkah) is the capital of Mecca Province in the Hejaz region of western Saudi Arabia and the holiest city according to Islam.

See History of Syria and Mecca

Mesopotamia

Mesopotamia is a historical region of West Asia situated within the Tigris–Euphrates river system, in the northern part of the Fertile Crescent.

See History of Syria and Mesopotamia

Michel Aflaq

Michel Aflaq (Mīšīl ʿAflaq‎,; 9 January 1910 – 23 June 1989) was a Syrian philosopher, sociologist and Arab nationalist.

See History of Syria and Michel Aflaq

Michel Kilo

Michel Kilo (ميشيل كيلو; 1940 – 19 April 2021) was a Syrian Christian writer and human rights activist, who has been called "one of Syria's leading opposition thinkers.".

See History of Syria and Michel Kilo

Michel Suleiman

Michel Suleiman (ميشال سليمان; born 21 November 1948) is a Lebanese politician who served as President of Lebanon from 2008 to 2014.

See History of Syria and Michel Suleiman

Middle Assyrian Empire

The Middle Assyrian Empire was the third stage of Assyrian history, covering the history of Assyria from the accession of Ashur-uballit I 1363 BC and the rise of Assyria as a territorial kingdom to the death of Ashur-dan II in 912 BC.

See History of Syria and Middle Assyrian Empire

Military Intelligence Directorate (Syria)

The Military Intelligence Directorate (MID; translit) is the military intelligence service of Syria.

See History of Syria and Military Intelligence Directorate (Syria)

Millet (Ottoman Empire)

In the Ottoman Empire, a millet (ملت) was an independent court of law pertaining to "personal law" under which a confessional community (a group abiding by the laws of Muslim sharia, Christian canon law, or Jewish halakha) was allowed to rule itself under its own laws.

See History of Syria and Millet (Ottoman Empire)

Mitanni

Mitanni (–1260 BC), earlier called Ḫabigalbat in old Babylonian texts,; Hanigalbat or Hani-Rabbat in Assyrian records, or Naharin in Egyptian texts, was a Hurrian-speaking state in northern Syria and southeast Anatolia (modern-day Turkey) with Indo-Aryan linguistic and political influences.

See History of Syria and Mitanni

Mithridates II of Parthia

Mithridates II (also spelled Mithradates II or Mihrdad II; 𐭌𐭄𐭓𐭃𐭕 Mihrdāt) was king of the Parthian Empire from 124 to 91 BC.

See History of Syria and Mithridates II of Parthia

Mongols

The Mongols are an East Asian ethnic group native to Mongolia, China (majority in Inner Mongolia), as well as Buryatia and Kalmykia of Russia.

See History of Syria and Mongols

Muhammad al-Maghut

Muhammad al-Maghout (1934–April 3, 2006) (محمد الماغوط) was a renowned Syrian writer and poet.

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Munir al-Ajlani

Munir al-Ajlani (Dr. Munir Ajlani, منير محمد علي العجلاني) (August 1912 or 1914 – 20 June 2004) was a Syrian politician, writer, lawyer, and scholar.

See History of Syria and Munir al-Ajlani

Mureybet

Mureybet (lit) is a tell, or ancient settlement mound, located on the west bank of the Euphrates in Raqqa Governorate, northern Syria.

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Muslim Brotherhood

The Society of the Muslim Brothers (جماعة الإخوان المسلمين), better known as the Muslim Brotherhood (الإخوان المسلمون) is a transnational Sunni Islamist organization founded in Egypt by Islamic scholar and schoolteacher Hassan al-Banna in 1928.

See History of Syria and Muslim Brotherhood

Muslim conquest of the Levant

The Muslim conquest of the Levant (Fatḥ al-šām; lit. "Conquest of Syria"), or Arab conquest of Syria, was a 634–638 CE invasion of Byzantine Syria by the Rashidun Caliphate. History of Syria and Muslim conquest of the Levant are history of the Levant.

See History of Syria and Muslim conquest of the Levant

Muslims

Muslims (God) are people who adhere to Islam, a monotheistic religion belonging to the Abrahamic tradition.

See History of Syria and Muslims

Name of Syria

The name Syria is latinized from the Greek Συρία (Suría).

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Nancy Pelosi

Nancy Patricia Pelosi (born March 26, 1940) is an American politician who served as the 52nd speaker of the United States House of Representatives from 2007 to 2011 and again from 2019 to 2023.

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Nasserism

Nasserism is an Arab nationalist and Arab socialist political ideology based on the thinking of Gamal Abdel Nasser, one of the two principal leaders of the Egyptian Revolution of 1952, and Egypt's second President.

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National Coalition of Syrian Revolutionary and Opposition Forces

The National Coalition of Syrian Revolution and Opposition Forces (الائتلاف الوطني لقوى الثورة والمعارضة السورية), commonly named the Syrian National Coalition (SNC) (الائتلاف الوطني السوري), or the Syrian National Revolutionary Coalition (SNRC) is a coalition of opposition groups in the Syrian civil war that was founded in Doha, Qatar, in November 2012.

See History of Syria and National Coalition of Syrian Revolutionary and Opposition Forces

National Command of the Ba'ath Party

The National Command of the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party was the ruling organ of the party between sessions of the National Congress, and was headed by a Secretary General.

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National Progressive Front (Syria)

The National Progressive Front (al-Jabha al-Waṭaniyyah al-Taqaddumiyyah, NPF) is a pro-government coalition of left-wing parties in Syria that supports the Arab nationalist and Arab socialist orientation of the government and accepts the "leading role" of the ruling Arab Socialist Ba’ath Party.

See History of Syria and National Progressive Front (Syria)

Nawaf al-Fares

Nawaf al-Fares (نواف فارس الصياح) is the former Syrian ambassador to Iraq who defected from the ruling government led by Bashar al-Assad on 11 July 2012 during the Syrian uprising.

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Neanderthal

Neanderthals (Homo neanderthalensis or H. sapiens neanderthalensis) are an extinct group of archaic humans (generally regarded as a distinct species, though some regard it as a subspecies of Homo sapiens) who lived in Eurasia until about 40,000 years ago.

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Neo-Assyrian Empire

The Neo-Assyrian Empire was the fourth and penultimate stage of ancient Assyrian history.

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Neo-Babylonian Empire

The Neo-Babylonian Empire or Second Babylonian Empire, historically known as the Chaldean Empire, was the last polity ruled by monarchs native to Mesopotamia until Faisal II in the 20th century.

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Neolithic

The Neolithic or New Stone Age (from Greek νέος 'new' and λίθος 'stone') is an archaeological period, the final division of the Stone Age in Europe, Asia and Africa.

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Nicolas Sarkozy

Nicolas Paul Stéphane Sarközy de Nagy-Bocsa (born 28 January 1955) is a French politician who served as the president of France and co-prince of Andorra from 2007 to 2012.

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Northwest Semitic languages

Northwest Semitic is a division of the Semitic languages comprising the indigenous languages of the Levant.

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Nur al-Din Zengi

Nūr al-Dīn Maḥmūd Zengī (نور الدين محمود زنگي; February 1118 – 15 May 1174), commonly known as Nur ad-Din (lit. 'Light of the Faith' in Arabic), was a Turkoman member of the Zengid dynasty, who ruled the Syrian province of the Seljuk Empire.

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Nusaybin

Nusaybin is a municipality and district of Mardin Province, Turkey.

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Obsidian

Obsidian is a naturally occurring volcanic glass formed when lava extruded from a volcano cools rapidly with minimal crystal growth.

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Odaenathus

Septimius Odaenathus (Palmyrene Aramaic:,; translit; 220 – 267) was the founder king (''Mlk'') of the Palmyrene Kingdom who ruled from Palmyra, Syria.

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Old Assyrian period

The Old Assyrian period was the second stage of Assyrian history, covering the history of the city of Assur from its rise as an independent city-state under Ushpia 2080 BC, and consolidated under Puzur-Ashur I 2025 BC to the foundation of a larger Assyrian territorial state and empire after the accession of Ashur-uballit I 1363 BC, which marks the beginning of the succeeding Middle Assyrian period.

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One-party state

A one-party state, single-party state, one-party system or single-party system is a governance structure in which only a single political party controls the ruling system.

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Order of Assassins

The Order of Assassins or simply the Assassins (Ḥaššāšīn) were a Nizari Isma'ili order that existed between 1090 and 1275 AD, founded by Hassan-i Sabbah.

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Organisation of Islamic Cooperation

The Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC; Munaẓẓamat at-Taʿāwun al-ʾIslāmī; Organisation de la coopération islamique), formerly the Organisation of the Islamic Conference, is an intergovernmental organization founded in 1969.

See History of Syria and Organisation of Islamic Cooperation

Ottoman Empire

The Ottoman Empire, historically and colloquially known as the Turkish Empire, was an imperial realm centered in Anatolia that controlled much of Southeast Europe, West Asia, and North Africa from the 14th to early 20th centuries; it also controlled parts of southeastern Central Europe, between the early 16th and early 18th centuries.

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Ottoman Syria

Ottoman Syria (سوريا العثمانية) was a group of divisions of the Ottoman Empire within the region of Syria, usually defined as being east of the Mediterranean Sea, west of the Euphrates River, north of the Arabian Desert and south of the Taurus Mountains.

See History of Syria and Ottoman Syria

Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium

The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium (ODB) is a three-volume historical dictionary published by the English Oxford University Press.

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Paleolithic

The Paleolithic or Palaeolithic, also called the Old Stone Age, is a period in human prehistory that is distinguished by the original development of stone tools, and which represents almost the entire period of human prehistoric technology.

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Palestine Liberation Organization

The Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO; منظمة التحرير الفلسطينية) is a Palestinian nationalist coalition that is internationally recognized as the official representative of the Palestinian people; i.e. the globally dispersed population, not just those in the Palestinian territories who are represented by the Palestinian Authority.

See History of Syria and Palestine Liberation Organization

Palestinian Islamic Jihad

The Islamic Jihad Movement in Palestine (حركة الجهاد الإسلامي في فلسطين, Harakat al-Jihād al-Islāmi fi Filastīn), commonly known simply as Palestinian Islamic Jihad (PIJ), is a Palestinian Islamist paramilitary organization formed in 1981.

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Palmyra

Palmyra (Palmyrene:, romanized: Tadmor; Tadmur) is an ancient city in the eastern part of the Levant, now in the center of modern Syria.

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Palmyrene Empire

The Palmyrene Empire was a short-lived breakaway state from the Roman Empire resulting from the Crisis of the Third Century. History of Syria and Palmyrene Empire are history of the Levant.

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Pan-Arabism

Pan-Arabism (al-wiḥda al-ʿarabīyyah) is a pan-nationalist ideology that espouses the unification of all Arab people in a single nation-state, consisting of all Arab countries of West Asia and North Africa from the Atlantic Ocean to the Arabian Sea, which is referred to as the Arab world.

See History of Syria and Pan-Arabism

Parthia

Parthia (𐎱𐎼𐎰𐎺 Parθava; 𐭐𐭓𐭕𐭅Parθaw; 𐭯𐭫𐭮𐭥𐭡𐭥 Pahlaw) is a historical region located in northeastern Greater Iran.

See History of Syria and Parthia

Parthian Empire

The Parthian Empire, also known as the Arsacid Empire, was a major Iranian political and cultural power centered in ancient Iran from 247 BC to 224 AD.

See History of Syria and Parthian Empire

Paul the Apostle

Paul (Koinē Greek: Παῦλος, romanized: Paûlos), also named Saul of Tarsus (Aramaic: ܫܐܘܠ, romanized: Šāʾūl), commonly known as Paul the Apostle and Saint Paul, was a Christian apostle (AD) who spread the teachings of Jesus in the first-century world.

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People's war

People's war or protracted people's war is a Maoist military strategy.

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Pharaoh

Pharaoh (Egyptian: pr ꜥꜣ; ⲡⲣ̄ⲣⲟ|Pǝrro; Biblical Hebrew: Parʿō) is the vernacular term often used for the monarchs of ancient Egypt, who ruled from the First Dynasty until the annexation of Egypt by the Roman Republic in 30 BCE.

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Philip the Arab

Philip the Arab (Marcus Julius Philippus "Arabs"; 204 – September 249) was Roman emperor from 244 to 249.

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Phoenicia

Phoenicia, or Phœnicia, was an ancient Semitic thalassocratic civilization originating in the coastal strip of the Levant region of the eastern Mediterranean, primarily located in modern Lebanon.

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Political Security Directorate

The Political Security Directorate (PSD, translit) is an intelligence service of the Syrian government.

See History of Syria and Political Security Directorate

Politics of Syria

Politics in the Syrian Arab Republic takes place in the framework of a presidential republic with nominal multi-party representation in People's Council under the Ba'athist-dominated National Progressive Front.

See History of Syria and Politics of Syria

Pompey

Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus (29 September 106 BC – 28 September 48 BC), known in English as Pompey or Pompey the Great, was a general and statesman of the Roman Republic.

See History of Syria and Pompey

Praetorian Guard

The Praetorian Guard (Latin: cohortes praetoriae) was an elite unit of the Imperial Roman army that served as personal bodyguards and intelligence agents for the Roman emperors.

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Praetorian prefect

The praetorian prefect (praefectus praetorio; ἔπαρχος/ὕπαρχος τῶν πραιτωρίων) was a high office in the Roman Empire.

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Pre-Pottery Neolithic A

Pre-Pottery Neolithic A (PPNA) denotes the first stage of the Pre-Pottery Neolithic, in early Levantine and Anatolian Neolithic culture, dating to years ago, that is, 10,000–8800 BCE.

See History of Syria and Pre-Pottery Neolithic A

Pre-Pottery Neolithic B

Pre-Pottery Neolithic B (PPNB) is part of the Pre-Pottery Neolithic, a Neolithic culture centered in upper Mesopotamia and the Levant, dating to years ago, that is, 8800–6500 BC.

See History of Syria and Pre-Pottery Neolithic B

Principality of Antioch

The Principality of Antioch (Principatus Antiochenus; Princeté de Antioch) was one of the Crusader states created during the First Crusade which included parts of modern-day Turkey and Syria.

See History of Syria and Principality of Antioch

Ptolemaic Kingdom

The Ptolemaic Kingdom (Ptolemaïkḕ basileía) or Ptolemaic Empire was an Ancient Greek polity based in Egypt during the Hellenistic period.

See History of Syria and Ptolemaic Kingdom

Qadri Jamil

Qadri Jamil (قدري جميل) is a Syrian politician, media editor and economist.

See History of Syria and Qadri Jamil

Qamishli

Qamishli is a city in northeastern Syria on the Syria–Turkey border, adjoining the city of Nusaybin in Turkey.

See History of Syria and Qamishli

Qatar

Qatar (قطر) officially the State of Qatar, is a country in West Asia. It occupies the Qatar Peninsula on the northeastern coast of the Arabian Peninsula in the Middle East; it shares its sole land border with Saudi Arabia to the south, with the rest of its territory surrounded by the Persian Gulf.

See History of Syria and Qatar

Quran

The Quran, also romanized Qur'an or Koran, is the central religious text of Islam, believed by Muslims to be a revelation directly from God (Allah).

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Rafic Hariri

Rafic Bahaa El Deen al-Hariri (translit; 1 November 1944 – 14 February 2005), also known as Rafiq al-Hariri, was a Lebanese businessman and politician, who served as the Prime Minister of Lebanon from 1992 to 1998 and again from 2000 until he resigned on, before his assassination in 2005.

See History of Syria and Rafic Hariri

Raqqa

Raqqa (ar-Raqqah, also) is a city in Syria on the left bank of the Euphrates River, about east of Aleppo.

See History of Syria and Raqqa

Rashidun army

The Rashidun army was the core of the Rashidun Caliphate's armed forces during the early Muslim conquests in the 7th century.

See History of Syria and Rashidun army

Rashidun Caliphate

The Rashidun Caliphate (al-Khilāfah ar-Rāšidah) was the first caliphate to succeed the Islamic prophet Muhammad.

See History of Syria and Rashidun Caliphate

Refugees of the Syrian civil war

Refugees of the Syrian civil war are citizens and permanent residents of Syria who have fled the country throughout the Syrian civil war.

See History of Syria and Refugees of the Syrian civil war

Resistance movement

A resistance movement are Political Movements that tries to resist or overthrow a government or an occupying power, causing disruption and unrest in civil order and stability.

See History of Syria and Resistance movement

Riad al-Turk

Riad al-Turk (رياض الترك‎; 17 April 1930 – 1 January 2024) was a Syrian opposition leader, a political prisoner for about 20 years, and supporter of democracy, who was called "the Old Man of Syrian opposition." He was secretary general of the Syrian Communist Party (Political Bureau) from its foundation in 1973 until 2005.

See History of Syria and Riad al-Turk

Riad Seif

Riad Seif (رياض سيف; born 25 November 1946) is a Syrian political dissident and prominent businessman who founded and led the Forum for National Dialogue.

See History of Syria and Riad Seif

Riad Seif Forum

The Riad Seif Forum (also called Forum for National DialogueWright, Robin, Dreams and Shadows, the Future of the Middle East, Penguin Press, 2008, p.224) is or was a political forum, or muntadat, founded by "businessman-turned-dissident" Riad Seif, promoting political debate and freedom in Syria.

See History of Syria and Riad Seif Forum

Rifaat al-Assad

Rifaat Ali al-Assad (Rifʿat al-ʾAsad; born 22 August 1937) is the younger brother of the late President of Syria, Hafez al-Assad, and Jamil al-Assad, and the uncle of the incumbent President Bashar al-Assad.

See History of Syria and Rifaat al-Assad

Roman Empire

The Roman Empire was the state ruled by the Romans following Octavian's assumption of sole rule under the Principate in 27 BC, the post-Republican state of ancient Rome.

See History of Syria and Roman Empire

Roman Republic

The Roman Republic (Res publica Romana) was the era of classical Roman civilization beginning with the overthrow of the Roman Kingdom (traditionally dated to 509 BC) and ending in 27 BC with the establishment of the Roman Empire following the War of Actium.

See History of Syria and Roman Republic

Roman usurper

Roman usurpers were individuals or groups of individuals who obtained or tried to obtain power by force and without legitimate legal authority.

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Roman–Persian Wars

The Roman–Persian Wars, also known as the Roman–Iranian Wars, were a series of conflicts between states of the Greco-Roman world and two successive Iranian empires: the Parthian and the Sasanian.

See History of Syria and Roman–Persian Wars

Russia

Russia, or the Russian Federation, is a country spanning Eastern Europe and North Asia.

See History of Syria and Russia

Saladin

Salah ad-Din Yusuf ibn Ayyub (– 4 March 1193), commonly known as Saladin, was the founder of the Ayyubid dynasty.

See History of Syria and Saladin

Salah al-Din al-Bitar

Salah al-Din al-Bitar (Ṣalāḥ ad-Dīn al-Bīṭār; 1 January 1912 – 21 July 1980) was a Syrian politician who co-founded the Baʿath Party with Michel Aflaq in the early 1940s.

See History of Syria and Salah al-Din al-Bitar

Salah Jadid

Salah Jadid (Ṣalāḥ Jadīd; 1926 – 19 August 1993) was a Syrian military officer and politician who was the leader of the left-wing of the Syrian Regional Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party, and the country's de facto leader from 1966 until 1970, when he was ousted by Hafez al-Assad's Corrective Movement.

See History of Syria and Salah Jadid

Salon (gathering)

A salon is a gathering of people held by a host.

See History of Syria and Salon (gathering)

Samarkand

Samarkand or Samarqand (Uzbek and Tajik: Самарқанд / Samarqand) is a city in southeastern Uzbekistan and among the oldest continuously inhabited cities in Central Asia.

See History of Syria and Samarkand

Sami al-Hinnawi

Sami Hilmy al-Hinnawi (Muḥammad Sāmī Ḥilmī al-Ḥinnāwī; 1898 – 31 October 1950) was a Syrian politician and military officer.

See History of Syria and Sami al-Hinnawi

San Remo conference

The San Remo conference was an international meeting of the post-World War I Allied Supreme Council as an outgrowth of the Paris Peace Conference, held at Castle Devachan in Sanremo, Italy, from 19 to 26 April 1920.

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Sanjak

A sanjak (سنجاق,, "flag, banner") was an administrative division of the Ottoman Empire.

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Sargon of Akkad

Sargon of Akkad (𒊬𒊒𒄀|Šarrugi), also known as Sargon the Great, was the first ruler of the Akkadian Empire, known for his conquests of the Sumerian city-states in the 24th to 23rd centuries BC.

See History of Syria and Sargon of Akkad

Sarin

Sarin (NATO designation GB) is an extremely toxic organophosphorus compound.

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Sasanian Empire

The Sasanian Empire or Sassanid Empire, and officially known as Eranshahr ("Land/Empire of the Iranians"), was the last Iranian empire before the early Muslim conquests of the 7th to 8th centuries. History of Syria and Sasanian Empire are history of the Levant.

See History of Syria and Sasanian Empire

Satrap

A satrap was a governor of the provinces of the ancient Median and Persian (Achaemenid) Empires and in several of their successors, such as in the Sasanian Empire and the Hellenistic empires.

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Sayf al-Dawla

ʿAlī ibn ʾAbū'l-Hayjāʾ ʿAbdallāh ibn Ḥamdān ibn Ḥamdūn ibn al-Ḥārith al-Taghlibī (علي بن أبو الهيجاء عبد الله بن حمدان بن الحارث التغلبي, 22 June 916 – 8 February 967), more commonly known simply by his honorific of Sayf al-Dawla (سيف الدولة), was the founder of the Emirate of Aleppo, encompassing most of northern Syria and parts of the western Jazira.

See History of Syria and Sayf al-Dawla

Sayfo

The Sayfo (ܣܲܝܦܵܐ), also known as the Seyfo or the Assyrian genocide, was the mass slaughter and deportation of Assyrian/Syriac Christians in southeastern Anatolia and Persia's Azerbaijan province by Ottoman forces and some Kurdish tribes during World War I. The Assyrians were divided into mutually antagonistic churches, including the Syriac Orthodox Church, the Assyrian Church of the East, and the Chaldean Catholic Church.

See History of Syria and Sayfo

Schocken Books

Schocken Books is a book publishing imprint of Penguin Random House that specializes in Jewish literary works.

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Scud missile

A Scud missile is one of a series of tactical ballistic missiles developed by the Soviet Union during the Cold War.

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Sea Peoples

The Sea Peoples were a group of tribes hypothesized to have attacked Egypt and other Eastern Mediterranean regions around 1200 BC during the Late Bronze Age.

See History of Syria and Sea Peoples

Second Persian invasion of Greece

The second Persian invasion of Greece (480–479 BC) occurred during the Greco-Persian Wars, as King Xerxes I of Persia sought to conquer all of Greece.

See History of Syria and Second Persian invasion of Greece

Sectarianism and minorities in the Syrian civil war

The Syrian Civil War is an intensely sectarian war.

See History of Syria and Sectarianism and minorities in the Syrian civil war

Seleucid Empire

The Seleucid Empire (lit) was a Greek power in West Asia during the Hellenistic period.

See History of Syria and Seleucid Empire

Seleucus I Nicator

Seleucus I Nicator (Σέλευκος Νικάτωρ) was a Macedonian Greek general, officer and successor of Alexander the Great who went on to found the eponymous Seleucid Empire, led by the Seleucid dynasty.

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Selim I

Selim I (سليماول; I.; 10 October 1470 – 22 September 1520), known as Selim the Grim or Selim the Resolute (Yavuz Sultan Selim), was the sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1512 to 1520.

See History of Syria and Selim I

Seljuk dynasty

The Seljuk dynasty, or Seljukids (سلجوقیان Saljuqian, alternatively spelled as Seljuqs or Saljuqs), Seljuqs, also known as Seljuk Turks, Seljuk Turkomans "The defeat in August 1071 of the Byzantine emperor Romanos Diogenes by the Turkomans at the battle of Malazgirt (Manzikert) is taken as a turning point in the history of Anatolia and the Byzantine Empire." or the Saljuqids, was an Oghuz Turkic, Sunni Muslim dynasty that gradually became Persianate and contributed to Turco-Persian culture in West Asia and Central Asia.

See History of Syria and Seljuk dynasty

Septimius Severus

Lucius Septimius Severus (11 April 145 – 4 February 211) was a Roman politician who served as emperor from 193 to 211.

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Severan dynasty

The Severan dynasty, sometimes called the Septimian dynasty, was an Ancient Roman imperial dynasty that ruled the Roman Empire between 193 and 235, during the Roman imperial period.

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Severus Alexander

Marcus Aurelius Severus Alexander (1 October 208 – March 235), also known as Alexander Severus, was Roman emperor from 222 until 235.

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Sex scandal

A sex scandal is a public scandal involving allegations or information about possibly immoral sexual activities, often associated with the sexual affairs of film stars, politicians, famous athletes, or others in the public eye.

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Shabiha

Shabiha (Levantine Arabic: شَبِّيحَة,; also romanized Shabeeha or Shabbiha) is a colloquial and generally derogatory term for various loosely-organised Syrian militias loyal to Assad family, used particularly during the initial phase of the Syrian Civil War.

See History of Syria and Shabiha

Shahba

Shahba (شَهْبَا / ALA-LC: Shahbā) is a city located south of Damascus in the Jabal el Druze in As-Suwayda Governorate of Syria, but formerly in the Roman province of Arabia Petraea.

See History of Syria and Shahba

Sheikh Said rebellion

The Sheikh Said rebellion (Serhildana Şêx Seîd, Şeyh Said İsyanı) was a Kurdish nationalist rebellion in Turkish Kurdistan in 1925 led by Sheikh Said and with support of the Azadî against the newly-founded Turkish Republic.

See History of Syria and Sheikh Said rebellion

Shia Islam

Shia Islam is the second-largest branch of Islam.

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Shukri al-Quwatli

Shukri al-Quwatli (Shukrī al-Quwwatlī; 6 May 189130 June 1967) was the first president of post-independence Syria, in 1943.

See History of Syria and Shukri al-Quwatli

Sidon

Sidon or Saida (Ṣaydā) is the third-largest city in Lebanon.

See History of Syria and Sidon

Silk Road

The Silk Road was a network of Eurasian trade routes active from the second century BCE until the mid-15th century.

See History of Syria and Silk Road

Simele massacre

The Simele massacre, also known as the Assyrian affair, was committed by the Kingdom of Iraq, led by Bakr Sidqi, during a campaign systematically targeting the Assyrians in and around Simele in August 1933. The number of deaths was estimated by British officials at 600. Some Assyrian estimates are higher positing that as many as 6,000 were killed and over 100 Assyrian villages were destroyed and looted.

See History of Syria and Simele massacre

Siwa Oasis

The Siwa Oasis (واحة سيوة) is an urban oasis in Egypt.

See History of Syria and Siwa Oasis

Six-Day War

The Six-Day War, also known as the June War, 1967 Arab–Israeli War or Third Arab–Israeli War, was fought between Israel and a coalition of Arab states (primarily Egypt, Syria, and Jordan) from 5 to 10 June 1967.

See History of Syria and Six-Day War

Socialism is an economic and political philosophy encompassing diverse economic and social systems characterised by social ownership of the means of production, as opposed to private ownership.

See History of Syria and Socialism

A socialist state, socialist republic, or socialist country, sometimes referred to as a workers' state or workers' republic, is a sovereign state constitutionally dedicated to the establishment of socialism.

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Soviet Union

The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), commonly known as the Soviet Union, was a transcontinental country that spanned much of Eurasia from 1922 to 1991.

See History of Syria and Soviet Union

State of Palestine

Palestine, officially the State of Palestine, is a country in the southern Levant region of West Asia, encompassing the Israeli-occupied West Bank and Gaza Strip, within the larger historic Palestine region.

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State of Syria (1925–1930)

The State of Syria (État de Syrie, دولة سوريا) was a French Mandate state created by decree of 5 December 1924, with effect from 1 January 1925, from the union of the State of Aleppo and the State of Damascus.

See History of Syria and State of Syria (1925–1930)

Suez Crisis

The Suez Crisis or the Second Arab–Israeli War, also referred to as the Tripartite Aggression in the Arab world and as the Sinai War in Israel, was a British–French–Israeli invasion of Egypt in 1956.

See History of Syria and Suez Crisis

Sultan al-Atrash

Sultan al-Atrash (translit; 5 March 1891 – 26 March 1982) was a Syrian Druze nationalist revolutionary who led the Great Syrian Revolt against the French colonial administration in Syria.

See History of Syria and Sultan al-Atrash

Sumer

Sumer is the earliest known civilization, located in the historical region of southern Mesopotamia (now south-central Iraq), emerging during the Chalcolithic and early Bronze Ages between the sixth and fifth millennium BC.

See History of Syria and Sumer

Summary execution

In civil and military jurisprudence, summary execution is the putting to death of a person accused of a crime without the benefit of a free and fair trial.

See History of Syria and Summary execution

Sunni Islam

Sunni Islam is the largest branch of Islam, followed by 85–90% of the world's Muslims, and simultaneously the largest religious denomination in the world.

See History of Syria and Sunni Islam

Supreme Military Council (Syria)

The Supreme Military Council (SMC) (المجلس العسكري الأعلى, also called the Supreme Military Command) was the highest military leadership of the Free Syrian Army (FSA) from late 2012 to at least mid-2014.

See History of Syria and Supreme Military Council (Syria)

Suteans

The Suteans (Akkadian: Sutī’ū, possibly from Amorite: Šetī’u) were a nomadic Semitic people who lived throughout the Levant, Canaan and Mesopotamia, specifically in the region of Suhum, during the Old Babylonian period.

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Sykes–Picot Agreement

The Sykes–Picot Agreement was a 1916 secret treaty between the United Kingdom and France, with assent from the Russian Empire and the Kingdom of Italy, to define their mutually agreed spheres of influence and control in an eventual partition of the Ottoman Empire.

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Syria

Syria, officially the Syrian Arab Republic, is a country in West Asia located in the Eastern Mediterranean and the Levant.

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Syria (region)

Syria (Hieroglyphic Luwian: Sura/i; Συρία; ܣܘܪܝܐ) or Sham (Ash-Shām) is a historical region located east of the Mediterranean Sea in West Asia, broadly synonymous with the Levant. History of Syria and Syria (region) are history of the Levant.

See History of Syria and Syria (region)

Syria–Lebanon campaign

The Syria–Lebanon campaign, also known as Operation Exporter, was the invasion of Syria and Lebanon (then controlled by Vichy France) in June and July 1941 by British Empire forces, during the Second World War.

See History of Syria and Syria–Lebanon campaign

Syrian Arab Red Crescent

The Syrian Arab Red Crescent (SARC) (الهلال الأحمر العربي السوري Al-Hilal al-Aḥmar al-Arabi al-Souri) is a humanitarian nonprofit organization.

See History of Syria and Syrian Arab Red Crescent

Syrian Armed Forces

The Syrian Arab Armed Forces (SAAF; al-Quwwāt al-Musallaḥah al-ʿArabīyah as-Sūrīyah) are the military forces of the Syrian Arab Republic.

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Syrian Army

The Syrian Army (SyA or SA), officially the Syrian Arab Army (SyAA or SAA) (al-Jayš al-ʿArabī as-Sūrī), is the land force branch of the Syrian Armed Forces.

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Syrian civil war

The Syrian civil war is an ongoing multi-sided conflict in Syria involving various state-sponsored and non-state actors.

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Syrian Constitution of 1930

The Syrian Constitution of 1930, drafted by a committee under Ibrahim Hananu, was promulgated by arrêté No.

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Syrian National Council

The Syrian National Council (SNC; المجلس الوطني السوري., al-Majlis al-Waṭanī as-Sūri, Conseil national syrien), sometimes known as the Syrian National Transitional Council or the National Council of Syria, is a Syrian opposition coalition, based in Istanbul, Turkey, formed in August 2011 during the Syrian civil uprising (which escalated into civil war) against the government of Bashar al-Assad.

See History of Syria and Syrian National Council

Syrian Observatory for Human Rights

The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (also known as SOHR; المرصد السوري لحقوق الإنسان), founded in May 2006, is a United Kingdom-based information office whose stated aim is to document human rights abuses in Syria; since 2011 it has focused on the Syrian Civil War.

See History of Syria and Syrian Observatory for Human Rights

Syrian occupation of Lebanon

The Syrian occupation of Lebanon (Arabic: الاحتلال السوري للبنان) lasted from 1976, beginning with the Syrian intervention in the Lebanese Civil War, until April 30, 2005.

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Syrian opposition

The Syrian opposition (المعارضة السورية) is the political structure represented by the Syrian National Coalition and associated Syrian anti-Assad groups with certain territorial control as an alternative Syrian government.

See History of Syria and Syrian opposition

The Syrian Social Nationalist Party (SSNP; الحزب القومي السوري الإجتماعي) is a Syrian nationalist party operating in Syria, Lebanon, Jordan, and Palestine.

See History of Syria and Syrian Social Nationalist Party

Syrian Wars

The Syrian Wars were a series of six wars between the Seleucid Empire and the Ptolemaic Kingdom of Egypt, successor states to Alexander the Great's empire, during the 3rd and 2nd centuries BC over the region then called Coele-Syria, one of the few avenues into Egypt.

See History of Syria and Syrian Wars

Taif Agreement

The Taif Agreement (اتفاق الطائف, Accord de Taëf), officially known as the (وثيقة الوفاق الوطني), was reached to provide "the basis for the ending of the civil war and the return to political normalcy in Lebanon".

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Taj al-Din al-Hasani

Taj al-Din al-Hasani (Tāj ad-Dīn al-Ḥasanī; 1885 – 17 January 1943) was a French-appointed Syrian leader and politician who served during the French mandate as Syrian head of state (1928–1931, 1941–1943), prime minister (1928–1932, 1934–1936) and minister of interior (1934–1936).

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Talent (measurement)

The talent (Ancient Greek: τάλαντον, talanton, Latin talentum) was a unit of weight used in the ancient world, often used for weighing gold and silver, but also mentioned in connection with other metals, ivory, and frankincense.

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Tanzimat

The (lit, see nizam) was a period of reform in the Ottoman Empire that began with the Gülhane Hatt-ı Şerif in 1839 and ended with the First Constitutional Era in 1876.

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The Washington Post

The Washington Post, locally known as "the Post" and, informally, WaPo or WP, is an American daily newspaper published in Washington, D.C., the national capital.

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Third Dynasty of Ur

The Third Dynasty of Ur, also called the Neo-Sumerian Empire, refers to a 22nd to 21st century BC (middle chronology) Sumerian ruling dynasty based in the city of Ur and a short-lived territorial-political state which some historians consider to have been a nascent empire.

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Tigranes the Great

Tigranes II, more commonly known as Tigranes the Great (Tigran Mets in Armenian; Τιγράνης ὁ Μέγας,; Tigranes Magnus; 140 – 55 BC), was a king of Armenia.

See History of Syria and Tigranes the Great

Timeline of Damascus

The following is a timeline of the history of the city of Damascus, Syria.

See History of Syria and Timeline of Damascus

Timeline of Syrian history

This is a timeline of Syrian history, comprising important legal and territorial changes and political events in Syria and its predecessor states.

See History of Syria and Timeline of Syrian history

Timur

Timur, also known as Tamerlane (8 April 133617–18 February 1405), was a Turco-Mongol conqueror who founded the Timurid Empire in and around modern-day Afghanistan, Iran, and Central Asia, becoming the first ruler of the Timurid dynasty. An undefeated commander, he is widely regarded as one of the greatest military leaders and tacticians in history, as well as one of the most brutal and deadly.

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Totalitarianism

Totalitarianism is a political system and a form of government that prohibits opposition political parties, disregards and outlaws the political claims of individual and group opposition to the state, and controls the public sphere and the private sphere of society.

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Treaty of Ankara (1921)

The Ankara Agreement (1921) (or the Accord of Ankara; Franklin-Bouillon Agreement; Franco-Turkish Agreement of Ankara, Turkish: Ankara Antlaşması, French: Traité d'Ankara) was signed on 20 October 1921"Ankara, Treaty of" in The New Encyclopædia Britannica.

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Tripoli, Lebanon

Tripoli (طَرَابُلُس) is the largest and most important city in northern Lebanon and the second-largest city in the country.

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Tulunids

The Tulunids, were a Mamluk dynasty of Turkic origin who were the first independent dynasty to rule Egypt, as well as much of Syria, since the Ptolemaic dynasty.

See History of Syria and Tulunids

Turkey

Turkey, officially the Republic of Türkiye, is a country mainly in Anatolia in West Asia, with a smaller part called East Thrace in Southeast Europe.

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Umayyad dynasty

The Umayyad dynasty (Sons of Umayya) or Umayyads (al-Umawiyyūn) was an Arab clan within the Quraysh tribe who were the ruling family of the Caliphate between 661 and 750 and later of al-Andalus between 756 and 1031.

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United Arab Republic

The United Arab Republic (UAR; translit) was a sovereign state in the Middle East from 1958 until 1961.

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United Nations Human Rights Council

The United Nations Human Rights Council (UNHRC) is a United Nations body whose mission is to promote and protect human rights around the world.

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United Nations Security Council

The United Nations Security Council (UNSC) is one of the six principal organs of the United Nations (UN) and is charged with ensuring international peace and security, recommending the admission of new UN members to the General Assembly, and approving any changes to the UN Charter.

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United States

The United States of America (USA or U.S.A.), commonly known as the United States (US or U.S.) or America, is a country primarily located in North America.

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United States Department of State

The United States Department of State (DOS), or simply the State Department, is an executive department of the U.S. federal government responsible for the country's foreign policy and relations.

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University of California Press

The University of California Press, otherwise known as UC Press, is a publishing house associated with the University of California that engages in academic publishing.

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University of Michigan Press

The University of Michigan Press is a new university press (NUP) that is a part of Michigan Publishing at the University of Michigan Library.

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Upper Mesopotamia

Upper Mesopotamia constitutes the uplands and great outwash plain of northwestern Iraq, northeastern Syria and southeastern Turkey, in the northern Middle East.

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Usama ibn Munqidh

Majd ad-Dīn Usāma ibn Murshid ibn ʿAlī ibn Munqidh al-Kināni al-Kalbī (also Usamah, Ousama, etc.; مجد الدّين اُسامة ابن مُرشد ابن على ابن مُنقذ الكنانى الكلبى) (4 July 1095 – 17 November 1188) or Ibn Munqidh was a medieval Arab Muslim poet, author, faris (knight), and diplomat from the Banu Munqidh dynasty of Shaizar in northern Syria.

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Vichy France

Vichy France (Régime de Vichy; 10 July 1940 – 9 August 1944), officially the French State (État français), was the French rump state headed by Marshal Philippe Pétain during World War II.

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Vilayet

A vilayet (lang, "province"), also known by various other names, was a first-order administrative division of the later Ottoman Empire.

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Wali

A wali (walī; plural أَوْلِيَاء) is most commonly used by Muslims to indicate a saint, otherwise referred to by the more literal "friend of God".

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Walid Muallem

Walid Mohi Edine al Muallem (وليد محيي الدين المعلمWalīd Muḥīyy ad-Dīn al-Muʿallam; 13 January 194116 November 2020) was a Syrian diplomat and Ba'ath Party member who served as foreign minister from 2006 to 2020 and as deputy prime minister from 2012 to 2020.

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Wikipedia

Wikipedia is a free content online encyclopedia written and maintained by a community of volunteers, known as Wikipedians, through open collaboration and the wiki software MediaWiki.

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Winston Churchill

Sir Winston Leonard Spencer Churchill (30 November 187424 January 1965) was a British statesman, soldier, and writer who was twice Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, from 1940 to 1945 during the Second World War, and 1951 to 1955.

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World War I

World War I (alternatively the First World War or the Great War) (28 July 1914 – 11 November 1918) was a global conflict between two coalitions: the Allies (or Entente) and the Central Powers.

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World War II

World War II or the Second World War (1 September 1939 – 2 September 1945) was a global conflict between two alliances: the Allies and the Axis powers.

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Xerxes I

Xerxes I (– August 465 BC), commonly known as Xerxes the Great, was a Persian ruler who served as the fourth King of Kings of the Achaemenid Empire, reigning from 486 BC until his assassination in 465 BC.

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Yom Kippur War

The Yom Kippur War, also known as the Ramadan War, the October War, the 1973 Arab–Israeli War, or the Fourth Arab–Israeli War, was an armed conflict fought from 6 to 25 October 1973, between Israel and a coalition of Arab states led by Egypt and Syria.

See History of Syria and Yom Kippur War

YouTube

YouTube is an American online video sharing platform owned by Google.

See History of Syria and YouTube

Zengid dynasty

The Zengid or Zangid dynasty, Atabegs of Mosul (Arabic: الدولة الزنكية romanized: al-Dawla al-Zinkia) was an Atabegate of the Seljuk Empire created in 1127.

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Zenobia

Septimia Zenobia (Palmyrene Aramaic:,; 240 – c. 274) was a third-century queen of the Palmyrene Empire in Syria.

See History of Syria and Zenobia

1948 Arab–Israeli War

The 1948 Arab–Israeli War, also known as the First Arab–Israeli War, followed the civil war in Mandatory Palestine as the second and final stage of the 1948 Palestine war.

See History of Syria and 1948 Arab–Israeli War

1963 Syrian coup d'état

The 1963 Syrian coup d'état, referred to by the Syrian government as the 8 March Revolution (ثورة الثامن من آذار), was the seizure of power in Syria by the military committee of the Syrian Regional Branch of the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party.

See History of Syria and 1963 Syrian coup d'état

1982 Hama massacre

The Hama massacre (مجزرة حماة) occurred in February 1982 when the Syrian Arab Army and the Defense Companies, under orders of president Hafez al-Assad, besieged the town of Hama for 27 days in order to quell an uprising by the Muslim Brotherhood against the Ba'athist government.

See History of Syria and 1982 Hama massacre

2004 Qamishli riots

The 2004 Qamishli riots were an uprising by Syrian Kurds in the northeastern city of Qamishli in March 2004, which culminated in a massacre by the Syrian Arab Armed Forces.

See History of Syria and 2004 Qamishli riots

2008 Damascus car bombing

The 2008 Damascus car bombing was a car bombing that occurred on 27 September 2008 in the Syrian capital of Damascus.

See History of Syria and 2008 Damascus car bombing

See also

History of Upper Mesopotamia

• Aleppo vilayet
• Diyarbekir vilayet
• Government of Kurdistan Region
• History of Mosul
• History of Syria
• Mamuret-ul-Aziz vilayet
• Zor Sanjak

History of the Levant

• 1033 Jordan Valley earthquake
• Ancient Levant
• Archaeology of Israel
• Ayyubid dynasty
• Early Muslim conquests
• Great Syrian Revolt
• History of Iraq
• History of Israel
• History of Jordan
• History of Lebanon
• History of Palestine
• History of Palestine (region)
• History of Phoenicia
• History of Syria
• History of the State of Palestine
• History of the ancient Levant
• Iggeret of Rabbi Sherira Gaon
• List of Syrian monarchs
• List of archaeological periods (Levant)
• Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon
• Muslim conquest of the Levant
• On Weights and Measures
• Onomasticon (Eusebius)
• Palmyrene Empire
• Prehistory of the Levant
• Sasanian Empire
• Southern Syria
• Syria (region)

References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Syria

Also known as Ancient Syria, Classical syria, History of Mandatory Syria, Medieval Syria, Prehistoric Syria, Prehistory of Syria, Syria history, Syria in the Middle Ages, Syria/History.

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