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Apostasy in Islam, the Glossary

Apostasy in Islam (translit or label) is commonly defined as the abandonment of Islam by a Muslim, in thought, word, or through deed.^[1]

317 relations: A History of the Crusades, Abbasid Caliphate, Abd al-Rahman al-Awza'i, Abd ar-Rahman II, Abdülmecid I, Abdul Rahman (convert), Abu al-Walid al-Baji, Abu Bakr, Abu Musab al-Zarqawi, Abul A'la Maududi, Afghanistan, Ahmadiyya, Ahmed el-Tayeb, Ahmed Subhy Mansour, Al Jazeera Media Network, Al-Azhar University, Al-Baqara 256, Al-Ghazali, Al-Hallaj, Al-Kamal ibn al-Humam, Al-Mahdi, Al-Muqtadir, Al-Qaeda, Al-Saffah, Al-Sarakhsi, Al-Shafi'i, Al-Shawkani, Al-Sunan al-Sughra, Albania, Ali, Ali Gomaa, Alwaleed Philanthropies, Among Nonbelievers, Annulment, Anwar Shaikh (writer), Apostasy, Apostasy in Christianity, Apostasy in Judaism, Aqidah, Arab Law Quarterly, Armenian genocide, Asma Afsaruddin, Associate professor, Baháʼí Faith, Baltimore, Bangladesh, Barnabas Aid, Basel, BBC News, BBC Persian, ... Expand index (267 more) »
Disengagement from religion
Islam and capital punishment
Islamic criminal jurisprudence
Persecution of atheists

A History of the Crusades

A History of the Crusades by Steven Runciman, published in three volumes during 1951–1954 (vol. I - The First Crusade and the Foundation of the Kingdom of Jerusalem; vol. II - The Kingdom of Jerusalem and the Frankish East, 1100-1187; vol. III - The Kingdom of Accre and the Later Crusades), is an influential work in the historiography of the Crusades, including the events that led up to those expeditions to the Holy Land and an extensive study of primary sources.

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Abbasid Caliphate

The Abbasid Caliphate or Abbasid Empire (translit) was the third caliphate to succeed the Islamic prophet Muhammad.

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Abd al-Rahman al-Awza'i

Abū ʿAmr ʿAbd al-Raḥmān ibn ʿAmr al-Awzāʿī (أَبُو عَمْرو عَبْد ٱلرَّحْمَٰن بْن عَمْرو ٱلْأَوْزَاعِيّ; 707–774) was a Sunni Muslim scholar, jurist, theologian, and the chief representative and eponym of the Awza'i school of Islamic jurisprudence.

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Abd ar-Rahman II

Abd ar-Rahman II (792–852) was the fourth Umayyad Emir of Córdoba in al-Andalus from 822 until his death.

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Abdülmecid I

Abdülmecid I (ʿAbdü'l-Mecîd-i evvel, I.; 25 April 182325 June 1861) was the 31st sultan of the Ottoman Empire.

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Abdul Rahman (convert)

Abdul Rahman (born 1965) is an Afghan man whose arrest and trial in February 2006 sparked widespread controversy among the international community.

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Abu al-Walid al-Baji

Abu al-Walid al-Baji, full name Sulayman ibn Khalaf ibn Saʿd (or Saʿdun) ibn Ayyub al-Qadi Abu al-Walid al-Tujaybi al-Andalusi al-Qurtubi al-Baji al-Tamimi al-Dhahabi al-Maliki (28 May 1013 – 21 December 1081), was a Sunni scholar from Beja in al-Andalus.

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Abu Bakr

Abd Allah ibn Abi Quhafa (23 August 634), commonly known by the kunya Abu Bakr, was the first caliph, ruling from 632 until his death in 634.

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Abu Musab al-Zarqawi

Abu Musab al-Zarqawi (أَبُو مُصْعَبٍ ٱلزَّرْقَاوِيُّ,, Father of Musab, from Zarqa;; October 30, 1966 – June 7, 2006), born Ahmad Fadeel al-Nazal al-Khalayleh (أَحْمَدُ فَضِيلِ ٱلنَّزَالِ ٱلْخَلَايْلَةَ), was a Jordanian jihadist who ran a terrorist training camp in Afghanistan.

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Abul A'la Maududi

Abul A'la al-Maududi (ابو الاعلی المودودی|translit.

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Afghanistan

Afghanistan, officially the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan, is a landlocked country located at the crossroads of Central Asia and South Asia.

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Ahmadiyya

Ahmadiyya, officially the Ahmadiyya Muslim Jama'at (AMJ) is an Islamic messianic movement originating in British India in the late 19th century. It was founded by Mirza Ghulam Ahmad (1835–1908), who said he had been divinely appointed as both the Promised Mahdi (Guided One) and Messiah expected by Muslims to appear towards the end times and bring about, by peaceful means, the final triumph of Islam; as well as to embody, in this capacity, the expected eschatological figure of other major religious traditions.

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Ahmed el-Tayeb

Ahmed Mohamed Ahmed El-Tayeb (أحمد محمد أحمد الطيب; born 6 January 1946) is an Egyptian Islamic scholar and the current Grand Imam of al-Azhar, Al-Azhar Al Sharif and former president of al-Azhar University.

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Ahmed Subhy Mansour

Ahmed Subhy Mansour (أحمد صبحي منصور; born March 1, 1949) is an Egyptian American activist and Quranist scholar dealing with Islamic history, culture, theology, and politics.

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Al Jazeera Media Network (AJMN; The Peninsula) is a private-media conglomerate headquartered at Wadi Al Sail, Doha, funded in part by the government of Qatar.

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Al-Azhar University

The Al-Azhar University (1) is a public university in Cairo, Egypt.

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Al-Baqara 256

The verse (ayah) 256 of Al-Baqara is a very famous verse in the Islamic scripture, the Quran.

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Al-Ghazali

Abū Ḥāmid Muḥammad ibn Muḥammad al-Ṭūsiyy al-Ghazali (أَبُو حَامِد مُحَمَّد بْن مُحَمَّد ٱلطُّوسِيّ ٱلْغَزَّالِيّ), known commonly as Al-Ghazali (ٱلْغَزَالِيُّ;,; – 19 December 1111), known in Medieval Europe by the Latinized Algazelus or Algazel, was a Persian Sunni Muslim polymath.

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Al-Hallaj

Mansour al-Hallaj (Abū 'l-Muġīth al-Ḥusayn ibn Manṣūr al-Ḥallāj) or Mansour Hallaj (Mansūr-e Hallāj) (26 March 922) (Hijri 309 AH) was a Persian mystic, poet, and teacher of Sufism.

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Al-Kamal ibn al-Humam

Al-Kamal ibn al-Humam (الكمال بن الهمام) was a prominent Egyptian Hanafi-Maturidi, polymath, legal theorist and jurist.

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Al-Mahdi

Abū ʿAbd Allāh Muḥammad ibn ʿAbd Allāh al-Manṣūr (أبو عبد الله محمد بن عبد الله المنصور; 744 or 745 – 785), better known by his regnal name al-Mahdī (المهدي, "He who is guided by God"), was the third Abbasid Caliph who reigned from 775 to his death in 785.

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Al-Muqtadir

Abu’l-Faḍl Jaʿfar ibn Ahmad al-Muʿtaḍid (أبو الفضل جعفر بن أحمد المعتضد) (895 – 31 October 932 AD), better known by his regnal name al-Muqtadir bi-llāh (المقتدر بالله, "Mighty in God"), was the eighteenth caliph of the Abbasid Caliphate from 908 to 932 AD (295–320 AH), with the exception of a brief deposition in favour of al-Qahir in 929.

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Al-Qaeda

Al-Qaeda is a pan-Islamist militant organization led by Sunni Jihadists who self-identify as a vanguard spearheading a global Islamist revolution to unite the Muslim world under a supra-national Islamic caliphate.

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Al-Saffah

Abu al-ʿAbbās Abd Allāh ibn Muḥammad ibn ʿAlī ibn ʿAbd Allāh ibn ʿal-ʿAbbās (translit&lrm;; 721/722 – 8 June 754), known by his laqab al-Saffah (translit), was the first caliph of the Abbasid Caliphate, one of the longest and most important caliphates in Islamic history.

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Al-Sarakhsi

Muhammad b. Ahmad b. Abi Sahl Abu Bakr al-Sarakhsi (محمد بن احمد بن ابي سهل ابو بكر السرخسي), was a Persian jurist and also an Islamic scholar of the Hanafi school of thought.

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Al-Shafi'i

Al-Shafi'i (translit;;767–820 CE) was a Sunni Muslim scholar, jurist, traditionist, theologian, ascetic, and eponym of the Shafi'i school of Islamic jurisprudence.

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Al-Shawkani

Muḥammad ibn Ali ibn Muḥammad ibn Abd Allah, better known as al-Shawkānī (1759–1834), was a prominent Yemeni Sunni Islamic scholar, jurist, theologian and reformer.

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Al-Sunan al-Sughra

Al-Sunan al-Sughra (al-Sunan al-Ṣughrā), also known as Sunan al-Nasa'i (Sunan al-Nasāʾī), is one of the Kutub al-Sittah (six major hadiths), and was collected by al-Nasa'i (214 – 303 AH; c. 829 – 915 CE).

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Albania

Albania (Shqipëri or Shqipëria), officially the Republic of Albania (Republika e Shqipërisë), is a country in Southeast Europe.

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Ali

Ali ibn Abi Talib (translit) was the cousin and son-in-law of the Islamic prophet Muhammad, and was the fourth Rashidun caliph who ruled from 656 to 661, as well as the first Shia imam.

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Ali Gomaa

Ali Gomaa (علي جمعة, Egyptian Arabic) is an Egyptian Islamic scholar, jurist, and public figure who has taken a number of controversial political stances.

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Alwaleed Philanthropies

Alwaleed Philanthropies (formerly "The Al Waleed bin Talal Foundation") is a charitable and philanthropic organization founded by Al-Waleed bin Talal, a Saudi billionaire businessman, and of the ruling House of Saud.

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Among Nonbelievers

Among Nonbelievers (Dutch title: Onder Ongelovigen) is a 2015 bilingual English–Dutch documentary on the situation of endangered nonbelievers, especially ex-Muslims, around the world.

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Annulment

Annulment is a legal procedure within secular and religious legal systems for declaring a marriage null and void.

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Anwar Shaikh (writer)

Anirudh Gyan Shikha (1 June 1928 – 25 November 2006; known as Anwar Shaikh) was a British India-born British writer, who spent much of his adult life in Pakistan and United Kingdom, dying in Cardiff, Wales.

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Apostasy

Apostasy (defection, revolt) is the formal disaffiliation from, abandonment of, or renunciation of a religion by a person. Apostasy in Islam and Apostasy are Disengagement from religion.

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Apostasy in Christianity

Apostasy in Christianity is the repudiation of Christ and the central teachings of Christianity by someone who formerly was a Christian (Christ-follower). Apostasy in Islam and Apostasy in Christianity are Disengagement from religion.

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Apostasy in Judaism

Apostasy in Judaism is the rejection of Judaism and possible conversion to another religion by a Jew.

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Aqidah

Aqidah (pl.) is an Islamic term of Arabic origin that literally means "creed".

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Arab Law Quarterly

The Arab Law Quarterly is an English language quarterly devoted to Arab law, covering both Sharia and secular law.

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Armenian genocide

The Armenian genocide was the systematic destruction of the Armenian people and identity in the Ottoman Empire during World War I.

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Asma Afsaruddin

Asma Afsaruddin (born 1958) is an American scholar of Islamic studies and Professor in the Department of Near Eastern Languages and Cultures at Indiana University in Bloomington.

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Associate professor

Associate professor is an academic title with two principal meanings: in the North American system and that of the Commonwealth system.

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Baháʼí Faith

The Baháʼí Faith is a religion founded in the 19th century that teaches the essential worth of all religions and the unity of all people.

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Baltimore

Baltimore is the most populous city in the U.S. state of Maryland.

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Bangladesh

Bangladesh, officially the People's Republic of Bangladesh, is a country in South Asia.

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Barnabas Aid

Barnabas Aid is an international, interdenominational Christian aid agency that supports Christians who face discrimination or persecution as a consequence of their faith.

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Basel

Basel, also known as Basle,Bâle; Basilea; Basileia; other Basilea.

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BBC News

BBC News is an operational business division of the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) responsible for the gathering and broadcasting of news and current affairs in the UK and around the world.

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BBC Persian

BBC Persian (بی‌بی‌سی فارسی) is the Persian language broadcast station and subsidiary of BBC World Service which conveys the latest political, social, economical and sport news relevant to Iran, Afghanistan, and Tajikistan, and the world.

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BBC World Service

The BBC World Service is an international broadcaster owned and operated by the BBC.

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Bernard Lewis

Bernard Lewis, (31 May 1916 – 19 May 2018) was a British American historian specialized in Oriental studies.

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Bosnia and Herzegovina

Bosnia and Herzegovina (Босна и Херцеговина), sometimes known as Bosnia-Herzegovina and informally as Bosnia, is a country in Southeast Europe, situated on the Balkan Peninsula.

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Boston

Boston, officially the City of Boston, is the capital and most populous city in the Commonwealth of Massachusetts in the United States.

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Brill Publishers

Brill Academic Publishers, also known as E. J. Brill, Koninklijke Brill, Brill, is a Dutch international academic publisher of books and journals.

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Buddhism

Buddhism, also known as Buddha Dharma and Dharmavinaya, is an Indian religion and philosophical tradition based on teachings attributed to the Buddha, a wandering teacher who lived in the 6th or 5th century BCE.

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Cairo

Cairo (al-Qāhirah) is the capital of Egypt and the Cairo Governorate, and is the country's largest city, being home to more than 10 million people.

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Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam

The Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam (CDHRI) is a declaration of the member states of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) first adopted in Cairo, Egypt, on 5 August 1990, (Conference of Foreign Ministers, 9–14 Muharram 1411H in the Islamic calendar), and later revised in 2020 and adopted on 28 November 2020 (Council of Foreign Ministers at its 47th session in Niamey, Republic of Niger).

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Caliphate

A caliphate or khilāfah (خِلَافَةْ) is a monarchical form of government (initially elective, later absolute) that originated in the 7th century Arabia, whose political identity is based on a claim of succession to the Islamic State of Muhammad and the identification of a monarch called caliph (خَلِيفَةْ) as his heir and successor.

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Cambridge

Cambridge is a city and non-metropolitan district in the county of Cambridgeshire, England.

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Cambridge University Press

Cambridge University Press is the university press of the University of Cambridge.

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Capital punishment in Islam

Capital punishment in Islam is traditionally regulated by the Islamic law (sharīʿa), which derived from the Quran, ''ḥadīth'' literature, and sunnah (accounts of the sayings and living habits attributed to the Islamic prophet Muhammad during his lifetime). Apostasy in Islam and Capital punishment in Islam are islam and capital punishment.

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Chief Justice of Pakistan

The chief justice of Pakistan (initials as CJP; منصفِ اعظمپاکستان, Munsif-e-Āzam Pākistān) is the chief judge of the Supreme Court of Pakistan and is the highest-ranking officer of the Pakistani judiciary.

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China

China, officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is a country in East Asia.

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Christian martyr

In Christianity, a martyr is a person who was killed for their testimony for Jesus or faith in Jesus.

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Companions of the Prophet

The Companions of the Prophet (lit) were the disciples and followers of Muhammad who saw or met him during his lifetime, while being a Muslim and were physically in his presence.

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Comparative Literature Studies

Comparative Literature Studies (CLS) is an academic journal in the field of comparative literature.

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Conference on Latin American History

Conference on Latin American History, (CLAH), founded in 1926, is the professional organization of Latin American historians affiliated with the American Historical Association.

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Conversion to Christianity

Conversion to Christianity is the religious conversion of a previously non-Christian person that brings about changes in what sociologists refer to as the convert's "root reality" including their social behaviors, thinking and ethics.

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Corporal punishment

A corporal punishment or a physical punishment is a punishment which is intended to cause physical pain to a person.

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Council of Ex-Muslims of Britain

The Council of Ex-Muslims of Britain or CEMB (pronounced as see-em-BEE) is the British branch of the Central Council of Ex-Muslims.

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Crypto-Christianity

Crypto-Christianity is the secret adherence to Christianity, while publicly professing to be another faith; people who practice crypto-Christianity are referred to as "crypto-Christians".

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Da'i

A da'i (inviter, caller) is generally someone who engages in Dawah, the act of inviting people to Islam.

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Daily News and Analysis

The Daily News and Analysis, abbreviated as DNA, is a Hindi-language news program on Zee news that was earlier a newspaper with multiple local city editions across India.

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Dale F. Eickelman

Dale F. Eickelman (born December 15, 1942) is an American anthropologist with an expertise on the Middle East.

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Dar al-Ifta al-Misriyyah

Egypt's Dar al-Ifta (دار الإفتاء المصرية) is an Egyptian Islamic advisory, justiciary and governmental body established as a centre for Islam and Islamic legal research in Egypt in 1313 AH / 1895 CE.

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Dara Shikoh

Dara Shikoh, also transliterated as Dara Shukoh, (20 March 1615 – 30 August 1659) was the eldest son and heir-apparent of the Mughal emperor Shah Jahan.

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David Cook (historian)

David Cook is an American historian and professor of the history of Islam at Rice University.

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David Kerr (religion scholar)

David A. Kerr (16 May 1945 – 14 April 2008) was a British scholar of Christian-Muslim relations and world Christianity.

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Death by burning

Death by burning is an execution, murder, or suicide method involving combustion or exposure to extreme heat.

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Deeyah Khan

Deeyah Khan (دیا خان,, born 7 August 1977) is a Norwegian documentary film director and human rights activist of Punjabi/Pashtun descent.

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Deutsche Welle

("German Wave"), commonly shortened to DW, is a German public, state-owned international broadcaster funded by the German federal tax budget.

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Duke University Press

Duke University Press is an academic publisher and university press affiliated with Duke University.

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Dunya

In Islam, (دُنْيا) refers to the temporal world and its earthly concerns and possessions.

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Durham, North Carolina

Durham is a city in the U.S. state of North Carolina and the county seat of Durham County.

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Early Muslim conquests

The early Muslim conquests or early Islamic conquests (translit), also known as the Arab conquests, were initiated in the 7th century by Muhammad, the founder of Islam.

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Edict of Toleration (1844)

On 21 March 1844, the Sublime Porte of the Ottoman Empire submitted a note to the British and French embassies promising to cease the executions of apostates from Islam. Apostasy in Islam and Edict of Toleration (1844) are islam and capital punishment and Islamic criminal jurisprudence.

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Edip Yüksel

Edip Yüksel (born December 20, 1957) is an American-Kurdish activist and prominent figure in the Quranism movement.

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Egypt

Egypt (مصر), officially the Arab Republic of Egypt, is a transcontinental country spanning the northeast corner of Africa and the Sinai Peninsula in the southwest corner of Asia.

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Encyclopaedia of Islam

The Encyclopaedia of Islam (EI) is a reference work that facilitates the academic study of Islam.

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Encyclopaedia of the Qurʾān

The Encyclopaedia of the Qurʾān (abbreviated EQ) is an encyclopedia dedicated to Quranic Studies edited by Islamic scholar Jane Dammen McAuliffe, and published by Brill Publishers.

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Enjoining good and forbidding wrong

Enjoining good and forbidding wrong (al-amru bi-l-maʿrūfi wa-n-nahyu ʿani-l-munkari) are two important duties imposed by Allah in Islam, as revealed in the Quran and Hadith.

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Eulogius of Córdoba

Saint Eulogius of Córdoba (San Eulogio de Córdoba (died 11 March 859) was one of the Martyrs of Córdoba. He lived during the reigns of the Cordovan emirs Abd ar-Rahman II and Muhammad I (mid-9th century).

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Ex-Muslims of North America

Ex-Muslims of North America (EXMNA) is a non-profit organization which describes itself as advocating for acceptance of religious dissent, promoting secular values, and aiming to reduce discrimination faced by Ex-Muslims.

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Faculty of Theology and Religion, University of Oxford

The Oxford Faculty of Theology and Religion co-ordinates the teaching of theology at the University of Oxford.

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Fasting in Islam

In Islam, fasting (known as, صوم; or, صيام) is the practice of abstaining, usually from food, drink, sexual activity and anything which substitutes food and drink.

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Fatwa

A fatwa (translit; label) is a legal ruling on a point of Islamic law (sharia) given by a qualified Islamic jurist (faqih) in response to a question posed by a private individual, judge or government.

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Fiqh

Fiqh (فقه) is Islamic jurisprudence.

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Fiqh Council of North America

The Fiqh Council of North America (originally known as ISNA Fiqh Committee) is an association of Muslims who interpret Islamic law on the North American continent.

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First Fitna

The First Fitna was the first civil war in the Islamic community.

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Fitna (word)

Fitna (or, pl.; فتنة, فتن: "temptation, trial; sedition, civil strife, conflict"Wehr (1976), p. 696.) is an Arabic word with extensive connotations of trial, affliction, or distress.

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Freethought

Freethought (sometimes spelled free thought) is an unorthodox attitude or belief.

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Fuuse

Fuuse is an independent music, arts and film production company founded by Norwegian artist, (film and music maker) Deeyah Khan.

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Georgetown University

Georgetown University is a private Jesuit research university in the Georgetown neighborhood of Washington, D.C., United States.

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Gilles Kepel

Gilles Kepel, (born June 30, 1955) is a French political scientist and Arabist, specialized in the contemporary Middle East and Muslims in the West.

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Grand Imam of al-Azhar

The Grand Imam of al-Azhar (الإمامالأكبر), also known as Grand Sheikh of al-Azhar (شيخ الأزهر الشريف), currently Ahmed el-Tayeb, is a prestigious and a prominent official title in Egypt and Islamic world.

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Grand Mufti

The Grand Mufti (also called Chief Mufti, State Mufti and Supreme Mufti) is the head of regional muftis, Islamic jurisconsults, of a state.

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Greek genocide

The Greek genocide, which included the Pontic genocide, was the systematic killing of the Christian Ottoman Greek population of Anatolia, which was carried out mainly during World War I and its aftermath (1914–1922) – including the Turkish War of Independence (1919–1923) – on the basis of their religion and ethnicity.

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Guildford

Guildford is a town in west Surrey, England, around south-west of central London.

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Gulf Cooperation Council

The Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf (مجلس التعاون لدول الخلیج العربية.), also known as the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC; مجلس التعاون الخليجي), is a regional, intergovernmental, political, and economic union comprising Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates.

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Hadith

Hadith (translit) or Athar (أثر) is a form of Islamic oral tradition containing the purported words, actions, and the silent approvals of the prophet Muhammad.

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Hadith terminology

Hadith terminology (muṣṭalaḥu l-ḥadīth) is the body of terminology in Islam which specifies the acceptability of the sayings (hadith) attributed to the Islamic prophet Muhammad by other early Islamic figures of significance such as the companions and followers/successors.

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Hagiography

A hagiography is a biography of a saint or an ecclesiastical leader, as well as, by extension, an adulatory and idealized biography of a preacher, priest, founder, saint, monk, nun or icon in any of the world's religions.

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Hajj

Hajj (translit; also spelled Hadj, Haj or Haji) is an annual Islamic pilgrimage to Mecca, Saudi Arabia, the holiest city for Muslims.

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Hamidian massacres

The Hamidian massacres also called the Armenian massacres, were massacres of Armenians in the Ottoman Empire in the mid-1890s.

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Hanafi school

The Hanafi school or Hanafism (translit) is one of the four major schools of Islamic jurisprudence within Sunni Islam.

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Hanbali school

The Hanbali school or Hanbalism (translit) is one of the four major schools of Islamic jurisprudence within Sunni Islam.

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Harvard Law School

Harvard Law School (HLS) is the law school of Harvard University, a private research university in Cambridge, Massachusetts.

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Hashem Aghajari

Seyyed Hashem Aghajari (سیدهاشمآقاجری, born 1957) is an Iranian historian, university professor and a critic of the Islamic Republic's government who was sentenced to death in 2002 for apostasy for a speech he gave on Islam urging Iranians to "not blindly follow" Islamic clerics.

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Heresy

Heresy is any belief or theory that is strongly at variance with established beliefs or customs, particularly the accepted beliefs or religious law of a religious organization.

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Heterodoxy

In religion, heterodoxy (from Ancient Greek:, "other, another, different" +, "popular belief") means "any opinions or doctrines at variance with an official or orthodox position".

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Hijri year

The Hijri year (سَنة هِجْريّة) or era (التقويمالهجري at-taqwīm al-hijrī) is the era used in the Islamic lunar calendar.

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Hirabah

In Islamic law, Ḥirābah (حرابة) is a legal category that comprises highway robbery (traditionally understood as aggravated robbery or grand larceny, unlike theft, which has a different punishment), rape, and terrorism. Apostasy in Islam and Hirabah are islam and capital punishment.

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History of Islam

The history of Islam concerns the political, social, economic, military, and cultural developments of the Islamic civilization.

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Holy Roman Empire

The Holy Roman Empire, also known as the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation after 1512, was a polity in Central and Western Europe, usually headed by the Holy Roman Emperor.

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Honor killing

An honor killing (American English), honour killing (Commonwealth English), or shame killing is a traditional form of murder in which a person is killed by or at the behest of members of their family or their partner, due to culturally sanctioned beliefs that such homicides are necessary as retribution for the perceived dishonoring of the family by the victim.

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Hudud

Hudud (Arabic: حدود Ḥudūd, also transliterated hudood; plural of hadd, حد) is an Arabic word meaning "borders, boundaries, limits". Apostasy in Islam and Hudud are islam and capital punishment and Islamic criminal jurisprudence.

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Humanistische Omroep

HUMAN (earlier Humanistische Omroep and HOS: English: Humanist Broadcaster) is a special broadcaster on the Netherlands Public Broadcasting system, which is allowed to broadcast on radio and television because of their spiritual background.

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Humanists International

Humanists International (known as the International Humanist and Ethical Union, or IHEU, from 1952–2019) is an international non-governmental organisation championing secularism and human rights, motivated by secular humanist values.

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Husayn al-Sadr

Grand Ayatollah Sayyid Hussein Ismael Al-Sadr is a high-ranking Shi’a Muslim religious scholar in Iraq.

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Hussein-Ali Montazeri

Grand Ayatollah Hussein-Ali Montazeri (حسینعلی منتظری&lrm;; 24 September 1922 – 19 December 2009) was an Iranian Shia Islamic theologian, Islamic democracy advocate, writer and human rights activist.

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Ibn Abbas

ʿAbd Allāh ibn ʿAbbās (عَبْد ٱللَّٰه ٱبْن عَبَّاس; c. 619 – 687 CE), also known as Ibn ʿAbbās, was one of the cousins of the prophet Muhammad.

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Ibn Hazm

Ibn Hazm (November 994 – 15 August 1064) was an Andalusian Muslim polymath, historian, traditionist, jurist, philosopher, and theologian, born in the Córdoban Caliphate, present-day Spain.

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Ibn Taymiyya

Ibn Taymiyya (ٱبْن تَيْمِيَّة; 22 January 1263 – 26 September 1328)Ibn Taymiyya, Taqi al-Din Ahmad, The Oxford Dictionary of Islam.

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Ijma

Ijma (lit) is an Arabic term referring to the consensus or agreement of the Islamic community on a point of Islamic law.

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Imprisonment

Imprisonment or incarceration is the restraint of a person's liberty against their will.

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India

India, officially the Republic of India (ISO), is a country in South Asia.

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Indonesia

Indonesia, officially the Republic of Indonesia, is a country in Southeast Asia and Oceania between the Indian and Pacific oceans.

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International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights

The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) is a multilateral treaty that commits nations to respect the civil and political rights of individuals, including the right to life, freedom of religion, freedom of speech, freedom of assembly, electoral rights and rights to due process and a fair trial.

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International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights

The International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR) is a multilateral treaty adopted by the United Nations General Assembly (GA) on 16 December 1966 through GA.

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International Institute of Islamic Thought

The International Institute of Islamic Thought (IIIT) is a privately held non-profit organization in the United States founded by Ismail al-Faruqi and Anwar Ibrahim.

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International Union of Muslim Scholars

The International Union of Muslim Scholars (IUMS; الاتحاد العالمي لعلماء المسلمين) is an organization of Muslim Islamic theologians headed by Ahmad al-Raysuni described as the "supreme authority of the Muslim Brotherhood", founded in 2004, and with headquarters in Qatar and Dublin.

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Iraq

Iraq, officially the Republic of Iraq, is a country in West Asia and a core country in the geopolitical region known as the Middle East.

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Irreligion

Irreligion is the absence or rejection of religious beliefs or practices.

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Islam

Islam (al-Islām) is an Abrahamic monotheistic religion centered on the Quran and the teachings of Muhammad, the religion's founder.

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Islam and blasphemy

In Islam, blasphemy is impious utterance or action concerning God, but is broader than in normal English usage, including not only the mocking or vilifying of attributes of Islam but denying any of the fundamental beliefs of the religion.

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Islam and other religions

Over the centuries of Islamic history, Muslim rulers, Islamic scholars, and ordinary Muslims have held many different attitudes towards other religions.

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Islam and war

From the time of Muhammad, the final prophet of Islam, many Muslim states and empires have been involved in warfare.

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Islam's Non-Believers

Islam's Non-Believers is a 2016 documentary produced by Fuuse Films, and filmed and directed by Deeyah Khan.

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Islamic philosophy

Islamic philosophy is philosophy that emerges from the Islamic tradition.

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Islamic State

The Islamic State (IS), also known as the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL), the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS) and by its Arabic acronym Daesh, is a transnational Salafi jihadist group and an unrecognised quasi-state.

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IslamQA.info

Islam Q&A is an Islamic Salafi da‘wah website that offers answers to questions about Islam based on the interpretations of the Qur'an and Sunnah (including hadith) literature by its founder and its superviser Muhammad Al-Munajjid, an adherent of the Salafi creed.

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Israel

Israel, officially the State of Israel, is a country in the Southern Levant, West Asia.

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Istanbul University

Istanbul University, also known as University of Istanbul (İstanbul Üniversitesi), is a prominent public research university located in Istanbul, Turkey.

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Ja'fari school

The Jaʿfarī school, also known as the Jafarite school, Jaʿfarī fiqh (الفقه الجعفري) or Ja'fari jurisprudence, is a prominent school of jurisprudence (fiqh) within Twelver and Ismaili (including Nizari) Shia Islam, named after the sixth Imam, Ja'far al-Sadiq.

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Javed Ahmad Ghamidi

Javed Ahmad Ghamidi (7 April 1952) is a Pakistani Islamic scholar and philosopher who is the founder of Al-Mawrid Institute of Islamic Sciences and its sister organisation Danish Sara.

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Jihadism

Jihadism is a neologism for militant Islamic movements that are perceived as existentially threatening to the West.

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Johns Hopkins University Press

Johns Hopkins University Press (also referred to as JHU Press or JHUP) is the publishing division of Johns Hopkins University.

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Jonathan A. C. Brown

Jonathan Andrew Cleveland Brown, born August 7, 1977, is a university academic and American scholar of Islamic studies.

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Jordan

Jordan, officially the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan, is a country in the Southern Levant region of West Asia.

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Journal of Early Christian Studies

The Journal of Early Christian Studies is an academic journal founded in 1993 and is the official publication of the North American Patristics Society.

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Journal of Language and Social Psychology

Journal of Language and Social Psychology is a peer-reviewed academic journal that publishes papers in the fields of Communication and Psychology.

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Journal of Semitic Studies

The Journal of Semitic Studies is a biannual peer-reviewed academic journal that was established in 1955.

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Kabul

Kabul is the capital city of Afghanistan.

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Kafir

Kafir (kāfir; كَافِرُون, كُفَّار, or كَفَرَة; كَافِرَة; كَافِرَات or كَوَافِر) is an Arabic term in Islam which refers to a person who disbelieves the God in Islam, denies his authority, rejects the tenets of Islam, or simply is not a Muslim—one who does not believe in the guidance of the Islamic prophet Muhammad.

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Kazakhstan

Kazakhstan, officially the Republic of Kazakhstan, is a landlocked country mostly in Central Asia, with a part in Eastern Europe.

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Keio University

, abbreviated as or, is a private research university located in Minato, Tokyo, Japan.

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Khaled Abou El Fadl

Khaled Abou el Fadl (خالد أبو الفضل) (born October 23, 1963) is the Omar and Azmeralda Alfi Distinguished Professor of Law at the UCLA School of Law where he has taught courses on International Human Rights, Islamic jurisprudence, National Security Law, Law and Terrorism, Islam and Human Rights, Political Asylum, and Political Crimes and Legal Systems.

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Kharijites

The Kharijites (translit, singular) were an Islamic sect which emerged during the First Fitna (656–661).

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Kutub al-Sittah

(), also known as (lit) are the six canonical hadith collections of Sunni Islam.

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Kyrgyzstan

Kyrgyzstan, officially the Kyrgyz Republic, is a landlocked country in Central Asia, lying in the Tian Shan and Pamir mountain ranges.

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Lebanon

Lebanon (Lubnān), officially the Republic of Lebanon, is a country in the Levant region of West Asia.

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Leiden

Leiden (in English and archaic Dutch also Leyden) is a city and municipality in the province of South Holland, Netherlands.

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Levant

The Levant is an approximate historical geographical term referring to a large area in the Eastern Mediterranean region of West Asia and core territory of the political term ''Middle East''.

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LGBT people and Islam

Within the Muslim world, sentiment towards LGBT people varies and has varied between societies and individual Muslims, but is contemporarily negative. Apostasy in Islam and LGBT people and Islam are Islamic criminal jurisprudence.

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Liberalism and progressivism within Islam

Liberalism and progressivism within Islam involve professed Muslims who have created a considerable body of progressive thought about Islamic understanding and practice.

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List of ex-Muslim organisations

This is a list of organisations that aim to support individuals that have renounced Islam sorted by date of founding.

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List of former Muslims

Former Muslims or ex-Muslims are people who were Muslims, but subsequently left Islam.

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List of MDPI academic journals

This is a list of academic journals published by MDPI.

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Madhhab

A madhhab (way to act,, pl. label) refers to any school of thought within Islamic jurisprudence.

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Mahdi

The Mahdi (lit) is a figure in Islamic eschatology who is believed to appear at the End of Times to rid the world of evil and injustice.

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Mahmoud Mohammed Taha

Mahmoud Mohammed Taha, (1909 – 18 January 1985; محمود محمد طه) also known as Ustaz Mahmoud Mohammed Taha, was a Sudanese religious thinker, leader, and trained engineer.

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Mahmud Shaltut

Sheikh Mahmoud Shaltut (محمود شلتوت; 23 April 1893 – 13 December 1963) was an Egyptian figure best known for his attempts in Islamic reform.

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Malaysia

Malaysia is a country in Southeast Asia.

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Malik ibn Anas

Malik ibn Anas (translit; –795) was an Islamic scholar and traditionalist who is the eponym of the Maliki school, one of the four schools of Islamic jurisprudence in Sunni Islam.

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Maliki school

The Maliki school or Malikism (translit) is one of the four major schools of Islamic jurisprudence within Sunni Islam.

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Mariam Yahia Ibrahim Ishag

Mariam Yahia Ibrahim Ishag or Maryam Yaḥyā Ibrahīm Isḥaq (مريميحيى إبراهيمإسحق, born 3 November 1987 in Al Qadarif state, Sudan),, Agence France Presse, 25 June 2014 is a Sudanese religious freedom activist and public speaker. Apostasy in Islam and Mariam Yahia Ibrahim Ishag are persecution of Christians by Muslims.

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Marja'

Marja (marjiʿ; plural marājiʿ) is a title given to the highest level of Twelver Shia religious cleric, with the authority given by a hawzah (a seminary where Shi'a Muslim scholars are educated) to make legal decisions within the confines of Islamic law for followers and clerics below him in rank.

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Martyrs of Córdoba

The Martyrs of Córdoba were forty-eight Christian martyrs who were executed under the rule of Muslim administration in Al-Andalus (name of the Iberian Peninsula under the Islamic rule).

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MDPI

MDPI (Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute) is a publisher of open-access scientific journals.

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Messiah

In Abrahamic religions, a messiah or messias is a saviour or liberator of a group of people.

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Messianic Judaism

Messianic Judaism (יַהֲדוּת מְשִׁיחִית or יהדות משיחית|rtl.

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Mirza Tahir Ahmad

Mirza Tahir Ahmad (18 December 1928 – 19 April 2003) was the fourth caliph (خليفة المسيح الرابع, khalīfatul masīh al-rābi) and the head of the worldwide Ahmadiyya Muslim Community.

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Mohammed al-Ghazali

Sheikh Mohammed al-Ghazali al-Saqqa (1917–1996) (الشيخ محمد الغزالي السقا.) was an Islamic scholar whose writings "have influenced generations of Egyptians".

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Mohsen Araki

Mohsen Araki (محسن اراکی; محسن الأراكي) is an Iranian scholar, cleric, university lecturer and politician.

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Mohsen Kadivar

Mohsen Kadivar (محسن کدیور; born 8 June 1959) is a mujtahid, Islamic theologian, philosopher, writer, leading intellectual reformist, and research professor of Islamic Studies at Duke University.

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Mohsin Hamid

Mohsin Hamid (محسن حامد; born 23 July 1971) is a British Pakistani novelist, writer and brand consultant.

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Muhammad

Muhammad (570 – 8 June 632 CE) was an Arab religious, social, and political leader and the founder of Islam.

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Muhammad Abduh

Muḥammad ʿAbduh (1849 – 11 July 1905) (also spelled Mohammed Abduh, محمد عبده) was an Egyptian Islamic scholar, judge, and Grand Mufti of Egypt.

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Muhammad Al-Munajjid

Muhammad Saalih Al-Munajjid (Arabic: محمد صالح المنجد) (born 7 June 1960) is a Syrian-born Palestinian-Saudi Islamic scholar.

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Muhammad I of Córdoba

Muhammad I of Cordoba (823–886) was a Muslim ruler of al-Andalus.

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Muhammad Shahrur

Muhammad Shahrour (محمد شحرور, 11 April 1938 – 21 December 2019) was a Syrian philosopher and author.

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Munafiq

In Islam, the munafiqun ('hypocrites', منافقون, singular منافق munāfiq) or false Muslims or false believers are a group decried in the Quran as outward Muslims who were inwardly concealing disbelief ("kufr") and actively sought to undermine the Muslim community.

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Muslim world

The terms Muslim world and Islamic world commonly refer to the Islamic community, which is also known as the Ummah.

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Muslims

Muslims (God) are people who adhere to Islam, a monotheistic religion belonging to the Abrahamic tradition.

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Muwatta Imam Malik

The Muwaṭṭaʾ (الموطأ, "well-trodden path") or Muwatta Imam Malik (موطأ الإماممالك) of Imam Malik (711–795) written in the 8th-century, is one of the earliest collections of hadith texts comprising the subjects of Islamic law, compiled by the Imam, Malik ibn Anas.

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Naskh (tafsir)

Naskh (نسخ) is an Arabic word usually translated as "abrogation".

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Nasr Abu Zayd

Nasr Hamid Abu Zayd (نصر حامد أبو زيد,; also Abu Zaid or Abu Zeid; July 10, 1943 – July 5, 2010) was an Egyptian Quranic thinker, author, academic and one of the leading liberal theologians in Islam.

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Nigeria

Nigeria, officially the Federal Republic of Nigeria, is a country in West Africa.

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Non-believers: Freethinkers on the Run

Non-believers: Freethinkers on the Run (original Dutch title: Ongelovig – Vrijdenkers op de vlucht) is a 2016 Dutch documentary on the situation of atheists, especially Muslim apostates, in Dutch refugee camps (AZCs).

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Nowruz

Nowruz or Navroz (نوروز) is the Iranian New Year or Persian New Year.

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Nuh Ha Mim Keller

Nuh Ha Mim Keller (born 1954) is an American Islamic scholar, teacher and author who lives in Amman.

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Ordinance XX

Ordinance XX (295-C آرڈیننس 20) is a legal ordinance of the Government of Pakistan that was promulgated under the regime of General Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq on 26 April 1984 and is meant to prohibit the practice of Islam and the usage of Islamic terms and titles for the Ahmadiyya Community.

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Organisation of Islamic Cooperation

The Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC; Munaẓẓamat at-Taʿāwun al-ʾIslāmī; Organisation de la coopération islamique), formerly the Organisation of the Islamic Conference, is an intergovernmental organization founded in 1969.

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Ottoman Empire

The Ottoman Empire, historically and colloquially known as the Turkish Empire, was an imperial realm centered in Anatolia that controlled much of Southeast Europe, West Asia, and North Africa from the 14th to early 20th centuries; it also controlled parts of southeastern Central Europe, between the early 16th and early 18th centuries.

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Ottoman Reform Edict of 1856

The Imperial Reform Edict (اصلاحات خط همايونى, Islâhat Hatt-ı Hümâyûnu; Modern Islâhat Fermânı) was a February 18, 1856 edict of the Ottoman government and part of the Tanzimat reforms.

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Oxford University Press

Oxford University Press (OUP) is the publishing house of the University of Oxford.

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Pakistan

Pakistan, officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country in South Asia.

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Palestinian territories

The Palestinian territories, also known as the Occupied Palestinian Territory, consist of the West Bank (including East Jerusalem) and the Gaza Strip—two regions of the former British Mandate for Palestine that have been occupied by Israel since the Six-Day War of 1967.

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Peace TV

Peace TV is a non-profit Emirati satellite television network that broadcasts free-to-air programming.

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Penn State University Press

The Penn State University Press, also known as The Pennsylvania State University Press, is a non-profit publisher of scholarly books and journals.

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Persecution of Ahmadis

The Ahmadiyya branch of Islam has been subjected to various forms of religious persecution and discrimination since the movement's inception in 1889.

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Persecution of Baháʼís

Baháʼís are persecuted in various countries, especially in Iran, where the Baháʼí Faith originated and where one of the largest Baháʼí populations in the world is located.

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Persecution of Christians

The persecution of Christians can be historically traced from the first century of the Christian era to the present day. Apostasy in Islam and persecution of Christians are persecution of Christians by Muslims.

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Persecution of Muslims

The persecution of Muslims has been recorded throughout the history of Islam, beginning with its founding by Muhammad in the 7th century.

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Pew Research Center

The Pew Research Center (also simply known as Pew) is a nonpartisan American think tank based in Washington, D.C. It provides information on social issues, public opinion, and demographic trends shaping the United States and the world.

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Philadelphia

Philadelphia, colloquially referred to as Philly, is the most populous city in the U.S. state of Pennsylvania and the sixth-most populous city in the nation, with a population of 1,603,797 in the 2020 census.

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Princeton University Press

Princeton University Press is an independent publisher with close connections to Princeton University.

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Princeton, New Jersey

Princeton is a borough in Mercer County, in the U.S. state of New Jersey.

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Professor

Professor (commonly abbreviated as Prof.) is an academic rank at universities and other post-secondary education and research institutions in most countries.

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Prophethood (Ahmadiyya)

In Ahmadiyya theology, the view on the Prophets of God differs significantly from Mainstream Islam.

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Qom

Qom (قم) is a city in the Central District of Qom County, Qom province, Iran, serving as capital of the province, the county, and the district.

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Quran

The Quran, also romanized Qur'an or Koran, is the central religious text of Islam, believed by Muslims to be a revelation directly from God (Allah).

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Quranism

Quranism (translit) is an Islamic movement that holds the belief that the Quran is the only valid source of religious belief, guidance, and law in Islam.

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Rashid Rida

Muhammad Rashid Rida (translit; 1865–1935) was an Islamic scholar, reformer, theologian and revivalist.

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Rashidun

The Rashidun (lit) are the first four caliphs (lit.: 'successors') who led the Muslim community following the death of Muhammad: Abu Bakr, Umar, Uthman, and Ali.

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Reliance of the Traveller

Umdat as-Salik wa 'Uddat an-Nasik (Reliance of the Traveller and Tools of the Worshipper, also commonly known by its shorter title Reliance of the Traveller) is a classical manual of fiqh for the Shafi'i school of Islamic jurisprudence.

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Religious conversion

Religious conversion is the adoption of a set of beliefs identified with one particular religious denomination to the exclusion of others.

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Religious intolerance

Religious intolerance is intolerance of another's religious beliefs, practices, faith or lack thereof.

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Religious violence

Religious violence covers phenomena in which religion is either the subject or the object of violent behavior.

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Reza Aslan

Reza Aslan (رضا اصلان,; born May 3, 1972) is an Iranian-American scholar of sociality, writer, and television host.

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Ridda Wars

The Ridda Wars (lit) were a series of military campaigns launched by the first caliph Abu Bakr against rebellious Arabian tribes, some of which were led by rival prophet claimants.

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Rowman & Littlefield

Rowman & Littlefield Publishing Group is an American independent academic publishing company founded in 1949.

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Rudolph F. Peters

Rudolph "Ruud" F. Peters (born 16 September 1943, The Hague, died 26 March 2022, Amsterdam) was a scholar of Islamic Law at the University of Amsterdam.

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Ruhollah Khomeini

Ayatollah Ruhollah Musavi Khomeini (17 May 1900 or 24 September 19023 June 1989) was an Iranian Islamic revolutionary, politician, and religious leader who served as the first supreme leader of Iran from 1979 until his death in 1989.

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Russia

Russia, or the Russian Federation, is a country spanning Eastern Europe and North Asia.

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S. A. Rahman

Sheikh Abdur Rehman (Urdu) (4 June 1903 – 25 July 1990) was the 5th Chief Justice of Pakistan.

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Sadakat Kadri

Sadakat Kadri (born 1964 in London) is a lawyer, author, travel writer and journalist.

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Salafi movement

The Salafi movement or Salafism is a revival movement within Sunni Islam, which was formed as a socio-religious movement during the late 19th century and has remained influential in the Islamic world for over a century.

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Salah

Salah is the principal form of worship in Islam.

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Sasanian Empire

The Sasanian Empire or Sassanid Empire, and officially known as Eranshahr ("Land/Empire of the Iranians"), was the last Iranian empire before the early Muslim conquests of the 7th to 8th centuries.

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Sayfo

The Sayfo (ܣܲܝܦܵܐ), also known as the Seyfo or the Assyrian genocide, was the mass slaughter and deportation of Assyrian/Syriac Christians in southeastern Anatolia and Persia's Azerbaijan province by Ottoman forces and some Kurdish tribes during World War I. The Assyrians were divided into mutually antagonistic churches, including the Syriac Orthodox Church, the Assyrian Church of the East, and the Chaldean Catholic Church.

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Second Amendment to the Constitution of Pakistan

The Second Amendment to the Constitution of Pakistan (آئین پاکستان میں دوسری ترمیم) became a part of the Constitution of Pakistan on September 7, 1974 under the Government of Prime Minister Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto.

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Shafi'i school

The Shafi'i school or Shafi'ism (translit) is one of the four major schools of Islamic jurisprudence within Sunni Islam.

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Shah Jahan

Mirza Shahab-ud-Din Muhammad Khurram (5 January 1592 – 22 January 1666), also known as Shah Jahan I, was the fifth Mughal emperor, reigning from 1628 until 1658.

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Shahada

The Shahada (الشَّهَادَةُ;, 'the testimony'), also transliterated as Shahadah, is an Islamic oath and creed, and one of the Five Pillars of Islam and part of the Adhan.

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Sharia

Sharia (sharīʿah) is a body of religious law that forms a part of the Islamic tradition based on scriptures of Islam, particularly the Quran and hadith.

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Shia Islam

Shia Islam is the second-largest branch of Islam.

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Shia–Sunni relations

After the death of Muhammad in 632, a group of Muslims, who would come to be known as the Sunnis, believed that Muhammad's successor as caliph of the Islamic community should be Abu Bakr, whereas a second group of Muslims, who would come to be known as the Shias, believed that his successor should have been Ali ibn Abi Talib.

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Shihab al-Din Yahya ibn Habash Suhrawardi

"Shihāb ad-Dīn" Yahya ibn Habash Suhrawardī (شهاب‌الدین سهروردی, also known as Sohrevardi) (1154–1191) was a Persian philosopher and founder of the Iranian school of Illuminationism, an important school in Islamic philosophy.

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Sisters in Islam

Sisters in Islam (SIS) is a Malaysian registered company committed to promoting the rights of women in Malaysia.

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Solitary confinement

Solitary confinement is a form of imprisonment in which an incarcerated person lives in a single cell with little or no contact with other people.

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St Antony's College, Oxford

St Antony's College is a constituent college of the University of Oxford in England.

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Succession to Muhammad

The issue of succession following the death of the Islamic prophet Muhammad is the central issue in the schisms that divided the early Muslim community in the first century of Islamic history into numerous schools and branches.

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Sufism

Sufism is a mystic body of religious practice found within Islam which is characterized by a focus on Islamic purification, spirituality, ritualism and asceticism.

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Sufyan al-Thawri

Abū ʿAbd Allāh Sufyān ibn Saʿīd ibn Masrūq ibn Ḥamza al-Thawrī al-Muḍarī al-Kūfī (أَبُو عَبْد ٱللَّٰه سُفْيَان بْن سَعِيد بْن مَسْرُوق بْن حَمْرَة ٱلثَّوْرِيّ ٱلْمُضَرِيّ ٱلْكُوفِيّ; 716–778 CE / 97–161 AH), commonly known as Sufyān al-Thawrī (سُفْيَان ٱلثَّوْرِيّ), was a Sunni Muslim scholar, jurist, ascetic, traditionist, and eponymous founder of the Thawri school of Islamic jurisprudence, considered one of the Eight Ascetics.

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Sunnah

In Islam,, also spelled (سنة), is the traditions and practices of the Islamic prophet Muhammad that constitute a model for Muslims to follow.

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Sunni Islam

Sunni Islam is the largest branch of Islam, followed by 85–90% of the world's Muslims, and simultaneously the largest religious denomination in the world.

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Superstitions in Muslim societies

Superstition is an excessively credulous belief in supernatural causality: the belief that one event is the cause of another without any physical process linking the two, such as astrology, omens, witchcraft, and apotropaic magic.

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Supreme Leader of Iran

The supreme leader of Iran (Rahbar-e Moazam-e Irân), also referred to as Supreme Leader of the Islamic Revolution (رهبر معظمانقلاب اسلامی), but officially called the Supreme Leadership Authority (مقاممعظمرهبری), is the head of state and the highest political and religious authority of the Islamic Republic of Iran (above the President).

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Sword Verse

The Sword Verse is the fifth verse of the ninth surah (at-Tawbah) of the Quran (also written as 9:5).

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Syria

Syria, officially the Syrian Arab Republic, is a country in West Asia located in the Eastern Mediterranean and the Levant.

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Taha Jabir Alalwani

Taha Jabir Al-Alwani (طه جابر علواني), Ph.D. (1935 – March 4, 2016) was an Iraqi Islamic scholar.

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Tajikistan

Tajikistan, officially the Republic of Tajikistan, is a landlocked country in Central Asia.

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Takfir

Takfir (translit) is an Arabic and Islamic term which denotes excommunication from Islam of one Muslim by another, i.e. accusing another Muslim to be an apostate.

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Takfiri

Takfiri (تَكْفِيرِيّ, lit. "excommunicational") is an Arabic and Islamic term denoting a Muslim who excommunicates one of his/her coreligionists, i.e. who accuses another Muslim of being an apostate.

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Tanzimat

The (lit, see nizam) was a period of reform in the Ottoman Empire that began with the Gülhane Hatt-ı Şerif in 1839 and ended with the First Constitutional Era in 1876.

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Taoism

Taoism or Daoism is a diverse philosophical and religious tradition indigenous to China, emphasizing harmony with the Tao—generally understood as an impersonal, enigmatic process of transformation ultimately underlying reality.

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Taqiyya

In Islam, Taqiyya (prudence)R.

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Tariq Ramadan

Tariq Ramadan (طارق رمضان,; born 26 August 1962) is a Swiss Muslim academic, philosopher, and writer.

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Tazir

In Islamic Law, tazir (ta'zeer or ta'zir, تعزير) refers to punishment for offenses at the discretion of the judge (Qadi) or ruler of the state. Apostasy in Islam and tazir are islam and capital punishment and Islamic criminal jurisprudence.

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Televangelism

Televangelism (from televangelist, a blend of television and ''evangelist'') and occasionally termed radio evangelism or teleministry, denotes the utilization of media platforms, notably radio and television, for the marketing of religious messages, particularly Christianity.

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Thailand

Thailand, officially the Kingdom of Thailand and historically known as Siam (the official name until 1939), is a country in Southeast Asia on the Indochinese Peninsula.

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The Feed (Australian TV series)

The Feed is an Australian news, current affairs and satire television series that began airing on SBS Viceland on 20 May 2013 and has continued through several series and with several changes of presenters.

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The Guardian

The Guardian is a British daily newspaper.

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The Hispanic American Historical Review

The Hispanic American Historical Review is a quarterly, peer-reviewed, scholarly journal of Latin American history, the official publication of the Conference on Latin American History, the professional organization of Latin American historians.

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The Lutterworth Press

The Lutterworth Press, one of the oldest independent British publishing houses, has traded since the late eighteenth century - initially as the Religious Tract Society (RTS).

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The New York Times

The New York Times (NYT) is an American daily newspaper based in New York City.

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The Washington Post

The Washington Post, locally known as "the Post" and, informally, WaPo or WP, is an American daily newspaper published in Washington, D.C., the national capital.

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Tokyo

Tokyo (東京), officially the Tokyo Metropolis (label), is the capital of Japan and one of the most populous cities in the world, with a population of over 14 million residents as of 2023 and the second-most-populated capital in the world.

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Tunisia

Tunisia, officially the Republic of Tunisia, is the northernmost country in Africa.

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Turkey

Turkey, officially the Republic of Türkiye, is a country mainly in Anatolia in West Asia, with a smaller part called East Thrace in Southeast Europe.

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UCLA School of Law

The University of California, Los Angeles School of Law (commonly known as UCLA School of Law or UCLA Law) is the law school of the University of California, Los Angeles.

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Ulama

In Islam, the ulama (the learned ones; singular ʿālim; feminine singular alimah; plural aalimath), also spelled ulema, are scholars of Islamic doctrine and law.

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Umar

Umar ibn al-Khattab (ʿUmar ibn al-Khaṭṭāb), also spelled Omar, was the second Rashidun caliph, ruling from August 634, when he succeeded Abu Bakr as the second caliph, until his assassination in 644.

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Umayyad Caliphate

The Umayyad Caliphate or Umayyad Empire (al-Khilāfa al-Umawiyya) was the second caliphate established after the death of the Islamic prophet Muhammad and was ruled by the Umayyad dynasty.

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Umayyad state of Córdoba

The Umayyad state of Córdoba was an Arab Islamic state ruled by the Umayyad dynasty from 756 to 1031.

See Apostasy in Islam and Umayyad state of Córdoba

Ummah

(أُمَّة) is an Arabic word meaning "nation".

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Universal Declaration of Human Rights

The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) is an international document adopted by the United Nations General Assembly that enshrines the rights and freedoms of all human beings.

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University of Amsterdam

The University of Amsterdam (abbreviated as UvA, Universiteit van Amsterdam) is a public research university located in Amsterdam, Netherlands.

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Vice News

Vice News (stylized as VICE News) is Vice Media's alternative current affairs channel, producing daily documentary essays and video through its website and YouTube channel.

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Wael Hallaq

Wael B. Hallaq is the Avalon Foundation Professor in the Humanities at Columbia University, where he has been teaching ethics, law, and political thought since 2009.

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Walnut Creek, California

Walnut Creek is a city in Contra Costa County, California, United States, located in the East Bay region of the San Francisco Bay Area, about east of the city of Oakland.

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Walsh School of Foreign Service

The Edmund A. Walsh School of Foreign Service (SFS) is the school of international relations at Georgetown University in Washington, D.C. It grants degrees at both undergraduate and graduate levels and is widely recognized as one of the top schools of international relations in the United States.

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West Africa

West Africa, or Western Africa, is the westernmost region of Africa. The United Nations defines Western Africa as the 16 countries of Benin, Burkina Faso, Cape Verde, The Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Ivory Coast, Liberia, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, and Togo, as well as Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha (United Kingdom Overseas Territory).Paul R.

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Witchcraft

Witchcraft, as most commonly understood in both historical and present-day communities, is the use of alleged supernatural powers of magic.

See Apostasy in Islam and Witchcraft

Women in Islam

The experiences of Muslim women (Muslimāt, singular مسلمة Muslimah) vary widely between and within different societies.

See Apostasy in Islam and Women in Islam

Woodstock, Oxfordshire

Woodstock is a market town and civil parish, north-west of Oxford in West Oxfordshire in the county of Oxfordshire, England.

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Yaşar Nuri Öztürk

Yaşar Nuri Öztürk (February 5, 1951 – June 22, 2016) was a Turkish Islamic scholar, university professor of Islamic philosophy, lawyer, columnist and a former member of Turkish parliament.

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Yazidis

Yazidis, also spelled Yezidis (translit), are a Kurdish-speaking endogamous religious group who are indigenous to Kurdistan, a geographical region in Western Asia that includes parts of Iraq, Syria, Turkey and Iran.

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Yusuf al-Qaradawi

Yusuf al-Qaradawi (translit; or Yusuf al-Qardawi; 9 September 1926 – 26 September 2022) was an Egyptian Islamic scholar based in Doha, Qatar, and chairman of the International Union of Muslim Scholars.

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Zakir Naik

Zakir Abdul Karim Naik (born 18 October 1965) is an Indian Islamic public orator who focuses on comparative religion.

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Zandaqa

Zindīq (pl. zanādiqa) is an Islamic pejorative applied to individuals who are considered to hold views or follow practices that are contrary to central Islamic dogmas.

See Apostasy in Islam and Zandaqa

Zoroastrianism

Zoroastrianism (Din-e Zartoshti), also known as Mazdayasna and Behdin, is an Iranian religion.

See Apostasy in Islam and Zoroastrianism

1953 Lahore riots

The 1953 Lahore riots were a series of violent riots against the Ahmadiyya movement, a faith marginalized in Pakistan, mainly in the city of Lahore, as well as the rest of Punjab, which were eventually quelled by the Pakistan Army who declared three months of martial law.

See Apostasy in Islam and 1953 Lahore riots

1974 Anti-Ahmadiyya riots

In the period spanning from late May to early September 1974, an altercation between students of Islami Jamiat-e-Talaba and youths of the Ahmadiyya Muslims Community at the Rabwah railway station.

See Apostasy in Islam and 1974 Anti-Ahmadiyya riots

2010 Ahmadiyya mosques massacre

The May 2010 Lahore attacks, also referred to as the Lahore massacre, occurred on 28 May 2010, in Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan, during Friday prayers.

See Apostasy in Islam and 2010 Ahmadiyya mosques massacre

References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apostasy_in_Islam

Also known as Apostacy in Islam, Apostastes in Islam, Apostastes of Islam, Apostasy from Islam, Apostasy of Islam, Apostate of Islam, Apostates from Islam, Apostates of Islam, Conversion from Islam, Conversions from Islam, Conversions out of Islam, Converts from Islam, Irtidad, Irtidād, Islam and apostasy, Murtad, Murtadd, Murtaddin, Murtat, Public opinion on apostasy in the Muslim world, Religious conversion from Islam, Ridda, Riddah, ارتداد.

, BBC World Service, Bernard Lewis, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Boston, Brill Publishers, Buddhism, Cairo, Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam, Caliphate, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, Capital punishment in Islam, Chief Justice of Pakistan, China, Christian martyr, Companions of the Prophet, Comparative Literature Studies, Conference on Latin American History, Conversion to Christianity, Corporal punishment, Council of Ex-Muslims of Britain, Crypto-Christianity, Da'i, Daily News and Analysis, Dale F. Eickelman, Dar al-Ifta al-Misriyyah, Dara Shikoh, David Cook (historian), David Kerr (religion scholar), Death by burning, Deeyah Khan, Deutsche Welle, Duke University Press, Dunya, Durham, North Carolina, Early Muslim conquests, Edict of Toleration (1844), Edip Yüksel, Egypt, Encyclopaedia of Islam, Encyclopaedia of the Qurʾān, Enjoining good and forbidding wrong, Eulogius of Córdoba, Ex-Muslims of North America, Faculty of Theology and Religion, University of Oxford, Fasting in Islam, Fatwa, Fiqh, Fiqh Council of North America, First Fitna, Fitna (word), Freethought, Fuuse, Georgetown University, Gilles Kepel, Grand Imam of al-Azhar, Grand Mufti, Greek genocide, Guildford, Gulf Cooperation Council, Hadith, Hadith terminology, Hagiography, Hajj, Hamidian massacres, Hanafi school, Hanbali school, Harvard Law School, Hashem Aghajari, Heresy, Heterodoxy, Hijri year, Hirabah, History of Islam, Holy Roman Empire, Honor killing, Hudud, Humanistische Omroep, Humanists International, Husayn al-Sadr, Hussein-Ali Montazeri, Ibn Abbas, Ibn Hazm, Ibn Taymiyya, Ijma, Imprisonment, India, Indonesia, International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, International Institute of Islamic Thought, International Union of Muslim Scholars, Iraq, Irreligion, Islam, Islam and blasphemy, Islam and other religions, Islam and war, Islam's Non-Believers, Islamic philosophy, Islamic State, IslamQA.info, Israel, Istanbul University, Ja'fari school, Javed Ahmad Ghamidi, Jihadism, Johns Hopkins University Press, Jonathan A. C. Brown, Jordan, Journal of Early Christian Studies, Journal of Language and Social Psychology, Journal of Semitic Studies, Kabul, Kafir, Kazakhstan, Keio University, Khaled Abou El Fadl, Kharijites, Kutub al-Sittah, Kyrgyzstan, Lebanon, Leiden, Levant, LGBT people and Islam, Liberalism and progressivism within Islam, List of ex-Muslim organisations, List of former Muslims, List of MDPI academic journals, Madhhab, Mahdi, Mahmoud Mohammed Taha, Mahmud Shaltut, Malaysia, Malik ibn Anas, Maliki school, Mariam Yahia Ibrahim Ishag, Marja', Martyrs of Córdoba, MDPI, Messiah, Messianic Judaism, Mirza Tahir Ahmad, Mohammed al-Ghazali, Mohsen Araki, Mohsen Kadivar, Mohsin Hamid, Muhammad, Muhammad Abduh, Muhammad Al-Munajjid, Muhammad I of Córdoba, Muhammad Shahrur, Munafiq, Muslim world, Muslims, Muwatta Imam Malik, Naskh (tafsir), Nasr Abu Zayd, Nigeria, Non-believers: Freethinkers on the Run, Nowruz, Nuh Ha Mim Keller, Ordinance XX, Organisation of Islamic Cooperation, Ottoman Empire, Ottoman Reform Edict of 1856, Oxford University Press, Pakistan, Palestinian territories, Peace TV, Penn State University Press, Persecution of Ahmadis, Persecution of Baháʼís, Persecution of Christians, Persecution of Muslims, Pew Research Center, Philadelphia, Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey, Professor, Prophethood (Ahmadiyya), Qom, Quran, Quranism, Rashid Rida, Rashidun, Reliance of the Traveller, Religious conversion, Religious intolerance, Religious violence, Reza Aslan, Ridda Wars, Rowman & Littlefield, Rudolph F. Peters, Ruhollah Khomeini, Russia, S. A. Rahman, Sadakat Kadri, Salafi movement, Salah, Sasanian Empire, Sayfo, Second Amendment to the Constitution of Pakistan, Shafi'i school, Shah Jahan, Shahada, Sharia, Shia Islam, Shia–Sunni relations, Shihab al-Din Yahya ibn Habash Suhrawardi, Sisters in Islam, Solitary confinement, St Antony's College, Oxford, Succession to Muhammad, Sufism, Sufyan al-Thawri, Sunnah, Sunni Islam, Superstitions in Muslim societies, Supreme Leader of Iran, Sword Verse, Syria, Taha Jabir Alalwani, Tajikistan, Takfir, Takfiri, Tanzimat, Taoism, Taqiyya, Tariq Ramadan, Tazir, Televangelism, Thailand, The Feed (Australian TV series), The Guardian, The Hispanic American Historical Review, The Lutterworth Press, The New York Times, The Washington Post, Tokyo, Tunisia, Turkey, UCLA School of Law, Ulama, Umar, Umayyad Caliphate, Umayyad state of Córdoba, Ummah, Universal Declaration of Human Rights, University of Amsterdam, Vice News, Wael Hallaq, Walnut Creek, California, Walsh School of Foreign Service, West Africa, Witchcraft, Women in Islam, Woodstock, Oxfordshire, Yaşar Nuri Öztürk, Yazidis, Yusuf al-Qaradawi, Zakir Naik, Zandaqa, Zoroastrianism, 1953 Lahore riots, 1974 Anti-Ahmadiyya riots, 2010 Ahmadiyya mosques massacre.

Apostasy in Islam, the Glossary

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