History of Iran, the Glossary
The history of Iran (or Persia, as it was commonly known in the Western world) is intertwined with that of Greater Iran, a sociocultural region spanning the area between Anatolia in the west and the Indus River and Syr Darya in the east, and between the Caucasus and Eurasian Steppe in the north and the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman in the south.[1]
Table of Contents
753 relations: Abadan Crisis, Abbas II of Persia, Abbas the Great, Abbasid Caliphate, Abbasid Revolution, Abdication, Abdolhossein Zarrinkoob, Abdul Qadir Gilani, Abkhazia, Abu Musa, Abu Muslim, Abu Sa'id Bahadur Khan, Achaemenid destruction of Athens, Achaemenid Empire, Afghanistan, Afsharid Iran, Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar, Ahmad Sanjar, Ahmad Shah Durrani, Akbar Rafsanjani, Al Jazeera Arabic, Al-Biruni, Al-Ghazali, Al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf, Al-Hakim al-Nishapuri, Al-Nasir, Al-Zamakhshari, Ala al-Din Tekish, Alamut, Alamut Castle, Alborz, Aleksey Yermolov, Alexander the Great, Ali Khamenei, Alid dynasties of northern Iran, Allies of World War II, Amu Darya, Amyrtaeus, Anatolia, Ancient Egypt, Ancient Egyptian deities, Ancient Macedonians, Ancient Near East, Anglo-Persian Oil Company, Anglo-Russian Convention, Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran, Annexation, Anti-communism, Anti-Zionism, Anushtegin dynasty, ... Expand index (703 more) »
- History of West Asia
Abadan Crisis
The Abadan Crisis (Bohrân Nafti Irân, "Iran Oil Crisis") occurred from 1951 to 1954, after Iran nationalised the Iranian assets of the BP controlled Anglo-Iranian Oil Company (AIOC) and expelled Western companies from oil refineries in the city of Abadan (see Abadan Refinery).
See History of Iran and Abadan Crisis
Abbas II of Persia
Abbas II (born Soltan Mohammad Mirza; 30 August 1632 – 26 October 1666) was the seventh Shah of Safavid Iran, ruling from 1642 to 1666.
See History of Iran and Abbas II of Persia
Abbas the Great
Abbas I (translit; 27 January 1571 – 19 January 1629), commonly known as Abbas the Great (translit), was the fifth shah of Safavid Iran from 1588 to 1629.
See History of Iran and Abbas the Great
Abbasid Caliphate
The Abbasid Caliphate or Abbasid Empire (translit) was the third caliphate to succeed the Islamic prophet Muhammad. History of Iran and Abbasid Caliphate are history of West Asia.
See History of Iran and Abbasid Caliphate
Abbasid Revolution
The Abbasid Revolution, also called the Movement of the Men of the Black Raiment (حركة رجال الثياب السوداء ḥaraka rijāl ath-thiyāb as-sawdāʾ), was the overthrow of the Umayyad Caliphate (661–750 CE), the second of the four major Caliphates in Islamic history, by the third, the Abbasid Caliphate (750–1517 CE).
See History of Iran and Abbasid Revolution
Abdication
Abdication is the act of formally relinquishing monarchical authority.
See History of Iran and Abdication
Abdolhossein Zarrinkoob
Abdolhossein Zarrinkoub (Luri/Persian: عبدالحسین زرینکوب, also Romanized as Zarrinkoob, Zarrinkub) (March 21, 1923 – September 15, 1999) was a scholar and professor of Iranian literature, history of literature, Persian culture and history.
See History of Iran and Abdolhossein Zarrinkoob
Abdul Qadir Gilani
Abdul Qadir Gilani (عبد القادر الجيلاني, عبدالقادر گیلانی) was a Hanbali scholar, preacher, and Sufi leader who was the eponym of the Qadiriyya, one of the oldest Sufi orders.
See History of Iran and Abdul Qadir Gilani
Abkhazia
Abkhazia, officially the Republic of Abkhazia, is a partially recognised state in the South Caucasus, on the eastern coast of the Black Sea, at the intersection of Eastern Europe and Western Asia.
See History of Iran and Abkhazia
Abu Musa
Abu Musa (بوموسا,, أبو موسى) is a island in the eastern Persian Gulf near the entrance to the Strait of Hormuz.
See History of Iran and Abu Musa
Abu Muslim
Abu Muslim Abd al-Rahman ibn Muslim al-Khurasani (أبو مسلمعبد الرحمن بن مسلمالخراساني; ابومسلمعبدالرحمان بن مسلمخراسانی; born 718/19 or 723/27, died 755) was a Persian general who led the Abbasid Revolution that toppled the Umayyad dynasty, leading to the establishment of the Abbasid Caliphate.
See History of Iran and Abu Muslim
Abu Sa'id Bahadur Khan
Abu Sa'id Bahadur Khan (June 2, 1305 – December 1, 1335; ابو سعید بهادر خان), also spelled Abusaid Bahador Khan, Abu Sa'id Behauder (Modern Абу Саид Бахадур хан, Abu sayid Baghatur Khan, in modern Mongolian), was the ninth ruler (c. 1316 – 1335) of the Ilkhanate, a division of the Mongol Empire that encompassed the present day countries of Iran, Azerbaijan, Georgia, and Armenia, as well as parts of Iraq, Turkey, Afghanistan, and Pakistan.
See History of Iran and Abu Sa'id Bahadur Khan
Achaemenid destruction of Athens
During the second Persian invasion of Greece, which took place between 480 and 479 BCE, Athens was captured and subsequently destroyed by the Achaemenid Empire.
See History of Iran and Achaemenid destruction of Athens
Achaemenid Empire
The Achaemenid Empire or Achaemenian Empire, also known as the Persian Empire or First Persian Empire (𐎧𐏁𐏂), was an ancient Iranian empire founded by Cyrus the Great of the Achaemenid dynasty in 550 BC. History of Iran and Achaemenid Empire are history of West Asia.
See History of Iran and Achaemenid Empire
Afghanistan
Afghanistan, officially the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan, is a landlocked country located at the crossroads of Central Asia and South Asia.
See History of Iran and Afghanistan
Afsharid Iran
The Guarded Domains of Iran, commonly referred to as Afsharid Iran or the Afsharid Empire, was an Iranian empire established by the Turkoman Afshar tribe in Iran's north-eastern province of Khorasan, establishing the Afsharid dynasty that would rule over Iran during the mid-eighteenth century.
See History of Iran and Afsharid Iran
Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar
Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar (translit; 14 March 1742 – 17 June 1797), also known by his regnal name of Agha Mohammad Shah (آغا محمد شاه), was the founder of the Qajar dynasty of Iran, ruling from 1789 to 1797 as Shah.
See History of Iran and Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar
Ahmad Sanjar
Ahmad Sanjar (احمد سنجر; full name: Muizz ad-Dunya wa ad-Din Adud ad-Dawlah Abul-Harith Ahmad Sanjar ibn Malik-Shah) (6 November 1086 – 8 May 1157) was the Seljuq ruler of Khorasan from 1097 until 1118, Encyclopædia Iranica when he became the Sultan of the Seljuq Empire, which he ruled until his death in 1157.
See History of Iran and Ahmad Sanjar
Ahmad Shah Durrani
Ahmad Shāh Durrānī (احمد شاه دراني), also known as Ahmad Shāh Abdālī, was the founder of the Durrani Empire and is often regarded as the founder of modern Afghanistan.
See History of Iran and Ahmad Shah Durrani
Akbar Rafsanjani
Ali Akbar Hashimi Bahramani Rafsanjani (25 August 19348 January 2017) was an Iranian politician and writer who served as the fourth president of Iran from 1989 to 1997.
See History of Iran and Akbar Rafsanjani
Al Jazeera Arabic
Al Jazeera Arabic (الجزيرة) is a Qatari state-owned Arabic-language news television network.
See History of Iran and Al Jazeera Arabic
Al-Biruni
Abu Rayhan Muhammad ibn Ahmad al-Biruni (ابوریحان بیرونی; أبو الريحان البيروني; 973after 1050), known as al-Biruni, was a Khwarazmian Iranian scholar and polymath during the Islamic Golden Age.
See History of Iran and Al-Biruni
Al-Ghazali
Abū Ḥāmid Muḥammad ibn Muḥammad al-Ṭūsiyy al-Ghazali (أَبُو حَامِد مُحَمَّد بْن مُحَمَّد ٱلطُّوسِيّ ٱلْغَزَّالِيّ), known commonly as Al-Ghazali (ٱلْغَزَالِيُّ;,; – 19 December 1111), known in Medieval Europe by the Latinized Algazelus or Algazel, was a Persian Sunni Muslim polymath.
See History of Iran and Al-Ghazali
Al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf
Abu Muhammad al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf ibn al-Hakam ibn Abi Aqil al-Thaqafi (Abū Muḥammad al-Ḥajjāj ibn Yūsuf ibn al-Ḥakam ibn Abī ʿAqīl al-Thaqafī), known simply as al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf (al-Ḥajjāj ibn Yūsuf), was the most notable governor who served the Umayyad Caliphate.
See History of Iran and Al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf
Al-Hakim al-Nishapuri
Abu Abd Allah Muhammad ibn Abd Allah al-Hakim al-Nishapuri (أبو عبدالله محمد بن عبدالله الحاكمالنيسابوري; 933 - 1014 CE), also known as Ibn al-Bayyiʿ, was a Persian Sunni scholar and the leading traditionist of his age, frequently referred to as the "Imam of the Muhaddithin" or the "Muhaddith of Khorasan." He is widely renowned for his expertise in Hadith criticism, and regarded as the Sheikh of Hadith masters at his time.
See History of Iran and Al-Hakim al-Nishapuri
Al-Nasir
Abū al-ʿAbbās Aḥmad ibn al-Hasan al-Mustaḍīʾ (أبو العباس أحمد بن الحسن المستضيء), better known by his al-Nāṣir li-Dīn Allāh (label; 6 August 1158 – 5 October 1225) or simply as al-Nasir, was the Abbasid caliph in Baghdad from 1180 until his death.
See History of Iran and Al-Nasir
Al-Zamakhshari
Abu al-Qasim Mahmud ibn Umar al-Zamakhshari (1074 –1143) was a medieval Muslim scholar of Iranian descent.
See History of Iran and Al-Zamakhshari
Ala al-Din Tekish
Ala al-Din Tekish (Persian: علاء الدين تكش; full name: Ala ad-Dunya wa ad-Din Abul Muzaffar Tekish ibn Il-Arslan) or Tekesh or Takesh was the Shah of Khwarazmian Empire from 1172 to 1200.
See History of Iran and Ala al-Din Tekish
Alamut
Alamut (الموت) or Rudbar (رودبار) is a region in Iran including western and eastern parts on the western edge of the Alborz (Elburz) range, between the dry and barren plain of Qazvin in the south and the densely forested slopes of the Mazandaran province in the north.
See History of Iran and Alamut
Alamut Castle
Alamut (الموت) is a mountain fortress at an altitude of 2163 meters at the central Alborz, in the Iranian stanza of Qazvin, about 100 kilometers from Tehran.
See History of Iran and Alamut Castle
Alborz
The Alborz (البرز) range, also spelled as Alburz, Elburz or Elborz, is a mountain range in northern Iran that stretches from the border of Azerbaijan along the western and entire southern coast of the Caspian Sea and finally runs northeast and merges into the smaller Aladagh Mountains and borders in the northeast on the parallel mountain ridge Kopet Dag in the northern parts of Khorasan.
See History of Iran and Alborz
Aleksey Yermolov
Aleksey Petrovich Yermolov (p; &ndash) was a Russian general of the 19th century who commanded Russian troops in the Caucasian War.
See History of Iran and Aleksey Yermolov
Alexander the Great
Alexander III of Macedon (Alexandros; 20/21 July 356 BC – 10/11 June 323 BC), most commonly known as Alexander the Great, was a king of the ancient Greek kingdom of Macedon.
See History of Iran and Alexander the Great
Ali Khamenei
Seyyed Ali Hosseini Khamenei (translit,; born 19 April 1939) is an Iranian Twelver Shia marja' and politician who has served as the second supreme leader of Iran since 1989.
See History of Iran and Ali Khamenei
Alid dynasties of northern Iran
Alid dynasties of northern Iran or Alavids.
See History of Iran and Alid dynasties of northern Iran
Allies of World War II
The Allies, formally referred to as the United Nations from 1942, were an international military coalition formed during World War II (1939–1945) to oppose the Axis powers.
See History of Iran and Allies of World War II
Amu Darya
The Amu Darya, also called the Amu, the Amo, and historically the Oxus (Latin: Ōxus; Greek: Ὦξος, Ôxos), is a major river in Central Asia, which flows through Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan and Afghanistan.
See History of Iran and Amu Darya
Amyrtaeus
Amyrtaeus of Sais (a Hellenization of the original Egyptian name Amenirdisu) is the only pharaoh of the Twenty-eighth Dynasty of EgyptCimmino 2003, p. 385.
See History of Iran and Amyrtaeus
Anatolia
Anatolia (Anadolu), also known as Asia Minor, is a large peninsula or a region in Turkey, constituting most of its contemporary territory.
See History of Iran and Anatolia
Ancient Egypt
Ancient Egypt was a civilization of ancient Northeast Africa.
See History of Iran and Ancient Egypt
Ancient Egyptian deities
Ancient Egyptian deities are the gods and goddesses worshipped in ancient Egypt.
See History of Iran and Ancient Egyptian deities
Ancient Macedonians
The Macedonians (Μακεδόνες, Makedónes) were an ancient tribe that lived on the alluvial plain around the rivers Haliacmon and lower Axios in the northeastern part of mainland Greece.
See History of Iran and Ancient Macedonians
Ancient Near East
The ancient Near East was the home of early civilizations within a region roughly corresponding to the modern Middle East: Mesopotamia (modern Iraq, southeast Turkey, southwest Iran, and northeastern Syria), ancient Egypt, ancient Persia (Elam, Media, Parthia, and Persis), Anatolia and the Armenian highlands (Turkey's Eastern Anatolia Region, Armenia, northwestern Iran, southern Georgia, and western Azerbaijan), the Levant (modern Syria, Lebanon, Israel, Palestine, Jordan and Cyprus) and the Arabian Peninsula. History of Iran and ancient Near East are history of West Asia.
See History of Iran and Ancient Near East
Anglo-Persian Oil Company
The Anglo-Persian Oil Company (APOC; شرکت نفت ایران و انگلیس) was a British company founded in 1909 following the discovery of a large oil field in Masjed Soleiman, Persia (Iran).
See History of Iran and Anglo-Persian Oil Company
Anglo-Russian Convention
The Anglo-Russian Convention of 1907 (g.), or Convention between the United Kingdom and Russia relating to Persia, Afghanistan, and Tibet (Конвенция между Соединенным Королевством и Россией относительно Персии, Афганистана, и Тибета; Konventsiya mezhdu Soyedinennym Korolevstvom i Rossiyey otnositel'no Persii, Afghanistana, i Tibeta), was signed on August 31, 1907, in Saint Petersburg.
See History of Iran and Anglo-Russian Convention
Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran
The Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran or Anglo-Soviet invasion of Persia was the joint invasion of the neutral Imperial State of Iran by the United Kingdom and the Soviet Union in August 1941.
See History of Iran and Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran
Annexation
Annexation, in international law, is the forcible acquisition and assertion of legal title over one state's territory by another state, usually following military occupation of the territory.
See History of Iran and Annexation
Anti-communism
Anti-communism is political and ideological opposition to communist beliefs, groups, and individuals.
See History of Iran and Anti-communism
Anti-Zionism
Anti-Zionism is opposition to Zionism.
See History of Iran and Anti-Zionism
Anushtegin dynasty
The Anushtegin dynasty or Anushteginids (English:, خاندان انوشتکین), also known as the Khwarazmian dynasty (خوارزمشاهیان) was a PersianateC. E. Bosworth:.
See History of Iran and Anushtegin dynasty
Apadana
Apadana (𐎠𐎱𐎭𐎠𐎴, or) is a large hypostyle hall in Persepolis, Iran.
See History of Iran and Apadana
Aq Qoyunlu
The Aq Qoyunlu or the White Sheep Turkomans (Ağqoyunlular) was a culturally Persianate,Kaushik Roy, Military Transition in Early Modern Asia, 1400–1750, (Bloomsbury, 2014), 38; "Post-Mongol Persia and Iraq were ruled by two tribal confederations: Akkoyunlu (White Sheep) (1378–1507) and Qaraoyunlu (Black Sheep).
See History of Iran and Aq Qoyunlu
Arabic
Arabic (اَلْعَرَبِيَّةُ, or عَرَبِيّ, or) is a Central Semitic language of the Afroasiatic language family spoken primarily in the Arab world.
See History of Iran and Arabic
Arabic alphabet
The Arabic alphabet (الْأَبْجَدِيَّة الْعَرَبِيَّة, or الْحُرُوف الْعَرَبِيَّة), or Arabic abjad, is the Arabic script as specifically codified for writing the Arabic language.
See History of Iran and Arabic alphabet
Arabs
The Arabs (عَرَب, DIN 31635:, Arabic pronunciation), also known as the Arab people (الشَّعْبَ الْعَرَبِيّ), are an ethnic group mainly inhabiting the Arab world in West Asia and North Africa.
Arakel of Tabriz
Arakel of Tabriz or Arakel Davrizhetsi (1590s–1670) was a 17th-century Armenian historian and clergyman from Tabriz.
See History of Iran and Arakel of Tabriz
Arameans
The Arameans, or Aramaeans (𐤀𐤓𐤌𐤉𐤀,,; אֲרַמִּים; Ἀραμαῖοι; ܐܪ̈ܡܝܐ), were a tribal Semitic people in the ancient Near East, first documented in historical sources from the late 12th century BC.
See History of Iran and Arameans
Aras (river)
The Aras (also known as the Araks, Arax, Araxes, or Araz) is a river in the Caucasus.
See History of Iran and Aras (river)
Archaeological excavation
In archaeology, excavation is the exposure, processing and recording of archaeological remains.
See History of Iran and Archaeological excavation
Ardashir I
Ardashir I (𐭠𐭥𐭲𐭧𐭱𐭲𐭥; transl), also known as Ardashir the Unifier (180–242 AD), was the founder of the Persian Sasanian Empire.
See History of Iran and Ardashir I
Armenia
Armenia, officially the Republic of Armenia, is a landlocked country in the Armenian Highlands of West Asia.
See History of Iran and Armenia
Armenian highlands
The Armenian highlands (Haykakan leṙnašxarh; also known as the Armenian upland, Armenian plateau, or Armenian tableland)Hewsen, Robert H. "The Geography of Armenia" in The Armenian People From Ancient to Modern Times Volume I: The Dynastic Periods: From Antiquity to the Fourteenth Century.
See History of Iran and Armenian highlands
Armenians
Armenians (hayer) are an ethnic group and nation native to the Armenian highlands of West Asia.
See History of Iran and Armenians
Arsacid dynasty of Armenia
The Arsacid dynasty, called the Arshakuni (Aršakuni) in Armenian, ruled the Kingdom of Armenia, with some interruptions, from 12 to 428.
See History of Iran and Arsacid dynasty of Armenia
Arsacid dynasty of Caucasian Albania
The Arsacid dynasty was a dynasty of Parthian origin, which ruled the kingdom of Caucasian Albania from the 3rd to the 6th century.
See History of Iran and Arsacid dynasty of Caucasian Albania
Arsacid dynasty of Iberia
The Arsacid dynasty or Arshakiani (tr), a branch of the Arsacid dynasty of Parthia, ruled the ancient Kingdom of Iberia (Kartli, eastern Georgia) from c. 189 until 284 AD.
See History of Iran and Arsacid dynasty of Iberia
Artaxerxes III
Ochus (Ὦχος), known by his dynastic name Artaxerxes III (𐎠𐎼𐎫𐎧𐏁𐏂𐎠; Ἀρταξέρξης), was King of Kings of the Achaemenid Empire from 359/58 to 338 BC.
See History of Iran and Artaxerxes III
Ashurbanipal
Ashurbanipal (𒀸𒋩𒆕𒀀|translit.
See History of Iran and Ashurbanipal
Askold Ivantchik
Askold Igorevich Ivantchik (Аско́льд И́горевич Ива́нчик; born 2 May 1965) is a Russian historian.
See History of Iran and Askold Ivantchik
Assassination
Assassination is the willful killing, by a sudden, secret, or planned attack, of a personespecially if prominent or important.
See History of Iran and Assassination
Assembly for the Final Review of the Constitution
The Assembly for the Final Review of the Constitution (AFRC; مجلس بررسی نهایی قانون اساسی) also known as the Assembly of Experts for Constitution (مجلس خبرگان قانون اساسی), was a constituent assembly in Iran that was convened in 1979 to condense and ratify the draft prepared beforehand for the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran.
See History of Iran and Assembly for the Final Review of the Constitution
Assyria
Assyria (Neo-Assyrian cuneiform: x16px, māt Aššur) was a major ancient Mesopotamian civilization which existed as a city-state from the 21st century BC to the 14th century BC, which eventually expanded into an empire from the 14th century BC to the 7th century BC.
See History of Iran and Assyria
Astronomy in the medieval Islamic world
Medieval Islamic astronomy comprises the astronomical developments made in the Islamic world, particularly during the Islamic Golden Age (9th–13th centuries), and mostly written in the Arabic language.
See History of Iran and Astronomy in the medieval Islamic world
Authoritarianism is a political system characterized by the rejection of political plurality, the use of strong central power to preserve the political status quo, and reductions in democracy, separation of powers, civil liberties, and the rule of law.
See History of Iran and Authoritarianism
Avaj
Avaj (آوج) is a city in the Central District of Avaj County, Qazvin province, Iran, serving as capital of both the county and the district.
Avars (Caucasus)
The Avars, also known as Maharuls (Avar: магӀарулал,, "mountaineers"), are a Northeast Caucasian ethnic group.
See History of Iran and Avars (Caucasus)
Avicenna
Ibn Sina (translit; – 22 June 1037 CE), commonly known in the West as Avicenna, was a preeminent philosopher and physician of the Muslim world, flourishing during the Islamic Golden Age, serving in the courts of various Iranian rulers.
See History of Iran and Avicenna
Ayatollah
Ayatollah (âyatollâh) is an honorific title for high-ranking Twelver Shia clergy in Iran that came into widespread usage in the 20th century.
See History of Iran and Ayatollah
Ayrums
Ayrums (Ayrımlar, in Persian often as Âyromlū) are a Turkic tribe, considered to be a sub-ethnic group of Azerbaijanis after the nineteenth and twentieth centuries.
See History of Iran and Ayrums
Azerbaijan
Azerbaijan, officially the Republic of Azerbaijan, is a transcontinental country located at the boundary of Eastern Europe and West Asia.
See History of Iran and Azerbaijan
Azerbaijan (Iran)
Azerbaijan or Azarbaijan (italic), also known as Iranian Azerbaijan, is a historical region in northwestern Iran that borders Iraq and Turkey to the west, and the Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic, Armenia, and the Republic of Azerbaijan proper to the north.
See History of Iran and Azerbaijan (Iran)
Azerbaijan (toponym)
The toponym "Azerbaijan" was historically used to refer to the region located south of the Aras River- today known as Iranian Azerbaijan, located in northwestern Iran.
See History of Iran and Azerbaijan (toponym)
Azerbaijan Democratic Republic
The Azerbaijan Democratic Republic, also known as the Azerbaijan People's Republic, was the first secular democratic republic in the Turkic and Muslim worlds.
See History of Iran and Azerbaijan Democratic Republic
Azerbaijan People's Government
The Azerbaijan People's Government (آذربایجان میللی حکومتی - Azərbaycan Milli Hökuməti; حکومت خودمختار آذربایجان) was a short-lived unrecognized secessionist state in northern Iran from November 1945 to December 1946.
See History of Iran and Azerbaijan People's Government
Azerbaijanis
Azerbaijanis (Azərbaycanlılar, آذربایجانلیلار), Azeris (Azərilər, آذریلر), or Azerbaijani Turks (Azərbaycan Türkləri, آذربایجان تۆرکلری) are a Turkic ethnic group living mainly in the Azerbaijan region of northwestern Iran and the Republic of Azerbaijan.
See History of Iran and Azerbaijanis
Öljaitü
Öljaitü, also known as Mohammad-e Khodabande (24 March 1282 – 16 December 1316), was the eighth Ilkhanid dynasty ruler from 1304 to 1316 in Tabriz, Iran.
See History of Iran and Öljaitü
Babak Khorramdin
Bābak Khorramdin (Bābak-e Khorramdin, from, Pāpak/Pābag; 795 or 798 – January 838) was one of the main Iranian revolutionary leaders of the Iranian Khorram-Dinān ("Those of the joyous religion"), which was a local freedom movement fighting the Abbasid Caliphate.
See History of Iran and Babak Khorramdin
Babylonia
Babylonia (𒆳𒆍𒀭𒊏𒆠) was an ancient Akkadian-speaking state and cultural area based in the city of Babylon in central-southern Mesopotamia (present-day Iraq and parts of Syria and Iran). History of Iran and Babylonia are history of West Asia.
See History of Iran and Babylonia
Baduspanids
The Baduspanids or Badusbanids (Bâduspâniân), were a local Iranian dynasty of Tabaristan which ruled over Ruyan/Rustamdar.
See History of Iran and Baduspanids
Baghdad
Baghdad (or; translit) is the capital of Iraq and the second-largest city in the Arab and in West Asia after Tehran.
See History of Iran and Baghdad
Baghdad International Airport
Baghdad International Airport, previously Saddam International Airport from 1982 to 2003, (Maṭār Baġdād ad-Dawaliyy) is Iraq's largest international airport, located in a suburb about west of downtown Baghdad in the Baghdad Governorate.
See History of Iran and Baghdad International Airport
Bahrain
Bahrain (Two Seas, locally), officially the Kingdom of Bahrain, is an island country in West Asia.
See History of Iran and Bahrain
Bahram Chobin
Bahrām Chōbīn (بهرامچوبین) or Wahrām Chōbēn (Middle Persian: 𐭥𐭫𐭧𐭫𐭠𐭭), also known by his epithet Mehrbandak ("servant of Mithra"), was a nobleman, general, and political leader of the late Sasanian Empire and briefly its ruler as Bahram VI (r. 590–591).
See History of Iran and Bahram Chobin
Bahri Mamluks
The Bahri Mamluks (translit), sometimes referred to as the Bahri dynasty, were the rulers of the Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt from 1250 to 1382, following the Ayyubid dynasty.
See History of Iran and Bahri Mamluks
Baku
Baku (Bakı) is the capital and largest city of Azerbaijan, as well as the largest city on the Caspian Sea and in the Caucasus region.
Baku Khanate
The Baku Khanate (خانات باکو|Khānāt-e Baku), was a khanate under Iranian suzerainty, which controlled the city of Baku and its surroundings from 1747 to 1806.
See History of Iran and Baku Khanate
Balkans
The Balkans, corresponding partially with the Balkan Peninsula, is a geographical area in southeastern Europe with various geographical and historical definitions.
See History of Iran and Balkans
Bani Utbah invasion of Bahrain
The Bani Utbah invasion of Bahrain led to the end of Persian rule in Bahrain and the annexation of Bahrain by the Arabs.
See History of Iran and Bani Utbah invasion of Bahrain
Bardiya
Bardiya or Smerdis (𐎲𐎼𐎮𐎡𐎹; Σμέρδις; possibly died 522 BCE), also named as Tanyoxarces (*Tanūvazraka; Τανυοξάρκης) by Ctesias, was a son of Cyrus the Great and the younger brother of Cambyses II, both Persian kings.
See History of Iran and Bardiya
Barmakids
The Barmakids (برمکیان Barmakiyân; البرامكة al-BarāmikahHarold Bailey, 1943. "Iranica" BSOAS 11: p. 2. India - Department of Archaeology, and V. S. Mirashi (ed.), Inscriptions of the Kalachuri-Chedi Era vol. 4 of Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum, 1955, pp. clxx, 612, 614, 616.), also spelled Barmecides, were an influential Iranian family from Balkh, where they were originally hereditary Buddhist leaders (in the Nawbahar monastery), and subsequently came to great political power under the Abbasid caliphs of Baghdad.
See History of Iran and Barmakids
Basileus
Basileus (βασιλεύς) is a Greek term and title that has signified various types of monarchs throughout history.
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Basra
Basra (al-Baṣrah) is a city in southern Iraq.
Battle of Ain Jalut
The Battle of Ain Jalut, also spelled Ayn Jalut, was fought between the Bahri Mamluks of Egypt and the Mongol Empire on 3 September 1260 (25 Ramadan 658 AH) near the spring of Ain Jalut in southeastern Galilee in the Jezreel Valley.
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Battle of al-Qadisiyyah
The Battle of al-Qadisiyyah (Maʿrakah al-Qādisīyah; Nabard-e Qâdisiyeh) was an armed conflict which took place in 636 CE between the Rashidun Caliphate and the Sasanian Empire.
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Battle of Carrhae
The Battle of Carrhae was fought in 53 BC between the Roman Republic and the Parthian Empire near the ancient town of Carrhae (present-day Harran, Turkey).
See History of Iran and Battle of Carrhae
Battle of Edessa
The Battle of Edessa took place between the armies of the Roman Empire under the command of Emperor Valerian and the Sasanian Empire (an Iranian imperial dynasty) under Shahanshah (King of the Kings) Shapur I, in Edessa (now the Turkish city of Urfa) in 260.
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Battle of Gaugamela
The Battle of Gaugamela (the Camel's House), also called the Battle of Arbela (label), took place in 331 BC between the forces of the Army of Macedon under Alexander the Great and the Persian Army under King Darius III.
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Battle of Issus
The Battle of Issus (also Issos) occurred in southern Anatolia, on 5 November 333 BC between the Hellenic League led by Alexander the Great and the Achaemenid Empire, led by Darius III.
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Battle of Karnal
The Battle of Karnal (Persian: نبرد کرنال) (24 February 1739) was a decisive victory for Nader Shah, the founder of the Afsharid dynasty of Iran, during his invasion of India.
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Battle of Krtsanisi
The Battle of Krtsanisi (tr, نبرد کرتسانیسی) was fought between the army of Qajar Iran (Persia) and the Georgian armies of the Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti and Kingdom of Imereti at the place of Krtsanisi near Tbilisi, Georgia, from September 8 to September 11, 1795, as part of Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar's war in response to King Heraclius II of Georgia’s alliance with the Russian Empire.
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Battle of Plataea
The Battle of Plataea was the final land battle during the second Persian invasion of Greece.
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Battle of Salamis
The Battle of Salamis was a naval battle fought in 480 BC, between an alliance of Greek city-states under Themistocles, and the Achaemenid Empire under King Xerxes.
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Battle of Sultanabad
The Battle of Sultanabad (Persian: نبرد سلطانآباد) occurred on February 13, 1812 between the Russian Empire and the Persian Empire.
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Battle of the Granicus
The Battle of the Granicus in May 334 BC was the first of three major battles fought between Alexander the Great of Macedon and the Persian Achaemenid Empire.
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Battle of the Zab
The Battle of the Zab (معركة الزاب), also referred to in scholarly contexts as Battle of the Great Zāb River, took place on January 25, 750, on the banks of the Great Zab in what is now the modern country of Iraq. It spelled the end of the Umayyad Caliphate and the rise of the Abbasid Caliphate, which would last from 750 to 1517.
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Bayandur (tribe)
The Bayandur (Bayındır, Baýyndyr) or Bayundur, is an Oghuz Turkic tribe.
See History of Iran and Bayandur (tribe)
BBC
The British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) is a British public service broadcaster headquartered at Broadcasting House in London, England.
Benjamin Walker (author)
Benjamin Walker (25 November 1913 – 30 July 2013) was the truncated pen name of George Benjamin Walker, who also wrote under the pseudonym Jivan Bhakar.
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Berbers
Berbers, or the Berber peoples, also called by their endonym Amazigh or Imazighen, are a diverse grouping of distinct ethnic groups indigenous to North Africa who predate the arrival of Arabs in the Arab migrations to the Maghreb.
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Berke
Berke Khan (died 1266; also Birkai; Turki/Kypchak:,, Бәркә хан) was a grandson of Genghis Khan from his son Jochi and a Mongol military commander and ruler of the Golden Horde (division of the Mongol Empire) who effectively consolidated the power of the Blue Horde and White Horde from 1257 to 1266.
Berkyaruq
Rukn al-Din Abu'l-Muzaffar Berkyaruq ibn Malikshah (Rukn al-Dīn Abuʿl-Moẓaffar Berkyāruq ibn Malik-Šāh; 1079/80 – 1105), better known as Berkyaruq (برکیارق), was the fifth sultan of the Seljuk Empire from 1094 to 1105.
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Bernard Lewis
Bernard Lewis, (31 May 1916 – 19 May 2018) was a British American historian specialized in Oriental studies.
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Bisitun Cave
Bisitun Cave (also called "Hunter's cave", Bisotun, Bisetoun, Bisitoun, or Behistoun) is an archaeological site of prehistoric human habitation in the Zagros Mountains in the Kermanshah province, north-west Iran.
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Black Death
The Black Death was a bubonic plague pandemic occurring in Europe from 1346 to 1353.
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Black propaganda
Black propaganda is a form of propaganda intended to create the impression that it was created by those it is supposed to discredit.
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Blasphemy
Blasphemy refers to an insult that shows contempt, disrespect or lack of reverence concerning a deity, an object considered sacred, or something considered inviolable.
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Bonyad
Bonyads (بنیاد "Foundation") are charitable trusts in Iran that play a major role in Iran's economy.
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BP
BP p.l.c. (formerly The British Petroleum Company p.l.c. and BP Amoco p.l.c.; stylised in all lowercase) is a British multinational oil and gas company headquartered in London, England.
Brazil
Brazil, officially the Federative Republic of Brazil, is the largest and easternmost country in South America and Latin America.
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British Empire
The British Empire comprised the dominions, colonies, protectorates, mandates, and other territories ruled or administered by the United Kingdom and its predecessor states.
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Bronze
Bronze is an alloy consisting primarily of copper, commonly with about 12–12.5% tin and often with the addition of other metals (including aluminium, manganese, nickel, or zinc) and sometimes non-metals, such as phosphorus, or metalloids, such as arsenic or silicon.
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Bronze Age
The Bronze Age was a historical period lasting from approximately 3300 to 1200 BC.
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Brooklyn Museum
The Brooklyn Museum is an art museum in the New York City borough of Brooklyn.
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Buddhist temple
A Buddhist temple or Buddhist monastery is the place of worship for Buddhists, the followers of Buddhism.
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Bukhara
Bukhara (Uzbek; بخارا) is the seventh-largest city in Uzbekistan by population, with 280,187 residents.
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Buyid dynasty
The Buyid dynasty (Âl-i Bōya), also spelled Buwayhid (Al-Buwayhiyyah), was a Zaydi and, later, Twelver Shia dynasty of Daylamite origin, which mainly ruled over central and southern Iran and Iraq from 934 to 1062.
See History of Iran and Buyid dynasty
Byzantine Empire
The Byzantine Empire, also referred to as the Eastern Roman Empire, was the continuation of the Roman Empire centered in Constantinople during Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages.
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Byzantine–Sasanian War of 602–628
The Byzantine–Sasanian War of 602–628 was the final and most devastating of the series of wars fought between the Byzantine Empire and the Persian Sasanian Empire.
See History of Iran and Byzantine–Sasanian War of 602–628
Cambridge University Press
Cambridge University Press is the university press of the University of Cambridge.
See History of Iran and Cambridge University Press
Cambyses II
Cambyses II (translit) was the second King of Kings of the Achaemenid Empire from 530 to 522 BC.
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Cappadocia
Cappadocia (Kapadokya, Greek: Καππαδοκία) is a historical region in Central Anatolia, Turkey.
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Carleton S. Coon
Carleton Stevens Coon (June 23, 1904 – June 3, 1981) was an American anthropologist and professor at the University of Pennsylvania.
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Cataphract
A cataphract was a form of armored heavy cavalry that originated in Persia and was fielded in ancient warfare throughout Eurasia and Northern Africa.
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Catherine the Great
Catherine II (born Princess Sophie Augusta Frederica von Anhalt-Zerbst; 2 May 172917 November 1796), most commonly known as Catherine the Great, was the reigning empress of Russia from 1762 to 1796.
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Caucasian War
The Caucasian War (translit) or the Caucasus War was a 19th-century military conflict between the Russian Empire and various peoples of the North Caucasus who resisted subjugation during the Russian conquest of the Caucasus.
See History of Iran and Caucasian War
Caucasus
The Caucasus or Caucasia, is a transcontinental region between the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea, mainly comprising Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, and parts of Southern Russia.
See History of Iran and Caucasus
Cavalry
Historically, cavalry (from the French word cavalerie, itself derived from cheval meaning "horse") are soldiers or warriors who fight mounted on horseback.
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Censorship
Censorship is the suppression of speech, public communication, or other information.
See History of Iran and Censorship
Central Asia
Central Asia is a subregion of Asia that stretches from the Caspian Sea in the southwest and Eastern Europe in the northwest to Western China and Mongolia in the east, and from Afghanistan and Iran in the south to Russia in the north.
See History of Iran and Central Asia
Central Intelligence Agency
The Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), known informally as the Agency, metonymously as Langley and historically as the Company, is a civilian foreign intelligence service of the federal government of the United States tasked with gathering, processing, and analyzing national security information from around the world, primarily through the use of human intelligence (HUMINT) and conducting covert action through its Directorate of Operations.
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Central Iran
Central Iran (Persian: ایران مرکزی) consists of the southern slopes of the Alborz Mountains in the north, the Zagros Mountains in south, the Central Iranian Range, and the desert of Dasht-e Kavir.
See History of Iran and Central Iran
Central Treaty Organization
The Central Treaty Organization (CENTO), formerly known as the Middle East Treaty Organization (METO) and also known as the Baghdad Pact, was a military alliance of the Cold War.
See History of Iran and Central Treaty Organization
Chemical weapon
A chemical weapon (CW) is a specialized munition that uses chemicals formulated to inflict death or harm on humans.
See History of Iran and Chemical weapon
China
China, officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is a country in East Asia.
Chlorite group
The chlorites are the group of phyllosilicate minerals common in low-grade metamorphic rocks and in altered igneous rocks.
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Chogha Bonut
Chogha Bonut (Persian Choghā bonut) is an archaeological site in south-western Iran, located in the Khuzistan Province.
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Chogha Golan
Chogha Golan is an aceramic Neolithic archaeological site in the foothills of the Zagros Mountains in Iran, about from the right bank of the Konjan Cham River.
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Chogha Mish
Choghā Mīsh (also Chogā Mīsh)(Persian language; چغامیش čoġā mīš) dating back to about 6800 BC, is the site of a Chalcolithic settlement located in the Khuzistan Province Iran on the eastern Susiana Plain.
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Circassian genocide
The Circassian genocide, or Tsitsekun, was the Russian Empire's systematic mass murder, ethnic cleansing, and expulsion of 95–97% of the Circassian population, resulting in 1 to 1.5 million deaths during the final stages of the Russo-Circassian War.
See History of Iran and Circassian genocide
Circassians
The Circassians or Circassian people, also called Cherkess or Adyghe (Adyghe and Adygekher) are a Northwest Caucasian ethnic group and nation who originated in Circassia, a region and former country in the North Caucasus.
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Classical antiquity
Classical antiquity, also known as the classical era, classical period, classical age, or simply antiquity, is the period of cultural European history between the 8th century BC and the 5th century AD comprising the interwoven civilizations of ancient Greece and ancient Rome known together as the Greco-Roman world, centered on the Mediterranean Basin.
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Classical Athens
The city of Athens (Ἀθῆναι, Athênai a.tʰɛ̂ː.nai̯; Modern Greek: Αθήναι, Athine or, more commonly and in singular, Αθήνα, Athina) during the classical period of ancient Greece (480–323 BC) was the major urban centre of the notable polis (city-state) of the same name, located in Attica, Greece, leading the Delian League in the Peloponnesian War against Sparta and the Peloponnesian League.
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CNN
Cable News Network (CNN) is a multinational news channel and website operating from Midtown Atlanta, Georgia, U.S. Founded in 1980 by American media proprietor Ted Turner and Reese Schonfeld as a 24-hour cable news channel, and presently owned by the Manhattan-based media conglomerate Warner Bros. Discovery (WBD), CNN was the first television channel to provide 24-hour news coverage and the first all-news television channel in the United States.
Coin
A coin is a small object, usually round and flat, used primarily as a medium of exchange or legal tender.
Columbia University Press
Columbia University Press is a university press based in New York City, and affiliated with Columbia University.
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Constitutional monarchy
Constitutional monarchy, also known as limited monarchy, parliamentary monarchy or democratic monarchy, is a form of monarchy in which the monarch exercises their authority in accordance with a constitution and is not alone in making decisions.
See History of Iran and Constitutional monarchy
Copper
Copper is a chemical element; it has symbol Cu and atomic number 29.
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Corinth
Corinth (Kórinthos) is a municipality in Corinthia in Greece.
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Coup d'état
A coup d'état, or simply a coup, is typically an illegal and overt attempt by a military organization or other government elites to unseat an incumbent leadership.
See History of Iran and Coup d'état
Crimean War
The Crimean War was fought from October 1853 to February 1856 between the Russian Empire and an ultimately victorious alliance of the Ottoman Empire, France, the United Kingdom, and Sardinia-Piedmont.
See History of Iran and Crimean War
Culture of Iran
The culture of Iran or culture of PersiaYarshater, Ehsan, Iranian Studies, vol.
See History of Iran and Culture of Iran
Cuneiform
Cuneiform is a logo-syllabic writing system that was used to write several languages of the Ancient Near East.
See History of Iran and Cuneiform
Cyaxares
Cyaxares was the third king of the Medes.
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Cyrus the Great
Cyrus II of Persia (𐎤𐎢𐎽𐎢𐏁), commonly known as Cyrus the Great, was the founder of the Achaemenid Persian Empire.
See History of Iran and Cyrus the Great
Dabuyid dynasty
The Dabuyid dynasty, or Gaubarid dynasty, was a Zoroastrian Iranian dynasty that started in the first half of the 7th century as an independent group of rulers that ruled over Tabaristan and parts of western Khorasan.
See History of Iran and Dabuyid dynasty
Dagestan
Dagestan (Дагестан), officially the Republic of Dagestan, is a republic of Russia situated in the North Caucasus of Eastern Europe, along the Caspian Sea.
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Damascus
Damascus (Dimašq) is the capital and largest city of Syria, the oldest current capital in the world and, according to some, the fourth holiest city in Islam.
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Danube
The Danube (see also other names) is the second-longest river in Europe, after the Volga in Russia.
See History of Iran and Danube
Darius II
Darius II (𐎭𐎠𐎼𐎹𐎺𐎢𐏁; Δαρεῖος), also known by his given name Ochus (Greek: Ὦχος), was King of Kings of the Achaemenid Empire from 423 BC to 405 or 404 BC.
See History of Iran and Darius II
Darius III
Darius III (𐎭𐎠𐎼𐎹𐎺𐎢𐏁; Δαρεῖος; c. 380 – 330 BC) was the last Achaemenid King of Kings of Persia, reigning from 336 BC to his death in 330 BC.
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Darius the Great
Darius I (𐎭𐎠𐎼𐎹𐎺𐎢𐏁; Δαρεῖος; – 486 BCE), commonly known as Darius the Great, was a Persian ruler who served as the third King of Kings of the Achaemenid Empire, reigning from 522 BCE until his death in 486 BCE.
See History of Iran and Darius the Great
Dawah
(دعوة,, "invitation", also spelt dâvah,,, or dakwah) is the act of inviting people to Islam.
Daylam
Daylam (دیلم), also known in the plural form Daylaman (دیلمان) (and variants such as Dailam, Deylam, and Deilam), was the name of a mountainous region of inland Gilan, Iran.
See History of Iran and Daylam
Daylamites
The Daylamites or Dailamites (Middle Persian: Daylamīgān; دیلمیان Deylamiyān) were an Iranian people inhabiting the Daylam—the mountainous regions of northern Iran on the southwest coast of the Caspian Sea, now comprising the southeastern half of Gilan Province.
See History of Iran and Daylamites
De facto
De facto describes practices that exist in reality, regardless of whether they are officially recognized by laws or other formal norms.
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Deioces
Deioces (Δηιόκης) was the founder and the first King of the Median kingdom, an ancient polity in western Asia.
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Delian League
The Delian League was a confederacy of Greek city-states, numbering between 150 and 330, founded in 478 BC under the leadership (hegemony) of Athens, whose purpose was to continue fighting the Persian Empire after the Greek victory in the Battle of Plataea at the end of the Second Persian invasion of Greece.
See History of Iran and Delian League
Derbent
Derbent (Дербе́нт; Кьвевар, Цал; Dərbənd; Дербенд), formerly romanized as Derbend, is a city in Dagestan, Russia, located on the Caspian Sea.
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Derbent Khanate
The Derbent Khanate (خانات دربند|Khānāt-e Darband) was a Caucasian khanate that was established in Afsharid Iran.
See History of Iran and Derbent Khanate
Dhimmi
(ذمي,, collectively أهل الذمة / "the people of the covenant") or (معاهد) is a historical term for non-Muslims living in an Islamic state with legal protection.
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Diplomatic immunity
Diplomatic immunity is a principle of international law by which certain foreign government officials are recognized as having legal immunity from the jurisdiction of another country.
See History of Iran and Diplomatic immunity
Divan
A divan or diwan (دیوان, dīvān; from Sumerian dub, clay tablet) was a high government ministry in various Islamic states, or its chief official (see dewan).
Division of the Afsharid Empire
After Nader Shah was assassinated in 1747, his nephew Ali Qoli (who may have been involved in the assassination plot) seized the throne and proclaimed himself Adil Shah (meaning: The Just King).
See History of Iran and Division of the Afsharid Empire
Diyar Bakr
Diyar Bakr (Bakr) is the medieval Arabic name of the northernmost of the three provinces of the Jazira (Upper Mesopotamia), the other two being Diyar Mudar and Diyar Rabi'a.
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Donald Trump
Donald John Trump (born June 14, 1946) is an American politician, media personality, and businessman who served as the 45th president of the United States from 2017 to 2021.
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Dutch East India Company
The United East India Company (Vereenigde Oostindische Compagnie, abbreviated as VOC), commonly known as the Dutch East India Company, was a chartered trading company and one of the first joint-stock companies in the world.
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Early Islamic philosophy
Early Islamic philosophy or classical Islamic philosophy is a period of intense philosophical development beginning in the 2nd century AH of the Islamic calendar (early 9th century CE) and lasting until the 6th century AH (late 12th century CE).
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Early modern period
The early modern period is a historical period that is part of the modern period based primarily on the history of Europe and the broader concept of modernity.
See History of Iran and Early modern period
Eastern Arabia
Eastern Arabia, is a region stretched from Basra to Khasab along the Persian Gulf coast and included parts of modern-day Bahrain, Iraq, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia (Eastern Province), and the United Arab Emirates.
See History of Iran and Eastern Arabia
Eastern Armenia
Eastern Armenia (Արևելյան Հայաստան Arevelyan Hayastan) comprises the eastern part of the Armenian Highlands, the traditional homeland of the Armenian people.
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Eastern Georgia (country)
Eastern Georgia (აღმოსავლეთ საქართველო, aghmosavlet' sak'art'velo) is a geographic area encompassing the territory of the Caucasian nation of Georgia to the east and south of the Likhi and Meskheti Ranges, but excluding the Black Sea region of Adjara.
See History of Iran and Eastern Georgia (country)
Ebrahim Raisi
Ebrahim Raisolsadati (14 December 1960 – 19 May 2024), better known as Ebrahim Raisi, was an Iranian politician who served as the eighth president of Iran from 2021 until his death in a helicopter crash in 2024.
See History of Iran and Ebrahim Raisi
Economic sanctions
Economic sanctions are commercial and financial penalties applied by states or institutions against states, groups, or individuals.
See History of Iran and Economic sanctions
Egypt
Egypt (مصر), officially the Arab Republic of Egypt, is a transcontinental country spanning the northeast corner of Africa and the Sinai Peninsula in the southwest corner of Asia.
Egyptians
Egyptians (translit,; translit,; remenkhēmi) are an ethnic group native to the Nile Valley in Egypt.
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Elam
Elam (Linear Elamite: hatamti; Cuneiform Elamite:; Sumerian:; Akkadian:; עֵילָם ʿēlām; 𐎢𐎺𐎩 hūja) was an ancient civilization centered in the far west and southwest of modern-day Iran, stretching from the lowlands of what is now Khuzestan and Ilam Province as well as a small part of southern Iraq.
Encyclopaedia of Islam
The Encyclopaedia of Islam (EI) is a reference work that facilitates the academic study of Islam.
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Encyclopædia Britannica
The British Encyclopaedia is a general knowledge English-language encyclopaedia.
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Encyclopædia Iranica
Encyclopædia Iranica is a project whose goal is to create a comprehensive and authoritative English-language encyclopedia about the history, culture, and civilization of Iranian peoples from prehistory to modern times.
See History of Iran and Encyclopædia Iranica
Epipalaeolithic
In archaeology, the Epipalaeolithic or Epipaleolithic (sometimes Epi-paleolithic etc.) is a period occurring between the Upper Paleolithic and Neolithic during the Stone Age.
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Erivan Khanate
The Erivan Khanate (translit), also known as, was a khanate (i.e., province) that was established in Afsharid Iran in the 18th century.
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Ethnic groups in the Caucasus
The peoples of the Caucasus, or Caucasians, are a diverse group comprising more than 50 ethnic groups throughout the Caucasus.
See History of Iran and Ethnic groups in the Caucasus
Eurasian Steppe
The Eurasian Steppe, also called the Great Steppe or The Steppes, is the vast steppe ecoregion of Eurasia in the temperate grasslands, savannas and shrublands biome.
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Europe
Europe is a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere.
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Exporting the revolution
Export of the revolution is actions by a victorious revolutionary government of one country to promote similar revolutions in unruled areas or other countries as a manifestation of revolutionary internationalism of certain kind, such as the Marxist proletarian internationalism.
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Fakhr al-Din al-Razi
Fakhr al-Dīn al-Rāzī (فخر الدين الرازي) or Fakhruddin Razi (فخر الدين رازی) (1149 or 1150 – 1209), often known by the sobriquet Sultan of the Theologians, was an influential Iranian and Muslim polymath, scientist and one of the pioneers of inductive logic.
See History of Iran and Fakhr al-Din al-Razi
Faqīh
A faqīh (fuqahā, فقيه;: ‏فقهاء&lrm) is an Islamic jurist, an expert in fiqh, or Islamic jurisprudence and Islamic Law.
Farrukhan the Great
Farrukhan the Great (Persian: فرخان بزرگ, Farrukhan-e Bozorg; 712–728) was the independent ruler (ispahbadh) of Tabaristan in the early 8th century, until his death in 728.
See History of Iran and Farrukhan the Great
Farrukhzad
Farrukhzad (Farrūkhzādag; New Persian: فرخزاد) was an Iranian aristocrat from the House of Ispahbudhan and the founder of the Bavand dynasty, ruling from 651 to 665.
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Fars province
Fars province (استان فارس) is one of the 31 provinces of Iran.
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Fath-Ali Shah Qajar
Fath-Ali Shah Qajar (Fatḥ-ʻAli Šâh Qâjâr; May 1769 – 24 October 1834) was the second Shah (king) of Qajar Iran.
See History of Iran and Fath-Ali Shah Qajar
Fatimid Caliphate
The Fatimid Caliphate or Fatimid Empire (al-Khilāfa al-Fāṭimiyya) was a caliphate extant from the tenth to the twelfth centuries CE under the rule of the Fatimids, an Isma'ili Shia dynasty.
See History of Iran and Fatimid Caliphate
Fatwa
A fatwa (translit; label) is a legal ruling on a point of Islamic law (sharia) given by a qualified Islamic jurist (faqih) in response to a question posed by a private individual, judge or government.
Fazlollah Zahedi
Fazlollah Zahedi (Fazlollāh Zāhedi, pronounced; 17 May 1892 – 2 September 1963) was an Iranian lieutenant general, statesman, and military strongman who replaced the Iranian Prime Minister Mohammad Mosaddegh through a coup d'état supported by the United States and the United Kingdom.
See History of Iran and Fazlollah Zahedi
Federica Mogherini
Federica Mogherini (born 16 June 1973) is an Italian politician who served as High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy and Vice-President of the European Commission from 2014 to 2019.
See History of Iran and Federica Mogherini
Fertile Crescent
The Fertile Crescent (الهلال الخصيب) is a crescent-shaped region in the Middle East, spanning modern-day Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Palestine, and Syria, together with northern Kuwait, south-eastern Turkey, and western Iran.
See History of Iran and Fertile Crescent
First Crusade
The First Crusade (1096–1099) was the first of a series of religious wars, or Crusades, initiated, supported and at times directed by the Latin Church in the Middle Ages.
See History of Iran and First Crusade
First Persian invasion of Greece
The first Persian invasion of Greece, during the Greco-Persian Wars, began in 492 BC, and ended with the decisive Athenian victory at the Battle of Marathon in 490 BC.
See History of Iran and First Persian invasion of Greece
Franz Roubaud
Franz Roubaud (translit; François Iwan Roubaud; 15 June 1856 – 13 March 1928) was a Russian painter of French origin who created some of the largest and best known panoramic paintings.
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Ganj Dareh
Ganj Dareh (Persian: تپه گنج دره; "Treasure Valley" in Persian, or "Treasure Valley Hill" if tepe/tappeh (hill) is appended to the name) is a Neolithic settlement in western Iran.
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Ganj Par
Ganj Par (گنج پر) is a Lower Paleolithic site located in the Gilan province in northern Iran.
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Ganja Khanate
The Ganja Khanate (also spelled Ganjeh; خانات گنجه|translit.
See History of Iran and Ganja Khanate
Ganja, Azerbaijan
Ganja (Gəncə) is Azerbaijan's third largest city, with a population of around 335,600.
See History of Iran and Ganja, Azerbaijan
Gate of All Nations
The Gate of All Nations, also known as the Gate of Xerxes, is located in the ruins of the ancient city of Persepolis, Iran.
See History of Iran and Gate of All Nations
Gazikumukh Khanate
Gazikumukh Khanate was a Lak state that was established in present-day Dagestan after the disintegration of Gazikumukh Shamkhalate in 1642.
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Genghis Khan
Genghis Khan (born Temüjin; August 1227), also known as Chinggis Khan, was the founder and first khan of the Mongol Empire.
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Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel
Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel (27 August 1770 – 14 November 1831) was a German philosopher and one of the most influential figures of German idealism and 19th-century philosophy.
See History of Iran and Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel
George XI of Kartli
George XI (tr; 1651 – 21 April 1709), known as Gurgin Khan in Iran, was a Georgian monarch (mepe) who ruled the Kingdom of Kartli as a Safavid Persian subject from 1676 to 1688 and again from 1703 to 1709.
See History of Iran and George XI of Kartli
Georgia (country)
Georgia is a transcontinental country in Eastern Europe and West Asia.
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Georgia within the Russian Empire
The country of Georgia became part of the Russian Empire in the 19th century.
See History of Iran and Georgia within the Russian Empire
Georgians
The Georgians, or Kartvelians (tr), are a nation and Caucasian ethnic group native to present-day Georgia and surrounding areas historically associated with the Georgian kingdoms.
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Ghazan
Mahmud Ghazan (5 November 1271 – 11 May 1304) (Ghazan Khan, sometimes archaically spelled as Casanus by Westerners) was the seventh ruler of the Mongol Empire's Ilkhanate division in modern-day Iran from 1295 to 1304.
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Ghazi (warrior)
A ghazi (غازي,, plural ġuzāt) is an individual who participated in ghazw (غزو, ġazw), meaning military expeditions or raiding.
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Ghaznavids
The Ghaznavid dynasty (غزنویان Ġaznaviyān) or the Ghaznavid Empire was a Persianate Muslim dynasty and empire of Turkic mamluk origin, ruling at its greatest extent from the Oxus to the Indus Valley from 977 to 1186.
See History of Iran and Ghaznavids
Ghazni
Ghazni (غزنی, غزني), historically known as Ghaznayn (غزنين) or Ghazna (غزنه), also transliterated as Ghuznee, and anciently known as Alexandria in Opiana (Αλεξάνδρεια Ωπιανή), is a city in southeastern Afghanistan with a population of around 190,000 people.
See History of Iran and Ghazni
Ghilji
The Ghiljī (غلجي,; Xelji) also spelled Khilji, Khalji, or Ghilzai and Ghilzay (غلزی), are one of the largest Pashtun tribes.
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Ghilman
Ghilman (singular غُلاَم,Other standardized transliterations: /.. plural غِلْمَان)Other standardized transliterations: /..
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Gilan province
Gilan province (استان گیلان) is one of the 31 provinces of Iran, in the northwest of the country.
See History of Iran and Gilan province
Goharshad Mosque rebellion
The Goharshad Mosque rebellion (واقعه مسجد گوهرشاد) took place in August 1935, when a backlash against the westernizing and secularist policies of Reza Shah of the Pahlavi dynasty erupted in the Imam Reza shrine in Mashhad, Iran.
See History of Iran and Goharshad Mosque rebellion
Golden Horde
The Golden Horde, self-designated as Ulug Ulus (in Kipchak Turkic), was originally a Mongol and later Turkicized khanate established in the 13th century and originating as the northwestern sector of the Mongol Empire.
See History of Iran and Golden Horde
Gonbad-e Kavus
Gonbad-e Kavus (گنبد کاووس) is a city in the Central District of Gonbad-e Kavus County, Golestan Province, Iran, serving as capital of both the county and the district.
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Gorgan
Gorgan (گرگان) is a city in the Central District of Gorgan County, Golestan province, Iran, serving as capital of the province, the county, and the district.
See History of Iran and Gorgan
Government of Iran
The Government of the Islamic Republic of Iran (Nezâm-e Jomhuri-ye Eslâmi-ye Irân), known simply as Nezam (translit), is the ruling state and current political system in Iran, in power since the Iranian Revolution and fall of the Pahlavi dynasty in 1979.
See History of Iran and Government of Iran
Great Game
The Great Game was a rivalry between the 19th-century British and Russian empires over influence in Central Asia, primarily in Afghanistan, Persia, and Tibet.
See History of Iran and Great Game
Great Satan
The "Great Satan" (شيطان بزرگ) is a derogatory epithet used in some Muslim-majority countries to refer to the United States.
See History of Iran and Great Satan
Greater and Lesser Tunbs
Greater Tunb and Lesser Tunb (تنب بزرگ و تنب کوچک., Tonb-e Bozorg and Tonb-e Kuchak, طنب الكبرى و طنب الصغرى., Tunb el-Kubra and Tunb el-Sughra) are two small islands in the eastern Persian Gulf, close to the Strait of Hormuz.
See History of Iran and Greater and Lesser Tunbs
Greater Iran
Greater Iran or Greater Persia (ایران بزرگ), also called the Iranosphere or the Persosphere, is an expression that denotes a wide socio-cultural region comprising parts of West Asia, the South Caucasus, Central Asia, South Asia, and East Asia (specifically Xinjiang)—all of which have been affected, to some degree, by the Iranian peoples and the Iranian languages.
See History of Iran and Greater Iran
Greater Khorasan
Greater KhorāsānDabeersiaghi, Commentary on Safarnâma-e Nâsir Khusraw, 6th Ed. History of Iran and Greater Khorasan are history of West Asia.
See History of Iran and Greater Khorasan
Greco-Persian Wars
The Greco-Persian Wars (also often called the Persian Wars) were a series of conflicts between the Achaemenid Empire and Greek city-states that started in 499 BC and lasted until 449 BC.
See History of Iran and Greco-Persian Wars
Greeks
The Greeks or Hellenes (Έλληνες, Éllines) are an ethnic group and nation native to Greece, Cyprus, southern Albania, Anatolia, parts of Italy and Egypt, and to a lesser extent, other countries surrounding the Eastern Mediterranean and Black Sea. They also form a significant diaspora, with many Greek communities established around the world..
See History of Iran and Greeks
Guardian Council
The Guardian Council (also called Council of Guardians or Constitutional Council, Shourā-ye Negahbān) is an appointed and constitutionally mandated 12-member council that wields considerable power and influence in the Islamic Republic of Iran.
See History of Iran and Guardian Council
Gulf of Oman
The Gulf of Oman or Sea of Oman (خليج عمان khalīj ʿumān; دریای عمان daryâ-ye omân), also known as Gulf of Makran or Sea of Makran (خلیج مکران khalīj makrān; دریای مکران daryâ-ye makrān), is a gulf in the Indian Ocean that connects the Arabian Sea with the Strait of Hormuz, which then runs to the Persian Gulf.
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Gulf War
The Gulf War was an armed conflict between Iraq and a 42-country coalition led by the United States.
See History of Iran and Gulf War
Gunpowder empires
The gunpowder empires, or Islamic gunpowder empires, is a collective term coined by Marshall G. S. Hodgson and William H. McNeill at the University of Chicago, referring to three early modern Muslim empires: the Ottoman Empire, Safavid Empire and the Mughal Empire, in the period they flourished from mid-16th to the early 18th century.
See History of Iran and Gunpowder empires
Gutian people
The Guti, also known by the derived exonyms Gutians or Guteans, were a people of the ancient Near East.
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H. F. B. Lynch
Henry Finnis Blosse Lynch, MA, FRGS (18 April 1862 – 24 November 1913) was a British traveller, businessman, and Liberal Member of Parliament.
See History of Iran and H. F. B. Lynch
Habsburg–Persian alliance
A Habsburg–Persian alliance (اتحاد ایران-هابسبورگ), Habsburg-Safavid alliance (اتحاد صفوی-هابسبورگ) or Habsburg-Iran alliance was attempted and to a certain extent achieved in the 16th century between the Habsburg Empire and Safavid Iran in their common conflict against the Ottoman Empire.
See History of Iran and Habsburg–Persian alliance
Hadith
Hadith (translit) or Athar (أثر) is a form of Islamic oral tradition containing the purported words, actions, and the silent approvals of the prophet Muhammad.
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Hafez
Khājeh Shams-od-Dīn Moḥammad Ḥāfeẓ-e Shīrāzī (خواجه شمسالدین محمد حافظ شیرازی), known by his pen name Hafez (حافظ, Ḥāfeẓ, 'the memorizer; the (safe) keeper'; 1325–1390) or Hafiz, was a Persian lyric poet whose collected works are regarded by many Iranians as one of the highest pinnacles of Persian literature.
Harem
Harem (lit) refers to domestic spaces that are reserved for the women of the house in a Muslim family.
Hasan-i Sabbah
Hasan-i Sabbah (1050 – 12 June 1124), also known as Hasan I of Alamut, was a religious and military leader, founder of the Nizari Ismai'li sect widely known as the Hashshashin or the Order of Assassins, as well as the Nizari Ismaili state, ruling from 1090 to 1124 AD.
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Hassan Ali Mansur
Hasan Ali Mansur (حسن علی منصور‎; 13 April 1923 – 26 January 1965) was an Iranian politician who served as Prime Minister from 1964 to 1965.
See History of Iran and Hassan Ali Mansur
Hassan Rouhani
Hassan Rouhani (حسن روحانی, Standard Persian pronunciation:; born Hassan Fereydoun (حسن فریدون); 12 November 1948) is an Iranian Islamist politician who served as the seventh president of Iran from 2013 to 2021.
See History of Iran and Hassan Rouhani
Heraclius II of Georgia
Heraclius II, also known as Erekle II (ერეკლე II) and The Little Kakhetian (პატარა კახი; 7 November 1720 or 7 October 1721 – 11 January 1798), was a Georgian monarch (mepe) of the Bagrationi dynasty, reigning as the king of Kakheti from 1744 to 1762, and of Kartli and Kakheti from 1762 until 1798.
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Herat
Herāt (Pashto, هرات) is an oasis city and the third-largest city in Afghanistan.
Hermitage Museum
The State Hermitage Museum (p) is a museum of art and culture in Saint Petersburg, Russia.
See History of Iran and Hermitage Museum
Herodotus
Herodotus (Ἡρόδοτος||; BC) was a Greek historian and geographer from the Greek city of Halicarnassus, part of the Persian Empire (now Bodrum, Turkey) and a later citizen of Thurii in modern Calabria, Italy.
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Hijab
In modern usage, hijab (translit) generally refers to various head coverings conventionally worn by many Muslim women.
Hillah
Hillah (ٱلْحِلَّة al-Ḥillah), also spelled Hilla, is a city in central Iraq on the Hilla branch of the Euphrates River, south of Baghdad.
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Hindus
Hindus (also known as Sanātanīs) are people who religiously adhere to Hinduism, also known by its endonym Sanātana Dharma.
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Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik
Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan (translit; 6 February 743) was the tenth Umayyad caliph, ruling from 724 until his death in 743.
See History of Iran and Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik
History of Europe
The history of Europe is traditionally divided into four time periods: prehistoric Europe (prior to about 800 BC), classical antiquity (800 BC to AD 500), the Middle Ages (AD 500–1500), and the modern era (since AD 1500).
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History of Islam
The history of Islam concerns the political, social, economic, military, and cultural developments of the Islamic civilization.
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History of Khuzestan province
Khuzestan province is located in southwestern Iran.
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History of the Caucasus
The history of the Caucasus region may be divided by geography into the history of the North Caucasus (Ciscaucasia), historically in the sphere of influence of Scythia and of Southern Russia (Eastern Europe), and that of the South Caucasus (Transcaucasia; Caucasian Albania, Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaijan) in the sphere of influence of Persia, Anatolia, and (for a very brief time) Assyria. History of Iran and history of the Caucasus are history of West Asia.
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History of the Middle East
The Middle East, also known as the Near East, is home to one of the Cradles of Civilization and has seen many of the world's oldest cultures and civilizations. History of Iran and History of the Middle East are history of West Asia.
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Hormuz Island
Hormuz Island (translit), also spelled Ormus, is an Iranian island in the Persian Gulf.
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Hossein Fatemi
Hossein Fatemi (حسین فاطمی; also Romanized as Hoseyn Fātemi; 10 February 1917 – 10 November 1954) was an Iranian scholar.
See History of Iran and Hossein Fatemi
House of Ispahbudhan
The House of Ispahbudhan or the House of Aspahbadh was one of the seven Parthian clans of the Sasanian Empire.
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House of Karen
The House of Karen (Kārēn; Kārēn; Kārin or Kāren), also known as Karen-Pahlav (Kārēn-Pahlaw), was one of the Seven Great Houses of Iran during the rule of Parthian and Sassanian Empires.
See History of Iran and House of Karen
House of Khalifa
The House of Khalifa (translit) is the ruling family of the Kingdom of Bahrain.
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House of Mihran
The House of Mihrān or House of Mehrān (Middle Persian: 𐭬𐭨𐭥𐭠𐭭; new Persian: مهران), was a leading Iranian noble family (šahrdārān), one of the Seven Great Houses of the Sassanid Persian Empire which claimed descent from the earlier Arsacid dynasty.
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Hulegu Khan
Hulegu Khan, also known as Hülegü or Hulaguᠬᠦᠯᠡᠭᠦ|lit.
See History of Iran and Hulegu Khan
Human rights
Human rights are moral principles or normsJames Nickel, with assistance from Thomas Pogge, M.B.E. Smith, and Leif Wenar, 13 December 2013, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy,.
See History of Iran and Human rights
Human wave attack
A human wave attack, also known as a human sea attack, is an offensive infantry tactic in which an attacker conducts an unprotected frontal assault with densely concentrated infantry formations against the enemy line, intended to overrun and overwhelm the defenders by engaging in melee combat.
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Huochong
Huochong was the Chinese name for hand cannons.
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Iğdır Province
Iğdır Province (Iğdır ili, Parêzgeha Îdirê) is a province in eastern Turkey, located along the borders with Armenia, Azerbaijan (the area of Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic), and Iran.
See History of Iran and Iğdır Province
Ibn Babawayh
Abu Ja'far Muhammad ibn 'Ali ibn Babawayh al-Qummi (Persian: محمد بن علی بن بابَوَیْهِ قمی أَبُو جَعْفَر مُحَمَّد ٱبْن عَلِيّ ٱبْن بَابَوَيْه ٱلْقُمِيّ; –991), commonly referred to as Ibn Babawayh (Persian: ابن بابویه ٱبْن بَابَوَيْه) or al-Shaykh al-Saduq (Persian: شیخ صدوق lit), was a Persian Shia Islamic scholar whose work, entitled Man La Yahduruhu al-Faqih (مَنْ لَا یَحْضُرُهُ ٱلْفَقِیهُ), forms part of The Four Books of the Shia Hadith collection.
See History of Iran and Ibn Babawayh
Igor M. Diakonoff
Igor Mikhailovich Diakonoff (occasionally spelled Diakonov, И́горь Миха́йлович Дья́конов; 12 January 1915 – 2 May 1999) was a Russian historian, linguist, and translator and a renowned expert on the Ancient Near East and its languages.
See History of Iran and Igor M. Diakonoff
Ilkhanate
The Ilkhanate or Il-khanate, ruled by the Il-Khans or Ilkhanids (translit), and known to the Mongols as Hülegü Ulus, was a Mongol khanate founded in the southwestern territories of the Mongol Empire.
See History of Iran and Ilkhanate
Imam Reza shrine
The Imam Reza shrine (lit), located in Mashhad, Iran, is an Islamic shrine containing the remains of Ali al-Rida, the eighth Imam of Shia Islam.
See History of Iran and Imam Reza shrine
Imamate in Twelver doctrine
Imāmah (إِمَامَة) means "leadership" and is a concept in Twelver theology.
See History of Iran and Imamate in Twelver doctrine
Imperial Guard (Iran)
The Immortal Guard of Imperial Iran (gārd-e jāvidān-e šāhanšāhi-e irān), also known as Imperial Guard (gārd-e šāhanšāhi), was both the personal guard force of Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, the last Shah of Iran, and an elite combat branch of the Imperial Iranian Army.
See History of Iran and Imperial Guard (Iran)
Indiana University Press
Indiana University Press, also known as IU Press, is an academic publisher founded in 1950 at Indiana University that specializes in the humanities and social sciences.
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Indus River
The Indus is a transboundary river of Asia and a trans-Himalayan river of South and Central Asia.
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Infantry
Infantry is a specialization of military personnel who engage in warfare combat.
See History of Iran and Infantry
International aid to combatants in the Iran–Iraq War
During the Iran–Iraq War, both Iran and Iraq received large quantities of weapons.
See History of Iran and International aid to combatants in the Iran–Iraq War
International Atomic Energy Agency
The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) is an intergovernmental organization that seeks to promote the peaceful use of nuclear energy and to inhibit its use for any military purpose, including nuclear weapons.
See History of Iran and International Atomic Energy Agency
International sanctions
International sanctions are political and economic decisions that are part of diplomatic efforts by countries, multilateral or regional organizations against states or organizations either to protect national security interests, or to protect international law, and defend against threats to international peace and security.
See History of Iran and International sanctions
Ionia
Ionia was an ancient region on the western coast of Anatolia, to the south of present-day İzmir, Turkey.
Iran
Iran, officially the Islamic Republic of Iran (IRI), also known as Persia, is a country in West Asia. It borders Turkey to the northwest and Iraq to the west, Azerbaijan, Armenia, the Caspian Sea, and Turkmenistan to the north, Afghanistan to the east, Pakistan to the southeast, the Gulf of Oman and the Persian Gulf to the south.
Iran crisis of 1946
The Iran crisis of 1946, also known as the Azerbaijan Crisis in the Iranian sources, was one of the first crises of the Cold War, sparked by the refusal of Joseph Stalin's Soviet Union to relinquish occupied Iranian territory despite repeated assurances.
See History of Iran and Iran crisis of 1946
Iran hostage crisis
The Iran hostage crisis was a diplomatic standoff between Iran and the United States.
See History of Iran and Iran hostage crisis
Iran–Iraq War
The Iran–Iraq War, also known as the First Gulf War, was an armed conflict between Iran and Iraq that lasted from September 1980 to August 1988.
See History of Iran and Iran–Iraq War
Iranian Armenia (1502–1828)
From 1502 to 1828, during the early modern and late modern era, Eastern Armenia was part of the Iranian empire.
See History of Iran and Iranian Armenia (1502–1828)
Iranian Green Movement
The Iranian Green Movement (جنبش سبز ایران) or Green Wave of Iran (موج سبز ایران), also referred to as the Persian Awakening or Persian Spring by the western media, refers to a political movement that arose after the June 12, 2009 Iranian presidential election and lasted until early 2010, in which protesters demanded the removal of Mahmoud Ahmadinejad from office.
See History of Iran and Iranian Green Movement
Iranian Kurdistan
Iranian Kurdistan or Eastern Kurdistan (translit) is an unofficial name for the parts of northwestern Iran with either a majority or sizable population of Kurds.
See History of Iran and Iranian Kurdistan
Iranian nationalism
Iranian nationalismPersian: ملیگرایی ایرانی Baloch: راج دوستی ایرانی Kurdish: نەتەوە پەروەریی ئێرانی Gilaki: ایجانایی ایرانی Azerbaijani: İran millətçiliyi Turkmen: Eýranyň milletçiligi Arabic: القومية الإيرانية is nationalism among the people of Iran and individuals whose national identity is Iranian.
See History of Iran and Iranian nationalism
Iranian peoples
The Iranian peoples or Iranic peoples are a diverse grouping of peoples who are identified by their usage of the Iranian languages (branch of the Indo-European languages) and other cultural similarities.
See History of Iran and Iranian peoples
Iranian philosophy
Iranian philosophy (Persian: فلسفه ایرانی) or Persian philosophy can be traced back as far as to Old Iranian philosophical traditions and thoughts which originated in ancient Indo-Iranian roots and were considerably influenced by Zarathustra's teachings.
See History of Iran and Iranian philosophy
Iranian Plateau
The Iranian Plateau or Persian Plateau is a geological feature spanning parts of the Caucasus, Central Asia, South Asia, and West Asia. It makes up part of the Eurasian Plate, and is wedged between the Arabian Plate and the Indian Plate. The plateau is situated between the Zagros Mountains to the west, the Caspian Sea and the Köpet Dag to the north, the Armenian Highlands and the Caucasus Mountains to the northwest, the Strait of Hormuz and the Persian Gulf to the south, and the Indian subcontinent to the east.
See History of Iran and Iranian Plateau
Iranian reformists
The Reformists (Eslâh-Talabân) are a political faction in Iran.
See History of Iran and Iranian reformists
Iranian religions
The Iranian religions, also known as the Persian religions, are, in the context of comparative religion, a grouping of religious movements that originated in the Iranian plateau, which accounts for the bulk of what is called "Greater Iran".
See History of Iran and Iranian religions
Iranian Revolution
The Iranian Revolution (انقلاب ایران), also known as the 1979 Revolution and the Islamic Revolution (label), was a series of events that culminated in the overthrow of the Pahlavi dynasty in 1979. The revolution led to the replacement of the Imperial State of Iran by the present-day Islamic Republic of Iran, as the monarchical government of Mohammad Reza Pahlavi was superseded by the theocratic Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini, a religious cleric who had headed one of the rebel factions.
See History of Iran and Iranian Revolution
Iranian Studies (journal)
Iranian Studies is a bimonthly peer-reviewed academic journal covering Iranian and Persianate history, literature, and society published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of the Association for Iranian Studies (formerly known as the International Society for Iranian Studies).
See History of Iran and Iranian Studies (journal)
Iraq
Iraq, officially the Republic of Iraq, is a country in West Asia and a core country in the geopolitical region known as the Middle East.
Iron Age
The Iron Age is the final epoch of the three historical Metal Ages, after the Chalcolithic and Bronze Age.
See History of Iran and Iron Age
Isfahan
Isfahan or Esfahan (اصفهان) is a major city in the Central District of Isfahan County, Isfahan province, Iran.
See History of Iran and Isfahan
Islam
Islam (al-Islām) is an Abrahamic monotheistic religion centered on the Quran and the teachings of Muhammad, the religion's founder.
Islam and gender segregation
Gender segregation in Islamic law, custom, law and traditions refers to the practices and requirements in Islamic countries and communities for the separation of men and boys from women and girls in social and other settings.
See History of Iran and Islam and gender segregation
Islamic Golden Age
The Islamic Golden Age was a period of scientific, economic and cultural flourishing in the history of Islam, traditionally dated from the 8th century to the 13th century.
See History of Iran and Islamic Golden Age
Islamic Government
Islamic Government (translit), or Islamic Government: Jurist's Guardianship (translit)Abrahamian, ''Khomeinism'', 1993: p.11 is a book by the Iranian Shi'i Muslim cleric, jurist and revolutionary, Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini.
See History of Iran and Islamic Government
Islamic republic
The term Islamic republic has been used in different ways.
See History of Iran and Islamic republic
Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps
The Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC; سپاه پاسداران انقلاب اسلامی), also known as the Iranian Revolutionary Guards, is a multi-service primary branch of the Iranian Armed Forces.
See History of Iran and Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps
Islamization of Iran
The Islamization of Iran was the spread of Islam in formerly Sassanid Iran as a result of the Muslim conquest of the empire in 633–654.
See History of Iran and Islamization of Iran
Isma'ilism
Isma'ilism (translit) is a branch or sect of Shia Islam.
See History of Iran and Isma'ilism
Ismail I
Ismail I (translit; 14 July 1487 – 23 May 1524) was the founder and first shah of Safavid Iran, ruling from 1501 until his death in 1524.
See History of Iran and Ismail I
Israel
Israel, officially the State of Israel, is a country in the Southern Levant, West Asia.
See History of Iran and Israel
Israeli airstrike on the Iranian consulate in Damascus
On 1 April 2024, Israel conducted an airstrike on the Iranian embassy complex in Damascus, Syria, destroying the building housing its consular section.
See History of Iran and Israeli airstrike on the Iranian consulate in Damascus
Jalayirid Sultanate
The Jalayirid Sultanate was a dynasty of Mongol Jalayir origin, which ruled over modern-day Iraq and western Iran after the breakup of the Mongol khanate of Persia in the 1330s.
See History of Iran and Jalayirid Sultanate
Jami
Nūr ad-Dīn 'Abd ar-Rahmān Jāmī (نورالدین عبدالرحمن جامی; 7 November 1414 – 9 November 1492), also known as Mawlanā Nūr al-Dīn 'Abd al-Rahmān or Abd-Al-Rahmān Nur-Al-Din Muhammad Dashti, or simply as Jami or Djāmī and in Turkey as Molla Cami, was a Sunni poet who is known for his achievements as a prolific scholar and writer of mystical Sufi literature.
Jiroft culture
The Jiroft culture,Oscar White Muscarella, (2008), in: Encyclopedia Iranica.
See History of Iran and Jiroft culture
John Kerry
John Forbes Kerry (born December 11, 1943) is an American attorney, politician, and diplomat who served as the 68th United States secretary of state from 2013 to 2017 in the administration of Barack Obama.
See History of Iran and John Kerry
Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action
The Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA; barnāmeye jāme'e eqdāme moshtarak (برجام, BARJAM)), commonly known as the Iran nuclear deal or Iran deal, is an agreement on the Iranian nuclear program reached in Vienna on 14 July 2015, between Iran and the P5+1 (the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council—China, France, Russia, the United Kingdom, United States—plus Germany) together with the European Union.
See History of Iran and Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action
Jordan
Jordan, officially the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan, is a country in the Southern Levant region of West Asia.
See History of Iran and Jordan
Jungle Movement of Gilan
The Jangal (Jungle) Movement (Persian: جنبش جنگل), in Gilan, was a rebellion against the monarchist rule of the central government of the Sublime State of Iran, which lasted from 1915 to 1921.
See History of Iran and Jungle Movement of Gilan
Kakheti
Kakheti (კახეთი K’akheti) is a region (mkhare) formed in the 1990s in eastern Georgia from the historical province of Kakheti and the small, mountainous province of Tusheti.
See History of Iran and Kakheti
Kakuyids
The Kakuyids (also called Kakwayhids, Kakuwayhids or Kakuyah) (آل کاکویه) were a Shia Muslim dynasty of Daylamite origin that held power in western Persia, Jibal and Kurdistan (c. 1008–c. 1051).
See History of Iran and Kakuyids
Kalam
Ilm al-kalam or ilm al-lahut, often shortened to kalam, is the scholastic, speculative, or philosophical study of Islamic theology (aqida).
Kanarang
The kanārang (کنارنگ) was a unique title in the Sasanian military, given to the commander of the Sasanian Empire's northeasternmost frontier province, Abarshahr (encompassing the cities of Nishapur, Tus and Abiward).
See History of Iran and Kanarang
Kandahar
Kandahar is a city in Afghanistan, located in the south of the country on the Arghandab River, at an elevation of.
See History of Iran and Kandahar
Karabakh Khanate
The Karabakh Khanate (also spelled Qarabagh; translit; Karabakhskoye khanstvo) was a khanate under Iranian and later Russian suzerainty, which controlled the historical region of Karabakh, now divided between modern-day Armenia and Azerbaijan.
See History of Iran and Karabakh Khanate
Karapapakhs
The Karapapakhs (Qarapapaqlar; Karapapaklar), or Terekeme (Tərəkəmələr; Terekemeler), are a Turkic people, who originally spoke the Karapapakh language, a western Oghuz language closely related to Azerbaijani and Turkish.
See History of Iran and Karapapakhs
Karim Khan Zand
Mohammad Karim Khan Zand (Mohammad Karīm Khân-e Zand) was the founder of the Zand dynasty, ruling from 1751 to 1779.
See History of Iran and Karim Khan Zand
Kart dynasty
The Kart dynasty, also known as the Kartids (آل کرت), was a Sunni Muslim dynasty of Tajik origin closely related to the Ghurids, that ruled over a large part of Khorasan during the 13th and 14th centuries.
See History of Iran and Kart dynasty
Kartli
Kartli (ქართლი) is a historical region in central-to-eastern Georgia traversed by the river Mtkvari (Kura), on which Georgia's capital, Tbilisi, is situated.
See History of Iran and Kartli
Kashafrud
Kashafrud Basin(کشفرود) is an archaeological site in Iran, known for the Lower Palaeolithic artifacts collected there; these are the oldest-known evidence for human occupation of Iran.
See History of Iran and Kashafrud
Kashan
Kashan (کاشان) is a city in the Central District of Kashan County, in the northern part of Isfahan province, Iran, serving as capital of both the county and the district.
See History of Iran and Kashan
Kashf-e hijab
On 8 January 1936, Reza Shah of Iran (Persia) issued a decree known as Kashf-e hijab (also Romanized as Kashf-e hijāb and Kashf-e hejāb, lit) banning all Islamic veils (including hijab and chador), an edict that was swiftly and forcefully implemented.
See History of Iran and Kashf-e hijab
Kassites
The Kassites were people of the ancient Near East, who controlled Babylonia after the fall of the Old Babylonian Empire and until (short chronology).
See History of Iran and Kassites
Kerman
Kerman (كرمان) is a city in the Central District of Kerman County, Kerman province, Iran, serving as capital of the province, the county, and the district.
See History of Iran and Kerman
Kermanshah
Kermanshah (کرمانشاه) is a city in the Central District of Kermanshah province, Iran, serving as capital of the province, the county, and the district.
See History of Iran and Kermanshah
Khanates of the Caucasus
The khanates of the Caucasus, also known as the Azerbaijani khanates, Persian khanates, or Iranian Khanates, were various administrative units in the South Caucasus governed by a hereditary or appointed ruler under the official rule of Iran.
See History of Iran and Khanates of the Caucasus
Khaydhar ibn Kawus al-Afshin
Ḥaydar ibn Kāwūs (حيدر بن كاوس, Kheyzar ebn-e Kāvus), better known by his hereditary title of al-Afshīn (الأفشين, Afshin), was a senior general of Sogdian Iranian descent at the court of the Abbasid caliphs and a vassal prince of Oshrusana.
See History of Iran and Khaydhar ibn Kawus al-Afshin
Khiva
Khiva (Хива, خیوه; خیوه,; alternative or historical names include Orgunje, Kheeva, Khorasam, Khoresm, Khwarezm, Khwarizm, Khwarazm, Chorezm, خوارزمand خوارزم) is a district-level city of approximately 93,000 people in Khorazm Region, Uzbekistan.
Khorramabad
Khorramabad (خرمآباد) is a city in the Central District of Khorramabad County, Lorestan province, Iran, serving as capital of the province, the county, and the district.
See History of Iran and Khorramabad
Khosrow II
Khosrow II (spelled Chosroes II in classical sources; Husrō and Khosrau), commonly known as Khosrow Parviz (New Persian: خسرو پرویز, "Khosrow the Victorious"), is considered to be the last great Sasanian king (shah) of Iran, ruling from 590 to 628, with an interruption of one year.
See History of Iran and Khosrow II
Khurramites
The Khurramites (خرمدینان Khurram-Dīnân, meaning "those of the Joyful Religion") were an IranianW.
See History of Iran and Khurramites
Khurshid of Tabaristan
Khurshid (Book Pahlavi: hwlšyt'; Tabari/اسپهبد خورشید, Spāhbed Khōrshīd 'General Khorshid'; 734–761), erroneously designated Khurshid II by earlier scholars, was the last Dabuyid ispahbadh of Tabaristan.
See History of Iran and Khurshid of Tabaristan
Khuzestan province
Khuzestan Province (استان خوزستان) is one of the 31 provinces of Iran.
See History of Iran and Khuzestan province
Khwarazm
Khwarazm (Hwârazmiya; خوارزم, Xwârazm or Xârazm) or Chorasmia is a large oasis region on the Amu Darya river delta in western Central Asia, bordered on the north by the (former) Aral Sea, on the east by the Kyzylkum Desert, on the south by the Karakum Desert, and on the west by the Ustyurt Plateau.
See History of Iran and Khwarazm
Khwarazmian Empire
The Khwarazmian Empire, also called the Empire of the Khwarazmshahs or simply Khwarazm, was a culturally Persianate, Sunni Muslim empire of Turkic mamluk origin.
See History of Iran and Khwarazmian Empire
Kilij Arslan I
Kilij Arslan ibn Suleiman (قِلِیچ اَرسلان; قلیچ ارسلان|Qilij Arslān; I. or Kılıcarslan, "Sword Lion") (‎1079–1107) was the Seljuq Sultan of Rum from 1092 until his death in 1107.
See History of Iran and Kilij Arslan I
King of Kings
King of Kings was a ruling title employed primarily by monarchs based in the Middle East and the Indian subcontinent.
See History of Iran and King of Kings
Kingdom of Georgia
The Kingdom of Georgia (Georgian: ⴑⴀⴕⴀⴐⴇⴅⴄⴊⴍⴑ ⴑⴀⴋⴄⴔⴍ), also known as the Georgian Empire, was a medieval Eurasian monarchy that was founded in AD.
See History of Iran and Kingdom of Georgia
Kingdom of Kakheti
The Kingdom of Kakheti (tr; also spelled Kaxet'i or Kakhetia) was a late medieval/early modern monarchy in eastern Georgia, centered at the province of Kakheti, with its capital first at Gremi and then at Telavi.
See History of Iran and Kingdom of Kakheti
Kingdom of Kartli
The Kingdom of Kartli (tr) was a late medieval/early modern monarchy in eastern Georgia, centred on the province of Kartli, with its capital at Tbilisi.
See History of Iran and Kingdom of Kartli
Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti
The Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti (tr; 1762–1801) was created in 1762 by the unification of the two eastern Georgian kingdoms of Kartli and Kakheti.
See History of Iran and Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti
Kokand
Kokand is a city in Fergana Region in eastern Uzbekistan, at the southwestern edge of the Fergana Valley.
See History of Iran and Kokand
Kufa
Kufa (الْكُوفَة), also spelled Kufah, is a city in Iraq, about south of Baghdad, and northeast of Najaf.
Kura–Araxes culture
The Kura–Araxes culture (also named Kur–Araz culture, Mtkvari–Araxes culture, Early Transcaucasian culture) was an archaeological culture that existed from about 4000 BC until about 2000 BC, which has traditionally been regarded as the date of its end; in some locations it may have disappeared as early as 2600 or 2700 BC.
See History of Iran and Kura–Araxes culture
Kurds
Kurds or Kurdish people (rtl, Kurd) are an Iranic ethnic group native to the mountainous region of Kurdistan in Western Asia, which spans southeastern Turkey, northwestern Iran, northern Iraq, and northern Syria.
Kuwait
Kuwait, officially the State of Kuwait, is a country in West Asia.
See History of Iran and Kuwait
Laks (Caucasus)
The Laks (self-designation: Лак) are a Northeast Caucasian ethnic group native to an inland region known as Lakia within Dagestan in the North Caucasus.
See History of Iran and Laks (Caucasus)
Lapis lazuli
Lapis lazuli, or lapis for short, is a deep-blue metamorphic rock used as a semi-precious stone that has been prized since antiquity for its intense color.
See History of Iran and Lapis lazuli
Late antiquity
Late antiquity is sometimes defined as spanning from the end of classical antiquity to the local start of the Middle Ages, from around the late 3rd century up to the 7th or 8th century in Europe and adjacent areas bordering the Mediterranean Basin depending on location. History of Iran and late antiquity are history of West Asia.
See History of Iran and Late antiquity
Late Middle Ages
The late Middle Ages or late medieval period was the period of European history lasting from AD 1300 to 1500.
See History of Iran and Late Middle Ages
Lazica
Kingdom of Lazica (ႤႢႰႨႱႨ, Egrisi; ლაზიკა, Laziǩa; Λαζική, Lazikí), also known as Lazian Empire, was the state in the territory of west Georgia in the Roman-Byzantine period, from about the 1st century BC.
See History of Iran and Lazica
Lebanon
Lebanon (Lubnān), officially the Republic of Lebanon, is a country in the Levant region of West Asia.
See History of Iran and Lebanon
Left-wing guerrilla groups of Iran
Several left-wing guerrilla groups attempting to overthrow the pro-Western regime of Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi were notable and active in Iran from 1971 to 1979.
See History of Iran and Left-wing guerrilla groups of Iran
Lend-Lease
Lend-Lease, formally the Lend-Lease Act and introduced as An Act to Promote the Defense of the United States, in Milestone Documents, National Archives of the United States, Washington, D.C., retrieved February 8, 2024; (notes: "Passed on March 11, 1941, this act set up a system that would allow the United States to lend or lease war supplies to any nation deemed 'vital to the defense of the United States.'"; contains photo of the original bill, H.R.
See History of Iran and Lend-Lease
Levant
The Levant is an approximate historical geographical term referring to a large area in the Eastern Mediterranean region of West Asia and core territory of the political term ''Middle East''.
See History of Iran and Levant
Lezgins
Lezgins (Лезгияр lezgijar) are a Northeast Caucasian ethnic group native predominantly to southern Dagestan, a republic of Russia, and northeastern Azerbaijan, and speak the Lezgin language.
See History of Iran and Lezgins
Library of Congress Country Studies
The Country Studies are works published by the Federal Research Division of the United States Library of Congress, freely available for use by researchers.
See History of Iran and Library of Congress Country Studies
List of monarchs of Persia
This article lists the monarchs of Iran (Persia) from the establishment of the Medes around 678 BC until the deposition of the Pahlavi dynasty in 1979.
See History of Iran and List of monarchs of Persia
List of pre-modern Iranian scientists and scholars
The following is a list of Persian scientists, engineers, and scholars who lived from antiquity up until the beginning of the modern age.
See History of Iran and List of pre-modern Iranian scientists and scholars
Logic in Islamic philosophy
Early Islamic law placed importance on formulating standards of argument, which gave rise to a "novel approach to logic" (منطق manṭiq "speech, eloquence") in Kalam (Islamic scholasticism).
See History of Iran and Logic in Islamic philosophy
London
London is the capital and largest city of both England and the United Kingdom, with a population of in.
See History of Iran and London
Luarsab II of Kartli
Luarsab II the Holy Martyr (ლუარსაბ II; 1592 – 21 June (O.S.), 1 July (N.S.), 1622) was a Georgian monarch who reigned as king (mepe) of Kartli (eastern Georgia) from 1606 to 1615.
See History of Iran and Luarsab II of Kartli
Lydia
Lydia (translit; Lȳdia) was an Iron Age historical region in western Anatolia, in modern-day Turkey.
Macedonia (ancient kingdom)
Macedonia (Μακεδονία), also called Macedon, was an ancient kingdom on the periphery of Archaic and Classical Greece, which later became the dominant state of Hellenistic Greece.
See History of Iran and Macedonia (ancient kingdom)
Madhhab
A madhhab (way to act,, pl. label) refers to any school of thought within Islamic jurisprudence.
See History of Iran and Madhhab
Mahmoud Ahmadinejad
Mahmoud Ahmadinejad (Mahmūd Ahmadīnežād,; born Mahmoud Sabbaghian on 28 October 1956) is an Iranian principlist and nationalist politician who served as the sixth president of Iran from 2005 to 2013.
See History of Iran and Mahmoud Ahmadinejad
Mahmud Hotak
Shāh Mahmūd Hotak, (Pashto/Dari: شاه محمود هوتک), or Shāh Mahmūd Ghiljī (شاه محمود غلجي), also known by his epithet, The Conqueror (lived 1697 – April 22, 1725), was the ruler of the Hotak dynasty who overthrew Safavid dynasty to become the king of Persia from 1722 until his death in 1725.
See History of Iran and Mahmud Hotak
Mahmud I (Seljuk sultan)
Nasir al-Din Mahmud I (10881094) was an infant sultan of the Seljuk Empire from 1092 to 1094, with most power held by his mother Terken Khatun.
See History of Iran and Mahmud I (Seljuk sultan)
Mahmud of Ghazni
Abu al-Qasim Mahmud ibn Sabuktigin (translit; 2 November 971 – 30 April 1030), usually known as Mahmud of Ghazni or Mahmud Ghaznavi (محمود غزنوی), was Sultan of the Ghaznavid Empire, ruling from 998 to 1030.
See History of Iran and Mahmud of Ghazni
Mahsa Amini
Mahsa Amini (مهسا ژینا امینی; 21 September 1999 – 16 September 2022), also known as Jina Amini (ژینا ئەمینی), was an Iranian woman whose arrest in Tehran for opposing mandatory hijab and subsequent death in police custody sparked a wave of protests throughout Iran.
See History of Iran and Mahsa Amini
Mahsa Amini protests
Civil unrest and protests against the government of the Islamic Republic of Iran associated with the death in police custody of Mahsa Amini (مهسا امینی) began on 16 September 2022 and carried on into 2023, but were said to have "dwindled" or "died down" by spring of 2023.
See History of Iran and Mahsa Amini protests
Majlis
(المجلس., pl. مجالس) is an Arabic term meaning "sitting room", used to describe various types of special gatherings among common interest groups of administrative, social or religious nature in countries with linguistic or cultural connections to the Muslim world.
See History of Iran and Majlis
Malik-Shah I
Malik-Shah I (ملک شاه) was the third sultan of the Seljuk Empire from 1072 to 1092, under whom the sultanate reached the zenith of its power and influence.
See History of Iran and Malik-Shah I
Mannaea
Mannaea (sometimes written as Mannea; Akkadian: Mannai, Biblical Hebrew: Minni, (מנּי)) was an ancient kingdom located in northwestern Iran, south of Lake Urmia, around the 10th to 7th centuries BC.
See History of Iran and Mannaea
Mardonius (nephew of Darius I)
Mardonius (𐎶𐎼𐎯𐎢𐎴𐎡𐎹; Μαρδόνιος; died 479 BC) was a Persian military commander during the Greco-Persian Wars.
See History of Iran and Mardonius (nephew of Darius I)
Mashhad
Mashhad (مشهد) is the second-most-populous city in Iran, located in the relatively remote north-east of the country about from Tehran.
See History of Iran and Mashhad
Masmughans of Damavand
The Masmughans of Damavand (Middle Persian: Masmughan-i Dumbawand, New Persian: مس مغان دماوند, meaning Great Magians of Damavand) were a local dynasty, which ruled Damavand and its surrounding areas from ca.
See History of Iran and Masmughans of Damavand
Masoud Pezeshkian
Masoud Pezeshkian (مسعود پزشکیان,; born 29 September 1954) is an Iranian politician and cardiac surgeon who has been the president of Iran since 28 July 2024.
See History of Iran and Masoud Pezeshkian
Mathematics in the medieval Islamic world
Mathematics during the Golden Age of Islam, especially during the 9th and 10th centuries, was built upon syntheses of Greek mathematics (Euclid, Archimedes, Apollonius) and Indian mathematics (Aryabhata, Brahmagupta).
See History of Iran and Mathematics in the medieval Islamic world
Maurice (emperor)
Maurice (Mauricius;; 539 – 27 November 602) was Byzantine emperor from 582 to 602 and the last member of the Justinian dynasty.
See History of Iran and Maurice (emperor)
Mawla
Mawlā (مَوْلَى, plural mawālī مَوَالِي), is a polysemous Arabic word, whose meaning varied in different periods and contexts.
Mazandaran province
Mazandaran Province (استان مازندران) is one of the 31 provinces of Iran.
See History of Iran and Mazandaran province
Medes
The Medes (Old Persian: 𐎶𐎠𐎭; Akkadian: 13px, 13px; Ancient Greek: Μῆδοι; Latin: Medi) were an ancient Iranian people who spoke the Median language and who inhabited an area known as Media between western and northern Iran. Around the 11th century BC, they occupied the mountainous region of northwestern Iran and the northeastern and eastern region of Mesopotamia in the vicinity of Ecbatana (present-day Hamadan).
Meritocracy
Meritocracy (merit, from Latin mereō, and -cracy, from Ancient Greek κράτος 'strength, power') is the notion of a political system in which economic goods or political power are vested in individual people based on ability and talent, rather than wealth, social class, or race.
See History of Iran and Meritocracy
Merv
Merv (Merw, Мерв, مرو; translit), also known as the Merve Oasis, was a major Iranian city in Central Asia, on the historical Silk Road, near today's Mary, Turkmenistan.
Mesopotamia
Mesopotamia is a historical region of West Asia situated within the Tigris–Euphrates river system, in the northern part of the Fertile Crescent.
See History of Iran and Mesopotamia
Metaphysics is the branch of philosophy that examines the basic structure of reality.
See History of Iran and Metaphysics
MI6
The Secret Intelligence Service (SIS), commonly known as MI6 (Military Intelligence, Section 6), is the foreign intelligence service of the United Kingdom, tasked mainly with the covert overseas collection and analysis of human intelligence on foreign nationals in support of its Five Eyes partners.
Michael Axworthy
Michael George Andrew Axworthy (26 September 1962 – 16 March 2019) was a British academic, author, and commentator.
See History of Iran and Michael Axworthy
Middle Paleolithic
The Middle Paleolithic (or Middle Palaeolithic) is the second subdivision of the Paleolithic or Old Stone Age as it is understood in Europe, Africa and Asia.
See History of Iran and Middle Paleolithic
Mihr 'Ali
Mihr 'Ali (مهرعلی نقاش; also spelt Mir Ali or Mehr Ali) was one of the great royal painters of the Persian court during the reign of Fat'h Ali Shah Qajar, and is regarded as the most notable Persian portraitist of the early part of this reign.
See History of Iran and Mihr 'Ali
Miletus
Miletus (Mī́lētos; 𒈪𒅋𒆷𒉿𒀭𒁕 Mīllawānda or 𒈪𒆷𒉿𒋫 Milawata (exonyms); Mīlētus; Milet) was an ancient Greek city on the western coast of Anatolia, near the mouth of the Maeander River in ancient Ionia.
See History of Iran and Miletus
Militarism
Militarism is the belief or the desire of a government or a people that a state should maintain a strong military capability and to use it aggressively to expand national interests and/or values.
See History of Iran and Militarism
Military supply-chain management
Military supply-chain management is a cross-functional approach to procuring, producing and delivering products and services for military materiel applications.
See History of Iran and Military supply-chain management
Mir-Hossein Mousavi
Mir-Hossein Mousavi Khameneh (Mīr-Hoseyn Mūsavī Khāmené,; born 2 March 1942) is an Iranian reformist politician, artist and architect who served as the 45th and last Prime Minister of Iran from 1981 to 1989.
See History of Iran and Mir-Hossein Mousavi
Mirwais Hotak
Mir Ways ibn Shah 'Alam, also known as Mirwais Khan Hotak (Pashto/Dari:; 1673-1715) was an Afghan ruler from the Ghilji tribe of Pashtuns of Kandahar, Afghanistan, and the short-lived founder of the Hotak dynasty.
See History of Iran and Mirwais Hotak
Mohammad Javad Zarif
Mohammad Javad Zarif (born 8 January 1960) is an Iranian career diplomat and academic.
See History of Iran and Mohammad Javad Zarif
Mohammad Khatami
Mohammad Khatami (Mohammad Khātami,; born 14 October 1943) is an Iranian reformist politician who served as the fifth president of Iran from 3 August 1997 to 3 August 2005.
See History of Iran and Mohammad Khatami
Mohammad Khatami's reforms
Mohammad Khatami was elected as the President of Iran in 1997 after having based his campaign on a reform program promising implementation of a democratic and more tolerant society, the rule of law and improvement of social rights.
See History of Iran and Mohammad Khatami's reforms
Mohammad Khodabanda
Mohammad Khodabanda (also spelled Khodabandeh; شاه محمد خدابنده, born 1532; died 1595 or 1596), was the fourth Safavid shah of Iran from 1578 until his overthrow in 1587 by his son Abbas I. Khodabanda had succeeded his brother, Ismail II.
See History of Iran and Mohammad Khodabanda
Mohammad Mokhber
Mohammad Mokhber (born 26 June 1955) The Standard (UK).
See History of Iran and Mohammad Mokhber
Mohammad Mosaddegh
Mohammad Mosaddegh (محمد مصدق,; 16 June 1882 – 5 March 1967) was an Iranian politician, author, and lawyer who served as the 30th Prime Minister of Iran from 1951 to 1953, elected by the 16th Majlis.
See History of Iran and Mohammad Mosaddegh
Mohammad Reza Pahlavi
Mohammed Reza Pahlavi (26 October 1919 – 27 July 1980), commonly referred to in the Western world as Mohammad Reza Shah, or just simply The Shah, was the last monarch of Iran.
See History of Iran and Mohammad Reza Pahlavi
Mohammad Reza Zahedi
Mohammad Reza Zahedi (محمدرضا زاهدی; 2 November 1960 – 1 April 2024) was an Iranian military officer.
See History of Iran and Mohammad Reza Zahedi
Mohammad Shah Qajar
Mohammad Shah (born Mohammad Mirza; 5 January 1808 – 5 September 1848) was the third Qajar shah of Iran from 1834 to 1848, inheriting the throne from his grandfather, Fath-Ali Shah.
See History of Iran and Mohammad Shah Qajar
Mongol Empire
The Mongol Empire of the 13th and 14th centuries was the largest contiguous empire in history.
See History of Iran and Mongol Empire
Mongol invasion of the Khwarazmian Empire
Between 1219 and 1221, the Mongol forces under Genghis Khan invaded the lands of the Khwarazmian Empire in Central Asia.
See History of Iran and Mongol invasion of the Khwarazmian Empire
Mongols
The Mongols are an East Asian ethnic group native to Mongolia, China (majority in Inner Mongolia), as well as Buryatia and Kalmykia of Russia.
See History of Iran and Mongols
Morteza Motahhari
Morteza Motahhari (مرتضی مطهری, also Romanized as "Mortezā Motahharī"; 31 January 1919 – 1 May 1979) was an Iranian Twelver Shia scholar, philosopher, lecturer.
See History of Iran and Morteza Motahhari
Mount Damavand
Mount Damavand (دماوند) is a dormant stratovolcano and is the highest peak in Iran and Western Asia, the highest volcano in Asia, and the 3rd highest volcano in the Eastern Hemisphere (after Mount Kilimanjaro and Mount Elbrus), at an elevation of.
See History of Iran and Mount Damavand
Mounted archery
Mounted archery is a form of archery that involves shooting arrows while on horseback.
See History of Iran and Mounted archery
Mousterian
The Mousterian (or Mode III) is an archaeological industry of stone tools, associated primarily with the Neanderthals in Europe, and to the earliest anatomically modern humans in North Africa and West Asia.
See History of Iran and Mousterian
Mughal Empire
The Mughal Empire was an early modern empire in South Asia.
See History of Iran and Mughal Empire
Mughan plain
Mughan plain (Muğan düzü, مغان دوزو) is a plain stretching from northwestern Iran to the southern part of the Republic of Azerbaijan.
See History of Iran and Mughan plain
Muhammad I Tapar
Muhammad I Tapar (محمد اول تاپار; 20 January 1082 – 18 April 1118), was the sultan of the Seljuk Empire from 1105 to 1118.
See History of Iran and Muhammad I Tapar
Muhammad ibn Ya'qub al-Kulayni
Abū Jaʿfar Muḥammad ibn Yaʿqūb ibn Isḥāq al-Kulaynī ar-Rāzī (محمد بن یعقوب بن اسحاق کلینی رازی; أَبُو جَعْفَر مُحَمَّد ٱبْن يَعْقُوب ٱبْن إِسْحَاق ٱلْكُلَيْنِيّ ٱلرَّازِيّ; c. 250 AH/864 CE – 329 AH/941 CE) was a Persian Shia hadith collector.
See History of Iran and Muhammad ibn Ya'qub al-Kulayni
Muhammad II of Khwarazm
'Alā' al-Din Muhammad (Persian: علاءالدین محمد خوارزمشاه; full name: Ala ad-Dunya wa ad-Din Abul-Fath Muhammad Sanjar ibn Tekish) was the Shah of the Khwarazmian Empire from 1200 to 1220.
See History of Iran and Muhammad II of Khwarazm
Muslim conquest of Persia
The Muslim conquest of Persia, also called the Muslim conquest of Iran, the Arab conquest of Persia, or the Arab conquest of Iran, was a major military campaign undertaken by the Rashidun Caliphate between 632 and 654. History of Iran and Muslim conquest of Persia are history of West Asia.
See History of Iran and Muslim conquest of Persia
Muslim ibn al-Hajjaj
Abū al-Ḥusayn ‘Asākir ad-Dīn Muslim ibn al-Ḥajjāj ibn Muslim ibn Ward al-Qushayrī an-Naysābūrī (أبو الحسين عساكر الدين مسلمبن الحجاج بن مسلمبن وَرْد القشيري النيسابوري; after 815 – May 875 CE / 206 – 261 AH), commonly known as Imam Muslim, was an Islamic scholar from the city of Nishapur, particularly known as a muhaddith (scholar of hadith).
See History of Iran and Muslim ibn al-Hajjaj
Muslim world
The terms Muslim world and Islamic world commonly refer to the Islamic community, which is also known as the Ummah.
See History of Iran and Muslim world
Muzaffarids (Iran)
The Muzaffarid dynasty (مظفریان) was a Muslim dynasty which came to power in Iran following the breakup of the Ilkhanate in the 14th century.
See History of Iran and Muzaffarids (Iran)
Nabopolassar
Nabopolassar (𒀭𒉺𒀀𒉽|translit.
See History of Iran and Nabopolassar
Nader Shah
Nader Shah Afshar (نادر شاه افشار; 6 August 1698 – 20 June 1747) was the founder of the Afsharid dynasty of Iran and one of the most powerful rulers in Iranian history, ruling as shah of Iran (Persia) from 1736 to 1747, when he was assassinated during a rebellion.
See History of Iran and Nader Shah
Nader Shah's Dagestan campaign
Nader's Dagestan campaign, were the campaigns conducted by the Persian Empire under its Afsharid ruler Nader Shah between the years 1741 and 1743 in order to fully subjugate the Dagestan region in the North Caucasus Area.
See History of Iran and Nader Shah's Dagestan campaign
Nader Shah's invasion of India
Emperor Nader Shah, the Shah of Iran (1736–1747) and the founder of the Afsharid dynasty, invaded Northern India, eventually attacking Delhi in March 1739.
See History of Iran and Nader Shah's invasion of India
Najaf
Najaf or An-Najaf or Al-Najaf (ٱلنَّجَف) or An-Najaf al-Ashraf (ٱلنَّجَف ٱلْأَشْرَف), is the capital city of Najaf Governorate in central Iraq about 160 km (99 mi) south of Baghdad.
Nakhichevan Khanate
The Nakhichevan Khanate (خانات نخجوان|translit.
See History of Iran and Nakhichevan Khanate
Name of Iran
In the Western world, Persia (or one of its cognates) was historically the common name used for Iran.
See History of Iran and Name of Iran
Naqadeh
Naqadeh (نقده) is a city in the Central District of Naqadeh County, West Azerbaijan province, Iran, serving as capital of both the county and the district.
See History of Iran and Naqadeh
Naser al-Din Shah Qajar
Naser al-Din Shah Qajar (Nāser-ad-Din Ŝāh-e Qājār; 17 July 1831 – 1 May 1896) was the fourth Shah of Qajar Iran from 5 September 1848 to 1 May 1896 when he was assassinated.
See History of Iran and Naser al-Din Shah Qajar
Nasir al-Din al-Tusi
Muhammad ibn Muhammad ibn al-Hasan al-Tusi (1201 – 1274), also known as Nasir al-Din al-Tusi (نصیر الدین الطوسی; نصیر الدین طوسی) or simply as (al-)Tusi, was a Persian polymath, architect, philosopher, physician, scientist, and theologian.
See History of Iran and Nasir al-Din al-Tusi
Nasr ibn Sayyar
Naṣr ibn Sayyār al-Lāythi al-Kināni (نصر بن سيار الليثي الكناني; 663 – 9 December 748) was an Arab general and the last Umayyad governor of Khurasan in 738–748.
See History of Iran and Nasr ibn Sayyar
National Front (Iran)
The National Front of Iran (Jebhe-ye Melli-ye Irân) is an opposition political organization in Iran.
See History of Iran and National Front (Iran)
National Geographic
National Geographic (formerly The National Geographic Magazine, sometimes branded as NAT GEO) is an American monthly magazine published by National Geographic Partners.
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National identity
National identity is a person's identity or sense of belonging to one or more states or one or more nations.
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Nationalization
Nationalization (nationalisation in British English) is the process of transforming privately-owned assets into public assets by bringing them under the public ownership of a national government or state.
See History of Iran and Nationalization
Neanderthal
Neanderthals (Homo neanderthalensis or H. sapiens neanderthalensis) are an extinct group of archaic humans (generally regarded as a distinct species, though some regard it as a subspecies of Homo sapiens) who lived in Eurasia until about 40,000 years ago.
See History of Iran and Neanderthal
Near East
The Near East is a transcontinental region around the East Mediterranean encompassing parts of West Asia, the Balkans, and North Africa, specifically the historical Fertile Crescent, the Levant, Anatolia, East Thrace, and Egypt.
See History of Iran and Near East
Nematollah Nassiri
Nematollah Nassiri (نعمتالله نصیری; 4 August 1910 – 15 February 1979) was an Iranian military officer who served as the director of SAVAK, the Iranian intelligence agency during the rule of Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi, and later the Ambassador of Iran to Pakistan.
See History of Iran and Nematollah Nassiri
Neo-Assyrian Empire
The Neo-Assyrian Empire was the fourth and penultimate stage of ancient Assyrian history. History of Iran and Neo-Assyrian Empire are history of West Asia.
See History of Iran and Neo-Assyrian Empire
Neo-Babylonian Empire
The Neo-Babylonian Empire or Second Babylonian Empire, historically known as the Chaldean Empire, was the last polity ruled by monarchs native to Mesopotamia until Faisal II in the 20th century.
See History of Iran and Neo-Babylonian Empire
Neutral country
A neutral country is a state that is neutral towards belligerents in a specific war or holds itself as permanently neutral in all future conflicts (including avoiding entering into military alliances such as NATO, CSTO or the SCO).
See History of Iran and Neutral country
Nezamiyeh
The Nezamiyeh (نظامیه) or Nizamiyyah (النظامیة) are a group of institutions of higher education established by Khwaja Nizam al-Mulk in the eleventh century in Iran.
See History of Iran and Nezamiyeh
Nile
The Nile (also known as the Nile River) is a major north-flowing river in northeastern Africa.
Nineveh
Nineveh (𒌷𒉌𒉡𒀀, URUNI.NU.A, Ninua; נִינְוֵה, Nīnəwē; نَيْنَوَىٰ, Naynawā; ܢܝܼܢܘܹܐ, Nīnwē), also known in early modern times as Kouyunjik, was an ancient Assyrian city of Upper Mesopotamia, located in the modern-day city of Mosul in northern Iraq.
See History of Iran and Nineveh
Nishapur
Nishapur (نیشاپور, also help|italic.
See History of Iran and Nishapur
Nizam al-Mulk
Abu Ali Hasan ibn Ali Tusi (April 10, 1018 – October 14, 1092), better known by his honorific title of Nizam ul-Mulk (lit), was a Persian scholar, jurist, political philosopher and vizier of the Seljuk Empire.
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Nizari Isma'ilism
Nizari Isma'ilism (translit) are the largest segment of the Ismaili Muslims, who are the second-largest branch of Shia Islam after the Twelvers.
See History of Iran and Nizari Isma'ilism
Nizari Ismaili state
The Nizari state (the Alamut state) was a Nizari Isma'ili Shia state founded by Hassan-i Sabbah after he took control of the Alamut Castle in 1090 AD, which marked the beginning of an era of Ismailism known as the "Alamut period".
See History of Iran and Nizari Ismaili state
North Caucasus
The North Caucasus, or Ciscaucasia, is a region in Europe governed by Russia.
See History of Iran and North Caucasus
Nuclear program of Iran
Iran has research sites, two uranium mines, a research reactor, and uranium processing facilities that include three known uranium enrichment plants.
See History of Iran and Nuclear program of Iran
Nuclear weapon
A nuclear weapon is an explosive device that derives its destructive force from nuclear reactions, either fission (fission bomb) or a combination of fission and fusion reactions (thermonuclear bomb), producing a nuclear explosion.
See History of Iran and Nuclear weapon
Old Persian
Old Persian is one of two directly attested Old Iranian languages (the other being Avestan) and is the ancestor of Middle Persian (the language of the Sasanian Empire).
See History of Iran and Old Persian
Oman
Oman, officially the Sultanate of Oman, is a country in West Asia.
Omar Khayyam
Ghiyāth al-Dīn Abū al-Fatḥ ʿUmar ibn Ibrāhīm Nīsābūrī (18 May 1048 – 4 December 1131), commonly known as Omar Khayyam (عمر خیّام), was a Persian polymath, known for his contributions to mathematics, astronomy, philosophy, and poetry.
See History of Iran and Omar Khayyam
Operation Barbarossa
Operation Barbarossa (Unternehmen Barbarossa) was the invasion of the Soviet Union by Nazi Germany and many of its Axis allies, starting on Sunday, 22 June 1941, during World War II.
See History of Iran and Operation Barbarossa
Operation Eagle Claw
Operation Eagle Claw was a failed operation by the United States Armed Forces ordered by U.S. President Jimmy Carter to attempt the rescue of 53 embassy staff held captive at the Embassy of the United States, Tehran on 24 April 1980.
See History of Iran and Operation Eagle Claw
Ottoman Empire
The Ottoman Empire, historically and colloquially known as the Turkish Empire, was an imperial realm centered in Anatolia that controlled much of Southeast Europe, West Asia, and North Africa from the 14th to early 20th centuries; it also controlled parts of southeastern Central Europe, between the early 16th and early 18th centuries.
See History of Iran and Ottoman Empire
Ottoman–Persian War (1730–1735)
The Ottoman–Persian War of 1730–1735 or Ottoman–Iranian War of 1730–1735 was a conflict between the forces of Safavid Iran and those of the Ottoman Empire from 1730 to 1735.
See History of Iran and Ottoman–Persian War (1730–1735)
Ottoman–Persian War (1775–1776)
The Ottoman–Persian War of 1775–1776 (or Ottoman–Iranian War of 1775–1776) was fought between the Ottoman Empire and the Zand dynasty of Persia.
See History of Iran and Ottoman–Persian War (1775–1776)
Ottoman–Persian Wars
The Ottoman–Persian Wars or Ottoman–Iranian Wars were a series of wars between Ottoman Empire and the Safavid, Afsharid, Zand, and Qajar dynasties of Iran (Persia) through the 16th–19th centuries. History of Iran and Ottoman–Persian Wars are history of West Asia.
See History of Iran and Ottoman–Persian Wars
Ottoman–Safavid War (1578–1590)
The Ottoman–Safavid War (1578–1590) or Ottoman–Iranian War of 1578–1590 (translit) was one of the many wars between the neighboring arch rivals of Safavid Empire and the Ottoman Empire.
See History of Iran and Ottoman–Safavid War (1578–1590)
Ottoman–Safavid war (1603–1612)
The Ottoman–Safavid war of 1603–1612 consisted of two wars between Safavid Iran under Shah Abbas I and the Ottoman Empire under Mehmed III and his son Ahmed I. The first war began in 1603 and ended with a Safavid victory in 1612, when they regained and reestablished their suzerainty over the Caucasus and Western Iran, which had been lost at the Treaty of Constantinople in 1590.
See History of Iran and Ottoman–Safavid war (1603–1612)
Outline of Iran
The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to Iran: Iran – sovereign country located in Southwest Asia and the Middle East.
See History of Iran and Outline of Iran
Paeonia (kingdom)
In antiquity, Paeonia or Paionia (Paionía) was the land and kingdom of the Paeonians or Paionians (Paíones).
See History of Iran and Paeonia (kingdom)
Pahlavi dynasty
The Pahlavi dynasty (دودمان پهلوی) was the last Iranian royal dynasty that ruled for almost 54 years between 1925 and 1979.
See History of Iran and Pahlavi dynasty
Pahlavi scripts
Pahlavi is a particular, exclusively written form of various Middle Iranian languages.
See History of Iran and Pahlavi scripts
Pakistan
Pakistan, officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country in South Asia.
See History of Iran and Pakistan
Palestine (region)
The region of Palestine, also known as Historic Palestine, is a geographical area in West Asia.
See History of Iran and Palestine (region)
Parliament
In modern politics, and history, a parliament is a legislative body of government.
See History of Iran and Parliament
Parni conquest of Parthia
In 245 BC, Andragoras, the Seleucid governor (satrap) of Parthia ("roughly western Khurasan".) proclaimed independence from the Seleucids, when - following the death of Antiochus II - Ptolemy III seized control of the Seleucid capital at Antioch, and "so left the future of the Seleucid dynasty for a moment in question.".
See History of Iran and Parni conquest of Parthia
Parthia
Parthia (𐎱𐎼𐎰𐎺 Parθava; 𐭐𐭓𐭕𐭅Parθaw; 𐭯𐭫𐭮𐭥𐭡𐭥 Pahlaw) is a historical region located in northeastern Greater Iran.
See History of Iran and Parthia
Parthian Empire
The Parthian Empire, also known as the Arsacid Empire, was a major Iranian political and cultural power centered in ancient Iran from 247 BC to 224 AD. History of Iran and Parthian Empire are history of West Asia.
See History of Iran and Parthian Empire
Parthian shot
The Parthian shot is a light cavalry hit-and-run tactic made famous by the Parthians, an ancient Iranian people.
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Pashtuns
Pashtuns (translit), also known as Pakhtuns, or Pathans, are a nomadic, pastoral, Eastern Iranic ethnic group primarily residing in northwestern Pakistan and southern and eastern Afghanistan. They historically were also referred to as Afghans until the 1970s after the term's meaning had become a demonym for members of all ethnic groups in Afghanistan.
See History of Iran and Pashtuns
People's Mojahedin Organization of Iran
The People's Mojahedin Organization of Iran (PMOI), also known as Mojahedin-e-Khalq (MEK) or Mojahedin-e-Khalq Organization (MKO) (Sâzmân-ye Mojâhedin-ye Khalğ-ye Irân), is an Iranian dissident organization that was previously armed but has now transitioned primarily into a political advocacy group.
See History of Iran and People's Mojahedin Organization of Iran
Persepolis
Persepolis (Pārsa) was the ceremonial capital of the Achaemenid Empire.
See History of Iran and Persepolis
Persian alphabet
The Persian alphabet (translit), also known as the Perso-Arabic script, is the right-to-left alphabet used for the Persian language.
See History of Iran and Persian alphabet
Persian art
Persian art or Iranian art has one of the richest art heritages in world history and has been strong in many media including architecture, painting, weaving, pottery, calligraphy, metalworking and sculpture.
See History of Iran and Persian art
Persian campaign (World War I)
The Persian campaign or invasion of Iran (اشغال ایران در جنگ جهانی اول) was a series of military conflicts between the Ottoman Empire, British Empire and Russian Empire in various areas of what was then neutral Qajar Iran, beginning in December 1914 and ending with the Armistice of Mudros on 30 October 1918, as part of the Middle Eastern Theatre of World War I.
See History of Iran and Persian campaign (World War I)
Persian Constitutional Revolution
The Persian Constitutional Revolution (Mashrūtiyyat, or انقلاب مشروطه Enghelāb-e Mashrūteh), also known as the Constitutional Revolution of Iran, took place between 1905 and 1911 during the Qajar dynasty.
See History of Iran and Persian Constitutional Revolution
Persian Corridor
The Persian Corridor was a supply route through Iran into Soviet Azerbaijan by which British aid and American Lend-Lease supplies were transferred to the Soviet Union during World War II.
See History of Iran and Persian Corridor
Persian Cossack Brigade
The Persian Cossack Brigade, also known as the Iranian Cossack Brigade (Berīgād-e qazzāq), was a Cossack-style cavalry unit formed in 1879 in Persia (modern Iran).
See History of Iran and Persian Cossack Brigade
Persian embassy to Europe (1599–1602)
The Persian embassy to Europe (1599–1602) was dispatched by the Persian Shah Abbas I in 1599 to obtain an alliance against the Ottoman Empire.
See History of Iran and Persian embassy to Europe (1599–1602)
Persian famine of 1870–1872
The Persian famine of 1870–1872 was a period of mass starvation and disease in Iran (Persia) between 1870 and 1872 under the rule of Qajar dynasty.
See History of Iran and Persian famine of 1870–1872
Persian Gulf
The Persian Gulf (Fars), sometimes called the (Al-Khalīj al-ˁArabī), is a mediterranean sea in West Asia.
See History of Iran and Persian Gulf
Persian language
Persian, also known by its endonym Farsi (Fārsī|), is a Western Iranian language belonging to the Iranian branch of the Indo-Iranian subdivision of the Indo-European languages.
See History of Iran and Persian language
Persian literature
Persian literature comprises oral compositions and written texts in the Persian language and is one of the world's oldest literatures.
See History of Iran and Persian literature
Persianization
Persianization or Persification (پارسیسازی), is a sociological process of cultural change in which a non-Persian society becomes "Persianate", meaning it either directly adopts or becomes strongly influenced by the Persian language, culture, literature, art, music, and identity as well as other socio-cultural factors.
See History of Iran and Persianization
Persians
The Persians--> are an Iranian ethnic group who comprise over half of the population of Iran.
See History of Iran and Persians
Persis
Persis (Περσίς, Persís; Old Persian: 𐎱𐎠𐎼𐎿, Parsa; پارس, Pârs), also called Persia proper, is the Fars region, located in southwest Iran, now a province.
See History of Iran and Persis
Peter the Great
Peter I (–), was Tsar of all Russia from 1682, and the first Emperor of all Russia, known as Peter the Great, from 1721 until his death in 1725.
See History of Iran and Peter the Great
Petroleum
Petroleum or crude oil, also referred to as simply oil, is a naturally occurring yellowish-black liquid mixture of mainly hydrocarbons, and is found in geological formations.
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Petroleum reservoir
A petroleum reservoir or oil and gas reservoir is a subsurface accumulation of hydrocarbons contained in porous or fractured rock formations.
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Pharaoh
Pharaoh (Egyptian: pr ꜥꜣ; ⲡⲣ̄ⲣⲟ|Pǝrro; Biblical Hebrew: Parʿō) is the vernacular term often used for the monarchs of ancient Egypt, who ruled from the First Dynasty until the annexation of Egypt by the Roman Republic in 30 BCE.
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Physician
A physician, medical practitioner (British English), medical doctor, or simply doctor is a health professional who practices medicine, which is concerned with promoting, maintaining or restoring health through the study, diagnosis, prognosis and treatment of disease, injury, and other physical and mental impairments.
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Piranshahr
Piranshahr (پيرانشهر) is a city in the Central District of Piranshahr County, West Azerbaijan province, Iran, serving as capital of both the county and the district.
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Police state
A police state describes a state whose government institutions exercise an extreme level of control over civil society and liberties.
See History of Iran and Police state
Politics of Iran
The politics of Iran takes place in the framework of an Islamic theocracy which was formed following the overthrow of Iran's millennia-long monarchy by the 1979 Revolution.
See History of Iran and Politics of Iran
Pontic–Caspian steppe
The Pontic–Caspian Steppe is a steppe extending across Eastern Europe to Central Asia, formed by the Caspian and Pontic steppes.
See History of Iran and Pontic–Caspian steppe
Prehistory
Prehistory, also called pre-literary history, is the period of human history between the first known use of stone tools by hominins million years ago and the beginning of recorded history with the invention of writing systems.
See History of Iran and Prehistory
President of the United States
The president of the United States (POTUS) is the head of state and head of government of the United States of America.
See History of Iran and President of the United States
Principality of Iberia
Principality of Iberia (Georgian: ႵႠႰႧႪႨႱ ႱႠႤႰႨႱႫႧႠႥႰႭ) was an early medieval aristocratic regime in a core Georgian region of Kartli, called Iberia by classical authors.
See History of Iran and Principality of Iberia
Propaganda
Propaganda is communication that is primarily used to influence or persuade an audience to further an agenda, which may not be objective and may be selectively presenting facts to encourage a particular synthesis or perception, or using loaded language to produce an emotional rather than a rational response to the information that is being presented.
See History of Iran and Propaganda
Protectorate
A protectorate, in the context of international relations, is a state that is under protection by another state for defence against aggression and other violations of law.
See History of Iran and Protectorate
Ptolemy Ceraunus
Ptolemy Ceraunus (Πτολεμαῖος Κεραυνός; c. 319 BC – January/February 279 BC) was a member of the Ptolemaic dynasty and briefly king of Macedon.
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Qajar dynasty
The Qajar dynasty (translit; 1789–1925) was an Iranian dynasty founded by Mohammad Khan of the Qoyunlu clan of the Turkoman Qajar tribe.
See History of Iran and Qajar dynasty
Qanat
A qanat or kārīz is a system for transporting water from an aquifer or water well to the surface, through an underground aqueduct; the system originated approximately 3,000 years ago in Iran.
Qara Qoyunlu
The Qara Qoyunlu or Kara Koyunlu (Qaraqoyunlular,; قره قویونلو), also known as the Black Sheep Turkomans, were a culturally Persianate, Muslim Turkoman "Kara Koyunlu, also spelled Qara Qoyunlu, Turkish Karakoyunlular, English Black Sheep, Turkmen tribal federation that ruled Azerbaijan, Armenia, and Iraq from about 1375 to 1468." "Better known as Turkomans...
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Qasem Soleimani
Qasem Soleimani (translit; 11 March 19573January 2020) was an Iranian military officer who served in the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC).
See History of Iran and Qasem Soleimani
Qizilbash
Qizilbash or Kizilbashitalic (Latin script: qızılbaş); قزيل باش; qizilbāš (modern Iranian reading: qezelbāš); lit were a diverse array of mainly Turkoman "The Qizilbash, composed mainly of Turkman tribesmen, were the military force introduced by the conquering Safavis to the Iranian domains in the sixteenth century." Shia militant groups that flourished in Azerbaijan, Anatolia, the Armenian highlands, the Caucasus, and Kurdistan from the late 15th century onwards, and contributed to the foundation of the Safavid and Afsharid empires in early modern Iran. History of Iran and Qizilbash are history of West Asia.
See History of Iran and Qizilbash
Qom
Qom (قم) is a city in the Central District of Qom County, Qom province, Iran, serving as capital of the province, the county, and the district.
Quds Force
The Quds Force (Jerusalem Force) is one of five branches of Iran's Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC) specializing in unconventional warfare and military intelligence operations.
See History of Iran and Quds Force
Qutayba ibn Muslim
Abū Ḥafṣ Qutayba ibn Abī Ṣāliḥ Muslim ibn ʿAmr al-Bāhilī (أبو حفص قتيبة بن أبي صالح مسلمبن عمرو الباهلي; 669–715/6) was an Arab commander of the Umayyad Caliphate who became governor of Khurasan and distinguished himself in the conquest of Transoxiana during the reign of al-Walid I (705–715).
See History of Iran and Qutayba ibn Muslim
Radius (bone)
The radius or radial bone (radii or radiuses) is one of the two large bones of the forearm, the other being the ulna.
See History of Iran and Radius (bone)
Rashid al-Din Hamadani
Rashīd al-Dīn Ṭabīb (رشیدالدین طبیب;‎ 1247–1318; also known as Rashīd al-Dīn Faḍlullāh Hamadānī, رشیدالدین فضلالله همدانی) was a statesman, historian and physician in Ilkhanate Iran.
See History of Iran and Rashid al-Din Hamadani
Rasht
Rasht (رشت) is a city in the Central District of Rasht County, Gilan province, in Iran.
Red Sea
The Red Sea is a sea inlet of the Indian Ocean, lying between Africa and Asia.
See History of Iran and Red Sea
Renaissance
The Renaissance is a period of history and a European cultural movement covering the 15th and 16th centuries.
See History of Iran and Renaissance
Republic of Mahabad
The Republic of Mahabad, also referred to as the Republic of Kurdistan (translit; جمهوری مهاباد), was a short-lived Kurdish self-governing unrecognized state in present-day Iran, from 22 January to 15 December 1946.
See History of Iran and Republic of Mahabad
Restoration of Tahmasp II to the Safavid throne
The restoration of Tahmasp II to the Safavid throne took place in the latter part of 1729 by a series of battles fought between Nader, Tahmasp's commander-in-chief and Ashraf Hotaki.
See History of Iran and Restoration of Tahmasp II to the Safavid throne
Revolution
In political science, a revolution (revolutio, 'a turn around') is a rapid, fundamental transformation of a society's state, class, ethnic or religious structures.
See History of Iran and Revolution
Reza Shah
Reza Shah Pahlavi (15 March 1878 – 26 July 1944) was an Iranian military officer and the founder of the Pahlavi dynasty.
See History of Iran and Reza Shah
Richard Bulliet
Richard W. Bulliet (born 1940) is a professor of emeritus of Middle Eastern history at Columbia University who specializes in the history of Islamic society and institutions, the history of technology, and the history of the role of animals in human society.
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Richard N. Frye
Richard Nelson Frye (January 10, 1920 – March 27, 2014) was an American scholar of Iranian and Central Asian studies, and Aga Khan Professor Emeritus of Iranian Studies at Harvard University.
See History of Iran and Richard N. Frye
Robert Shirley
Sir Robert Shirley (or Sherley; c. 1581 – 13 July 1628) was an English traveller and adventurer, younger brother of Sir Anthony Shirley and Sir Thomas Shirley.
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Rock art in Iran
Rock art in Iran includes archaeological petroglyphs, or carving in rock; pictographs, or painting on rock; and rock reliefs.
See History of Iran and Rock art in Iran
Roman Empire
The Roman Empire was the state ruled by the Romans following Octavian's assumption of sole rule under the Principate in 27 BC, the post-Republican state of ancient Rome.
See History of Iran and Roman Empire
Roman–Parthian Wars
The Roman–Parthian Wars (54 BC – 217 AD) were a series of conflicts between the Parthian Empire and the Roman Republic and Roman Empire.
See History of Iran and Roman–Parthian Wars
Roman–Persian Wars
The Roman–Persian Wars, also known as the Roman–Iranian Wars, were a series of conflicts between states of the Greco-Roman world and two successive Iranian empires: the Parthian and the Sasanian. History of Iran and Roman–Persian Wars are history of West Asia.
See History of Iran and Roman–Persian Wars
Ronald Grigor Suny
Ronald Grigor Suny (born September 25, 1940) is an American-Armenian historian and political scientist.
See History of Iran and Ronald Grigor Suny
Routledge
Routledge is a British multinational publisher.
See History of Iran and Routledge
Royal Road
The Royal Road was an ancient highway reorganized and rebuilt by the Persian king Darius the Great (Darius I) of the first (Achaemenid) Persian Empire in the 5th century BC.
See History of Iran and Royal Road
Rudaki
Rudaki (also spelled Rodaki; رودکی; – 940/41) was a poet, singer, and musician who is regarded as the first major poet to write in New Persian.
See History of Iran and Rudaki
Ruhollah Khomeini
Ayatollah Ruhollah Musavi Khomeini (17 May 1900 or 24 September 19023 June 1989) was an Iranian Islamic revolutionary, politician, and religious leader who served as the first supreme leader of Iran from 1979 until his death in 1989.
See History of Iran and Ruhollah Khomeini
Rumi
Jalāl al-Dīn Muḥammad Rūmī (جلالالدین محمّد رومی), or simply Rumi (30 September 1207 – 17 December 1273), was a 13th-century poet, Hanafi faqih (jurist), Islamic scholar, Maturidi theologian (mutakallim), and Sufi mystic originally from Greater Khorasan in Greater Iran.
Russian Empire
The Russian Empire was a vast empire that spanned most of northern Eurasia from its proclamation in November 1721 until its dissolution in March 1917.
See History of Iran and Russian Empire
Russian Revolution
The Russian Revolution was a period of political and social change in Russia, starting in 1917.
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Russo-Persian War (1722–1723)
The Russo-Persian War of 1722–1723, known in Russian historiography as the Persian campaign of Peter the Great, was a war between the Russian Empire and Safavid Iran, triggered by the tsar's attempt to expand Russian influence in the Caspian and Caucasus regions and to prevent its rival, the Ottoman Empire, from territorial gains in the region at the expense of declining Safavid Iran.
See History of Iran and Russo-Persian War (1722–1723)
Russo-Persian War (1804–1813)
The Russo-Persian War of 1804–1813 was one of the many wars between the Persian Empire and Imperial Russia, and, like many of their other conflicts, began as a territorial dispute.
See History of Iran and Russo-Persian War (1804–1813)
Russo-Persian War (1826–1828)
The Russo-Persian War of 1826–1828 was the last major military conflict between the Russian Empire and Qajar Iran, which was fought over territorial disputes in the South Caucasus region.
See History of Iran and Russo-Persian War (1826–1828)
Russo-Persian Wars
The Russo-Persian Wars or Russo-Iranian Wars (translit) were a series of conflicts between 1651 and 1828, concerning Persia and the Russian Empire.
See History of Iran and Russo-Persian Wars
Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)
The Russo-Turkish War (lit, named for the year 1293 in the Islamic calendar; Russko-turetskaya voyna, "Russian–Turkish war") was a conflict between the Ottoman Empire and a coalition led by the Russian Empire which included Bulgaria, Romania, Serbia, and Montenegro.
See History of Iran and Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)
Saïd Amir Arjomand
Saïd Amir Arjomand (Persian: سعید امیر ارجمند, b. 26 December 1946) is an Iranian-American scholar and Distinguished Service Professor of Sociology at Stony Brook University, Long Island, and Director of the Stony Brook Institute for Global Studies.
See History of Iran and Saïd Amir Arjomand
Sabuktigin
Abu Mansur Nasir ad-Din wa'd-Dawla Sabuktigin (ابومنصور ناصرالدین والدوله سبکتگین; 940s – August-September 997) was the founder of the Ghaznavid dynasty, and of Ghazna from 977 to 997.
See History of Iran and Sabuktigin
Sabzevar
Sabzevar (سبزوار) is a city in the Central District of Sabzevar County, Razavi Khorasan province, Iran, serving as capital of both the county and the district.
See History of Iran and Sabzevar
Saddam Hussein
Saddam Hussein (28 April 1937 – 30 December 2006) was an Iraqi politician and revolutionary who served as the fifth president of Iraq from 1979 to 2003.
See History of Iran and Saddam Hussein
Safavid conversion of Iran to Shia Islam
Following their rise to power in Iran in the 16th century, the Safavid dynasty initiated a campaign of forced conversion against the Iranian populace, seeking to create a new demographic environment in which Shia Islam would replace Sunni Islam as the nation's religious majority.
See History of Iran and Safavid conversion of Iran to Shia Islam
Safavid dynasty
The Safavid dynasty (Dudmâne Safavi) was one of Iran's most significant ruling dynasties reigning from 1501 to 1736.
See History of Iran and Safavid dynasty
Safavid Iran
Safavid Iran, Safavid Persia or the Safavid Empire,, officially known as the Guarded Domains of Iran, was one of the largest and long-standing Iranian empires after the 7th-century Muslim conquest of Persia, which was ruled from 1501 to 1736 by the Safavid dynasty.
See History of Iran and Safavid Iran
Saffarid dynasty
The Saffarid dynasty (safāryān) was a Persianate dynasty of eastern Iranian origin that ruled over parts of Persia, Greater Khorasan, and eastern Makran from 861 to 1002. History of Iran and Saffarid dynasty are history of West Asia.
See History of Iran and Saffarid dynasty
Samanid Empire
The Samanid Empire (Sāmāniyān), also known as the Samanian Empire, Samanid dynasty, Samanid amirate, or simply as the Samanids, was a Persianate Sunni Muslim empire, of Iranian dehqan origin.
See History of Iran and Samanid Empire
Samarkand
Samarkand or Samarqand (Uzbek and Tajik: Самарқанд / Samarqand) is a city in southeastern Uzbekistan and among the oldest continuously inhabited cities in Central Asia.
See History of Iran and Samarkand
Sarbadars
The Sarbadars (from سربدار sarbadār, "head on gallows"; also known as Sarbedaran سربداران) were a mixture of religious dervishes and secular rulers that came to rule over part of western Khurasan in the midst of the disintegration of the Mongol Ilkhanate in the mid-14th century (established in 1337).
See History of Iran and Sarbadars
Sardis
Sardis or Sardes (Lydian: 𐤳𐤱𐤠𐤭𐤣, romanized:; Sárdeis; script) was an ancient city best known as the capital of the Lydian Empire.
See History of Iran and Sardis
Sasanian Empire
The Sasanian Empire or Sassanid Empire, and officially known as Eranshahr ("Land/Empire of the Iranians"), was the last Iranian empire before the early Muslim conquests of the 7th to 8th centuries.
See History of Iran and Sasanian Empire
Saudi Arabia
Saudi Arabia, officially the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA), is a country in West Asia and the Middle East.
See History of Iran and Saudi Arabia
SAVAK
The Bureau for Intelligence and Security of the State (Sāzmān-e Ettelā'āt va Amniyat-e Keshvar), shortened to as SAVAK (ساواک) or S.A.V.A.K. (س.ا.و.ا.ک) was the secret police of the Imperial State of Iran.
Science and technology in Iran
Iran has made considerable advances in science and technology through education and training, despite international sanctions in almost all aspects of research during the past 30 years.
See History of Iran and Science and technology in Iran
Science in the medieval Islamic world
Science in the medieval Islamic world was the science developed and practised during the Islamic Golden Age under the Abbasid Caliphate of Baghdad, the Umayyads of Córdoba, the Abbadids of Seville, the Samanids, the Ziyarids and the Buyids in Persia and beyond, spanning the period roughly between 786 and 1258.
See History of Iran and Science in the medieval Islamic world
Scythian campaign of Darius I
The Scythian campaign of Darius I was a military expedition into parts of European Scythia by Darius I, the king of the Achaemenid Empire, in 513 BC.
See History of Iran and Scythian campaign of Darius I
Scythians
The Scythians or Scyths (but note Scytho- in composition) and sometimes also referred to as the Pontic Scythians, were an ancient Eastern Iranic equestrian nomadic people who had migrated during the 9th to 8th centuries BC from Central Asia to the Pontic Steppe in modern-day Ukraine and Southern Russia, where they remained established from the 7th century BC until the 3rd century BC.
See History of Iran and Scythians
Second Persian invasion of Greece
The second Persian invasion of Greece (480–479 BC) occurred during the Greco-Persian Wars, as King Xerxes I of Persia sought to conquer all of Greece.
See History of Iran and Second Persian invasion of Greece
Secularism in Iran
Secularism in Iran was established as state policy shortly after Rezā Shāh was crowned Shah in 1925.
See History of Iran and Secularism in Iran
Seleucid Empire
The Seleucid Empire (lit) was a Greek power in West Asia during the Hellenistic period.
See History of Iran and Seleucid Empire
Seleucus I Nicator
Seleucus I Nicator (Σέλευκος Νικάτωρ) was a Macedonian Greek general, officer and successor of Alexander the Great who went on to found the eponymous Seleucid Empire, led by the Seleucid dynasty.
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Seljuk dynasty
The Seljuk dynasty, or Seljukids (سلجوقیان Saljuqian, alternatively spelled as Seljuqs or Saljuqs), Seljuqs, also known as Seljuk Turks, Seljuk Turkomans "The defeat in August 1071 of the Byzantine emperor Romanos Diogenes by the Turkomans at the battle of Malazgirt (Manzikert) is taken as a turning point in the history of Anatolia and the Byzantine Empire." or the Saljuqids, was an Oghuz Turkic, Sunni Muslim dynasty that gradually became Persianate and contributed to Turco-Persian culture in West Asia and Central Asia.
See History of Iran and Seljuk dynasty
Seljuk Empire
The Seljuk Empire, or the Great Seljuk Empire, was a high medieval, culturally Turco-Persian, Sunni Muslim empire, established and ruled by the Qïnïq branch of Oghuz Turks.
See History of Iran and Seljuk Empire
Senate of Iran
The Senate (Majles-e Senā) was the upper house legislative chamber in the Imperial State of Iran from 1949 to 1979.
See History of Iran and Senate of Iran
Seyyed Hossein Nasr
Seyyed Hossein Nasr (سید حسین نصر, born April 7, 1933) is an Iranian-American philosopher, theologian and Islamic scholar.
See History of Iran and Seyyed Hossein Nasr
Shah
Shah (شاه) is a royal title that was historically used by the leading figures of Indian and Iranian monarchies.
Shahnameh
The Shahnameh (lit), also transliterated Shahnama, is a long epic poem written by the Persian poet Ferdowsi between and 1010 CE and is the national epic of Greater Iran.
See History of Iran and Shahnameh
Shahrbaraz
Shahrbaraz (also spelled Shahrvaraz or Shahrwaraz; New Persian: شهربراز), was shah (king) of the Sasanian Empire from 27 April 630 to 9 June 630.
See History of Iran and Shahrbaraz
Shaki Khanate
The Shaki Khanate (also spelled Shakki; خانات شکی|translit.
See History of Iran and Shaki Khanate
Shaki, Azerbaijan
Shaki (Şəki) is a city in northwestern Azerbaijan, surrounded by the district of the same name.
See History of Iran and Shaki, Azerbaijan
Shatt al-Arab
The Arvand Rud (lit; lit) is a river about in length that is formed at the confluence of the Euphrates and Tigris rivers in the town of al-Qurnah in the Basra Governorate of southern Iraq.
See History of Iran and Shatt al-Arab
Shaykh Haydar
Shaykh Haydar or Sheikh Haydar (Shaikh Ḥaidar; 1459–9 July 1488) was the successor of his father (Shaykh Junayd) as leader of the Safavid order from 1460 to 1488.
See History of Iran and Shaykh Haydar
Shaykh Tusi
Shaykh Tusi (شیخ طوسی), full name Abu Ja'far Muhammad ibn al-Hasan al-Tusi (Abū Jaʿfar Muḥammad ibn al-Ḥasan al-Ṭūsī), known as Shaykh al-Ta'ifah (Shaykh al-Ṭāʾifah) was a prominent Persian scholar of the Twelver school of Shia Islam.
See History of Iran and Shaykh Tusi
Sheikh (Sufism)
A Sheikh or shaykh (Arabic: شيخ shaykh; pl. شيوخ shuyūkh), of Sufism is a Sufi who is authorized to teach, initiate and guide aspiring dervishes in the Islamic faith.
See History of Iran and Sheikh (Sufism)
Shekel
Shekel or sheqel (šiqlu, siqlu; ṯiql, šeqel, plural šəqālim, 𐤔𐤒𐤋) is an ancient Mesopotamian coin, usually of silver.
See History of Iran and Shekel
Shia Islam
Shia Islam is the second-largest branch of Islam.
See History of Iran and Shia Islam
Shiraz
Shiraz (شیراز) is the fifth-most-populous city of Iran and the capital of Fars Province, which has been historically known as Pars and Persis.
See History of Iran and Shiraz
Shirvan
Shirvan (from translit; Şirvan; Tat: Şirvan) is a historical region in the eastern Caucasus, as known in both pre-Islamic Sasanian and Islamic times.
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Shu'ubiyya
Shu'ubiyya (الشعوبية) was a literary-political movement which opposed the privileged status of Arabs within the Muslim community and the Arabization campaigns particularly by the Ummayads.
See History of Iran and Shu'ubiyya
Shusha
Shusha (Şuşa) or Shushi (Շուշի) is a city in Azerbaijan, in the region of Nagorno-Karabakh.
See History of Iran and Shusha
Siege
A siege (lit) is a military blockade of a city, or fortress, with the intent of conquering by attrition, or by well-prepared assault.
Siege of Constantinople (626)
The siege of Constantinople in 626 by the Sassanid Persians and Avars, aided by large numbers of allied Slavs, ended in a strategic victory for the Byzantines.
See History of Iran and Siege of Constantinople (626)
Siege of Ganja (1804)
The siege of Ganja (نبرد گنجه) or assault on Ganja (Штурм Гянджи) was the result of a Russian offensive in the South Caucasus intended to conquer the Ganja Khanate of Qajar Iran, which contributed to the escalation of the Russo-Persian War (1804–1813).
See History of Iran and Siege of Ganja (1804)
Siege of Isfahan
The siege of Isfahan (Persian: سقوط اصفهان) was a six-month-long siege of Isfahan, the capital of the Safavid dynasty of Iran, by the Hotaki-led Afghan army.
See History of Iran and Siege of Isfahan
Siege of Lankaran
The siege of Lankaran (محاصره لنکران; Штурм Ленкорани) took place from 7 January to 13 January 1813 during the Russo-Iranian War of 1804–1813.
See History of Iran and Siege of Lankaran
Sistan
Sistān (سیستان), also known as Sakastān (سَكاستان "the land of the Saka") and Sijistan, is a historical region in present-day south-eastern Iran, south-western Afghanistan and extending across the borders of south-western Pakistan.
See History of Iran and Sistan
South Caucasus
The South Caucasus, also known as Transcaucasia or the Transcaucasus, is a geographical region on the border of Eastern Europe and West Asia, straddling the southern Caucasus Mountains.
See History of Iran and South Caucasus
Soviet Union
The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), commonly known as the Soviet Union, was a transcontinental country that spanned much of Eurasia from 1922 to 1991.
See History of Iran and Soviet Union
Soviet Union in World War II
After the Munich Agreement, the Soviet Union pursued a rapprochement with Nazi Germany.
See History of Iran and Soviet Union in World War II
Spread of Islam
The spread of Islam spans almost 1,400 years.
See History of Iran and Spread of Islam
State religion
A state religion (also called official religion) is a religion or creed officially endorsed by a sovereign state.
See History of Iran and State religion
Suez Canal
The Suez Canal (قَنَاةُ ٱلسُّوَيْسِ) is an artificial sea-level waterway in Egypt, connecting the Mediterranean Sea to the Red Sea through the Isthmus of Suez and dividing Africa and Asia (and by extension, the Sinai Peninsula from the rest of Egypt).
See History of Iran and Suez Canal
Sufism
Sufism is a mystic body of religious practice found within Islam which is characterized by a focus on Islamic purification, spirituality, ritualism and asceticism.
See History of Iran and Sufism
Sultanate of Rum
The Sultanate of Rûm was a culturally Turco-Persian Sunni Muslim state, established over conquered Byzantine territories and peoples (Rûm) of Anatolia by the Seljuk Turks following their entry into Anatolia after the Battle of Manzikert (1071).
See History of Iran and Sultanate of Rum
Sumer
Sumer is the earliest known civilization, located in the historical region of southern Mesopotamia (now south-central Iraq), emerging during the Chalcolithic and early Bronze Ages between the sixth and fifth millennium BC.
Sunni Islam
Sunni Islam is the largest branch of Islam, followed by 85–90% of the world's Muslims, and simultaneously the largest religious denomination in the world.
See History of Iran and Sunni Islam
Superpower
Superpower describes a sovereign state or supranational union that holds a dominant position characterized by the ability to exert influence and project power on a global scale.
See History of Iran and Superpower
Supreme leader
A supreme leader or supreme ruler typically refers to the person among a number of leaders of a state, organization or other such group who has been given or is able to exercise the mostor completeauthority over it.
See History of Iran and Supreme leader
Supreme Leader of Iran
The supreme leader of Iran (Rahbar-e Moazam-e Irân), also referred to as Supreme Leader of the Islamic Revolution (رهبر معظمانقلاب اسلامی), but officially called the Supreme Leadership Authority (مقاممعظمرهبری), is the head of state and the highest political and religious authority of the Islamic Republic of Iran (above the President).
See History of Iran and Supreme Leader of Iran
Susa
Susa (Middle translit; Middle and Neo-translit; Neo-Elamite and Achaemenid translit; Achaemenid translit; شوش; שׁוּשָׁן; Σοῦσα; ܫܘܫ; 𐭮𐭥𐭱𐭩 or 𐭱𐭥𐭮; 𐏂𐎢𐏁𐎠) was an ancient city in the lower Zagros Mountains about east of the Tigris, between the Karkheh and Dez Rivers in Iran.
Syr Darya
The Syr Darya, historically known as the Jaxartes (Ἰαξάρτης), is a river in Central Asia.
See History of Iran and Syr Darya
Syria
Syria, officially the Syrian Arab Republic, is a country in West Asia located in the Eastern Mediterranean and the Levant.
Tabaristan
Tabaristan or Tabarestan (Ṭabarestān, or Tabarestun, ultimately from Middle Persian:, Tapur(i)stān), was a mountainous region located on the Caspian coast of northern Iran.
See History of Iran and Tabaristan
Tabriz
Tabriz (تبریز) is a city in the Central District of Tabriz County, in the East Azerbaijan province of northwestern Iran.
See History of Iran and Tabriz
Tachara
The Tachara, or the Tachar Château, also referred to as the Palace of Darius the Great, was the exclusive building of Darius I at Persepolis, Iran.
See History of Iran and Tachara
Tahirid dynasty
The Tahirid dynasty (Tâheriyân) was an Arabized Sunni Muslim dynasty of Persian dehqan origin that ruled as governors of Khorasan from 821 to 873 as well as serving as military and security commanders in Abbasid Baghdad until 891.
See History of Iran and Tahirid dynasty
Tahmasp I
Tahmasp I (translit or تهماسب یکم; 22 February 1514 – 14 May 1576) was the second shah of Safavid Iran from 1524 until his death in 1576.
See History of Iran and Tahmasp I
Talysh Khanate
Talysh Khanate or Talish Khanate (خانات تالش|Khānāt-e Tālesh) was an Iranian khanate of Iranian origin that was established in Afsharid Persia and existed from the middle of the 18th century till the beginning of the 19th century, located in the south-west coast of the Caspian Sea.
See History of Iran and Talysh Khanate
Tamar of Georgia
Tamar the Great (tr,; 1160 – 18 January 1213) reigned as the Queen of Georgia from 1184 to 1213, presiding over the apex of the Georgian Golden Age.
See History of Iran and Tamar of Georgia
Tbilisi
Tbilisi (თბილისი), in some languages still known by its pre-1936 name Tiflis, (tr) is the capital and largest city of Georgia, lying on the banks of the Kura River with a population of around 1.2 million people.
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Tehran
Tehran (تهران) or Teheran is the capital and largest city of Iran as well as the largest in Tehran Province.
See History of Iran and Tehran
Tehran Conference
The Tehran Conference (codenamed Eureka) was a strategy meeting of Joseph Stalin, Franklin D. Roosevelt, and Winston Churchill from 28 November to 1 December 1943.
See History of Iran and Tehran Conference
Teimuraz I of Kakheti
Teimuraz I (თეიმურაზ I) (1589–1663), of the Bagrationi dynasty, was a Georgian monarch (mepe) who ruled, with intermissions, as King of Kakheti from 1605 to 1648 and also of Kartli from 1625 to 1633.
See History of Iran and Teimuraz I of Kakheti
Teimuraz II of Kakheti
Teimuraz II (თეიმურაზ II) (1680/1700–1762) of the Bagrationi dynasty, was a king (mepe) of Kakheti, eastern Georgia, from 1732 to 1744, then of Kartli from 1744 until his death.
See History of Iran and Teimuraz II of Kakheti
Tel Aviv University
Tel Aviv University (TAU; אוּנִיבֶרְסִיטַת תֵּל אָבִיב, Universitat Tel Aviv, جامعة تل أبيب, Jami’at Tel Abib) is a public research university in Tel Aviv, Israel.
See History of Iran and Tel Aviv University
Tepe Sialk
Tepe Sialk (تپه سیلک) is a large ancient archeological site (a tepe, "hill, tell") in a suburb of the city of Kashan, Isfahan Province, in central Iran, close to Fin Garden.
See History of Iran and Tepe Sialk
Terracotta
Terracotta, also known as terra cotta or terra-cotta, is a clay-based non-vitreous ceramicOED, "Terracotta";, MFA Boston, "Cameo" database fired at relatively low temperatures.
See History of Iran and Terracotta
The Atlantic
The Atlantic is an American magazine and multi-platform publisher.
See History of Iran and The Atlantic
The Cambridge History of Iran
The Cambridge History of Iran is a multi-volume survey of Iranian history published in the United Kingdom by Cambridge University Press.
See History of Iran and The Cambridge History of Iran
The Four Books
The Four Books (translit) are the four canonical hadith collections of Shia Islam.
See History of Iran and The Four Books
The New York Times
The New York Times (NYT) is an American daily newspaper based in New York City.
See History of Iran and The New York Times
Theocracy
Theocracy is a form of government in which one or more deities are recognized as supreme ruling authorities, giving divine guidance to human intermediaries who manage the government's daily affairs.
See History of Iran and Theocracy
Thrace
Thrace (Trakiya; Thráki; Trakya) is a geographical and historical region in Southeast Europe.
See History of Iran and Thrace
Tigris
The Tigris (see below) is the eastern of the two great rivers that define Mesopotamia, the other being the Euphrates.
See History of Iran and Tigris
Timeline of Iranian history
The page details the timeline of History of Iran.
See History of Iran and Timeline of Iranian history
Timeline of Tehran
The following is a timeline of the history of the city of Tehran, Iran.
See History of Iran and Timeline of Tehran
Timeline of the Iranian Revolution
This article is a timeline of events relevant to the Islamic Revolution in Iran.
See History of Iran and Timeline of the Iranian Revolution
Timur
Timur, also known as Tamerlane (8 April 133617–18 February 1405), was a Turco-Mongol conqueror who founded the Timurid Empire in and around modern-day Afghanistan, Iran, and Central Asia, becoming the first ruler of the Timurid dynasty. An undefeated commander, he is widely regarded as one of the greatest military leaders and tacticians in history, as well as one of the most brutal and deadly.
Timurid dynasty
The Timurid dynasty, self-designated as Gurkani (گورکانیان|translit.
See History of Iran and Timurid dynasty
Timurid Empire
The Timurid Empire was a late medieval, culturally Persianate Turco-Mongol empire that dominated Greater Iran in the early 15th century, comprising modern-day Iran, Iraq, Afghanistan, much of Central Asia, the South Caucasus, and parts of contemporary Pakistan, North India and Turkey.
See History of Iran and Timurid Empire
Timurid Renaissance
The Timurid Renaissance was a historical period in Asian and Islamic history spanning the late 14th, the 15th, and the early 16th centuries.
See History of Iran and Timurid Renaissance
Toghrul III
Toghrul III (طغرل سوم) (died 1194) was the last sultan of the Great Seljuk Empire and the last Seljuk Sultan of Iraq.
See History of Iran and Toghrul III
Transoxiana
Transoxiana or Transoxania is the Latin name for the region and civilization located in lower Central Asia roughly corresponding to modern-day eastern Uzbekistan, western Tajikistan, parts of southern Kazakhstan, parts of Turkmenistan and southern Kyrgyzstan.
See History of Iran and Transoxiana
Treaty of Constantinople (1724)
The Treaty of Constantinople (Константинопольский договор) Russo-Ottoman Treaty or Treaty of the Partition of Persia (Iran Mukasemenamesi) was a treaty concluded on 24 June 1724 between the Ottoman Empire and the Russian Empire, dividing large portions of the territory of mutually neighbouring Safavid Iran between them.
See History of Iran and Treaty of Constantinople (1724)
Treaty of Ganja
The Treaty of Ganja was concluded between the Russian Empire and Safavids on 10 March 1735 during the Persian Siege of Ganja (1734) near the city of Ganja in present-day Azerbaijan.
See History of Iran and Treaty of Ganja
Treaty of Georgievsk
The Treaty of Georgievsk (Georgievskiy traktat; tr) was a bilateral treaty concluded between the Russian Empire and the east Georgian kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti on July 24, 1783.
See History of Iran and Treaty of Georgievsk
Treaty of Gulistan
The Treaty of Gulistan (also spelled Golestan: translit; translit) was a peace treaty concluded between the Russian Empire and Qajar Iran on 24 October 1813 in the village of Gulistan (now in the Goranboy District of Azerbaijan) as a result of the first full-scale Russo-Persian War (1804 to 1813).
See History of Iran and Treaty of Gulistan
Treaty of Resht
The Treaty of Resht was signed between the Russian Empire and Safavid Empire in Rasht on 21 January 1732.
See History of Iran and Treaty of Resht
Treaty of Turkmenchay
The Treaty of Turkmenchay (translit; translit) was an agreement between Qajar Iran and the Russian Empire, which concluded the Russo-Persian War (1826–1828).
See History of Iran and Treaty of Turkmenchay
Treaty of Zuhab
The Treaty of Zuhab (عهدنامه زهاب, Ahadnāmah Zuhab), also called Treaty of Qasr-e Shirin (Kasr-ı Şirin Antlaşması), was an accord signed between the Safavid Empire and the Ottoman Empire on May 17, 1639.
See History of Iran and Treaty of Zuhab
Tribes of Arabia
The tribes of Arabia or Arab tribes denote ethnic Arab tribes originating in the Arabian Peninsula.
See History of Iran and Tribes of Arabia
Tudeh Party of Iran
The Tudeh Party of Iran (lit) is an Iranian communist party.
See History of Iran and Tudeh Party of Iran
Tughril I
Abu Talib Muhammad Tughril ibn Mika'il (ابوطالبْ محمد طغرل بن میکائیل), better known as Tughril (طغرل / طغریل; also spelled Toghril / Tughrul), was a Turkoman"The defeat in August 1071 of the Byzantine emperor Romanos Diogenes by the Turkomans at the battle of Malazgirt (Manzikert) is taken as a turning point in the history of Anatolia and the Byzantine Empire.
See History of Iran and Tughril I
Turco–Mongol tradition
The Turco-Mongol or Turko-Mongol tradition was an ethnocultural synthesis that arose in Asia during the 14th century among the ruling elites of the Golden Horde and the Chagatai Khanate.
See History of Iran and Turco–Mongol tradition
Turkey
Turkey, officially the Republic of Türkiye, is a country mainly in Anatolia in West Asia, with a smaller part called East Thrace in Southeast Europe.
See History of Iran and Turkey
Turkic languages
The Turkic languages are a language family of more than 35 documented languages, spoken by the Turkic peoples of Eurasia from Eastern Europe and Southern Europe to Central Asia, East Asia, North Asia (Siberia), and West Asia.
See History of Iran and Turkic languages
Turkic peoples
The Turkic peoples are a collection of diverse ethnic groups of West, Central, East, and North Asia as well as parts of Europe, who speak Turkic languages.
See History of Iran and Turkic peoples
Turkish people
Turkish people or Turks (Türkler) are the largest Turkic people who speak various dialects of the Turkish language and form a majority in Turkey and Northern Cyprus.
See History of Iran and Turkish people
Turkmenistan
Turkmenistan is a country in Central Asia bordered by Kazakhstan to the northwest, Uzbekistan to the north, east and northeast, Afghanistan to the southeast, Iran to the south and southwest and the Caspian Sea to the west.
See History of Iran and Turkmenistan
Turkoman (ethnonym)
Turkoman, also known as Turcoman, was a term for the people of Oghuz Turkic origin, widely used during the Middle Ages.
See History of Iran and Turkoman (ethnonym)
Tus, Iran
Tus was an ancient city in Razavi Khorasan Province in Iran near Mashhad.
See History of Iran and Tus, Iran
Tutush I
Abu Sa'id Taj al-Dawla Tutush (died 25 February 1095) or Tutush I, was the Seljuk emir of Damascus from 1078 to 1092, and sultan of Damascus from 1092 to 1094.
See History of Iran and Tutush I
Twelver Shi'ism
Twelver Shīʿism (ٱثْنَا عَشَرِيَّة), also known as Imāmiyya (إِمَامِيَّة), is the largest branch of Shīʿa, comprising about 90% of all Shīas.
See History of Iran and Twelver Shi'ism
Twenty-sixth Dynasty of Egypt
The Twenty-sixth Dynasty of Egypt (notated Dynasty XXVI, alternatively 26th Dynasty or Dynasty 26) was the last native dynasty of ancient Egypt before the Persian conquest in 525 BC (although other brief periods of rule by Egyptians followed).
See History of Iran and Twenty-sixth Dynasty of Egypt
Two-round system
The two-round system (TRS or 2RS), also called ballotage, top-two runoff, or two-round plurality (as originally termed in French), is a voting method used to elect a single winner.
See History of Iran and Two-round system
Ulama
In Islam, the ulama (the learned ones; singular ʿālim; feminine singular alimah; plural aalimath), also spelled ulema, are scholars of Islamic doctrine and law.
Ultimatum
An paren;;: ultimata or ultimatums) is a demand whose fulfillment is requested in a specified period of time and which is backed up by a threat to be followed through in case of noncompliance (open loop). An ultimatum is generally the final demand in a series of requests. As such, the time allotted is usually short, and the request is understood not to be open to further negotiation.
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Umar
Umar ibn al-Khattab (ʿUmar ibn al-Khaṭṭāb), also spelled Omar, was the second Rashidun caliph, ruling from August 634, when he succeeded Abu Bakr as the second caliph, until his assassination in 644.
Umayyad Caliphate
The Umayyad Caliphate or Umayyad Empire (al-Khilāfa al-Umawiyya) was the second caliphate established after the death of the Islamic prophet Muhammad and was ruled by the Umayyad dynasty.
See History of Iran and Umayyad Caliphate
Ummah
(أُمَّة) is an Arabic word meaning "nation".
United Arab Emirates
The United Arab Emirates (UAE), or simply the Emirates, is a country in West Asia, in the Middle East.
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University of Pennsylvania
The University of Pennsylvania, commonly referenced as Penn or UPenn, is a private Ivy League research university in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States.
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Upper house
An upper house is one of two chambers of a bicameral legislature, the other chamber being the lower house.
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Upper Paleolithic
The Upper Paleolithic (or Upper Palaeolithic) is the third and last subdivision of the Paleolithic or Old Stone Age.
See History of Iran and Upper Paleolithic
Urartu
Urartu (Ուրարտու; Assyrian:,Eberhard Schrader, The Cuneiform inscriptions and the Old Testament (1885), p. 65. Babylonian: Urashtu, אֲרָרָט Ararat) was an Iron Age kingdom centered around Lake Van in the Armenian Highlands.
See History of Iran and Urartu
Uruk
Uruk, known today as Warka, was an ancient city in the Near East, located east of the current bed of the Euphrates River, on an ancient, now-dried channel of the river.
Uruk period
The Uruk period (c. 4000 to 3100 BC; also known as Protoliterate period) existed from the protohistoric Chalcolithic to Early Bronze Age period in the history of Mesopotamia, after the Ubaid period and before the Jemdet Nasr period.
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Uzbekistan
Uzbekistan, officially the Republic of Uzbekistan, is a doubly landlocked country located in Central Asia.
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Uzun Hasan
Uzun Hasan or Uzun Hassan (اوزون حسن; اوزون حسن; where uzun means "tall" in Oghuz Turkic; 1423 – January 6, 1478) was a ruler of the Turkoman Aq Qoyunlu state and is generally considered to be its strongest ruler.
See History of Iran and Uzun Hasan
Valerian (emperor)
Valerian (Publius Licinius Valerianus; c. 199 – 260 or 264) was Roman emperor from 253 to spring 260 AD.
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Vassal
A vassal or liege subject is a person regarded as having a mutual obligation to a lord or monarch, in the context of the feudal system in medieval Europe.
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Vienna
Vienna (Wien; Austro-Bavarian) is the capital, most populous city, and one of nine federal states of Austria.
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Vizier
A vizier (wazīr; vazīr) is a high-ranking political advisor or minister in the Near East.
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Vladimir Minorsky
Vladimir Fyodorovich Minorsky (Владимир Фёдорович Минорский; – 25 March 1966) was a Russian academic, historian, and scholar of Oriental studies, best known for his contributions to the study of history of Iran and the Iranian peoples such as Persians, Laz people, Lurs, and Kurds.
See History of Iran and Vladimir Minorsky
Wali (administrative title)
Wāli, Wā'lī or vali (from والي Wālī) is an administrative title that was used in the Muslim world (including the Rashidun, Umayyad and Abbasid caliphates and the Ottoman Empire) to designate governors of administrative divisions.
See History of Iran and Wali (administrative title)
Warsaw Pact
The Warsaw Pact (WP), formally the Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation and Mutual Assistance (TFCMA), was a collective defense treaty signed in Warsaw, Poland, between the Soviet Union and seven other Eastern Bloc socialist republics of Central and Eastern Europe in May 1955, during the Cold War.
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Warwasi
Warwasi is a Paleolithic rockshelter site located at north of Kermanshah in western Iran.
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West Azerbaijan province
West Azerbaijan province (استان آذربایجان غربی) is one of the 31 provinces of Iran, whose capital and largest city is Urmia.
See History of Iran and West Azerbaijan province
Western world
The Western world, also known as the West, primarily refers to various nations and states in the regions of Australasia, Western Europe, and Northern America; with some debate as to whether those in Eastern Europe and Latin America also constitute the West.
See History of Iran and Western world
White Revolution
The White Revolution (translit) or the Shah and People Revolution (translit) was a far-reaching series of reforms resulting in aggressive modernization in the Imperial State of Iran launched on 26 January 1963 by the Shah, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, which lasted until 1979.
See History of Iran and White Revolution
William Cohen
William Sebastian Cohen (born August 28, 1940) is an American lawyer, author, and politician from the U.S. state of Maine.
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William Knox D'Arcy
William Knox D'Arcy (11 October 18491 May 1917) was a British-Australian businessman who was one of the principal founders of the oil and petrochemical industry in Persia (Iran).
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Withdrawal through Andalal (1741)
The Withdrawal through Andalal by the Persian army under Nader Shah took place after he broke off the siege of the last Lezgian fortress in order to return to Derbent for winter quarters.
See History of Iran and Withdrawal through Andalal (1741)
Xerxes I
Xerxes I (– August 465 BC), commonly known as Xerxes the Great, was a Persian ruler who served as the fourth King of Kings of the Achaemenid Empire, reigning from 486 BC until his assassination in 465 BC.
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Yafteh
Yafteh is an Upper Paleolithic cave located at the foot of Yafteh Mountain in the Zagros Mountains range, located northwest of Khoramabad in western Zagros, Lorestan Province of western Iran.
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Yazdegerd III
Yazdegerd III (𐭩𐭦𐭣𐭪𐭥𐭲𐭩; also Romanized Yazdgerd, Yazdgird) was the last Sasanian King of Kings of Iran from 632 to 651.
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Yazid I
Yazid ibn Mu'awiya ibn Abi Sufyan (translit; 11 November 683), commonly known as Yazid I, was the second caliph of the Umayyad Caliphate, ruling from April 680 until his death in November 683.
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Yazid ibn al-Muhallab
Yazid ibn al-Muhallab al-Azdi (Yazīd ibn al-Muhallab al-Azdī; 672/673–24 August 720) was a commander and statesman for the Umayyad Caliphate in Iraq and Khurasan in the early 8th century.
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Yom Kippur War
The Yom Kippur War, also known as the Ramadan War, the October War, the 1973 Arab–Israeli War, or the Fourth Arab–Israeli War, was an armed conflict fought from 6 to 25 October 1973, between Israel and a coalition of Arab states led by Egypt and Syria.
See History of Iran and Yom Kippur War
Zagros Mountains
The Zagros Mountains (Kuh hā-ye Zāgros; translit; translit;; Luri: Kûya Zagrus کویا زاگرس or کوه یل زاگرس) are a long mountain range in Iran, northern Iraq, and southeastern Turkey.
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Zand dynasty
The Zand dynasty (translit) was an Iranian dynasty, founded by Karim Khan Zand (1751–1779) that initially ruled southern and central Iran in the 18th century.
See History of Iran and Zand dynasty
Zayandeh River Culture
Zayandeh River Culture (تمدن زاینده رود, literally "Zāyandé-Rūd Civilization") is a hypothetical pre-historic culture that is theorized to have flourished around the Zayandeh River in Iran in the 6th millennium BC.
See History of Iran and Zayandeh River Culture
Zaydism
Zaydism is one of the three main branches of Shia Islam that emerged in the eighth century following Zayd ibn Ali‘s unsuccessful rebellion against the Umayyad Caliphate.
See History of Iran and Zaydism
Zia ol Din Tabatabaee
Seyyed Zia al-Din Tabataba'i Yazdi (سید ضیاءالدین طباطبایی یزدی; June 1889 – 29 August 1969) was an Iranian journalist and pro-Constitution politician who, with the help of Reza Shah, spearheaded the 1921 Persian coup d'état and aimed to reform Qajar rule, which was in domestic turmoil and under foreign intervention.
See History of Iran and Zia ol Din Tabatabaee
Zoroastrianism
Zoroastrianism (Din-e Zartoshti), also known as Mazdayasna and Behdin, is an Iranian religion.
See History of Iran and Zoroastrianism
1921 Persian coup d'état
1921 Persian coup d'état, known in Iran as 3 Esfand 1299 coup d'état (کودتای ۳ اسفند ۱۲۹۹ with the Solar Persian date), refers to several major events in Qajar Persia in 1921, which eventually led to the deposition of the Qajar dynasty and the establishment of the Pahlavi Empire as the ruling house of the country in 1925.
See History of Iran and 1921 Persian coup d'état
1949 Iranian Constituent Assembly election
In 1949 a Constituent Assembly was held in Iran to modify the Persian Constitution of 1906.
See History of Iran and 1949 Iranian Constituent Assembly election
1953 Iranian coup d'état
The 1953 Iranian coup d'état, known in Iran as the 28 Mordad coup d'état (کودتای ۲۸ مرداد), was the U.S.- and British-instigated, Iranian army-led overthrow of the elected Prime Minister Mohammad Mosaddegh in favor of strengthening the monarchical rule of the shah, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, on 19 August 1953, with one of the significant objectives being to protect British oil interests in Iran.
See History of Iran and 1953 Iranian coup d'état
1963 demonstrations in Iran
The demonstrations of June 5 and 6, also called the events of June 1963 or (using the Iranian calendar) the 15 Khordad uprising (تظاهرات پانزده خرداد), were protests in Iran against the arrest of Grand Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini after his denouncement of Iranian Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi and Israel.
See History of Iran and 1963 demonstrations in Iran
1975 Algiers Agreement
The 1975 Algiers Agreement, also known as the Algiers Accord and the Algiers Declaration, was signed between Iran and Iraq to settle any outstanding territorial disputes along the Iran–Iraq border.
See History of Iran and 1975 Algiers Agreement
1979 Iranian Islamic Republic referendum
A referendum on creating an Islamic Republic was held in Iran on 30 and 31 March 1979.
See History of Iran and 1979 Iranian Islamic Republic referendum
1979 Khuzestan insurgency
The 1979 Khuzestan uprising was one of the nationwide uprisings in Iran, which erupted in the aftermath of the Iranian Revolution.
See History of Iran and 1979 Khuzestan insurgency
1979 Kurdish rebellion in Iran
The 1979 Kurdish rebellion in Iran was one of the largest nationwide uprisings in the country against the new state following the Iranian Revolution.
See History of Iran and 1979 Kurdish rebellion in Iran
1988 executions of Iranian political prisoners
Starting on 19 July 1988 and continuing for approximately five months, a series of mass executions of political prisoners ordered by Ayatollah Khomeini and carried out by Iranian officials took place across Iran.
See History of Iran and 1988 executions of Iranian political prisoners
2005 Iranian presidential election
Presidential elections were held in Iran 17 June 2005, with a second round run-off on 24 June.
See History of Iran and 2005 Iranian presidential election
2009 Iranian presidential election
Presidential elections were held in Iran on 12 June 2009, with incumbent Mahmoud Ahmadinejad running against three challengers.
See History of Iran and 2009 Iranian presidential election
2009 Iranian presidential election protests
After incumbent president Mahmoud Ahmadinejad declared victory in the 2009 Iranian presidential election, protests broke out in major cities across Iran in support of opposition candidates Mir-Hossein Mousavi and Mehdi Karroubi.
See History of Iran and 2009 Iranian presidential election protests
2024 Iranian presidential election
Early presidential elections in Iran were held on 28 June and 5 July 2024 following the death of incumbent president Ebrahim Raisi in a helicopter crash on 19 May.
See History of Iran and 2024 Iranian presidential election
2024 Iranian strikes against Israel
On 13 April 2024, the Islamic Revolutionary Guards Corps (IRGC), a branch of the Iranian Armed Forces, in collaboration with the Islamic Resistance in Iraq, Lebanese militant group Hezbollah, and the Ansar Allah (Houthis), launched retaliatory attacks against Israel and the Israeli-occupied Golan Heights with loitering munitions, cruise missiles, and ballistic missiles.
See History of Iran and 2024 Iranian strikes against Israel
2024 Israeli strikes on Iran
On 19 April 2024 at 5:23 a.m. IRST, the Israeli Air Force launched airstrikes targeting an air defense facility within Iran.
See History of Iran and 2024 Israeli strikes on Iran
2024 Varzaqan helicopter crash
On 19 May 2024, an Iranian Air Force helicopter crashed near the village of Uzi, East Azerbaijan, Iran, killing President of Iran Ebrahim Raisi, Foreign Minister Hossein Amir-Abdollahian, Governor-General of East Azerbaijan Malek Rahmati, representative of the supreme leader in East Azerbaijan Mohammad Ali Ale-Hashem, the head of the president's security team, and three flight crew.
See History of Iran and 2024 Varzaqan helicopter crash
See also
History of West Asia
- A History of Babylonia and Assyria
- Abbasid Caliphate
- Achaemenid Empire
- Ancient Mesopotamia at the Dawn of Civilization
- Ancient Near East
- Ancient regions of Anatolia
- Arab conquest of Mesopotamia
- Babylonia
- Fall of the Sasanian Empire
- Galatia
- Greater Khorasan
- History of Anatolia
- History of Armenia
- History of Azerbaijan
- History of Cyprus
- History of Iran
- History of Kurdistan
- History of Turkey
- History of the Caspian Sea
- History of the Caucasus
- History of the Middle East
- Klarjeti
- Late antiquity
- Military conquests of Umar's era
- Muslim conquest of Persia
- Neo-Assyrian Empire
- Ottoman–Persian Wars
- Parthian Empire
- Phoenicia
- Qizilbash
- Roman–Persian Wars
- Saffarid dynasty
- Subartu
- Tao (historical region)
- Territorial evolution of the Ottoman Empire
- Timeline of cultivation and domestication in South and West Asia
References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Iran
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