Balkh, the Glossary
Balkh is a town in the Balkh Province of Afghanistan, about northwest of the provincial capital, Mazar-e Sharif, and some south of the Amu Darya river and the Uzbekistan border.[1]
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249 relations: Abbasid Caliphate, Abbasid Revolution, Abdur Rahman Khan, Abu Ma'shar al-Balkhi, Abu Muslim, Abu Zayd al-Balkhi, Abu-Shakur Balkhi, Achaemenid Empire, Afghan Civil War (1992–1996), Afghan Conquest of Balkh, Afghan Turkestan, Afghanistan, Afghans, Ahmad Sanjar, Ahmad Shah Durrani, Al-Biruni, Al-Isfizari, Al-Maqrizi, Alexander the Great, Alexandra David-Néel, Amir Khusrau, Amr ibn al-Layth, Amu Darya, Anahita, Anarchy at Samarra, Ancient Greece, Ancient Greek, Antiochus III the Great, Anushtegin dynasty, Anvari, Arabs, Ariana, Asad ibn Abdallah al-Qasri, Asceticism, Astrology in the medieval Islamic world, Astronomy in the medieval Islamic world, Atsiz, Aurangzeb, Avicenna, Babur, Babylon, Bactria, Bactrian language, Badakhshan, Bahlikas, Baij Nath Puri, Balhae, Balkh Province, Balkh River, Baloch people, ... Expand index (199 more) »
- Ancient Iranian cities
- Buddhism in Afghanistan
- Districts of Balkh Province
- Former populated places in Afghanistan
- Places in Shahnameh
Abbasid Caliphate
The Abbasid Caliphate or Abbasid Empire (translit) was the third caliphate to succeed the Islamic prophet Muhammad.
See Balkh and Abbasid Caliphate
Abbasid Revolution
The Abbasid Revolution, also called the Movement of the Men of the Black Raiment (حركة رجال الثياب السوداء ḥaraka rijāl ath-thiyāb as-sawdāʾ), was the overthrow of the Umayyad Caliphate (661–750 CE), the second of the four major Caliphates in Islamic history, by the third, the Abbasid Caliphate (750–1517 CE).
See Balkh and Abbasid Revolution
Abdur Rahman Khan
Abdur Rahman Khan (Pashto/Dari: عبدالرحمن خان.) (between 1840 and 1844 – 1 October 1901) also known by his epithets, The Iron Amir, was Amir of Afghanistan from 1880 to his death in 1901.
See Balkh and Abdur Rahman Khan
Abu Ma'shar al-Balkhi
Abu Ma‘shar al-Balkhi, Latinized as Albumasar (also Albusar, Albuxar; full name Abū Maʿshar Jaʿfar ibn Muḥammad ibn ʿUmar al-Balkhī أبو معشر جعفر بن محمد بن عمر البلخي; 10 August 787 – 9 March 886, AH 171–272), was an early Persian Muslim astrologer, thought to be the greatest astrologer of the Abbasid court in Baghdad.
See Balkh and Abu Ma'shar al-Balkhi
Abu Muslim
Abu Muslim Abd al-Rahman ibn Muslim al-Khurasani (أبو مسلمعبد الرحمن بن مسلمالخراساني; ابومسلمعبدالرحمان بن مسلمخراسانی; born 718/19 or 723/27, died 755) was a Persian general who led the Abbasid Revolution that toppled the Umayyad dynasty, leading to the establishment of the Abbasid Caliphate.
Abu Zayd al-Balkhi
Abu Zayd Ahmed ibn Sahl Balkhi (ابو زید احمد بن سهل بلخی) was a Persian Muslim polymath: a geographer, mathematician, physician, psychologist and scientist.
See Balkh and Abu Zayd al-Balkhi
Abu-Shakur Balkhi
Abu Shakur Balkhi (ابوشکور بلخی; born possibly in 912-13) was one of the most important Persian poets of the Samanid period.
See Balkh and Abu-Shakur Balkhi
Achaemenid Empire
The Achaemenid Empire or Achaemenian Empire, also known as the Persian Empire or First Persian Empire (𐎧𐏁𐏂), was an ancient Iranian empire founded by Cyrus the Great of the Achaemenid dynasty in 550 BC.
See Balkh and Achaemenid Empire
Afghan Civil War (1992–1996)
The 1992–1996 Afghan Civil War, also known as the Second Afghan Civil War, took place between 28 April 1992—the date a new interim Afghan government was supposed to replace the Republic of Afghanistan of President Mohammad Najibullah—and the Taliban's occupation of Kabul establishing the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan on 27 September 1996.
See Balkh and Afghan Civil War (1992–1996)
Afghan Conquest of Balkh
The Afghan Conquest of Balkh took place from the spring of 1849, to January 1850.
See Balkh and Afghan Conquest of Balkh
Afghan Turkestan
Afghan Turkestan, also known as Southern Turkestan, is a region in northern Afghanistan, on the border with the former Soviet republics of Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, and Tajikistan.
See Balkh and Afghan Turkestan
Afghanistan
Afghanistan, officially the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan, is a landlocked country located at the crossroads of Central Asia and South Asia.
Afghans
Afghans (افغان‌ها) also Afghanistanis (افغانستانی‌ها), (افغانان) or Afghan people are nationals or citizens of Afghanistan, or people with ancestry from there.
Ahmad Sanjar
Ahmad Sanjar (احمد سنجر; full name: Muizz ad-Dunya wa ad-Din Adud ad-Dawlah Abul-Harith Ahmad Sanjar ibn Malik-Shah) (6 November 1086 – 8 May 1157) was the Seljuq ruler of Khorasan from 1097 until 1118, Encyclopædia Iranica when he became the Sultan of the Seljuq Empire, which he ruled until his death in 1157.
Ahmad Shah Durrani
Ahmad Shāh Durrānī (احمد شاه دراني), also known as Ahmad Shāh Abdālī, was the founder of the Durrani Empire and is often regarded as the founder of modern Afghanistan.
See Balkh and Ahmad Shah Durrani
Al-Biruni
Abu Rayhan Muhammad ibn Ahmad al-Biruni (ابوریحان بیرونی; أبو الريحان البيروني; 973after 1050), known as al-Biruni, was a Khwarazmian Iranian scholar and polymath during the Islamic Golden Age.
Al-Isfizari
Abū Ḥātim al-Muẓaffar al-Isfazārī (المظفر الاسفزاري; fl. late 11th or early 12th century) was an Islamic mathematician, astronomer and engineer from Khurasan.
Al-Maqrizi
Al-Maqrīzī (المقريزي, full name Taqī al-Dīn Abū al-'Abbās Aḥmad ibn 'Alī ibn 'Abd al-Qādir ibn Muḥammad al-Maqrīzī, تقي الدين أحمد بن علي بن عبد القادر بن محمد المقريزي; 1364–1442) was a medieval Egyptian historian and biographer during the Mamluk era, known for his interest in the Fatimid era, and the earlier periods of Egyptian history.
Alexander the Great
Alexander III of Macedon (Alexandros; 20/21 July 356 BC – 10/11 June 323 BC), most commonly known as Alexander the Great, was a king of the ancient Greek kingdom of Macedon.
See Balkh and Alexander the Great
Alexandra David-Néel
Alexandra David-Néel (born Louise Eugénie Alexandrine Marie David; 24 October 1868 – 8 September 1969) was a Belgian–French explorer, spiritualist, Buddhist, anarchist, opera singer, and writer.
See Balkh and Alexandra David-Néel
Amir Khusrau
Abu'l Hasan Yamīn ud-Dīn Khusrau (1253 – 1325 AD), better known as Amīr Khusrau, was an Indo-Persian Sufi singer, musician, poet and scholar who lived during the period of the Delhi Sultanate.
Amr ibn al-Layth
Amr ibn al-Layth or Amr-i Laith Saffari (عمرو لیث صفاری) was the second ruler of the Saffarid dynasty of Iran from 879 to 901.
See Balkh and Amr ibn al-Layth
Amu Darya
The Amu Darya, also called the Amu, the Amo, and historically the Oxus (Latin: Ōxus; Greek: Ὦξος, Ôxos), is a major river in Central Asia, which flows through Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan and Afghanistan.
Anahita
Anahita or Annahita is the Old Persian form of the name of an Iranian goddess and appears in complete and earlier form as Aradvi Sura Anahita (Arədvī Sūrā Anāhitā), the Avestan name of an Indo-Iranian cosmological figure venerated as the divinity of "the Waters" (Aban) and hence associated with fertility, healing and wisdom.
Anarchy at Samarra
The Anarchy at Samarra was a period of extreme internal instability from 861 to 870 in the history of the Abbasid Caliphate, marked by the violent succession of four caliphs, who became puppets in the hands of powerful rival military groups.
See Balkh and Anarchy at Samarra
Ancient Greece
Ancient Greece (Hellás) was a northeastern Mediterranean civilization, existing from the Greek Dark Ages of the 12th–9th centuries BC to the end of classical antiquity, that comprised a loose collection of culturally and linguistically related city-states and other territories.
Ancient Greek
Ancient Greek (Ἑλληνῐκή) includes the forms of the Greek language used in ancient Greece and the ancient world from around 1500 BC to 300 BC.
Antiochus III the Great
Antiochus III the Great (Ἀντίοχος ὁ Μέγας; 3 July 187 BC) was a Greek Hellenistic king and the 6th ruler of the Seleucid Empire, reigning from 223 to 187 BC.
See Balkh and Antiochus III the Great
Anushtegin dynasty
The Anushtegin dynasty or Anushteginids (English:, خاندان انوشتکین), also known as the Khwarazmian dynasty (خوارزمشاهیان) was a PersianateC. E. Bosworth:.
See Balkh and Anushtegin dynasty
Anvari
Anvari (1126–1189), full name Awhad ad-Din 'Ali ibn Mohammad Khavarani or Awhad ad-Din 'Ali ibn Mahmud (اوحدالدین علی ابن محمد انوری) was a Persian poet.
See Balkh and Anvari
Arabs
The Arabs (عَرَب, DIN 31635:, Arabic pronunciation), also known as the Arab people (الشَّعْبَ الْعَرَبِيّ), are an ethnic group mainly inhabiting the Arab world in West Asia and North Africa.
See Balkh and Arabs
Ariana
Ariana was a general geographical term used by some Greek and Roman authors of the ancient period for a district of wide extent between Central Asia and the Indus River, comprising the eastern provinces of the Achaemenid Empire that covered the whole of modern-day Afghanistan, as well as the easternmost part of Iran and up to the Indus River in Pakistan.
See Balkh and Ariana
Asad ibn Abdallah al-Qasri
Asad ibn Abdallah al-Qasri (died 738) was a prominent official of the Umayyad Caliphate, serving twice as governor of Khurasan under the Caliph Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik.
See Balkh and Asad ibn Abdallah al-Qasri
Asceticism
Asceticism is a lifestyle characterized by abstinence from worldly pleasures, often for the purpose of pursuing spiritual goals.
Astrology in the medieval Islamic world
Some medieval Muslims took a keen interest in the study of astrology, partly because they considered the celestial bodies to be essential, partly because the dwellers of desert-regions often travelled at night, and relied upon knowledge of the constellations for guidance in their journeys.
See Balkh and Astrology in the medieval Islamic world
Astronomy in the medieval Islamic world
Medieval Islamic astronomy comprises the astronomical developments made in the Islamic world, particularly during the Islamic Golden Age (9th–13th centuries), and mostly written in the Arabic language.
See Balkh and Astronomy in the medieval Islamic world
Atsiz
Ala al-Din wa-l-Dawla Abu'l-Muzaffar Atsiz ibn Muhammad ibn Anushtegin (علاءالدين و الدوله ابوالمظفر اتسز بن محمد بن انوشتگین; 1098 – 1156), better known as Atsiz (اتسز) was the second Khwarazmshah from 1127 to 1156.
See Balkh and Atsiz
Aurangzeb
Muhi al-Din Muhammad (3 November 1618 – 3 March 1707), commonly known as italics, was the sixth Mughal emperor, reigning from 1658 until his death in 1707.
Avicenna
Ibn Sina (translit; – 22 June 1037 CE), commonly known in the West as Avicenna, was a preeminent philosopher and physician of the Muslim world, flourishing during the Islamic Golden Age, serving in the courts of various Iranian rulers.
Babur
Babur (14 February 148326 December 1530; born Zahīr ud-Dīn Muhammad) was the founder of the Mughal Empire in the Indian subcontinent.
See Balkh and Babur
Babylon
Babylon was an ancient city located on the lower Euphrates river in southern Mesopotamia, within modern-day Hillah, Iraq, about 85 kilometers (55 miles) south of modern day Baghdad.
Bactria
Bactria (Bactrian: βαχλο, Bakhlo), or Bactriana, was an ancient Iranian civilization in Central Asia based in the area south of the Oxus River (modern Amu Darya) and north of the mountains of the Hindu Kush, an area within the north of modern Afghanistan. Balkh and Bactria are Buddhism in Afghanistan.
Bactrian language
Bactrian (ariao, cat.
See Balkh and Bactrian language
Badakhshan
Badakhshan is a historical region comprising parts of modern-day north-eastern Afghanistan, eastern Tajikistan, and Taxkorgan Tajik Autonomous County in China.
Bahlikas
The Bahlikas (बाह्लिक; Bāhlika) were the inhabitants of Bahlika (बह्लिक, located in Bactria), mentioned in Atharvaveda, Mahabharata, Ramayana, Puranas, Vartikka of Katyayana, Brhatsamhita, Amarkosha etc.
Baij Nath Puri
Baij Nath Puri (26 January 1916 – 1996) was an Indian historian.
Balhae
Balhae (p, translit) or Jin, also rendered as Bohai, was a multiethnic kingdom established in 698 by Dae Joyeong (Da Zuorong) and originally known as the Kingdom of Jin (震, Zhen) until 713 when its name was changed to Balhae.
See Balkh and Balhae
Balkh Province
Balkh (Pashto: بلخ، Balx) is one of the 34 provinces of Afghanistan, located in the north of the country.
Balkh River
The Balkh River (دریای بلخاب; د بلخ سیند) or Balkhab, also known in its upper reaches as the Band-e Amir River, is a river in northern Afghanistan.
Baloch people
The Baloch or Baluch (Balòc) are a nomadic, pastoral, ethnic group which speaks the Western Iranic Baloch language and is native to the Balochistan region of South and Western Asia, encompassing the countries of Pakistan, Iran, and Afghanistan.
Bamyan
Bamyan (بامیان), also spelled Bamiyan or Bamian, is the capital of Bamyan Province in central Afghanistan. Balkh and Bamyan are Buddhism in Afghanistan and Populated places along the Silk Road.
See Balkh and Bamyan
Barmakids
The Barmakids (برمکیان Barmakiyân; البرامكة al-BarāmikahHarold Bailey, 1943. "Iranica" BSOAS 11: p. 2. India - Department of Archaeology, and V. S. Mirashi (ed.), Inscriptions of the Kalachuri-Chedi Era vol. 4 of Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum, 1955, pp. clxx, 612, 614, 616.), also spelled Barmecides, were an influential Iranian family from Balkh, where they were originally hereditary Buddhist leaders (in the Nawbahar monastery), and subsequently came to great political power under the Abbasid caliphs of Baghdad. Balkh and Barmakids are Buddhism in Afghanistan.
Battle of Balkh
The Battle of Balkh took place between the armies of the Samanid Empire under the command of Emir Isma'il ibn Ahmad and Saffarid forces under Emir Amr ibn al-Layth in 900.
Battle of Qatwan
The Battle of Qatwan was fought in September 1141 between the Qara Khitai (Western Liao dynasty) and the Seljuk Empire and its vassal-state the Kara-Khanid Khanate.
See Balkh and Battle of Qatwan
Bazaar
A bazaar or souk is a marketplace consisting of multiple small stalls or shops, especially in the Middle East, the Balkans, North Africa and South Asia.
See Balkh and Bazaar
Biblical criticism
Biblical criticism is the use of critical analysis to understand and explain the Bible without appealing to the supernatural.
See Balkh and Biblical criticism
Buddhism
Buddhism, also known as Buddha Dharma and Dharmavinaya, is an Indian religion and philosophical tradition based on teachings attributed to the Buddha, a wandering teacher who lived in the 6th or 5th century BCE.
Bukharan Jews
Bukharan Jews (Bukharian: יהודיאני בוכארא/яҳудиёни Бухоро, Yahudiyoni Bukhoro; יְהוּדֵי־בּוּכָרָה, Yehudey Bukhara), in modern times called Bukharian Jews (Bukharian: יהודי בוכרה/яҳудиёни бухорӣ, Yahudiyoni Bukhorī; יְהוּדִים־בּוּכָרִים, Yehudim Bukharim), are the Mizrahi Jewish sub-group of Central Asia that historically spoke Bukharian, a Judeo-Persian dialect of the Tajik language, in turn a variety of the Persian language.
Caravanserai
A caravanserai (or caravansary) was a roadside inn where travelers (caravaners) could rest and recover from the day's journey.
China
China, officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is a country in East Asia.
See Balkh and China
Columbia University
Columbia University, officially Columbia University in the City of New York, is a private Ivy League research university in New York City.
See Balkh and Columbia University
Daqiqi
Abu Mansur Daqiqi (ابومنصور دقیقی), better simply known as Daqiqi (دقیقی), was one of the most prominent Persian poets of the Samanid era.
See Balkh and Daqiqi
Dari
Dari (endonym: دری), Dari Persian (فارسی دری,, or), or Eastern Persian is the variety of the Persian language spoken in Afghanistan.
See Balkh and Dari
Dawlatshah Samarqandi
Dawlatshah Samarqandi (دولتشاه سمرقندی; – 1494/1507) was a poet and biographer active under the Timurid Empire.
See Balkh and Dawlatshah Samarqandi
Desertification
Desertification is a type of gradual land degradation of fertile land into arid desert due to a combination of natural processes and human activities.
Diodotus I
Diodotus I Soter (Greek: Διόδοτος Σωτήρ, Diódotos Sōtḗr; c. 300 BC – c. 235 BC) was the first Hellenistic king of Bactria.
Districts of Afghanistan
The districts of Afghanistan, known as wuleswali (ولسوالۍ, wuləswāləi; Dari: ولسوالی, wuləswālī), are secondary-level administrative units, one level below provinces.
See Balkh and Districts of Afghanistan
Dodd, Mead & Co.
Dodd, Mead and Company was one of the pioneer publishing houses of the United States, based in New York City.
See Balkh and Dodd, Mead & Co.
Dome
A dome is an architectural element similar to the hollow upper half of a sphere.
See Balkh and Dome
Dost Mohammad Khan
Emir Dost Mohammad Khan Barakzai (Pashto/دوست محمد خان; December 23, 1792 – June 8, 1863), nicknamed the Amir-i Kabir, was the founder of the Barakzai dynasty and one of the prominent rulers of Afghanistan during the First Anglo-Afghan War.
See Balkh and Dost Mohammad Khan
Durrani Empire
The Durrani Empire, or the Afghan Empire, also known as the Sadozai Kingdom, was an Afghan empire founded by the Durrani tribe of Pashtuns under Ahmad Shah Durrani in 1747, which spanned parts of Central Asia, the Iranian plateau, and the Indian subcontinent.
Early Islamic philosophy
Early Islamic philosophy or classical Islamic philosophy is a period of intense philosophical development beginning in the 2nd century AH of the Islamic calendar (early 9th century CE) and lasting until the 6th century AH (late 12th century CE).
See Balkh and Early Islamic philosophy
Ecbatana
Ecbatana (translit or, literally "the place of gathering" according to Darius the Great's inscription at Bisotun; هگمتانه; 𐭠𐭧𐭬𐭲𐭠𐭭; translit; 𒆳𒀀𒃵𒋫𒉡|translit.
Emirate of Afghanistan
The Emirate of Afghanistan, known as the Emirate of Kabul until 1855, was an emirate in Central Asia and South Asia that encompassed present-day Afghanistan and parts of present-day Pakistan (before 1893).
See Balkh and Emirate of Afghanistan
Encyclopædia Iranica
Encyclopædia Iranica is a project whose goal is to create a comprehensive and authoritative English-language encyclopedia about the history, culture, and civilization of Iranian peoples from prehistory to modern times.
See Balkh and Encyclopædia Iranica
Exegesis
Exegesis (from the Greek ἐξήγησις, from ἐξηγεῖσθαι, "to lead out") is a critical explanation or interpretation of a text.
Ezekiel
Ezekiel, also spelled Ezechiel (יְחֶזְקֵאל; Greek), was an Israelite priest.
Faculty of Asian and Middle Eastern Studies
The Faculty of Asian and Middle Eastern Studies (formerly the Faculty of Oriental Studies), is a subdivision of the University of Oxford.
See Balkh and Faculty of Asian and Middle Eastern Studies
Fars-Nama
Fārsnāma (فارسنامه, "The Book of Fars") is a local Persian-language history and geography of Fars province, Persia, written between 1105 and 1116 during the Seljuk period.
Faxian
Faxian (337–), formerly romanized as Fa-hien and Fa-hsien, was a Chinese Buddhist monk and translator who traveled on foot from Jin China to medieval India to acquire Buddhist scriptures.
See Balkh and Faxian
Ferdowsi
Abul-Qâsem Ferdowsi Tusi (ابوالقاسمفردوسی توسی; 940 – 1019/1025), also Firdawsi or Ferdowsi (فردوسی), was a Persian poet and the author of Shahnameh ("Book of Kings"), which is one of the world's longest epic poems created by a single poet, and the greatest epic of Persian-speaking countries.
Fire temple
A fire temple, (darb-e Mehr, lit. ‘Door of Kindness’)(agiyārī) is the place of worship for the followers of Zoroastrianism, the ancient religion of Persia.
Folk art
Folk art covers all forms of visual art made in the context of folk culture.
Gandhara
Gandhara was an ancient Indo-Aryan civilization centred in present-day north-west Pakistan and north-east Afghanistan.
Genghis Khan
Genghis Khan (born Temüjin; August 1227), also known as Chinggis Khan, was the founder and first khan of the Mongol Empire.
Geography and cartography in the medieval Islamic world
Medieval Islamic geography and cartography refer to the study of geography and cartography in the Muslim world during the Islamic Golden Age (variously dated between the 8th century and 16th century).
See Balkh and Geography and cartography in the medieval Islamic world
George Gurdjieff
George Ivanovich Gurdjieff (c. 1867 – 29 October 1949) was a philosopher, mystic, spiritual teacher, composer, and dance teacher.
See Balkh and George Gurdjieff
Ghaznavids
The Ghaznavid dynasty (غزنویان Ġaznaviyān) or the Ghaznavid Empire was a Persianate Muslim dynasty and empire of Turkic mamluk origin, ruling at its greatest extent from the Oxus to the Indus Valley from 977 to 1186.
Ghurid dynasty
The Ghurid dynasty (also spelled Ghorids; translit; self-designation: شنسبانی, Šansabānī) was a Persianate dynasty of presumably eastern Iranian Tajik origin, which ruled from the 8th-century in the region of Ghor, and became an Empire from 1175 to 1215.
Global Heritage Fund
Global Heritage Fund is a non-profit organization that operates internationally.
See Balkh and Global Heritage Fund
Greater Khorasan
Greater KhorāsānDabeersiaghi, Commentary on Safarnâma-e Nâsir Khusraw, 6th Ed.
See Balkh and Greater Khorasan
Greco-Bactrian Kingdom
The Greco-Bactrian Kingdom (lit) was a Greek state of the Hellenistic period located in Central Asia.
See Balkh and Greco-Bactrian Kingdom
Green Mosque, Balkh
The Green Mosque (Pashto: شنه جومات; مَسجد سَبز|Masjid Sabz), or the Mosque of Khawaja Abu Nasr Parsa (Pashto; د خواجه ابو نصر پارسا جومات) is a mosque in the city of Balkh, northern Afghanistan.
See Balkh and Green Mosque, Balkh
Haji Piyada
Haji Piyada Mosque (ḤĀJI PIĀDA) or Noh Gonbad Mosque (مسجد نُه‌گنبد "Mosque of Nine Cupolas") is a historic building in Balkh province of northern Afghanistan.
Hephthalites
The Hephthalites (translit), sometimes called the White Huns (also known as the White Hunas, in Iranian as the Spet Xyon and in Sanskrit as the Sveta-huna), were a people who lived in Central Asia during the 5th to 8th centuries CE, part of the larger group of the Iranian Huns.
Hinayana
Hīnayāna is a Sanskrit term that was at one time applied collectively to the Śrāvakayāna and Pratyekabuddhayāna paths of Buddhism.
Historian
A historian is a person who studies and writes about the past and is regarded as an authority on it.
Hiwi al-Balkhi
Ḥiwi al-Balkhi (9th century) (חיוי אל-בלכי, also Hiwwi or Chivi) was an exegete and Biblical critic of the last quarter of the ninth century born in Balkh, Khorasan (modern Afghanistan).
Hyecho
Hyecho (Prajñāvikrama; 704–787) was a Korean Buddhist monk from Silla, one of Korea's Three Kingdoms.
See Balkh and Hyecho
Ibn Battuta
Abū Abd Allāh Muḥammad ibn Abd Allāh Al-Lawātī (24 February 13041368/1369), commonly known as Ibn Battuta, was a Maghrebi traveller, explorer and scholar.
Ibn Hawqal
Muḥammad Abū’l-Qāsim Ibn Ḥawqal (محمد أبو القاسمبن حوقل), also known as Abū al-Qāsim b. ʻAlī Ibn Ḥawqal al-Naṣībī, born in Nisibis, Upper Mesopotamia; was a 10th-century Arab Muslim writer, geographer, and chronicler who travelled from AD 943 to 969.
Ibrahim ibn Adham
Ibrahim ibn Adham also called Ibrahim Balkhi and Ebrahim-e-Adham (ابراهیمادهم); c. 718 – c. 782 / AH c. 100 – c. 165 is one of the most prominent of the early ascetic Sufi saints.
See Balkh and Ibrahim ibn Adham
Idries Shah
Idries Shah (इदरीस शाह, ادريس شاه, ادریس شاه; 16 June 1924 – 23 November 1996), also known as Idris Shah, Indries Shah, né Sayed Idries el-Hashimi (Arabic: سيد إدريس هاشمي) and by the pen name Arkon Daraul, was an Afghan author, thinker and teacher in the Sufi tradition.
Ilkhanate
The Ilkhanate or Il-khanate, ruled by the Il-Khans or Ilkhanids (translit), and known to the Mongols as Hülegü Ulus, was a Mongol khanate founded in the southwestern territories of the Mongol Empire.
India
India, officially the Republic of India (ISO), is a country in South Asia.
See Balkh and India
Indo-Parthian Kingdom
The Indo-Parthian Kingdom was a Parthian kingdom founded by Gondophares, and active from 19 CE to c. 226 CE.
See Balkh and Indo-Parthian Kingdom
Indo-Scythians
The Indo-Scythians (also called Indo-Sakas) were a group of nomadic people of Iranic Scythian origin who migrated from Central Asia southward into the northwestern Indian subcontinent: the present-day South Asian regions of Afghanistan, Pakistan, Eastern Iran and northern India.
Iran
Iran, officially the Islamic Republic of Iran (IRI), also known as Persia, is a country in West Asia. It borders Turkey to the northwest and Iraq to the west, Azerbaijan, Armenia, the Caspian Sea, and Turkmenistan to the north, Afghanistan to the east, Pakistan to the southeast, the Gulf of Oman and the Persian Gulf to the south.
See Balkh and Iran
Iranian folklore
Iranian folklore encompasses the folk traditions that have evolved in Greater Iran.
See Balkh and Iranian folklore
Iranian peoples
The Iranian peoples or Iranic peoples are a diverse grouping of peoples who are identified by their usage of the Iranian languages (branch of the Indo-European languages) and other cultural similarities.
Iranian philosophy
Iranian philosophy (Persian: فلسفه ایرانی) or Persian philosophy can be traced back as far as to Old Iranian philosophical traditions and thoughts which originated in ancient Indo-Iranian roots and were considerably influenced by Zarathustra's teachings.
See Balkh and Iranian philosophy
Islamic art
Islamic art is a part of Islamic culture and encompasses the visual arts produced since the 7th century CE by people who lived within territories inhabited or ruled by Muslim populations.
Islamic Golden Age
The Islamic Golden Age was a period of scientific, economic and cultural flourishing in the history of Islam, traditionally dated from the 8th century to the 13th century.
See Balkh and Islamic Golden Age
Isma'ilism
Isma'ilism (translit) is a branch or sect of Shia Islam.
Ismail Samani
Abū Ibrāhīm Ismā'īl ibn-i Aḥmad-i Sāmāni (ابو ابراهیماسماعیل بن احمد سامانی; May 849 – 24 November 907), better known simply as Ismail-i Samani (اسماعیل سامانی), and also known as Isma'il ibn-i Ahmad (اسماعیل بن احمد), was the Samanid amir of Transoxiana (892–907) and Khorasan (900–907).
Jeremiah
Jeremiah (–), also called Jeremias or the "weeping prophet", was one of the major prophets of the Hebrew Bible.
Jews
The Jews (יְהוּדִים) or Jewish people are an ethnoreligious group and nation originating from the Israelites of the ancient Near East, and whose traditional religion is Judaism.
See Balkh and Jews
John G. Bennett
John Godolphin Bennett (8 June 1897 – 13 December 1974) was a British academic and author.
Kabul
Kabul is the capital city of Afghanistan. Balkh and Kabul are places in Shahnameh, Populated places along the Silk Road and Populated places established in the 2nd millennium BC.
See Balkh and Kabul
Kara-Khanid Khanate
The Kara-Khanid Khanate, also known as the Karakhanids, Qarakhanids, Ilek Khanids or the Afrasiabids, was a Karluk Turkic khanate that ruled Central Asia from the 9th to the early 13th century.
See Balkh and Kara-Khanid Khanate
Karakul sheep
Karakul or Qaraqul (named after Qorakoʻl, a city in Bukhara Region in Uzbekistan) is a breed of domestic fat-tailed sheep which originated in Central Asia.
Kart dynasty
The Kart dynasty, also known as the Kartids (آل کرت), was a Sunni Muslim dynasty of Tajik origin closely related to the Ghurids, that ruled over a large part of Khorasan during the 13th and 14th centuries.
Kashgar
Kashgar (قەشقەر) or Kashi (c) is a city in the Tarim Basin region of southern Xinjiang, China. Balkh and Kashgar are Populated places along the Silk Road.
Köppen climate classification
The Köppen climate classification is one of the most widely used climate classification systems.
See Balkh and Köppen climate classification
Keyumars
Keyumars or Kiomars (کیومرث) was the name of the first king (shah) of the Pishdadian dynasty of Iran according to the Shahnameh.
Khalid ibn Barmak
Khalid ibn Barmak (709–781/82; خالد بن برمك) was the first prominent member of the Barmakids, an important Buddhist family from Balkh, which converted to Islam and became prominent members of the Abbasid court in the second half of the 8th century.
See Balkh and Khalid ibn Barmak
Khanate of Bukhara
The Khanate of Bukhara (or Khanate of Bukhoro) was an Uzbek state in Central Asia from 1501 to 1785, founded by the Abu'l-Khayrid dynasty, a branch of the Shaybanids.
See Balkh and Khanate of Bukhara
Kholm, Afghanistan
Kholm or Khulm (Dari/Pashto: خلم), formerly known as Tashqurghan (Dari/Uzbek: تاشقرغان), is a town in Samangan Province of northern Afghanistan, 60 km east of Mazar-i-Sharif one-third of the way to Kunduz. Balkh and Kholm, Afghanistan are Populated places in Balkh Province.
See Balkh and Kholm, Afghanistan
Khuttal
Khuttal, frequently also in the plural form Khuttalan (and variants such as Khutlan, Khatlan, in Chinese sources K'o-tut-lo) was a medieval region and principality on the north bank of the river Oxus (modern Amu Darya), lying between its tributaries Vakhsh and Panj.
Khwaja Abu Nasr Parsa
Khwaja Abu Nasr Parsa was a 15th century Sufi mystic of the Naqshbandi Sufi order.
See Balkh and Khwaja Abu Nasr Parsa
Khwarazmian Empire
The Khwarazmian Empire, also called the Empire of the Khwarazmshahs or simply Khwarazm, was a culturally Persianate, Sunni Muslim empire of Turkic mamluk origin.
See Balkh and Khwarazmian Empire
Kidarites
The Kidarites, or Kidara Huns, were a dynasty that ruled Bactria and adjoining parts of Central Asia and South Asia in the 4th and 5th centuries.
Kucha
Kucha or Kuche (also: Kuçar, Kuchar; كۇچار, Кучар; p, p; translit) was an ancient Buddhist kingdom located on the branch of the Silk Road that ran along the northern edge of what is now the Taklamakan Desert in the Tarim Basin and south of the Muzat River. Balkh and Kucha are Populated places along the Silk Road.
See Balkh and Kucha
Kumargah
Kumargah is a gorge and mountain, 2,181 metres high, located in Balkh, Afghanistan.
Kushan Empire
The Kushan Empire (– AD) was a syncretic empire formed by the Yuezhi in the Bactrian territories in the early 1st century. Balkh and Kushan Empire are Buddhism in Afghanistan.
Kushano-Sasanian Kingdom
The Kushano-Sasanian Kingdom (or Indo-Sasanians) was a polity established by the Sasanian Empire in Bactria during the 3rd and 4th centuries.
See Balkh and Kushano-Sasanian Kingdom
Les Nouvelles littéraires
Les Nouvelles littéraires was a French literary and artistic newspaper created in October 1922 by the Éditions Larousse.
See Balkh and Les Nouvelles littéraires
The list is not comprehensive, but is continuously being expanded and includes Persian poets as well as poets who write in Persian from Iran, Azerbaijan, Iraq, Georgia, Dagestan, Turkey, Syria, Afghanistan, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, Lebanon, China, Pakistan, India and elsewhere.
See Balkh and List of Persian-language poets and authors
List of sovereign states
The following is a list providing an overview of sovereign states around the world with information on their status and recognition of their sovereignty.
See Balkh and List of sovereign states
Ma'ruf Balkhi
Ma'ruf Balkhi or Ma'rufi Balkhi (معروف بلخی) was a Persian poet from Balkh, who was one of the first to compose poems in New Persian.
Madrasa
Madrasa (also,; Arabic: مدرسة, pl. مدارس), sometimes transliterated as madrasah or madrassa, is the Arabic word for any type of educational institution, secular or religious (of any religion), whether for elementary education or higher learning.
Mahmud of Ghazni
Abu al-Qasim Mahmud ibn Sabuktigin (translit; 2 November 971 – 30 April 1030), usually known as Mahmud of Ghazni or Mahmud Ghaznavi (محمود غزنوی), was Sultan of the Ghaznavid Empire, ruling from 998 to 1030.
See Balkh and Mahmud of Ghazni
Maimana Khanate
The Maimana Khanate was an Uzbek Khanate in Northern Afghanistan centered around the town of Maimana.
Malaria
Malaria is a mosquito-borne infectious disease that affects vertebrates.
Manuchehri
Abu Najm Aḥmad ibn Qauṣ ibn Aḥmad Manūčihrī (ابونجماحمد ابن قوص ابن احمد منوچهری دامغانی), a.k.a. Manuchehri Dāmghānī (fl. 1031–1040), was an eleventh-century court poet in Persia and in the estimation of J. W. Clinton, 'the third and last (after ʿUnṣurī and Farrukhī) of the major panegyrists of the early Ghaznawid court'.
Marco Polo
Marco Polo (8 January 1324) was a Venetian merchant, explorer and writer who travelled through Asia along the Silk Road between 1271 and 1295.
Mathematician
A mathematician is someone who uses an extensive knowledge of mathematics in their work, typically to solve mathematical problems.
Mathematics in the medieval Islamic world
Mathematics during the Golden Age of Islam, especially during the 9th and 10th centuries, was built upon syntheses of Greek mathematics (Euclid, Archimedes, Apollonius) and Indian mathematics (Aryabhata, Brahmagupta).
See Balkh and Mathematics in the medieval Islamic world
Mazar-i-Sharif
Mazar-i-Sharīf (Dari and مزار شریف), also known as Mazar-e Sharīf or simply Mazar, is the fourth-largest city in Afghanistan by population, with an estimated 500,207 residents in 2021. Balkh and Mazar-i-Sharif are Populated places along the Silk Road and Populated places in Balkh Province.
Median (also Medean or Medic) was the language of the Medes.
Medicine in the medieval Islamic world
In the history of medicine, "Islamic medicine" Also known as "Arabian medicine" is the science of medicine developed in the Middle East, and usually written in Arabic, the lingua franca of Islamic civilization.
See Balkh and Medicine in the medieval Islamic world
Merv
Merv (Merw, Мерв, مرو; translit), also known as the Merve Oasis, was a major Iranian city in Central Asia, on the historical Silk Road, near today's Mary, Turkmenistan. Balkh and Merv are Populated places along the Silk Road.
See Balkh and Merv
Middle Persian literature
Middle Persian literature is the corpus of written works composed in Middle Persian, that is, the Middle Iranian dialect of Persia proper, the region in the south-western corner of the Iranian plateau.
See Balkh and Middle Persian literature
Mongols
The Mongols are an East Asian ethnic group native to Mongolia, China (majority in Inner Mongolia), as well as Buryatia and Kalmykia of Russia.
Mount Imeon
Mount Imeon is an ancient name for the Central Asian complex of mountain ranges comprising the present Hindu Kush, Pamir and Tian Shan, extending from the Zagros Mountains in the southwest to the Altay Mountains in the northeast, and linked to the Kunlun, Karakoram and Himalayas to the southeast.
Mu'awiya I
Mu'awiya I (Muʿāwiya ibn Abī Sufyān; –April 680) was the founder and first caliph of the Umayyad Caliphate, ruling from 661 until his death.
Mudbrick
Mudbrick or mud-brick, also known as unfired brick, is an air-dried brick, made of a mixture of mud (containing loam, clay, sand and water) mixed with a binding material such as rice husks or straw.
Mughal Empire
The Mughal Empire was an early modern empire in South Asia.
Muhammad al-Idrisi
Abu Abdullah Muhammad al-Idrisi al-Qurtubi al-Hasani as-Sabti, or simply al-Idrisi (أبو عبد الله محمد الإدريسي القرطبي الحسني السبتي; Dreses; 1100–1165), was a Muslim geographer and cartographer who served in the court of King Roger II at Palermo, Sicily.
See Balkh and Muhammad al-Idrisi
Muhammad ibn Yusuf al-Ilaqi
Muḥammad ibn Yusuf al-Ilāqī was an eleventh-century Persian physician from Khorasan.
See Balkh and Muhammad ibn Yusuf al-Ilaqi
Muhammad Shaybani
Muhammad Shaybani Khan (– 2 December 1510) was an Uzbek leader who consolidated various Uzbek tribes and laid the foundations for their ascendance in Transoxiana and the establishment of the Khanate of Bukhara.
See Balkh and Muhammad Shaybani
Muqatil ibn Sulayman
Muqātil ibn Sulaymān (d. 767 C.E.) was an 8th-century Muslim scholar of the Quran, controversial for his anthropomorphism. He wrote one of the earliest, if not first, commentaries of the Qur'an which is still available today.John Wansbrough, "The Sectarian Milieu" 2006 (original 1978) Muqatil is the author of a tafsir (commentary) on the Quran that John Wansbrough considers the oldest surviving complete tafsir and discusses in some detail.
See Balkh and Muqatil ibn Sulayman
Muslim conquests of Afghanistan
The Muslim conquests of Afghanistan began during the Muslim conquest of Persia as the Arab Muslims migrated eastwards to Khorasan, Sistan and Transoxiana.
See Balkh and Muslim conquests of Afghanistan
Mysticism
Mysticism is popularly known as becoming one with God or the Absolute, but may refer to any kind of ecstasy or altered state of consciousness which is given a religious or spiritual meaning.
Nader Shah
Nader Shah Afshar (نادر شاه افشار; 6 August 1698 – 20 June 1747) was the founder of the Afsharid dynasty of Iran and one of the most powerful rulers in Iranian history, ruling as shah of Iran (Persia) from 1736 to 1747, when he was assassinated during a rebellion.
Nava Vihara
The (नवविहार; نوبهار; "New Monastery") were two Buddhist monasteries close to the ancient city of Balkh in northern Afghanistan. Balkh and Nava Vihara are Buddhism in Afghanistan.
Naval Postgraduate School
The Naval Postgraduate School (NPS) is a public graduate school operated by the United States Navy and located in Monterey, California.
See Balkh and Naval Postgraduate School
New Persian
New Persian (translit), also known as Modern Persian (فارسی نوین) is the current stage of the Persian language spoken since the 8th to 9th centuries until now in Greater Iran and surroundings.
Nineveh
Nineveh (𒌷𒉌𒉡𒀀, URUNI.NU.A, Ninua; נִינְוֵה, Nīnəwē; نَيْنَوَىٰ, Naynawā; ܢܝܼܢܘܹܐ, Nīnwē), also known in early modern times as Kouyunjik, was an ancient Assyrian city of Upper Mesopotamia, located in the modern-day city of Mosul in northern Iraq.
Nishapur
Nishapur (نیشاپور, also help|italic. Balkh and Nishapur are ancient Iranian cities and Populated places along the Silk Road.
Oghuz Turks
The Oghuz Turks (Middle Turkic: ٱغُز, Oγuz) were a western Turkic people who spoke the Oghuz branch of the Turkic language family.
Old Persian
Old Persian is one of two directly attested Old Iranian languages (the other being Avestan) and is the ancestor of Middle Persian (the language of the Sasanian Empire).
Parasang
The parasang, also known as a farsakh (from Arabic), is a historical Iranian unit of walking distance, the length of which varied according to terrain and speed of travel.
Parthian Empire
The Parthian Empire, also known as the Arsacid Empire, was a major Iranian political and cultural power centered in ancient Iran from 247 BC to 224 AD.
Pashtuns
Pashtuns (translit), also known as Pakhtuns, or Pathans, are a nomadic, pastoral, Eastern Iranic ethnic group primarily residing in northwestern Pakistan and southern and eastern Afghanistan. They historically were also referred to as Afghans until the 1970s after the term's meaning had become a demonym for members of all ethnic groups in Afghanistan.
Persian language
Persian, also known by its endonym Farsi (Fārsī|), is a Western Iranian language belonging to the Iranian branch of the Indo-Iranian subdivision of the Indo-European languages.
See Balkh and Persian language
Persian literature
Persian literature comprises oral compositions and written texts in the Persian language and is one of the world's oldest literatures.
See Balkh and Persian literature
Persians
The Persians--> are an Iranian ethnic group who comprise over half of the population of Iran.
Physician
A physician, medical practitioner (British English), medical doctor, or simply doctor is a health professional who practices medicine, which is concerned with promoting, maintaining or restoring health through the study, diagnosis, prognosis and treatment of disease, injury, and other physical and mental impairments.
Platanus
Platanus is a genus consisting of a small number of tree species native to the Northern Hemisphere.
Polymath
A polymath (lit; lit) or polyhistor (lit) is an individual whose knowledge spans many different subjects, known to draw on complex bodies of knowledge to solve specific problems.
Provinces of Afghanistan
Afghanistan is divided into 34 provinces (ولايت, wilåyat).
See Balkh and Provinces of Afghanistan
Psychology in the medieval Islamic world
Islamic psychology or ʿilm al-nafs (Arabic: علمالنفس), the science of the nafs ("self" or "psyche"), is the medical and philosophical study of the psyche from an Islamic perspective and addresses topics in psychology, neuroscience, philosophy of mind, and psychiatry as well as psychosomatic medicine.
See Balkh and Psychology in the medieval Islamic world
Qara Khitai
The Qara Khitai, or Kara Khitai, also known as the Western Liao, officially the Great Liao, was a dynastic regime based in Central Asia ruled by the Yelü clan of the Khitan people.
Quran
The Quran, also romanized Qur'an or Koran, is the central religious text of Islam, believed by Muslims to be a revelation directly from God (Allah).
See Balkh and Quran
Qutayba ibn Muslim
Abū Ḥafṣ Qutayba ibn Abī Ṣāliḥ Muslim ibn ʿAmr al-Bāhilī (أبو حفص قتيبة بن أبي صالح مسلمبن عمرو الباهلي; 669–715/6) was an Arab commander of the Umayyad Caliphate who became governor of Khurasan and distinguished himself in the conquest of Transoxiana during the reign of al-Walid I (705–715).
See Balkh and Qutayba ibn Muslim
Rabia Balkhi
Rabia Balkhi, also known as Rabia al-Quzdari (or Khuzdari) was a 10th-century writer who composed poetry in Persian and Arabic.
Rammed earth
Rammed earth is a technique for constructing foundations, floors, and walls using compacted natural raw materials such as earth, chalk, lime, or gravel.
Rashid al-Din Vatvat
Rashid al-Din Muhammad ibn Muhammad ibn Abd Jalil al-Umari (رشیدالدین محمد بن محمد بن عبد جلیل العمری; 1088/9 – 1182/3), better known by his nickname of Vatvat (وطواط; "the swallow"), was a secretary, poet, philologist in the Khwarazmian Empire.
See Balkh and Rashid al-Din Vatvat
Rashidun Caliphate
The Rashidun Caliphate (al-Khilāfah ar-Rāšidah) was the first caliphate to succeed the Islamic prophet Muhammad.
See Balkh and Rashidun Caliphate
Rodney Young (archaeologist)
Rodney Stuart Young (born August 1, 1907, in Bernardsville, New Jersey, – died October 25, 1974, in Chester Springs, Pennsylvania) was an American Near Eastern archaeologist.
See Balkh and Rodney Young (archaeologist)
Roxana
Roxana (dead 310 BC, Ῥωξάνη; Old Iranian: *Raṷxšnā- "shining, radiant, brilliant") sometimes known as Roxanne, Roxanna and Roxane was a Sogdian or a Bactrian princess whom Alexander the Great married after defeating Darius, ruler of the Achaemenid Empire, and invading Persia.
See Balkh and Roxana
Ruba'i
A rubāʿī (translit, from Arabic lit; plural: translit) or chahārgāna (چهارگانه) is a poem or a verse of a poem in Persian poetry (or its derivative in English and other languages) in the form of a quatrain, consisting of four lines (four hemistichs).
See Balkh and Ruba'i
Rumi
Jalāl al-Dīn Muḥammad Rūmī (جلال‌الدین محمّد رومی), or simply Rumi (30 September 1207 – 17 December 1273), was a 13th-century poet, Hanafi faqih (jurist), Islamic scholar, Maturidi theologian (mutakallim), and Sufi mystic originally from Greater Khorasan in Greater Iran.
See Balkh and Rumi
Sabuktigin
Abu Mansur Nasir ad-Din wa'd-Dawla Sabuktigin (ابومنصور ناصرالدین والدوله سبکتگین; 940s – August-September 997) was the founder of the Ghaznavid dynasty, and of Ghazna from 977 to 997.
Safavid Iran
Safavid Iran, Safavid Persia or the Safavid Empire,, officially known as the Guarded Domains of Iran, was one of the largest and long-standing Iranian empires after the 7th-century Muslim conquest of Persia, which was ruled from 1501 to 1736 by the Safavid dynasty.
Saffarid dynasty
The Saffarid dynasty (safāryān) was a Persianate dynasty of eastern Iranian origin that ruled over parts of Persia, Greater Khorasan, and eastern Makran from 861 to 1002.
See Balkh and Saffarid dynasty
Saint
In Christian belief, a saint is a person who is recognized as having an exceptional degree of holiness, likeness, or closeness to God.
See Balkh and Saint
Saman Khuda
Saman Khuda (Saman Khoda, Saman-khudat; سامان‌خدا، سامان‌خدات) was an 8th-century Iranian noble whose descendants (the House of Saman) later became rulers of Khurasan (the Samanid Empire).
Samanid Empire
The Samanid Empire (Sāmāniyān), also known as the Samanian Empire, Samanid dynasty, Samanid amirate, or simply as the Samanids, was a Persianate Sunni Muslim empire, of Iranian dehqan origin.
Sanskrit
Sanskrit (attributively संस्कृत-,; nominally संस्कृतम्) is a classical language belonging to the Indo-Aryan branch of the Indo-European languages.
Sasanian Empire
The Sasanian Empire or Sassanid Empire, and officially known as Eranshahr ("Land/Empire of the Iranians"), was the last Iranian empire before the early Muslim conquests of the 7th to 8th centuries.
Science in the medieval Islamic world
Science in the medieval Islamic world was the science developed and practised during the Islamic Golden Age under the Abbasid Caliphate of Baghdad, the Umayyads of Córdoba, the Abbadids of Seville, the Samanids, the Ziyarids and the Buyids in Persia and beyond, spanning the period roughly between 786 and 1258.
See Balkh and Science in the medieval Islamic world
Seleucid Empire
The Seleucid Empire (lit) was a Greek power in West Asia during the Hellenistic period.
Seljuk dynasty
The Seljuk dynasty, or Seljukids (سلجوقیان Saljuqian, alternatively spelled as Seljuqs or Saljuqs), Seljuqs, also known as Seljuk Turks, Seljuk Turkomans "The defeat in August 1071 of the Byzantine emperor Romanos Diogenes by the Turkomans at the battle of Malazgirt (Manzikert) is taken as a turning point in the history of Anatolia and the Byzantine Empire." or the Saljuqids, was an Oghuz Turkic, Sunni Muslim dynasty that gradually became Persianate and contributed to Turco-Persian culture in West Asia and Central Asia.
Sennacherib
Sennacherib (𒀭𒌍𒉽𒈨𒌍𒋢|translit.
Shah Jahan
Mirza Shahab-ud-Din Muhammad Khurram (5 January 1592 – 22 January 1666), also known as Shah Jahan I, was the fifth Mughal emperor, reigning from 1628 until 1658.
Shah Rukh
Shah Rukh or Shahrukh Mirza (شاهرخ, Šāhrokh; 20 August 1377 – 13 March 1447) was the ruler of the Timurid Empire between 1405 and 1447.
Shahid Balkhi
Shahid Balkhi (or Shuhayd; Shahīd-e Balkhī; died 927) was a scribe, philosopher and poet active in the Chaghaniyan and Samanid courts.
Shahnameh
The Shahnameh (lit), also transliterated Shahnama, is a long epic poem written by the Persian poet Ferdowsi between and 1010 CE and is the national epic of Greater Iran.
Shambhala
In Tibetan Buddhist tradition, Shambhala (शम्भल),Śambhala also Sambhala, is the name of a town between the Rathaprā and Ganges rivers, identified by some with Sambhal in Uttar Pradesh.
She'r-e Nimaa'i
She'r-e Nimaa'i is a school of Modernist poetry in Iran that is derived from the literary theory of Nima Yooshij, a contemporary Iranian poet.
Siege of Bactra
The siege of Bactra was a siege of the Hellenistic period that lasted from 208 to 206 BC.
Silk Road transmission of Buddhism
Buddhism entered Han China via the Silk Road, beginning in the 1st or 2nd century CE.
See Balkh and Silk Road transmission of Buddhism
Sir Charles Yate, 1st Baronet
Colonel Sir Charles Edward Yate, 1st Baronet, (28 August 1849 – 29 February 1940) was an English soldier and administrator in British India and later a politician in Britain.
See Balkh and Sir Charles Yate, 1st Baronet
Sistan
Sistān (سیستان), also known as Sakastān (سَكاستان "the land of the Saka") and Sijistan, is a historical region in present-day south-eastern Iran, south-western Afghanistan and extending across the borders of south-western Pakistan. Balkh and Sistan are places in Shahnameh.
See Balkh and Sistan
Stupa
In Buddhism, a stupa (lit) is a mound-like or hemispherical structure containing relics (such as śarīra – typically the remains of Buddhist monks or nuns) that is used as a place of meditation.
See Balkh and Stupa
Subah
A Subah was the term for a province (state) in the Mughal Empire.
See Balkh and Subah
Sufism
Sufism is a mystic body of religious practice found within Islam which is characterized by a focus on Islamic purification, spirituality, ritualism and asceticism.
See Balkh and Sufism
Tajiks
Tajiks (Tājīk, Tājek; Tojik) are a Persian-speaking Iranian ethnic group native to Central Asia, living primarily in Afghanistan, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan.
See Balkh and Tajiks
Takhteh Pol, Afghanistan
Takhteh Pol (Dari: تخته‌پل), also known as Takhtapul, is a village in Balkh Province in northern Afghanistan. Balkh and Takhteh Pol, Afghanistan are Populated places in Balkh Province.
See Balkh and Takhteh Pol, Afghanistan
Taliban
The Taliban (lit), which also refers to itself by its state name, the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan, is an Afghan militant movement with an ideology comprising elements of Pashtun nationalism and the Deobandi movement of Islamic fundamentalism.
Termez
Termez (Termiz/Термиз; ترمذ, Tirmiz; ترمذ Tirmidh; Термез; Ancient Greek: Tàrmita, Thàrmis, Θέρμις) is the capital of Surxondaryo Region in southern Uzbekistan. Balkh and Termez are Populated places along the Silk Road.
See Balkh and Termez
The Buddha
Siddhartha Gautama, most commonly referred to as the Buddha ('the awakened'), was a wandering ascetic and religious teacher who lived in South Asia during the 6th or 5th century BCE and founded Buddhism.
Theology
Theology is the study of religious belief from a religious perspective, with a focus on the nature of divinity.
Timur
Timur, also known as Tamerlane (8 April 133617–18 February 1405), was a Turco-Mongol conqueror who founded the Timurid Empire in and around modern-day Afghanistan, Iran, and Central Asia, becoming the first ruler of the Timurid dynasty. An undefeated commander, he is widely regarded as one of the greatest military leaders and tacticians in history, as well as one of the most brutal and deadly.
See Balkh and Timur
Timurid Empire
The Timurid Empire was a late medieval, culturally Persianate Turco-Mongol empire that dominated Greater Iran in the early 15th century, comprising modern-day Iran, Iraq, Afghanistan, much of Central Asia, the South Caucasus, and parts of contemporary Pakistan, North India and Turkey.
Tokharistan
Tokharistan (formed from "Tokhara" and the suffix -stan meaning "place of" in Persian) is an ancient Early Middle Ages name given to the area which was known as Bactria in Ancient Greek sources.
Transoxiana
Transoxiana or Transoxania is the Latin name for the region and civilization located in lower Central Asia roughly corresponding to modern-day eastern Uzbekistan, western Tajikistan, parts of southern Kazakhstan, parts of Turkmenistan and southern Kyrgyzstan.
Trapusa and Bahalika
Trapusa and Bahalika (alternatively Bhallika) are traditionally regarded as the first disciples of the Buddha. Balkh and Trapusa and Bahalika are Buddhism in Afghanistan.
See Balkh and Trapusa and Bahalika
Turco–Mongol tradition
The Turco-Mongol or Turko-Mongol tradition was an ethnocultural synthesis that arose in Asia during the 14th century among the ruling elites of the Golden Horde and the Chagatai Khanate.
See Balkh and Turco–Mongol tradition
Udayana
Udayana, (Devanagari: उदयन) also known as Udayanācārya (Udyanacharya, or Master Udayana), (circa 975 - 1050 CE) was an Indian philosopher and logician of the tenth century of the Nyaya school who attempted to devise a rational theology to prove the existence of God using logic and counter the attack on the existence of God at the hands of Buddhist philosophers such as Dharmakīrti, Jñānaśrī and against the Indian school of materialism (Chārvaka).
Umar
Umar ibn al-Khattab (ʿUmar ibn al-Khaṭṭāb), also spelled Omar, was the second Rashidun caliph, ruling from August 634, when he succeeded Abu Bakr as the second caliph, until his assassination in 644.
See Balkh and Umar
Umayyad Caliphate
The Umayyad Caliphate or Umayyad Empire (al-Khilāfa al-Umawiyya) was the second caliphate established after the death of the Islamic prophet Muhammad and was ruled by the Umayyad dynasty.
See Balkh and Umayyad Caliphate
UNESCO
The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO; pronounced) is a specialized agency of the United Nations (UN) with the aim of promoting world peace and security through international cooperation in education, arts, sciences and culture.
See Balkh and UNESCO
University of Oxford
The University of Oxford is a collegiate research university in Oxford, England.
See Balkh and University of Oxford
Unsuri
Abul Qasim Hasan Unsuri Balkhi (ابوالقاسمحسن عنصری بلخی; died 1039/1040) was a 10–11th century Persian poet.
See Balkh and Unsuri
Uthman
Uthman ibn Affan (translit; 17 June 656) was the third caliph, ruling from 644 until his assassination in 656.
See Balkh and Uthman
Uzbekistan
Uzbekistan, officially the Republic of Uzbekistan, is a doubly landlocked country located in Central Asia.
Uzbeks
The Uzbeks (Oʻzbek, Ўзбек,, Oʻzbeklar, Ўзбеклар) are a Turkic ethnic group native to the wider Central Asian region, being among the largest Turkic ethnic group in the area.
See Balkh and Uzbeks
Vishtaspa
Vishtaspa (𐬬𐬌𐬱𐬙𐬁𐬯𐬞𐬀; 𐎻𐏁𐎫𐎠𐎿𐎱; گشتاسپ; Ὑστάσπης) is the Avestan-language name of a figure appearing in Zoroastrian scripture and tradition, portrayed as an early follower of Zoroaster, and his patron, and instrumental in the diffusion of the prophet's message.
Vizier
A vizier (wazīr; vazīr) is a high-ranking political advisor or minister in the Near East.
See Balkh and Vizier
Wasef Bakhtari
Wasef Bakhtari (استاد واصف باختری; 15 March 1943–19 July 2023) was an Afghan poet and literary figure.
Xuanzang
Xuanzang ((Hsüen Tsang); 6 April 6025 February 664), born Chen Hui / Chen Yi (/), also known by his Sanskrit Dharma name Mokṣadeva, was a 7th-century Chinese Buddhist monk, scholar, traveler, and translator.
Ya'qub ibn al-Layth al-Saffar
Ya'qūb ibn al-Layth al-Saffār (یعقوب لیث صفاری; 25 October 840 – 5 June 879), was a coppersmith and the founder of the Saffarid dynasty of Sistan, with its capital at Zaranj (a city now in south-western Afghanistan).
See Balkh and Ya'qub ibn al-Layth al-Saffar
Yaz culture
The Yaz culture (named after the type site Yaz-Tappe, Yaz Tepe, or Yaz Depe, near Baýramaly, Turkmenistan) was an early Iron Age culture of Margiana, Bactria and Sogdia (–500 BC, or –330 BC).
Yazdegerd III
Yazdegerd III (𐭩𐭦𐭣𐭪𐭥𐭲𐭩; also Romanized Yazdgerd, Yazdgird) was the last Sasanian King of Kings of Iran from 632 to 651.
Zoroaster
Zarathushtra Spitama more commonly known as Zoroaster or Zarathustra, was an Iranian religious reformer who challenged the tenets of the contemporary Ancient Iranian religion, becoming the spiritual founder of Zoroastrianism.
Zoroastrianism
Zoroastrianism (Din-e Zartoshti), also known as Mazdayasna and Behdin, is an Iranian religion.
See also
Ancient Iranian cities
- Balkh
- Darreh Shahr Ancient City
- Gulashkird
- Kashmar
- Kerman
- Khorramabad
- Nishapur
- Persepolis
- Pherai (Parthia)
- Ray, Iran
- Shahr-e Sukhteh
- Tabriz
- Torshiz
- Tus, Iran
Buddhism in Afghanistan
- Ahangaran
- Ahin Posh
- Ancient history of Afghanistan
- Bactria
- Balkh
- Bamyan
- Barmakids
- Bimaran casket
- Buddhas of Bamiyan
- Buddhism in Afghanistan
- Chakhil-i-Ghoundi Stupa
- Fondukistan monastery
- Gandharan Buddhism
- Gandhari language
- Gandhāran Buddhist texts
- Ghor Province
- Greco-Buddhism
- Guldara stupa
- Hadda, Afghanistan
- Hindu and Buddhist heritage of Afghanistan
- Jalalabad
- Kabul Shahi
- Kafiristan
- Kushan Empire
- Laghman Province
- Maues
- Mes Aynak
- Nava Vihara
- Padmasambhava
- Paitava
- Shotorak monastery
- Takht-e Rostam
- Tapa Shotor
- Tepe Narenj
- Tepe Sardar
- Trapusa and Bahalika
- Wardak Vase
- Zabulistan
Districts of Balkh Province
- Balkh
- Balkh District
- Charbolak District
- Charkint District
- Chimtal District
- Dawlatabad District
- Dihdadi District
- Kaldar District
- Khulm District
- Kishindih District
- Marmul District
- Nahri Shahi District
- Sholgara District
- Shortepa District
- Zari District
Former populated places in Afghanistan
- Ai-Khanoum
- Alexandria Arachosia
- Alexandria Ariana
- Alexandria in the Caucasus
- Balkh
- Demetriapolis
- Firozkoh
- Fondukistan monastery
- Hadda, Afghanistan
- Khair Khaneh
- Logar River
- Marw al-Rudh
- Mes Aynak
- Naderabad, Kandahar
- Nagara (ancient city)
- Palacenti
- Pushang
- Ram Shahristan
- Shortugai
- Sigal, Sakastan
- Surkh Kotal
- Tapa Shotor
- Tepe Fullol
- Tepe Sardar
- Tillya Tepe
- Yemshi Tepe
Places in Shahnameh
- Amol
- Balkh
- Battle of Rostam and Esfandiyār
- Ctesiphon
- Hamavaran
- Hara Berezaiti
- House of Goudarz
- House of Nowzar
- House of Viseh
- Iran (Shahnameh)
- Istakhr
- Kabul
- List of places in Shahnameh
- Mazandaran (Shahnameh)
- Mount Damavand
- Sistan
- Turan
- Zabulistan
References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balkh
Also known as Bactra, Bactres, Bakhtri, Balh, Balkh Provincial Museum, Balkh Subah, Balkh, Afghanistan, Baxtri, Bāxtri, Jama Masjid of Balkh, Umm Al-Belaad, Zainaspa, Zariaspa, Βάκτρα.
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