Antisemitism in Europe, the Glossary

Table of Contents

1. 371 relations: Aalst, Belgium, Adolf Hitler, Aftenposten, Age of Enlightenment, Al-Andalus, Alexander II of Russia, Alexander III of Russia, Alfred Dreyfus, Alhambra Decree, Aliyah, All-Party Parliamentary Group Against Antisemitism, Amsterdam, Ancient Greece, Anders Behring Breivik, Anna Reid, Anthony Julius, Anti-Defamation League, Anti-globalization movement, Anti-Jewish violence in Poland, 1944–1946, Anti-Zionist Committee of the Soviet Public, Antisemitism, Antisemitism in Islam, Anton Korošec, Anton Mahnič, Antwerp, Arabs, Arayik Harutyunyan, Armenian language, Armenian–Jewish relations, Armenians in Lebanon, Arthur de Gobineau, Arthur Hertzberg, Artur Baghdasaryan, Assassination, Associated Press, Auschwitz concentration camp, Austria, Austria within Nazi Germany, Azerbaijan, Azerbaijan–Israel relations, Ľudovít Štúr, B'nai B'rith, Basque nationalism, Belgium, Berel Wein, Berlin, Berlingske, Bernd Marin, Bielefeld University, Birobidzhan, ... Expand index (321 more) »

2. Racism in Europe
3. Xenophobia

Aalst, Belgium

Aalst (Alost,; Brabantian: Oilsjt) is a city and municipality on the Dender River, northwest from Brussels in the Flemish province of East Flanders.

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Adolf Hitler

Adolf Hitler (20 April 1889 – 30 April 1945) was an Austrian-born German politician who was the dictator of Nazi Germany from 1933 until his suicide in 1945.

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Aftenposten

Aftenposten (stylized as i in the masthead) is Norway's largest printed newspaper by circulation.

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Age of Enlightenment

The Age of Enlightenment (also the Age of Reason and the Enlightenment) was the intellectual and philosophical movement that occurred in Europe in the 17th and the 18th centuries.

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Al-Andalus

Al-Andalus was the Muslim-ruled area of the Iberian Peninsula.

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Alexander II of Russia

Alexander II (p; 29 April 181813 March 1881) was Emperor of Russia, King of Congress Poland and Grand Duke of Finland from 2 March 1855 until his assassination in 1881.

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Alexander III of Russia

Alexander III (r; 10 March 18451 November 1894) was Emperor of Russia, King of Congress Poland and Grand Duke of Finland from 13 March 1881 until his death in 1894.

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Alfred Dreyfus

Alfred Dreyfus (9 October 1859 – 12 July 1935) was a French artillery officer of Alsatian origin and Jewish ethnicity and faith.

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Alhambra Decree

The Alhambra Decree (also known as the Edict of Expulsion; Spanish: Decreto de la Alhambra, Edicto de Granada) was an edict issued on 31 March 1492, by the joint Catholic Monarchs of Spain (Isabella I of Castile and Ferdinand II of Aragon) ordering the expulsion of practising Jews from the Crowns of Castile and Aragon and its territories and possessions by 31 July of that year.

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Aliyah

Aliyah (עֲלִיָּה ʿălīyyā) is the immigration of Jews from the diaspora to, historically, the geographical Land of Israel or the Palestine region, which is today chiefly represented by the State of Israel.

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All-Party Parliamentary Group Against Antisemitism

The All-Party Parliamentary Group Against Antisemitism is a group in the Parliament of the United Kingdom.

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Amsterdam

Amsterdam (literally, "The Dam on the River Amstel") is the capital and most populated city of the Netherlands.

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Ancient Greece

Ancient Greece (Hellás) was a northeastern Mediterranean civilization, existing from the Greek Dark Ages of the 12th–9th centuries BC to the end of classical antiquity, that comprised a loose collection of culturally and linguistically related city-states and other territories.

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Anders Behring Breivik

Fjotolf Hansen (born 13 February 1979), better known by his birth name Anders Behring Breivik, is a Norwegian neo-Nazi terrorist.

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Anna Reid

Anna Reid (born 1965) is an English journalist and author whose work focuses primarily on the history of Eastern Europe.

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Anthony Julius

Anthony Robert Julius (born 16 July 1956) is a British solicitor advocate known for being Diana, Princess of Wales' divorce lawyer and for representing Deborah Lipstadt.

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Anti-Defamation League

The Anti-Defamation League (ADL), formerly known as the Anti-Defamation League of B'nai B'rith, is a New York–based international non-governmental organization that was founded to combat antisemitism, bigotry and discrimination.

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Anti-globalization movement

The anti-globalization movement, or counter-globalization movement, is a social movement critical of economic globalization.

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Anti-Jewish violence in Poland, 1944–1946

Anti-Jewish violence in Poland from 1944 to 1946 preceded and followed the end of World War II in Europe and influenced the postwar history of the Jews and Polish-Jewish relations.

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Anti-Zionist Committee of the Soviet Public

The Anti-Zionist Committee of the Soviet Public (Антисионистский комитет советской общественности, Antisionistsky komitet sovyetskoy obshchestvennosti; abbreviated AZCSP АКСО) was a body formed in 1983 in the Soviet Union as an anti-Zionist propaganda tool.

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Antisemitism

Antisemitism (also spelled anti-semitism or anti-Semitism) is hostility to, prejudice towards, or discrimination against, Jews. Antisemitism in Europe and Antisemitism are orientalism and Xenophobia.

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Antisemitism in Islam

Scholars have studied and debated Muslim attitudes towards Jews, as well as the treatment of Jews in Islamic thought and societies throughout the history of Islam.

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Anton Korošec

Anton Korošec (12 May 1872 – 14 December 1940) was a Yugoslav politician, a prominent member of the conservative People's Party, a Roman Catholic priest and a noted orator.

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Anton Mahnič

Anton Mahnič, also spelled Antun Mahnić in Croatian orthography (14 September 1850 – 30 December 1920), was a Croatian-Slovenian prelate of the Catholic Church and a philosopher who established and led the Croatian Catholic Movement.

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Antwerp

Antwerp (Antwerpen; Anvers) is a city and a municipality in the Flemish Region of Belgium.

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Arabs

The Arabs (عَرَب, DIN 31635:, Arabic pronunciation), also known as the Arab people (الشَّعْبَ الْعَرَبِيّ), are an ethnic group mainly inhabiting the Arab world in West Asia and North Africa.

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Arayik Harutyunyan

Arayik Vladimiri Harutyunyan (Արայիկ Վլադիմիրի Հարությունյան; born 14 December 1973) is an Armenian politician who served as the fourth president of the Republic of Artsakh from May 2020 to September 2023.

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Armenian language

Armenian (endonym) is an Indo-European language and the sole member of the independent branch of the Armenian language family.

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Armenian–Jewish relations

Armenian–Jewish relations are complex, often due to political and historical reasons.

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Armenians in Lebanon

Armenians have lived in Lebanon for centuries.

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Arthur de Gobineau

Joseph Arthur de Gobineau (14 July 1816 – 13 October 1882) was a French aristocrat and anthropologist, who is best known for helping to legitimise racism by the use of scientific race theory and "racial demography", and for developing the theory of the Aryan master race and Nordicism.

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Arthur Hertzberg

Arthur Hertzberg (June 9, 1921 – April 17, 2006) was a Conservative rabbi and prominent Jewish-American scholar and activist.

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Artur Baghdasaryan

Artur Baghdasaryan (Արթուր Բաղդասարյան, born November 8, 1968) is an Armenian politician and former Chairman of the National Assembly of Armenia and a former Secretary of the National Security Council of Armenia.

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Assassination

Assassination is the willful killing, by a sudden, secret, or planned attack, of a personespecially if prominent or important.

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Associated Press

The Associated Press (AP) is an American not-for-profit news agency headquartered in New York City.

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Auschwitz concentration camp

Auschwitz concentration camp (also KL Auschwitz or KZ Auschwitz) was a complex of over 40 concentration and extermination camps operated by Nazi Germany in occupied Poland (in a portion annexed into Germany in 1939) during World War II and the Holocaust.

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Austria

Austria, formally the Republic of Austria, is a landlocked country in Central Europe, lying in the Eastern Alps.

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Austria within Nazi Germany

Austria was part of Nazi Germany from 13 March 1938 (an event known as the Anschluss) until 27 April 1945, when Allied-occupied Austria declared independence from Nazi Germany.

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Azerbaijan

Azerbaijan, officially the Republic of Azerbaijan, is a transcontinental country located at the boundary of Eastern Europe and West Asia.

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Azerbaijan–Israel relations

Azerbaijan and Israel began diplomatic relations in 1992 following Azerbaijan's independence from the Soviet Union.

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Ľudovít Štúr

Ľudovít Štúr (28 October 1815 – 12 January 1856), also known as Ľudovít Velislav Štúr, was a Slovak revolutionary, politician, and writer.

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B'nai B'rith

B'nai B'rith International (from Covenant) is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit Jewish service organization and was formerly a German Jewish cultural association.

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Basque nationalism

Basque nationalism (eusko abertzaletasuna; nacionalismo vasco; nationalisme basque) is a form of nationalism that asserts that Basques, an ethnic group indigenous to the western Pyrenees, are a nation and promotes the political unity of the Basques, today scattered between Spain and France.

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Belgium

Belgium, officially the Kingdom of Belgium, is a country in Northwestern Europe.

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Berel Wein

Berel Wein (born March 25, 1934) is an American-born Orthodox rabbi, lecturer and writer.

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Berlin

Berlin is the capital and largest city of Germany, both by area and by population.

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Berlingske

Berlingske, previously known as Berlingske Tidende ('Berling's Times'), is a Danish national daily newspaper based in Copenhagen.

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Bernd Marin

Bernd Marin (AARP/European Centre Conference, Dürnstein 2008) Bernd Marin (born 1948 in Vienna) is an Austrian social scientist.

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Bielefeld University

Bielefeld University (Universität Bielefeld) is a public university in Bielefeld, Germany.

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Birobidzhan

Birobidzhan (p; ביראָבידזשאַן, Birobidzhan) is a town and the administrative centre of the Jewish Autonomous Oblast, Russia, located on the Trans-Siberian Railway, near the China–Russia border.

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Black Death

The Black Death was a bubonic plague pandemic occurring in Europe from 1346 to 1353.

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Blitz House

The Blitz House (Blitzhuset) is a self-managed social centre hosting left-wing anarchists in Oslo, the capital city of Norway.

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Bloeme Evers-Emden

Bloeme Evers-Emden (26 July 1926 – 18 July 2016) was a Dutch lecturer and child psychologist who extensively researched the phenomenon of "hidden children" during World War II and wrote four books on the subject in the 1990s.

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Blood curse

The term "blood curse" refers to a New Testament passage from the Gospel of Matthew, which describes events taking place in Pilate's court before the crucifixion of Jesus, and specifically the alleged willingness of the Jewish crowd to accept liability for Jesus' death.

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Blood libel

Blood libel or ritual murder libel (also blood accusation) is an antisemitic canardTurvey, Brent E. Criminal Profiling: An Introduction to Behavioral Evidence Analysis, Academic Press, 2008, p. 3.

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Bohdan Khmelnytsky

Bohdan Zynoviy Mykhailovych Khmelnytsky (Ruthenian: Ѕѣнові Богданъ Хмелнiцкiи; modern Богдан Зиновій Михайлович Хмельницький, Polish: Bohdan Chmielnicki; 15956 August 1657) was a Ruthenian nobleman and military commander of Ukrainian Cossacks as Hetman of the Zaporozhian Host, which was then under the suzerainty of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.

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Boris III of Bulgaria

Boris III (Борѝс III; Boris Treti; 28 August 1943), originally Boris Klemens Robert Maria Pius Ludwig Stanislaus Xaver (Boris Clement Robert Mary Pius Louis Stanislaus Xavier), was the Tsar of the Kingdom of Bulgaria from 1918 until his death in 1943.

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Brussels

Brussels (Bruxelles,; Brussel), officially the Brussels-Capital Region (All text and all but one graphic show the English name as Brussels-Capital Region.) (Région de Bruxelles-Capitale; Brussels Hoofdstedelijk Gewest), is a region of Belgium comprising 19 municipalities, including the City of Brussels, which is the capital of Belgium.

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Budapest

Budapest is the capital and most populous city of Hungary.

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Canadian Institute for the Study of Antisemitism

The Canadian Institute for the Study of Antisemitism (CISA) is one of seven institutes in the world dedicated to the scholarly study of antisemitism.

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Carnival

Carnival or Shrovetide is a festive season that occurs at the close of the Christian pre-Lenten period, consisting of Quinquagesima or Shrove Sunday, Shrove Monday, and Shrove Tuesday or Mardi Gras.

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Catalan independence movement

The Catalan independence movement (independentisme català; independentismo catalán; independentisme catalan) is a social and political movement (with roots in Catalan nationalism) which seeks the independence of Catalonia from Spain.

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Catherine the Great

Catherine II (born Princess Sophie Augusta Frederica von Anhalt-Zerbst; 2 May 172917 November 1796), most commonly known as Catherine the Great, was the reigning empress of Russia from 1762 to 1796.

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CEDADE

CEDADE (from the initials of Círculo Español de Amigos de Europa or 'Spanish Circle of Friends of Europe') was a Spanish neo-Nazi group that concerned itself with co-ordinating international activity and publishing.

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Chabad

Chabad, also known as Lubavitch, Habad and Chabad-Lubavitch, is a branch of Orthodox Judaism, originating from Eastern Europe.

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Charles A. Small

Charles Asher Small is a Canadian intellectual, the founder and director of the Institute for the Study of Global Antisemitism and Policy the first international interdisciplinary research center dedicated to studying antisemitism with a contemporary focus.

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Chief Rabbi

Chief Rabbi (translit) is a title given in several countries to the recognized religious leader of that country's Jewish community, or to a rabbinic leader appointed by the local secular authorities.

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The Christian Social Party (Christlichsoziale Partei, CS or CSP) was a major conservative political party in the Cisleithanian crown lands of Austria-Hungary and under the First Austrian Republic, from 1891 to 1934.

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Christianity

Christianity is an Abrahamic monotheistic religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus Christ.

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Circumcision

Circumcision is a procedure that removes the foreskin from the human penis.

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Circumcision controversies

Male circumcision has been a subject of controversy for a number of reasons including religious, ethical, sexual, and medical.

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Collaboration in the German-occupied Soviet Union

A large number of Soviet citizens of various ethnicities collaborated with Nazi Germany during World War II.

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Commission nationale consultative des droits de l'homme

The Commission nationale consultative des droits de l'homme (National Consultative Commission on Human Rights, CNCDH) is a French governmental organization created in 1947 by an arrêté from the Ministry of Foreign Affairs to monitor the respect for human rights in the country.

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Communism

Communism (from Latin label) is a sociopolitical, philosophical, and economic ideology within the socialist movement, whose goal is the creation of a communist society, a socioeconomic order centered around common ownership of the means of production, distribution, and exchange that allocates products to everyone in the society based on need.

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Concentration camp

A concentration camp is a form of internment camp for confining political prisoners or politically targeted demographics, such as members of national or minority ethnic groups, on the grounds of state security, or for exploitation or punishment.

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Conspiracy theory

A conspiracy theory is an explanation for an event or situation that asserts the existence of a conspiracy by powerful and sinister groups, often political in motivation, when other explanations are more probable.

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Constitution of Norway

The Constitution of Norway (complete name: The Constitution of the Kingdom of Norway; Danish: Kongeriget Norges Grundlov; Norwegian Bokmål: Kongeriket Norges Grunnlov; Norwegian Nynorsk: Kongeriket Noregs Grunnlov) was adopted on 16 May and signed on 17 May 1814 by the Norwegian Constituent Assembly at Eidsvoll.

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Copenhagen

Copenhagen (København) is the capital and most populous city of Denmark, with a population of 1.4 million in the urban area.

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Cossacks

The Cossacks are a predominantly East Slavic Orthodox Christian people originating in the Pontic–Caspian steppe of eastern Ukraine and southern Russia.

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Counter-Reformation

The Counter-Reformation, also sometimes called the Catholic Revival, was the period of Catholic resurgence that was initiated in response to, and as an alternative to, the Protestant Reformations at the time.

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Court Jew

In early modern Europe, particularly in Germany, a court Jew (Hofjude, hoyf id) or court factor (Hoffaktor, kourt faktor) was a Jewish banker who handled the finances of, or lent money to, royalty and nobility.

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Crimea

Crimea is a peninsula in Eastern Europe, on the northern coast of the Black Sea, almost entirely surrounded by the Black Sea and the smaller Sea of Azov.

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Crusades

The Crusades were a series of religious wars initiated, supported, and sometimes directed by the Christian Latin Church in the medieval period.

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Czech lands

The Czech lands or the Bohemian lands (České země) is a historical-geographical term that, in a historical context, refers the three historical regions of Bohemia, Moravia, and Czech Silesia together before Czechoslovakia and later the Czech Republic were formed.

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Czechoslovakism

Czechoslovakism (Čechoslovakismus, Čechoslovakizmus) is a concept which underlines reciprocity of the Czechs and the Slovaks.

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Deicide

Deicide is the killing (or the killer) of a god.

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Deluge (history)

The Deluge (potop szwedzki; švedų tvanas) was a series of mid-17th-century military campaigns in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.

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Der Stürmer

Der Stürmer (literally, "The Stormer / Stormtrooper / Attacker") was a weekly German tabloid-format newspaper published from 1923 to the end of World War II by Julius Streicher, the Gauleiter of Franconia, with brief suspensions in publication due to legal difficulties.

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Der Tagesspiegel

(meaning The Daily Mirror) is a German daily newspaper.

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Desecration

Desecration is the act of depriving something of its sacred character, or the disrespectful, contemptuous, or destructive treatment of that which is held to be sacred or holy by a group or individual.

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Dhimmi

(ذمي,, collectively أهل الذمة / "the people of the covenant") or (معاهد) is a historical term for non-Muslims living in an Islamic state with legal protection.

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Die Welt

("The World") is a German national daily newspaper, published as a broadsheet by Axel Springer SE.

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Discrimination

Discrimination is the process of making unfair or prejudicial distinctions between people based on the groups, classes, or other categories to which they belong or are perceived to belong, such as race, gender, age, religion, physical attractiveness or sexual orientation.

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Doctors' plot

The "doctors' plot" (delo vrachey) was a Soviet state-sponsored antisemitic campaign and conspiracy theory that alleged a cabal of prominent medical specialists, predominantly of Jewish ethnicity, intended to murder leading government and party officials.

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Drava Banovina

The Drava Banovina or Drava Banate (Slovene and Serbo-Croatian: Dravska banovina), was a province (banovina) of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia between 1929 and 1941.

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Dreyfus affair

The Dreyfus affair (affaire Dreyfus) was a political scandal that divided the Third French Republic from 1894 until its resolution in 1906.

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DW News

DW News is a global news TV program broadcast by German public state-owned international broadcaster Deutsche Welle (DW).

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Economic antisemitism

Economic antisemitism is antisemitism that uses stereotypes and canards that are based on negative perceptions or assertions of the economic status, occupations or economic behaviour of Jews, at times leading to various governmental policies, regulations, taxes and laws that target or which disproportionately impact the economic status, occupations or behaviour of Jews.

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Edict of Expulsion

The Edict of Expulsion was a royal decree expelling all Jews from the Kingdom of England that was issued by Edward I 18 July 1290; it was the first time a European state is known to have permanently banned their presence.

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Edvard Radzinsky

Edvard Stanislavovich Radzinsky (Э́двард Станисла́вович Радзи́нский) (born September 23, 1936) is a Russian historian, playwright, television personality, and screenwriter.

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Edward H. Kaplan

Edward H. Kaplan is the William N. and Marie A. Beach Professor of Operations Research at the Yale School of Management, Professor of Public Health at the Yale School of Medicine, and Professor of Engineering in the Yale School of Engineering and Applied Science.

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Einsatzgruppen

Einsatzgruppen (also 'task forces') were Schutzstaffel (SS) paramilitary death squads of Nazi Germany that were responsible for mass murder, primarily by shooting, during World War II (1939–1945) in German-occupied Europe.

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Europe

Europe is a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere.

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European Union

The European Union (EU) is a supranational political and economic union of member states that are located primarily in Europe.

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Extermination camp

Nazi Germany used six extermination camps (Vernichtungslager), also called death camps (Todeslager), or killing centers (Tötungszentren), in Central Europe during World War II to systematically murder over 2.7 million peoplemostly Jewsin the Holocaust.

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Far-left politics

Far-left politics, also known as extreme left politics or left-wing extremism, are politics further to the left on the left–right political spectrum than the standard political left.

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Fascism in Europe

Fascist movements in Europe were the set of various fascist ideologies which were practiced by governments and political organizations in Europe during the 20th century.

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Feoffment

In the Middle Ages, especially under the European feudal system, feoffment or enfeoffment was the deed by which a person was given land in exchange for a pledge of service.

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Feudalism

Feudalism, also known as the feudal system, was a combination of legal, economic, military, cultural, and political customs that flourished in medieval Europe from the 9th to 15th centuries.

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Flag of the United States

The national flag of the United States, often referred to as the American flag or the U.S. flag, consists of thirteen horizontal stripes, alternating red and white, with a blue rectangle in the canton bearing fifty small, white, five-pointed stars arranged in nine offset horizontal rows, where rows of six stars alternate with rows of five stars.

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Flemish dialects

Flemish (Vlaams) is a Low Franconian dialect cluster of the Dutch language.

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Football hooliganism, also known as soccer hooliganism, football rioting or soccer rioting, constitutes violence and other destructive behaviors perpetrated by spectators at association football events.

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Fourth Council of the Lateran

The Fourth Council of the Lateran or Lateran IV was convoked by Pope Innocent III in April 1213 and opened at the Lateran Palace in Rome on 11 November 1215.

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France

France, officially the French Republic, is a country located primarily in Western Europe.

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Francisco Franco

Francisco Franco Bahamonde (4 December 1892 – 20 November 1975) was a Spanish military general who led the Nationalist forces in overthrowing the Second Spanish Republic during the Spanish Civil War and thereafter ruled over Spain from 1939 to 1975 as a dictator, assuming the title Caudillo.

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Freemasonry

Freemasonry or Masonry refers to fraternal organisations that trace their origins to the local guilds of stonemasons that, from the end of the 14th century, regulated the qualifications of stonemasons and their interaction with authorities and clients.

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Gaza City

Gaza, also called Gaza City, is a Palestinian city in the Gaza Strip.

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Gaza War (2008–2009)

The Gaza War, also known as Operation Cast Lead (מִבְצָע עוֹפֶרֶת יְצוּקָה), also known as the Gaza Massacre, and referred to as the Battle of al-Furqan (معركة الفرقان) by Hamas, Secondary source, Abdul-Hameed al-Kayyali, Studies on the Israeli Aggression on Gaza Strip: Cast Lead Operation / Al-Furqan Battle, 2009 was a three-week armed conflict between Gaza Strip Palestinian paramilitary groups and the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) that began on 27 December 2008 and ended on 18 January 2009 with a unilateral ceasefire.

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Hans Göran Persson (born 20 January 1949) is a Swedish politician who served as Prime Minister of Sweden from 1996 to 2006 and leader of the Swedish Social Democratic Party from 1996 to 2007.

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Gdańsk

Gdańsk is a city on the Baltic coast of northern Poland, and the capital of the Pomeranian Voivodeship.

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Genocide

Genocide is the intentional destruction of a people, either in whole or in part.

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Genocides in history

Genocide is the intentional destruction of a people in whole or in part.

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Geography of antisemitism

This is a list of countries where antisemitic sentiment has been experienced.

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Germany

Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG), is a country in Central Europe.

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Ghetto

A ghetto is a part of a city in which members of a minority group are concentrated, especially as a result of political, social, legal, religious, environmental or economic pressure.

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Golden Dawn (Greece)

The Popular Association – Golden Dawn (translit), usually shortened to Golden Dawn (translit), is a far-right neo-Nazi ultranationalist organisation and former political party in Greece.

See Antisemitism in Europe and Golden Dawn (Greece)

Great Synagogue (Copenhagen)

The Great Synagogue is an Orthodox Jewish congregation and synagogue, located at Krystalgade 12, in Copenhagen, Denmark.

See Antisemitism in Europe and Great Synagogue (Copenhagen)

Greek colonisation

Greek colonisation refers to the expansion of Archaic Greeks, particularly during the 8th–6th centuries BC, across the Mediterranean Sea and the Black Sea.

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Greek government-debt crisis

Greece faced a sovereign debt crisis in the aftermath of the financial crisis of 2007–2008.

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Hadith

Hadith (translit) or Athar (أثر) is a form of Islamic oral tradition containing the purported words, actions, and the silent approvals of the prophet Muhammad.

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Hamas

Hamas, an acronym of its official name, Harakat al-Muqawama al-Islamiya (lit), is a Palestinian Sunni Islamist militant resistance movement governing parts of the Israeli-occupied Gaza Strip since 2007.

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Hasidic Judaism

Hasidism or Hasidic Judaism is a religious movement within Judaism that arose in the 18th century as a spiritual revival movement in contemporary Western Ukraine before spreading rapidly throughout Eastern Europe.

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Hate crime

A hate crime (also known a bias crime) is crime where a perpetrator targets a victim because of their physical appearance or perceived membership of a certain social group.

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Hate speech

Hate speech is a term with varied meaning and has no single, consistent definition.

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Hebrew language

Hebrew (ʿÎbrit) is a Northwest Semitic language within the Afroasiatic language family.

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Heinrich Graetz

Heinrich Graetz (31 October 1817 – 7 September 1891) was a German exegete and one of the first historians to write a comprehensive history of the Jewish people from a Jewish perspective.

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Hep-Hep riots

The Hep-Hep riots from August to October 1819 were pogroms against Ashkenazi Jews, beginning in the Kingdom of Bavaria, during the period of Jewish emancipation in the German Confederation.

See Antisemitism in Europe and Hep-Hep riots

Hilsner affair

The Hilsner affair (also known as the Hilsner trial, Hilsner case or Polná affair) was a series of anti-semitic trials following an accusation of blood libel against Leopold Hilsner, a Jewish inhabitant of the town of Polná in Bohemia, Austria-Hungary in 1899 and 1900.

See Antisemitism in Europe and Hilsner affair

History of the Jews in Europe

The history of the Jews in Europe spans a period of over two thousand years.

See Antisemitism in Europe and History of the Jews in Europe

History of the Jews in the Netherlands

The history of the Jews in the Netherlands largely dates to the late 16th century and 17th century, when Sephardic Jews from Portugal and Spain began to settle in Amsterdam and a few other Dutch cities, because the Netherlands was an unusual center of religious tolerance.

See Antisemitism in Europe and History of the Jews in the Netherlands

Hoax

A hoax is a widely publicised falsehood so fashioned as to invite reflexive, unthinking acceptance by the greatest number of people of the most varied social identities and of the highest possible social pretensions to gull its victims into putting up the highest possible social currency in support of the hoax.

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Holocaust denial

Holocaust denial is an antisemitic conspiracy theory that asserts that the Nazi genocide of Jews, known as the Holocaust, is a fabrication or exaggeration.

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House of Vasa

The House of Vasa or Wasa (Vasaätten, Wazowie, Vazos) was an early modern royal house founded in 1523 in Sweden.

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Human rights in Belarus

The government of Belarus is criticized for its human rights violations and persecution of non-governmental organisations, independent journalists, national minorities, and opposition politicians.

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Human Rights Watch

Human Rights Watch (HRW) is an international non-governmental organization headquartered in New York City that conducts research and advocacy on human rights.

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Hungarian irredentism

Hungarian irredentism or Greater Hungary (Nagy-Magyarország) are irredentist political ideas concerning redemption of territories of the historical Kingdom of Hungary.

See Antisemitism in Europe and Hungarian irredentism

Hungarian Justice and Life Party

The Hungarian Justice and Life Party (Magyar Igazság és Élet Pártja, MIÉP) was a nationalist political party in Hungary that was founded by István Csurka in 1993.

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Hungary

Hungary is a landlocked country in Central Europe.

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Ignatz Bubis

Ignatz Bubis (12 January 1927 – 13 August 1999), German Jewish leader, was the influential chairman (and later president) of the Central Council of Jews in Germany (Zentralrat der Juden in Deutschland) from 1992 to 1999.

See Antisemitism in Europe and Ignatz Bubis

Igor Muradyan

Igor Muradyan (Իգոր Մուրադյան; 29 April 1957 – 17 June 2018) was an Armenian political activist and political scientist.

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Imam

Imam (إمام,;: أئمة) is an Islamic leadership position.

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Immigration to Germany

Immigration to Germany, both in the country's modern borders and the many political entities that preceded it, has occurred throughout the country's history.

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Imperialism

Imperialism is the practice, theory or attitude of maintaining or extending power over foreign nations, particularly through expansionism, employing both hard power (military and economic power) and soft power (diplomatic power and cultural imperialism).

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Inquisition

The Inquisition was a judicial procedure and a group of institutions within the Catholic Church whose aim was to combat heresy, apostasy, blasphemy, witchcraft, and customs considered deviant.

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Institute of Contemporary History (Munich)

The Institute of Contemporary History (Institut für Zeitgeschichte) in Munich was conceived in 1947 under the name Deutsches Institut für Geschichte der nationalsozialistischen Zeit ("German Institute of the History of the National Socialist Era").

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Invasion of Poland

The Invasion of Poland, also known as the September Campaign, Polish Campaign, War of Poland of 1939, and Polish Defensive War of 1939 (1 September – 6 October 1939), was a joint attack on the Republic of Poland by Nazi Germany, the Slovak Republic, and the Soviet Union, which marked the beginning of World War II.

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Israel

Israel, officially the State of Israel, is a country in the Southern Levant, West Asia.

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Israel–Hamas war

An armed conflict between Israel and Hamas-led Palestinian militant groups has been taking place in the Gaza Strip and Israel since 7 October 2023.

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Israel–Turkey relations

The State of Israel and the Republic of Turkey formally established diplomatic relations in March 1949.

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Jackson–Vanik amendment

The Jackson–Vanik amendment to the Trade Act of 1974 is a 1974 provision in United States federal law intended to affect U.S. trade relations with countries with non-market economies (originally, countries of the Soviet Bloc) that restrict freedom of Jewish emigration and other human rights.

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Janez Evangelist Krek

Janez Evangelist Krek (27 November 1865 – 8 October 1917) was a Slovene Christian Socialist politician, priest, journalist, and author.

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Jedwabne

Jedwabne (יעדוואבנע, Yedvabna) is a town in northeast Poland, in Łomża County of Podlaskie Voivodeship, with 1,942 inhabitants (2002).

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Jedwabne pogrom

The Jedwabne pogrom was a massacre of Polish Jews in the town of Jedwabne, German-occupied Poland, on 10 July 1941, during World War II and the early stages of the Holocaust.

See Antisemitism in Europe and Jedwabne pogrom

Jerusalem

Jerusalem is a city in the Southern Levant, on a plateau in the Judaean Mountains between the Mediterranean and the Dead Sea.

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Jesuit clause

The Jesuit clause (Norwegian) was a provision in the Constitution of Norway, paragraph 2, in force from 1814 to 1956, that denied Jesuits entry into the country.

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Jesuits

The Society of Jesus (Societas Iesu; abbreviation: SJ), also known as the Jesuit Order or the Jesuits (Iesuitae), is a religious order of clerics regular of pontifical right for men in the Catholic Church headquartered in Rome.

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Jew Clause (Norway)

The Jew clause (Norwegian: Jødeparagrafen) is in the vernacular name of the second paragraph of the Constitution of Norway from 1814 to 1851 and from 1942 to 1945.

See Antisemitism in Europe and Jew Clause (Norway)

Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee

The Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee, abbreviated as JAC, was an organization that was created in the Soviet Union during World War II to influence international public opinion and organize political and material support for the Soviet fight against Nazi Germany, particularly from the West.

See Antisemitism in Europe and Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee

Jewish Autonomous Oblast

The Jewish Autonomous Oblast (JAO; Yevreyskaya avtonomnaya oblast' (YeAO),; ייִדישע אװטאָנאָמע געגנט|Yidishe avtonome gegnt) is a federal subject of Russia in the far east of the country, bordering Khabarovsk Krai and Amur Oblast in Russia and Heilongjiang province in China.

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Jewish deicide

Jewish deicide is the theological position, widely regarded as antisemitic, that the Jews as a people are collectively responsible for the killing of Jesus, even through the successive generations following his death.

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Jewish emancipation

Jewish emancipation was the process in various nations in Europe of eliminating Jewish disabilities, e.g. Jewish quotas, to which European Jews were then subject, and the recognition of Jews as entitled to equality and citizenship rights.

See Antisemitism in Europe and Jewish emancipation

Jewish ghettos established by Nazi Germany

Beginning with the invasion of Poland during World War II, the Nazi regime set up ghettos across German-occupied Eastern Europe in order to segregate and confine Jews, and sometimes Romani people, into small sections of towns and cities furthering their exploitation.

See Antisemitism in Europe and Jewish ghettos established by Nazi Germany

Jewish ghettos in Europe

In the early modern era, European Jews were confined to ghettos and placed under strict regulations as well as restrictions in many European cities.

See Antisemitism in Europe and Jewish ghettos in Europe

Jewish history

Jewish history is the history of the Jews, their nation, religion, and culture, as it developed and interacted with other peoples, religions, and cultures.

See Antisemitism in Europe and Jewish history

Jewish Museum of Belgium shooting

The Jewish Museum of Belgium shooting was an antisemitic Islamist terrorist attack which took place in Brussels, Belgium, on 24 May 2014 when a gunman opened fire at the museum, killing four people.

See Antisemitism in Europe and Jewish Museum of Belgium shooting

Jews

The Jews (יְהוּדִים) or Jewish people are an ethnoreligious group and nation originating from the Israelites of the ancient Near East, and whose traditional religion is Judaism.

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Jobbik

The Jobbik – Conservatives (Jobbik – Konzervatívok; prior to 2023: Movement for a Better Hungary, Jobbik Magyarországért Mozgalom), commonly known as Jobbik, is a conservative political party in Hungary.

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Johan Galtung

Johan Vincent Galtung (24 October 1930 – 17 February 2024) was a Norwegian sociologist and the principal founder of the discipline of peace and conflict studies.

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John Creagh

John Creagh, CsSr (Thomondgate, Limerick, Ireland; 1870 – Wellington, New Zealand; 1947) was an Irish Redemptorist priest.

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Joseph Süß Oppenheimer

Joseph Süß Oppenheimer (1698? – February 4, 1738) was a German Jewish banker and court Jew for Duke Karl Alexander of Württemberg, managing large enterprises.

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Joseph Stalin

Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin (born Ioseb Besarionis dze Jughashvili; – 5 March 1953) was a Soviet politician and revolutionary who led the Soviet Union from 1924 until his death in 1953.

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Josip Vošnjak

Josip Vošnjak (4 January 1834 – 21 October 1911) was a Slovene politician and author, leader of the Slovene National Movement in the Duchy of Styria, one of the most prominent representatives of the Young Slovene movement.

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Journal of Conflict Resolution

The Journal of Conflict Resolution is a bimonthly peer-reviewed academic journal covering research on international conflict and conflict resolution.

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Jozef Tiso

Jozef Gašpar Tiso (13 October 1887 – 18 April 1947) was a Slovak politician and Catholic priest who served as president of the First Slovak Republic, a client state of Nazi Germany during World War II, from 1939 to 1945.

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Jyllands-Posten

(English: The Morning Newspaper "The Jutland Post"), commonly shortened to or JP, is a Danish daily broadsheet newspaper.

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The Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic, also known as Soviet Kazakhstan, the Kazakh SSR, or simply Kazakhstan, was one of the transcontinental constituent republics of the Soviet Union (USSR) from 1936 to 1991.

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Khmelnytsky Uprising

The Khmelnytsky Uprising, also known as the Cossack–Polish War, or the Khmelnytsky insurrection, was a Cossack rebellion that took place between 1648 and 1657 in the eastern territories of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, which led to the creation of a Cossack Hetmanate in Ukraine.

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Kielce pogrom

The Kielce pogrom was an outbreak of violence toward the Jewish community centre's gathering of refugees in the city of Kielce, Poland, on 4 July 1946 by Polish soldiers, police officers, and civilians during which 42 Jews were killed and more than 40 were wounded.

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Kingdom of Hungary

The Kingdom of Hungary was a monarchy in Central Europe that existed for nearly a millennium, from the Middle Ages into the 20th century.

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Kingdom of Yugoslavia

The Kingdom of Yugoslavia was a country in Southeast and Central Europe that existed from 1918 until 1941.

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Kishinev pogrom

The Kishinev pogrom or Kishinev massacre was an anti-Jewish riot that took place in Kishinev (modern Chișinău, Moldova), then the capital of the Bessarabia Governorate in the Russian Empire, on.

See Antisemitism in Europe and Kishinev pogrom

Komzet

Komzet (Комитет по земельному устройству еврейскихтрудящихся, КОМЗЕТ) was the Committee for the Settlement of Toiling Jews on the Land (some English sources use the word "working" instead of "toiling") in the Soviet Union.

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Kristallnacht

Kristallnacht or the Night of Broken Glass, also called the November pogrom(s) (Novemberpogrome), was a pogrom against Jews carried out by the Nazi Party's nocat.

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Kyiv

Kyiv (also Kiev) is the capital and most populous city of Ukraine.

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L'Express

(stylized in all caps) is a French weekly news magazine headquartered in Paris.

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L'Histoire

L'Histoire is a monthly mainstream French magazine dedicated to historical studies, recognized by peers as the most important historical popular magazine (as opposed to specific university journals or less scientific popular historical magazines).

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Land of Israel

The Land of Israel is the traditional Jewish name for an area of the Southern Levant.

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Larisa Alaverdyan

Larisa Asaturi Alaverdyan (Լարիսա Ասատուրի Ալավերդյան; born 21 September 1943), is an Armenian pedagogue and politician who served as the first Human Rights Defender of Armenia (Ombudsman), member of the National Assembly between 2007 and 2012 and leader of the faction of party Founding Parliament between 2009 and 2012.

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Le Monde

Le Monde (The World) is a French daily afternoon newspaper.

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League of Communists of Slovenia

The League of Communists of Slovenia (Zveza komunistov Slovenije, ZKS; Savez komunista Slovenije) was the Slovenian branch of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia, the sole legal party of Yugoslavia from 1945 to 1990.

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League of Polish Families

The League of Polish Families (Polish: Liga Polskich Rodzin, LPR) is a social conservative political party in Poland, with many far-right elements in the past.

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Legal purge in Norway after World War II

The purge in Norway after World War II (Norwegian: Landssvikoppgjøret; lit. 'National treachery Settlement') was a purge that took place between May 1945 and August 1948 against anyone who was found to have collaborated with the German occupation of the country.

See Antisemitism in Europe and Legal purge in Norway after World War II

Levon Ananyan

Levon Ananyan (Լևոն Զաքարի Անանյան; 13 October 1946 – 2 September 2013) was an Armenian journalist and translator.

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Limerick boycott

The Limerick boycott, also known as the Limerick pogrom, was an economic boycott waged against the small Jewish community in Limerick, Ireland, between 1904 and 1906.

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List of ethnic groups of Africa

The ethnic groups of Africa number in the thousands, with each ethnicity generally having its own language (or dialect of a language) and culture.

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Litvaks

Litvaks or Lita'im are Jews with roots in the territory of the former Grand Duchy of Lithuania (covering present-day Lithuania, Belarus, Latvia, the northeastern Suwałki and Białystok regions of Poland, as well as adjacent areas of modern-day Russia and Ukraine).

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London

London is the capital and largest city of both England and the United Kingdom, with a population of in.

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Lynching

Lynching is an extrajudicial killing by a group.

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Maghreb

The Maghreb (lit), also known as the Arab Maghreb (اَلْمَغْرِبُ الْعَرَبِيُّ) and Northwest Africa, is the western part of the Arab world.

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Mandatory Palestine

Mandatory Palestine was a geopolitical entity that existed between 1920 and 1948 in the region of Palestine under the terms of the League of Nations Mandate for Palestine.

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Manuel Valls

Manuel Carlos Valls Galfetti (born 13 August 1962) is a French-Spanish politician who, most recently, served as a Barcelona city councillor from 2019 to 2021.

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Marian Kotleba

Marian Kotleba (born 7 April 1977) is a Slovak politician and leader of the far-right, neo-Nazi political party Kotlebists – People's Party Our Slovakia (Kotlebovci – Ľudová strana Naše Slovensko).

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Marrano

Marranos is one of the terms used in relation to Spanish and Portuguese Jews who converted or were forced by the Spanish and Portuguese crowns to convert to Christianity during the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, but continued to practice Judaism in secrecy or were suspected of it, referred to as Crypto-Jews.

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Martin Luther

Martin Luther (10 November 1483– 18 February 1546) was a German priest, theologian, author, hymnwriter, professor, and Augustinian friar.

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Martin Luther and antisemitism

Martin Luther (1483–1546) was a German professor of theology, priest and seminal leader of the Reformation.

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Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor

Maximilian I (22 March 1459 – 12 January 1519) was King of the Romans from 1486 and Holy Roman Emperor from 1508 until his death in 1519.

See Antisemitism in Europe and Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor

May Laws

Temporary regulations regarding the Jews (also known as May Laws) were residency and business restrictions on Jews in the Russian Empire, proposed by minister Nikolay Pavlovich Ignatyev and enacted by Tsar Alexander III on15 May (3 May O.S.), 1882.

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Menahem Mendel Beilis

Menahem Mendel Beilis (sometimes spelled Beiliss; מנחם מענדל בייליס, Менахем Мендель Бейлис; 1874 – 7 July 1934) was a Russian Jew accused of ritual murder in Kiev in the Russian Empire in a notorious 1913 trial, known as the "Beilis trial" or the "Beilis affair".

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Michael Schudrich

Michael Joseph Schudrich (born June 15, 1955) is an American rabbi and the current Chief Rabbi of Poland.

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Middle Ages

In the history of Europe, the Middle Ages or medieval period (also spelt mediaeval or mediæval) lasted from approximately 500 to 1500 AD.

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Middle East

The Middle East (term originally coined in English Translations of this term in some of the region's major languages include: translit; translit; translit; script; translit; اوْرتاشرق; Orta Doğu.) is a geopolitical region encompassing the Arabian Peninsula, the Levant, Turkey, Egypt, Iran, and Iraq.

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The Middle East Media Research Institute (MEMRI), officially the Middle East Media and Research Institute, is an American non-profit press monitoring and analysis organization that was co-founded by Israeli ex-intelligence officer Yigal Carmon and Israeli-American political scientist Meyrav Wurmser in 1997.

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Milan Stojadinović

Milan Stojadinović (Милан Стојадиновић; 4 August 1888 – 26 October 1961) was a Serbian and Yugoslav politician and economist who was the Prime Minister of Yugoslavia from 1935 to 1939.

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Ministry of Environment (Armenia)

The Ministry of Environment (Հայաստանի շրջակա միջավայրի նախարարություն) is a department of the Government of Armenia with responsibility for environmental protection and natural heritage.

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Modern history of Ukraine

Ukraine emerged as the concept of a nation, and Ukrainians as a nationality, with the Ukrainian National Revival which began in the late 18th and early 19th century.

See Antisemitism in Europe and Modern history of Ukraine

Monasticism

Monasticism, also called monachism or monkhood, is a religious way of life in which one renounces worldly pursuits to devote oneself fully to spiritual work.

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Mossad

The Institute for Intelligence and Special Operations (ha-Mosád le-Modiʿín u-le-Tafkidím Meyuḥadím), popularly known as Mossad, is the national intelligence agency of the State of Israel.

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Murska Sobota

Murska Sobota (Slovenian abbreviation: MS; Olsnitz;Radkersburg und Luttenberg (map, 1:75,000). 1894. Vienna: K.u.k. Militärgeographisches Institut. Muraszombat) is a town in northeastern Slovenia.

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Muslims

Muslims (God) are people who adhere to Islam, a monotheistic religion belonging to the Abrahamic tradition.

See Antisemitism in Europe and Muslims

Nagorno-Karabakh

Nagorno-Karabakh is a region in Azerbaijan, covering the southeastern stretch of the Lesser Caucasus mountain range.

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National Assembly (Armenia)

The National Assembly of Armenia (Հայաստանի Հանրապետության Ազգային ժողով, Hayastani Hanrapetyut'yan Azgayin zhoghov or simply Ազգային ժողով, ԱԺ Azgayin Zhoghov, AZh), also informally referred to as the Parliament of Armenia (խորհրդարան, khorhrdaran) is the legislative branch of the government of Armenia.

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Nazi concentration camps

From 1933 to 1945, Nazi Germany operated more than a thousand concentration camps (Konzentrationslager), including subcamps on its own territory and in parts of German-occupied Europe.

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Nazi Germany

Nazi Germany, officially known as the German Reich and later the Greater German Reich, was the German state between 1933 and 1945, when Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party controlled the country, transforming it into a totalitarian dictatorship.

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Nazism

Nazism, formally National Socialism (NS; Nationalsozialismus), is the far-right totalitarian socio-political ideology and practices associated with Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party (NSDAP) in Germany. Antisemitism in Europe and Nazism are Xenophobia.

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Neo-fascism

Neo-fascism is a post-World War II far-right ideology that includes significant elements of fascism.

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Neo-Nazism

Neo-Nazism comprises the post-World War II militant, social, and political movements that seek to revive and reinstate Nazi ideology.

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Netherlands

The Netherlands, informally Holland, is a country located in Northwestern Europe with overseas territories in the Caribbean.

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Nobility

Nobility is a social class found in many societies that have an aristocracy.

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Norway

Norway (Norge, Noreg), formally the Kingdom of Norway, is a Nordic country in Northern Europe, situated on the Scandinavian Peninsula.

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NRC Handelsblad

NRC, previously called, is a daily morning newspaper published in the Netherlands by NRC Media.

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NRK

The Norwegian Broadcasting Corporation (Norwegian Realm Broadcasting), commonly known by its initialism NRK, is a Norwegian state-controlled radio and television broadcasting company.

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Numerus clausus

Numerus clausus ("closed number" in Latin) is one of many methods used to limit the number of students who may study at a university.

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Nuremberg Laws

The Nuremberg Laws (Nürnberger Gesetze) were antisemitic and racist laws that were enacted in Nazi Germany on 15 September 1935, at a special meeting of the Reichstag convened during the annual Nuremberg Rally of the Nazi Party.

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October Revolution

The October Revolution, also known as the Great October Socialist Revolution (in Soviet historiography), October coup,, britannica.com Bolshevik coup, or Bolshevik revolution, was a revolution in Russia led by the Bolshevik Party of Vladimir Lenin that was a key moment in the larger Russian Revolution of 1917–1923.

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Okhrana

The Department for the Protection of Public Safety and Order (Otdelenie po okhraneniyu obshchestvennoy bezopadnosti i poryadka), usually called the Guard Department (Okhrannoye otdelenie) and commonly abbreviated in modern English sources as the Okhrana (t) was a secret police force of the Russian Empire and part of the police department of the Ministry of Internal Affairs (MVD) in the late 19th century and early 20th century, aided by the Special Corps of Gendarmes.

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Old Bolsheviks

The Old Bolsheviks (stary bolshevik), also called the Old Bolshevik Guard or Old Party Guard, were members of the Bolshevik faction of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party prior to the Russian Revolution of 1917.

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Ombudsman

An ombudsman (also), ombud, ombuds, bud, ombudswoman, ombudsperson, or public advocate is a government employee who investigates and tries to resolve complaints, usually through recommendations (binding or not) or mediation.

See Antisemitism in Europe and Ombudsman

On the Jews and Their Lies

On the Jews and Their Lies (Von den Jüden und iren Lügen; in modern spelling Von den Juden und ihren Lügen.) is a 65,000-word anti-Judaic and antisemitic treatise written in 1543 by the German Reformation leader Martin Luther (1483–1546).

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Open letter

An open letter is a letter that is intended to be read by a wide audience, or a letter intended for an individual, but that is nonetheless widely distributed intentionally.

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Organisation of Ukrainian Nationalists

The Organisation of Ukrainian Nationalists (OUN; Orhanizatsiia ukrainskykh natsionalistiv) was a Ukrainian nationalist organization established in 1929 in Vienna, uniting the Ukrainian Military Organization with smaller, mainly youth, radical nationalist right-wing groups.

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Orientalism

In art history, literature and cultural studies, orientalism is the imitation or depiction of aspects of the Eastern world (or "Orient") by writers, designers, and artists from the Western world.

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Orthodox Judaism

Orthodox Judaism is the collective term for the traditionalist branches of contemporary Judaism.

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OZET

OZET (ОЗЕТ, Общество землеустройства еврейскихтрудящихся romanised: Obshchestvo Zemleustroystva Yevreyskikh Trudyashchikhsya, Yiddish: געזעלשאפט פאר איינארדענען ארבעטנדיקע יידן אויף ערד אין פ.ס.ס.ר romanised: Gezelshaft far aynordnen oyf Erd arbetnidke Yidin in F.S.S.R) was the public Society for Settling Toiling Jews on the Land in the Soviet Union in the period from 1925 to 1938.

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OZNA

The Department for Protection of the People, commonly known under its Serbo-Croatian acronym as OZNA, was the security agency of Communist Yugoslavia that existed between 1944 and 1946.

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Pale of Settlement

The Pale of Settlement was a western region of the Russian Empire with varying borders that existed from 1791 to 1917 (de facto until 1915) in which permanent residency by Jews was allowed and beyond which Jewish residency, permanent or temporary, was mostly forbidden.

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Palestinian territories

The Palestinian territories, also known as the Occupied Palestinian Territory, consist of the West Bank (including East Jerusalem) and the Gaza Strip—two regions of the former British Mandate for Palestine that have been occupied by Israel since the Six-Day War of 1967.

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Palestinians

Palestinians (al-Filasṭīniyyūn) or Palestinian people (label), also referred to as Palestinian Arabs (label), are an Arab ethnonational group native to Palestine.

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Pamyat

The National Patriotic Front "Memory" (NPF "Memory"; Национально-патриотический фронт «Память»; НПФ «Память», also known as the Pamyat Society; Общество «Память», Obshchestvo «Pamyat») was a Russian far-right antisemitic, and monarchist organization.

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Paradisus Judaeorum

"Paradisus Judaeorum" is a Latin phrase which became one of four members of a 19th-century Polish-language proverb that described the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (1569–1795) as "heaven for the nobility, purgatory for townspeople, hell for peasants, paradise for Jews." The proverb's earliest attestation is an anonymous 1606 Latin pasquinade that begins, "Regnum Polonorum est" ("The Kingdom of Poland is").

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Paris

Paris is the capital and largest city of France.

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Partitions of Poland

The Partitions of Poland were three partitions of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth that took place toward the end of the 18th century and ended the existence of the state, resulting in the elimination of sovereign Poland and Lithuania for 123 years.

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Peace and conflict studies

Peace and conflict studies or conflict analysis and resolution is a social science field that identifies and analyzes violent and nonviolent behaviors as well as the structural mechanisms attending conflicts (including social conflicts), to understand those processes which lead to a more desirable human condition.

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People's Party (Armenia)

The People's Party (Zhoghovrdakan Kusaktsutyun) is a political party in Armenia which was founded in 1995.

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Persona non grata

In diplomacy, a persona non grata (PNG) (Latin: "person not welcome", plural: personae non gratae) is a foreign diplomat who is asked by the host country to be recalled to their home country.

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Pew Research Center

The Pew Research Center (also simply known as Pew) is a nonpartisan American think tank based in Washington, D.C. It provides information on social issues, public opinion, and demographic trends shaping the United States and the world.

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Piotr Farfał

Piotr Grzegorz Farfał (born 18 May 1978 in Głogów) is a Polish rightwing politician of the League of Polish Families and former President of the Polish national TV network TVP.

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Poale Zion

Poale Zion (also spelled Poalei Tziyon or Poaley Syjon, meaning "Workers of Zion") was a movement of Marxist–Zionist Jewish workers founded in various cities of Poland, Europe and the Russian Empire at about the turn of the 20th century after the Bund rejected Zionism in 1901.

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Pogrom

A pogrom is a violent riot incited with the aim of massacring or expelling an ethnic or religious group, particularly Jews.

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Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth

Poland–Lithuania, formally known as the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and also referred to as the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth or the First Polish Republic, was a bi-confederal state, sometimes called a federation, of Poland and Lithuania ruled by a common monarch in real union, who was both King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania.

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Pontius Pilate

Pontius Pilate (Póntios Pilátos) was the fifth governor of the Roman province of Judaea, serving under Emperor Tiberius from 26/27 to 36/37 AD.

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Pravda (Slovakia)

Pravda (Slovak for 'Truth') is a major centre-left newspaper in Slovakia.

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Prejudice

Prejudice can be an affective feeling towards a person based on their perceived group membership.

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Prekmurje

Prekmurje (Prekmurje Slovene: Prèkmürsko or Prèkmüre; Muravidék) is a geographically, linguistically, culturally and ethnically defined region of Slovenia, settled by Slovenes and a Hungarian minority, lying between the Mur River in Slovenia and the Rába Valley (the watershed of the Rába; Porabje) in the westernmost part of Hungary.

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Primary Chronicle

The Russian Primary Chronicle, commonly shortened to Primary Chronicle (translit, commonly transcribed Povest' vremennykh let (PVL)), is a chronicle of Kievan Rus' from about 850 to 1110.

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Quran

The Quran, also romanized Qur'an or Koran, is the central religious text of Islam, believed by Muslims to be a revelation directly from God (Allah).

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Rabbi

A rabbi (רַבִּי|translit.

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Racial antisemitism

Racial antisemitism is prejudice against Jews based on a belief or assertion that Jews constitute a distinct race that has inherent traits or characteristics that appear in some way abhorrent or inherently inferior or otherwise different from the traits or characteristics of the rest of a society.

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Racial profiling

Racial profiling or ethnic profiling is the act of suspecting, targeting or discriminating against a person on the basis of their ethnicity, religion, or nationality, rather than on individual suspicion or available evidence.

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Racism

Racism is discrimination and prejudice against people based on their race or ethnicity.

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Radiotelevizija Slovenija

Radiotelevizija Slovenija (Radio-Television of Slovenia) – usually abbreviated to RTV Slovenija (or simply RTV within Slovenia) – is Slovenia's national public broadcasting organization.

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Reformation

The Reformation, also known as the Protestant Reformation and the European Reformation, was a major theological movement in Western Christianity in 16th-century Europe that posed a religious and political challenge to the papacy and the authority of the Catholic Church.

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Refusenik

Refusenik (otkaznik,; alternatively spelled refusnik) was an unofficial term for individuals—typically, but not exclusively, Soviet Jews—who were denied permission to emigrate, primarily to Israel, by the authorities of the Soviet Union and other countries of the Soviet Bloc.

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Religious antisemitism

Religious antisemitism is aversion to or discrimination against Jews as a whole based on religious doctrines of supersession, which expect or demand the disappearance of Judaism and the conversion of Jews to other faiths.

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Renaissance

The Renaissance is a period of history and a European cultural movement covering the 15th and 16th centuries.

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Rescue of Jews by Poles during the Holocaust

Polish Jews were the primary victims of the Nazi Germany-organized Holocaust in Poland. Throughout the German occupation of Poland, Jews were rescued from the Holocaust by Polish people, at risk to their lives and the lives of their families. According to Yad Vashem, Israel's official memorial to the victims of the Holocaust, Poles were, by nationality, the most numerous persons identified as rescuing Jews during the Holocaust.

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Rhineland

The Rhineland (Rheinland; Rhénanie; Rijnland; Rhingland; Latinised name: Rhenania) is a loosely defined area of Western Germany along the Rhine, chiefly its middle section.

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Rima Varzhapetyan-Feller

Rima Varzhapetyan-Feller (Ռիմա Վարժապետյան-Ֆելլեր, Римма Варжапетян-Феллер) is an Armenian Jewish woman who has been the president of the Jewish Community of Armenia since 1996, a community which currently stands at 1,000 people, despite Jews being present in Armenia since the days of Tigranes the Great.

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Robert Kocharyan

Robert Sedraki Kocharyan (Ռոբերտ Սեդրակի Քոչարյան; born 31 August 1954) is an Armenian politician.

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Roman Empire

The Roman Empire was the state ruled by the Romans following Octavian's assumption of sole rule under the Principate in 27 BC, the post-Republican state of ancient Rome.

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Roman Giertych

Roman Jacek Giertych (born 27 February 1971) is a Polish political figure, historian, advocate, Giertych served in PiS government as Deputy Prime Minister of Poland and Minister of National Education from May 2006 to August 2007.

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Rootless cosmopolitan

Rootless cosmopolitan was a pejorative Soviet epithet which referred mostly to Jewish intellectuals as an accusation of their lack of allegiance to the Soviet Union, especially during the antisemitic campaign of 1948–1953.

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Rosengård

Rosengård (literally "Rose Manor") was a city district (stadsdel) in the center of Malmö Municipality, Sweden.

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Rothschild family

The Rothschild family is a wealthy Ashkenazi Jewish noble banking family originally from Frankfurt that rose to prominence with Mayer Amschel Rothschild (1744–1812), a court factor to the German Landgraves of Hesse-Kassel in the Free City of Frankfurt, Holy Roman Empire, who established his banking business in the 1760s.

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Russian Empire

The Russian Empire was a vast empire that spanned most of northern Eurasia from its proclamation in November 1721 until its dissolution in March 1917.

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Russian Far East

The Russian Far East (p) is a region in North Asia.

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Russian language

Russian is an East Slavic language, spoken primarily in Russia.

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Russian Revolution

The Russian Revolution was a period of political and social change in Russia, starting in 1917.

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Russian Revolution of 1905

The Russian Revolution of 1905, also known as the First Russian Revolution, began on 22 January 1905.

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Ruthenians

Ruthenian and Ruthene are exonyms of Latin origin, formerly used in Eastern and Central Europe as common ethnonyms for East Slavs, particularly during the late medieval and early modern periods.

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Second Intifada

The Second Intifada (lit; האינתיפאדה השנייה), also known as the Al-Aqsa Intifada, was a major uprising by Palestinians against the Israeli occupation, characterized by a period of heightened violence in the Palestinian territories and Israel between 2000 and 2005.

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Second Nagorno-Karabakh War

The Second Nagorno-Karabakh War was an armed conflict in 2020 that took place in the disputed region of Nagorno-Karabakh and the surrounding occupied territories.

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Serfaus

Serfaus is a municipality in the district of Landeck in the Austrian state of Tyrol.

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Shtetl

Shtetl or shtetel is a Yiddish term for the small towns with predominantly Ashkenazi Jewish populations which existed in Eastern Europe before the Holocaust.

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Siberia

Siberia (Sibir') is an extensive geographical region comprising all of North Asia, from the Ural Mountains in the west to the Pacific Ocean in the east.

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Sigismund III Vasa

Sigismund III Vasa (Zygmunt III Waza, Žygimantas Vaza; 20 June 1566 – 30 April 1632 N.S.) was King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania from 1587 to 1632 and, as Sigismund, King of Sweden and Grand Duke of Finland from 1592 to 1599.

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Slovak People's Party

Hlinka's Slovak People's Party (Hlinkova slovenská ľudová strana), also known as the Slovak People's Party (Slovenská ľudová strana, SĽS) or the Hlinka Party, was a far-right clerico-fascist political party with a strong Catholic fundamentalist and authoritarian ideology.

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Slovene People's Party (historical)

The Slovene People's Party (Slovenska ljudska stranka,, Slovene abbreviation SLS) was a Slovenian political party in the 19th and 20th centuries, active in the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy and in the Kingdom of Yugoslavia.

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Slovenian National Party

The Slovenian National Party (Slovenska Nacionalna Stranka, SNS) is a nationalist political party in Slovenia led by Zmago Jelinčič Plemeniti.

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Social Darwinism is the study and implementation of various pseudoscientific theories and societal practices that purport to apply biological concepts of natural selection and survival of the fittest to sociology, economics and politics.

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The Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (commonly abbreviated as SFRY or SFR Yugoslavia), commonly referred to as Socialist Yugoslavia or simply Yugoslavia, was a country in Central and Southeast Europe.

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Sofia

Sofia (Sofiya) is the capital and largest city of Bulgaria.

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Soviet anti-Zionism

Soviet anti-Zionism is an anti-Zionist and pro-Arab doctrine promulgated in the Soviet Union during the Cold War.

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Spanish Civil War

The Spanish Civil War (Guerra Civil Española) was a military conflict fought from 1936 to 1939 between the Republicans and the Nationalists.

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Spanish Communist Party

The Spanish Communist Party (in Partido Comunista Español), was the first communist party in Spain, formed out of the Federación de Juventudes Socialistas (Federation of Socialist Youth, youth wing of Spanish Socialist Workers' Party).

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Stab-in-the-back myth

The stab-in-the-back myth was an antisemitic conspiracy theory that was widely believed and promulgated in Germany after 1918.

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Statute of Kalisz

The General Charter of Jewish rights known as the Statute of Kalisz, and the Kalisz Privilege, granted Jews in the Middle Ages special protection against discrimination in Poland when they were being persecuted in Western Europe.

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Stephen Roth Institute

The Stephen Roth Institute for the Study of Contemporary Antisemitism and Racism is a research institute at Tel Aviv University in Israel.

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Strasbourg massacre

The Strasbourg massacre occurred on 14 February 1349, when the entire Jewish community of several thousand Jews were publicly burnt to death as part of the Black Death persecutions.

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Svoboda (political party)

The All-Ukrainian Union "Freedom" (translit), commonly known as Svoboda, is an ultranationalist political party in Ukraine.

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Swastika

The swastika (卐 or 卍) is an ancient religious and cultural symbol, predominantly found in various Eurasian cultures, as well as some African and American ones.

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Sweden

Sweden, formally the Kingdom of Sweden, is a Nordic country located on the Scandinavian Peninsula in Northern Europe.

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Szlachta

The szlachta (Polish:; Lithuanian: šlėkta) were the noble estate of the realm in the Kingdom of Poland, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and, as a social class, dominated those states by exercising political rights and power.

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Talmud

The Talmud (תַּלְמוּד|Talmūḏ|teaching) is the central text of Rabbinic Judaism and the primary source of Jewish religious law (halakha) and Jewish theology.

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Temple menorah

The menorah (מְנוֹרָה mənōrā) is a seven-branched candelabrum that is described in the Hebrew Bible and in later ancient sources as having been used in the Tabernacle and in the Temple in Jerusalem.

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The Holocaust

The Holocaust was the genocide of European Jews during World War II.

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The Holocaust in Norway

The German occupation of Norway began on 9 April 1940.

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The Holocaust in Slovakia

The Holocaust in Slovakia was the systematic dispossession, deportation, and murder of Jews in the Slovak Republic, a client state of Nazi Germany, during World War II.

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The Jewish Chronicle

The Jewish Chronicle (The JC) is a London-based Jewish weekly newspaper.

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The Protocols of the Elders of Zion

The Protocols of the Elders of Zion is a fabricated text purporting to detail a Jewish plot for global domination.

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The Times of Israel

The Times of Israel is an Israeli multi-language online newspaper that was launched in 2012.

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Theodor Herzl

Theodor Herzl (2 May 1860 – 3 July 1904) was an Austro-Hungarian Jewish journalist, lawyer, writer, playwright and political activist who was the father of modern political Zionism.

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Tigran Karapetyan

Tigran Karapeti Karapetyan (Տիգրան Կարապետի Կարապետյան; 16 May 1945 – 21 October 2021) was an Armenian politician and the chairman of the People's Party.

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Tomáš Masaryk

Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk (7 March 185014 September 1937) was a Czechoslovak statesman, progressive political activist and philosopher who served as the first president of Czechoslovakia from 1918 to 1935.

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Topoľčany pogrom

The Topoľčany pogrom was an antisemitic riot in Topoľčany, Slovakia, on 24 September 1945 and the best-known incident of postwar violence against Jews in Slovakia.

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Toulouse and Montauban shootings

The Toulouse and Montauban shootings were a series of Islamist terrorist attacksFoley, Frank.

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Trials of the Diaspora

Trials of the Diaspora: A History of Anti-Semitism in England is a 2010 book by British lawyer Anthony Julius.

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Turks in Germany

Turks in Germany, also referred to as German Turks and Turkish Germans (Türken in Deutschland/Deutschtürken; Almancılar), are people with a migration background from Turkey living in Germany.

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Ukase

In Imperial Russia, a ukase or ukaz (указ) was a proclamation of the tsar, government, or a religious leader (patriarch) that had the force of law.

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Unidas Podemos

Unidas Podemos, formerly called Unidos Podemos and also known in English as United We Can, was a democratic socialist electoral alliance formed by Podemos, United Left, and other left-wing to far-left parties in May to contest the 2016 Spanish general election.

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United Kingdom

The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom (UK) or Britain, is a country in Northwestern Europe, off the coast of the continental mainland.

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United States

The United States of America (USA or U.S.A.), commonly known as the United States (US or U.S.) or America, is a country primarily located in North America.

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United States Commission on International Religious Freedom

The United States Commission on International Religious Freedom (USCIRF) is a U.S. federal government commission created by the International Religious Freedom Act (IRFA) of 1998.

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University of Nebraska Press

The University of Nebraska Press (UNP) was founded in 1941 and is an academic publisher of scholarly and general-interest books.

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Upper Hungary

Upper Hungary is the usual English translation of Felvidék (literally: "Upland"), the Hungarian term for the area that was historically the northern part of the Kingdom of Hungary, now mostly present-day Slovakia.

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Vardan Ayvazyan

Vardan Ayvazyan (Վարդան Այվազյան; born 7 November 1961) is the current Ecology Minister of Armenia.

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Völkischer Beobachter

The Völkischer Beobachter ("Völkisch Observer") was the newspaper of the Nazi Party (NSDAP) from 25 December 1920.

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Vidkun Quisling

Vidkun Abraham Lauritz Jonssøn Quisling (18 July 1887 – 24 October 1945) was a Norwegian military officer, politician and Nazi collaborator who nominally headed the government of Norway during the country's occupation by Nazi Germany during World War II.

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Vitebsk

Vitebsk or Vitsyebsk (Viciebsk,; Витебск) is a city in northern Belarus.

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Vladimir Lenin

Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov (1870 – 21 January 1924), better known as Vladimir Lenin, was a Russian revolutionary, politician and political theorist.

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Wall Street Crash of 1929

The Wall Street Crash of 1929, also known as the Great Crash, Crash of '29, or Black Tuesday, was a major American stock market crash that occurred in the autumn of 1929.

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Warsaw Confederation

The Warsaw Confederation, signed on 28 January 1573 by the Polish national assembly (sejm konwokacyjny) in Warsaw, was one of the first European acts granting religious freedoms.

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Washington, D.C.

Washington, D.C., formally the District of Columbia and commonly known as Washington or D.C., is the capital city and federal district of the United States.

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Water supply and sanitation in the State of Palestine

The water resources of Palestine are fully controlled by Israel, and the division of groundwater is subject to provisions in the Oslo II Accord.

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Westview Press

Westview Press was an American publishing company headquartered in Boulder, Colorado founded in 1975.

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White power skinhead

White power skinheads, also known as racist skinheads and neo-Nazi skinheads (but derided as boneheads by anti-racist skinheads), are members of a neo-Nazi, white supremacist and antisemitic offshoot of the skinhead subculture.

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Who is a Jew?

"Who is a Jew?" (מיהו יהודי) is a basic question about Jewish identity and considerations of Jewish self-identification.

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William of Norwich

William of Norwich (died 22 March 1144) was an apprentice who lived in the English city of Norwich.

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World War I

World War I (alternatively the First World War or the Great War) (28 July 1914 – 11 November 1918) was a global conflict between two coalitions: the Allies (or Entente) and the Central Powers.

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World War II

World War II or the Second World War (1 September 1939 – 2 September 1945) was a global conflict between two alliances: the Allies and the Axis powers.

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Writers Union of Armenia

The Writers' Union of Armenia was founded in August 1934, simultaneously with the USSR Union of Writers and as a component part of the USSR Union.

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Xenophobia

Xenophobia (from ξένος (xénos), "strange, foreign, or alien", and (phóbos), "fear") is the fear or dislike of anything which is perceived as being foreign or strange.

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Yale University

Yale University is a private Ivy League research university in New Haven, Connecticut.

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Yevsektsiya

A Yevsektsiya (Еврейская секция).

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Zionism

Zionism is an ethno-cultural nationalist movement that emerged in Europe in the late 19th century and aimed for the establishment of a Jewish state through the colonization of a land outside of Europe.

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Zionist Occupation Government conspiracy theory

The Zionist occupation government, Zionist occupational government or Zionist-occupied government (ZOG), sometimes also referred to as the Jewish occupational government (JOG), is an antisemitic conspiracy theory claiming Jews secretly control the governments of Western states.

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1066 Granada massacre

The 1066 Granada massacre took place on 30 December 1066 (9 Tevet 4827; 10 Safar 459 AH) when a Muslim mob stormed the royal palace in Granada, in the Taifa of Granada, killed and crucified the Jewish vizier Joseph ibn Naghrela, and massacred much of the Jewish population of the city.

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1968 Polish political crisis

The Polish 1968 political crisis, also known in Poland as March 1968, Students' March, or March events (Marzec 1968; studencki Marzec; wydarzenia marcowe), was a series of major student, intellectual and other protests against the ruling Polish United Workers' Party of the Polish People's Republic.

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2008–2009 Oslo anti-Israel riots

On 29 December 2008, a large-scale series of riots broke out across Oslo, Norway, two days after Israel initiated "Operation Cast Lead" against Palestinian militants in the Gaza Strip.

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2014 Gaza War

The 2014 Gaza War, also known as Operation Protective Edge (translit), and Battle of the Withered Grain (translit), was a military operation launched by Israel on 8 July 2014 in the Gaza Strip, a Palestinian territory that has been governed by Hamas since 2007.

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2015 Copenhagen shootings

On 14–15 February 2015, three separate shootings occurred in Copenhagen, Denmark.

See Antisemitism in Europe and 2015 Copenhagen shootings

2020 in politics

Events pertaining to world affairs in 2020, national politics, public policy, government, world economics, and international business, that took place in various nations, regions, organizations, around the world in 2020.

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See also

Racism in Europe

• Antisemitism in Europe
• EU Anti-racism Action Plan (2020–2025)
• Environmental injustice in Europe
• Environmental racism in Western Europe
• Ethnic minorities in Czechoslovakia
• Grigory Zass
• Islamophobia in Europe
• National Movement (Luxembourg)
• Racism in Europe
• Racism in Finland
• Racism in Ireland
• Racism in Latvia
• Racism in Portugal
• Racism in Romania
• Racism in Russia
• Racism in the Soviet Union
• Xenophobia and discrimination in Turkey
• Xenophobia in Europe

Xenophobia

• Additional Protocol to the Convention on Cybercrime
• Alternative for Germany
• America First (policy)
• Animal name changes in Turkey
• Anti-Chinese sentiment in the United States
• Anti-immigration politics
• Antisemitism
• Antisemitism in Europe
• Antisemitism in Germany
• Aporophobia
• Black Hundreds
• Chauvinism
• China Initiative
• Demographic threat
• Ethnic conflicts in Kazakhstan
• Exclusionism
• Femonationalism
• Gabacho
• Go back to where you came from
• Hijabophobia
• Immigrant invasion
• Islamophobia
• List of incidents of xenophobia during the Venezuelan refugee crisis
• Meyer v. Nebraska
• Movement Against Illegal Immigration
• Nativism (politics)
• Nazism
• Opposition to immigration
• Orange Order in Canada
• Perpetual foreigner
• Redbull (political terminology)
• Russia for Russians
• The True-Born Englishman
• Ultranationalism
• Wog
• Xenelasia
• Xenophobia
• Xenophobia and racism related to the COVID-19 pandemic
• Xenophobia in the United States
• Xenoracism

References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Europe

Also known as Anti-Semitism in Europe, Anti-Semitism in Germany, Antisemitic incidents in the Netherlands, Antisemitism in Armenia, Antisemitism in Austria, Antisemitism in Belgium, Antisemitism in Bulgaria, Antisemitism in Czechia, Antisemitism in Denmark, Antisemitism in Estonia, Antisemitism in Germany, Antisemitism in Hungary, Antisemitism in Italy, Antisemitism in Latvia, Antisemitism in Slovakia, Antisemitism in Slovenia, Antisemitism in the Czech Republic, Antisemitism in the Netherlands, European anti-Semitic, European antisemitism, German anti-Semitism, German antisemitism.

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