Biotechnology, the Glossary
Biotechnology is a multidisciplinary field that involves the integration of natural sciences and engineering sciences in order to achieve the application of organisms and parts thereof for products and services.[1]
Table of Contents
237 relations: Abiotic stress, Acetone, Adverse effect, Agriculture, Alexander Fleming, American Chemical Society, Ananda Mohan Chakrabarty, Ancestor, Antibiotic, Antibody, Argentina, Bacteria, Basic research, Beer, Bio-FET, Biochemical engineering, Biochemistry, Biodegradable plastic, Biodegradation, Biodiversity, Biodiversity loss, Biofilter, Biofortification, Biofuel, Bioinformatics, Bioleaching, Biological agent, Biological engineering, Biological warfare, Biology, Biomarker, Biomass, Biomedical engineering, Biomedicine, Biopharmaceutical, Bioproduction, Bioremediation, Biosensor, Biosynthesis, Biotechnology, Biotechnology risk, Bioterrorism, Biotic stress, Blood, Brazil, Bread, Brewing, British Medical Association, Carbohydrate, Cash crop, ... Expand index (187 more) »
Abiotic stress
Abiotic stress is the negative impact of non-living factors on the living organisms in a specific environment.
See Biotechnology and Abiotic stress
Acetone
Acetone (2-propanone or dimethyl ketone) is an organic compound with the formula.
Adverse effect
An adverse effect is an undesired harmful effect resulting from a medication or other intervention, such as surgery.
See Biotechnology and Adverse effect
Agriculture
Agriculture encompasses crop and livestock production, aquaculture, fisheries, and forestry for food and non-food products.
See Biotechnology and Agriculture
Alexander Fleming
Sir Alexander Fleming (6 August 1881 – 11 March 1955) was a Scottish physician and microbiologist, best known for discovering the world's first broadly effective antibiotic substance, which he named penicillin.
See Biotechnology and Alexander Fleming
American Chemical Society
The American Chemical Society (ACS) is a scientific society based in the United States that supports scientific inquiry in the field of chemistry.
See Biotechnology and American Chemical Society
Ananda Mohan Chakrabarty
Ananda Mohan Chakrabarty (আনন্দমোহন চক্রবর্তী Ānandamōhan Cakrabartī), PhD (4 April 1938 – 10 Jul 2020) was an Indian American microbiologist, scientist, and researcher, most notable for his work in directed evolution and his role in developing a genetically engineered organism using plasmid transfer while working at GE, the patent for which led to landmark Supreme Court case, Diamond v.
See Biotechnology and Ananda Mohan Chakrabarty
Ancestor
An ancestor, also known as a forefather, fore-elder, or a forebear, is a parent or (recursively) the parent of an antecedent (i.e., a grandparent, great-grandparent, great-great-grandparent and so forth).
See Biotechnology and Ancestor
Antibiotic
An antibiotic is a type of antimicrobial substance active against bacteria.
See Biotechnology and Antibiotic
Antibody
An antibody (Ab) is the secreted form of a B cell receptor; the term immunoglobulin (Ig) can refer to either the membrane-bound form or the secreted form of the B cell receptor, but they are, broadly speaking, the same protein, and so the terms are often treated as synonymous.
See Biotechnology and Antibody
Argentina
Argentina, officially the Argentine Republic, is a country in the southern half of South America.
See Biotechnology and Argentina
Bacteria
Bacteria (bacterium) are ubiquitous, mostly free-living organisms often consisting of one biological cell.
See Biotechnology and Bacteria
Basic research
Basic research, also called pure research, fundamental research, basic science, or pure science, is a type of scientific research with the aim of improving scientific theories for better understanding and prediction of natural or other phenomena.
See Biotechnology and Basic research
Beer
Beer is an alcoholic beverage produced by the brewing and fermentation of starches from cereal grains—most commonly malted barley, although wheat, maize (corn), rice, and oats are also used.
Bio-FET
A field-effect transistor-based biosensor, also known as a biosensor field-effect transistor (Bio-FET or BioFET), field-effect biosensor (FEB), or biosensor MOSFET, is a field-effect transistor (based on the MOSFET structure) that is gated by changes in the surface potential induced by the binding of molecules.
Biochemical engineering
Biochemical engineering, also known as bioprocess engineering, is a field of study with roots stemming from chemical engineering and biological engineering.
See Biotechnology and Biochemical engineering
Biochemistry
Biochemistry or biological chemistry is the study of chemical processes within and relating to living organisms.
See Biotechnology and Biochemistry
Biodegradable plastic
Biodegradable plastics are plastics that can be decomposed by the action of living organisms, usually microbes, into water, carbon dioxide, and biomass.
See Biotechnology and Biodegradable plastic
Biodegradation
Biodegradation is the breakdown of organic matter by microorganisms, such as bacteria and fungi.
See Biotechnology and Biodegradation
Biodiversity
Biodiversity (or biological diversity) is the variety and variability of life on Earth.
See Biotechnology and Biodiversity
Biodiversity loss
Biodiversity loss happens when plant or animal species disappear completely from Earth (extinction) or when there is a decrease or disappearance of species in a specific area.
See Biotechnology and Biodiversity loss
Biofilter
Biofiltration is a pollution control technique using a bioreactor containing living material to capture and biologically degrade pollutants.
See Biotechnology and Biofilter
Biofortification
Biofortification is the idea of breeding crops to increase their nutritional value.
See Biotechnology and Biofortification
Biofuel
Biofuel is a fuel that is produced over a short time span from biomass, rather than by the very slow natural processes involved in the formation of fossil fuels such as oil.
Bioinformatics
Bioinformatics is an interdisciplinary field of science that develops methods and software tools for understanding biological data, especially when the data sets are large and complex.
See Biotechnology and Bioinformatics
Bioleaching
Bioleaching is the extraction or liberation of metals from their ores through the use of living organisms.
See Biotechnology and Bioleaching
Biological agent
Biological weapons are pathogens used as weapons.
See Biotechnology and Biological agent
Biological engineering
Biological engineering or bioengineering is the application of principles of biology and the tools of engineering to create usable, tangible, economically viable products.
See Biotechnology and Biological engineering
Biological warfare
Biological warfare, also known as germ warfare, is the use of biological toxins or infectious agents such as bacteria, viruses, insects, and fungi with the intent to kill, harm or incapacitate humans, animals or plants as an act of war.
See Biotechnology and Biological warfare
Biology
Biology is the scientific study of life.
Biomarker
In biomedical contexts, a biomarker, or biological marker, is a measurable indicator of some biological state or condition.
See Biotechnology and Biomarker
Biomass
Biomass is a term used in several contexts: in the context of ecology it means living organisms, and in the context of bioenergy it means matter from recently living (but now dead) organisms.
Biomedical engineering
Biomedical engineering (BME) or medical engineering is the application of engineering principles and design concepts to medicine and biology for healthcare applications (e.g., diagnostic or therapeutic purposes).
See Biotechnology and Biomedical engineering
Biomedicine
Biomedicine (also referred to as Western medicine, mainstream medicine or conventional medicine)"." NCI Dictionary of Cancer Medicine.
See Biotechnology and Biomedicine
Biopharmaceutical
A biopharmaceutical, also known as a biological medical product, or biologic, is any pharmaceutical drug product manufactured in, extracted from, or semisynthesized from biological sources. Biotechnology and biopharmaceutical are life sciences industry.
See Biotechnology and Biopharmaceutical
Bioproduction
Bioproduction is the production of biologics-based therapeutic drugs including protein-based therapeutics, vaccines, gene therapies as well as cell therapies; drugs so complex they can only be made in living systems or indeed are a living system (cell therapies).
See Biotechnology and Bioproduction
Bioremediation broadly refers to any process wherein a biological system (typically bacteria, microalgae, fungi in mycoremediation, and plants in phytoremediation), living or dead, is employed for removing environmental pollutants from air, water, soil, flue gasses, industrial effluents etc., in natural or artificial settings.
See Biotechnology and Bioremediation
Biosensor
A biosensor is an analytical device, used for the detection of a chemical substance, that combines a biological component with a physicochemical detector.
See Biotechnology and Biosensor
Biosynthesis
Biosynthesis, i.e., chemical synthesis occuring in biological contexts, is a term most often referring to multi-step, enzyme-catalyzed processes where chemical substances absorbed as nutrients (or previously converted through biosynthesis) serve as enzyme substrates, with conversion by the living organism either into simpler or more complex products.
See Biotechnology and Biosynthesis
Biotechnology
Biotechnology is a multidisciplinary field that involves the integration of natural sciences and engineering sciences in order to achieve the application of organisms and parts thereof for products and services. Biotechnology and Biotechnology are life sciences industry.
See Biotechnology and Biotechnology
Biotechnology risk
Biotechnology risk is a form of existential risk from biological sources, such as genetically engineered biological agents.
See Biotechnology and Biotechnology risk
Bioterrorism
Bioterrorism is terrorism involving the intentional release or dissemination of biological agents.
See Biotechnology and Bioterrorism
Biotic stress
Biotic stress is stress that occurs as a result of damage done to an organism by other living organisms, such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites, beneficial and harmful insects, weeds, and cultivated or native plants.
See Biotechnology and Biotic stress
Blood
Blood is a body fluid in the circulatory system of humans and other vertebrates that delivers necessary substances such as nutrients and oxygen to the cells, and transports metabolic waste products away from those same cells.
Brazil
Brazil, officially the Federative Republic of Brazil, is the largest and easternmost country in South America and Latin America.
Bread
Bread is a staple food prepared from a dough of flour (usually wheat) and water, usually by baking.
Brewing
Brewing is the production of beer by steeping a starch source (commonly cereal grains, the most popular of which is barley) in water and fermenting the resulting sweet liquid with yeast.
British Medical Association
The British Medical Association (BMA) is a registered trade union for doctors in the United Kingdom.
See Biotechnology and British Medical Association
Carbohydrate
A carbohydrate is a biomolecule consisting of carbon (C), hydrogen (H) and oxygen (O) atoms, usually with a hydrogen–oxygen atom ratio of 2:1 (as in water) and thus with the empirical formula (where m may or may not be different from n), which does not mean the H has covalent bonds with O (for example with, H has a covalent bond with C but not with O).
See Biotechnology and Carbohydrate
Cash crop
A cash crop, also called profit crop, is an agricultural crop which is grown to sell for profit.
See Biotechnology and Cash crop
Catalysis
Catalysis is the increase in rate of a chemical reaction due to an added substance known as a catalyst.
See Biotechnology and Catalysis
Cell (biology)
The cell is the basic structural and functional unit of all forms of life.
See Biotechnology and Cell (biology)
Cell biology
Cell biology (also cellular biology or cytology) is a branch of biology that studies the structure, function, and behavior of cells.
See Biotechnology and Cell biology
Cell culture
Cell culture or tissue culture is the process by which cells are grown under controlled conditions, generally outside of their natural environment.
See Biotechnology and Cell culture
Cereal
A cereal is a grass cultivated for its edible grain.
Chaim Weizmann
Chaim Azriel Weizmann 27 November 1874 – 9 November 1952) was a Russian-born biochemist, Zionist leader and Israeli statesman who served as president of the Zionist Organization and later as the first president of Israel. He was elected on 16 February 1949, and served until his death in 1952. Weizmann was instrumental in obtaining the Balfour Declaration of 1917 and convincing the United States government to recognize the newly formed State of Israel in 1948.
See Biotechnology and Chaim Weizmann
Charles Darwin
Charles Robert Darwin (12 February 1809 – 19 April 1882) was an English naturalist, geologist, and biologist, widely known for his contributions to evolutionary biology.
See Biotechnology and Charles Darwin
Cheesemaking
Cheesemaking (or caseiculture) is the craft of making cheese.
See Biotechnology and Cheesemaking
Chemical engineering
Chemical engineering is an engineering field which deals with the study of operation and design of chemical plants as well as methods of improving production.
See Biotechnology and Chemical engineering
Chemical field-effect transistor
A ChemFET is a chemically-sensitive field-effect transistor, that is a field-effect transistor used as a sensor for measuring chemical concentrations in solution.
See Biotechnology and Chemical field-effect transistor
Chemistry
Chemistry is the scientific study of the properties and behavior of matter.
See Biotechnology and Chemistry
China
China, officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is a country in East Asia.
Chromosome
A chromosome is a package of DNA with part or all of the genetic material of an organism.
See Biotechnology and Chromosome
CityTrees
CityTrees, also known as Robot Trees, Robo-Trees, and Moss Walls, are large air filters installed in many European cities, as well as Hong Kong, that remove pollutants from the atmosphere.
See Biotechnology and CityTrees
Clostridium acetobutylicum
Clostridium acetobutylicum, ATCC 824, is a commercially valuable bacterium sometimes called the "Weizmann Organism", after Jewish Russian-born biochemist Chaim Weizmann.
See Biotechnology and Clostridium acetobutylicum
Computational biology
Computational biology refers to the use of data analysis, mathematical modeling and computational simulations to understand biological systems and relationships.
See Biotechnology and Computational biology
Computer History Museum
The Computer History Museum (CHM) is a museum of computer history, located in Mountain View, California.
See Biotechnology and Computer History Museum
Corn starch
Cornflour, cornstarch, maize starch, or corn starch (American English) is the starch derived from corn (maize) grain.
See Biotechnology and Corn starch
Cottonseed oil
Cottonseed oil is cooking oil from the seeds of cotton plants of various species, mainly Gossypium hirsutum and Gossypium herbaceum, that are grown for cotton fiber, animal feed, and oil.
See Biotechnology and Cottonseed oil
CRISPR gene editing
CRISPR gene editing (CRISPR, pronounced "crisper", refers to "clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats") is a genetic engineering technique in molecular biology by which the genomes of living organisms may be modified.
See Biotechnology and CRISPR gene editing
CRISPR interference
CRISPR interference (CRISPRi) is a genetic perturbation technique that allows for sequence-specific repression of gene expression in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
See Biotechnology and CRISPR interference
Daniel A. Vallero
Daniel A. Vallero is an American environmental author and scientist.
See Biotechnology and Daniel A. Vallero
Dawon Kahng
Dawon Kahng (강대원; May 4, 1931 – May 13, 1992) was a Korean-American electrical engineer and inventor, known for his work in solid-state electronics.
See Biotechnology and Dawon Kahng
Desert
A desert is a landscape where little precipitation occurs and, consequently, living conditions create unique biomes and ecosystems.
Desert climate
The desert climate or arid climate (in the Köppen climate classification BWh and BWk) is a dry climate sub-type in which there is a severe excess of evaporation over precipitation.
See Biotechnology and Desert climate
Diamond v. Chakrabarty
Diamond v. Chakrabarty, 447 U.S. 303 (1980), was a United States Supreme Court case dealing with whether living organisms can be patented.
See Biotechnology and Diamond v. Chakrabarty
Disease
A disease is a particular abnormal condition that adversely affects the structure or function of all or part of an organism and is not immediately due to any external injury.
DNA
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is a polymer composed of two polynucleotide chains that coil around each other to form a double helix.
DNA field-effect transistor
A DNA field-effect transistor (DNAFET) is a field-effect transistor which uses the field-effect due to the partial charges of DNA molecules to function as a biosensor.
See Biotechnology and DNA field-effect transistor
Doctor of Philosophy
A Doctor of Philosophy (PhD or DPhil; philosophiae doctor or) is a terminal degree that usually denotes the highest level of academic achievement in a given discipline and is awarded following a course of graduate study and original research.
See Biotechnology and Doctor of Philosophy
Domestication
Domestication is a multi-generational mutualistic relationship in which an animal species, such as humans or leafcutter ants, takes over control and care of another species, such as sheep or fungi, to obtain from them a steady supply of resources, such as meat, milk, or labor.
See Biotechnology and Domestication
Ecology
Ecology is the natural science of the relationships among living organisms, including humans, and their physical environment.
Efficacy
Efficacy is the ability to perform a task to a satisfactory or expected degree.
See Biotechnology and Efficacy
Egypt
Egypt (مصر), officially the Arab Republic of Egypt, is a transcontinental country spanning the northeast corner of Africa and the Sinai Peninsula in the southwest corner of Asia.
Electrolyte
An electrolyte is a medium containing ions that are electrically conductive through the movement of those ions, but not conducting electrons.
See Biotechnology and Electrolyte
Electronics Letters
Electronics Letters is a peer-reviewed scientific journal published biweekly by the Institution of Engineering and Technology.
See Biotechnology and Electronics Letters
Embryology
Embryology (from Greek ἔμβρυον, embryon, "the unborn, embryo"; and -λογία, -logia) is the branch of animal biology that studies the prenatal development of gametes (sex cells), fertilization, and development of embryos and fetuses.
See Biotechnology and Embryology
Engineering
Engineering is the practice of using natural science, mathematics, and the engineering design process to solve technical problems, increase efficiency and productivity, and improve systems.
See Biotechnology and Engineering
Engineering physics
Engineering physics, or engineering science, refers to the study of the combined disciplines of physics, mathematics, chemistry, biology, and engineering, particularly computer, nuclear, electrical, electronic, aerospace, materials or mechanical engineering.
See Biotechnology and Engineering physics
Environmental biotechnology
Environmental biotechnology is biotechnology that is applied to and used to study the natural environment.
See Biotechnology and Environmental biotechnology
Environmental science
Environmental science is an interdisciplinary academic field that integrates physics, biology, meteorology, mathematics and geography (including ecology, chemistry, plant science, zoology, mineralogy, oceanography, limnology, soil science, geology and physical geography, and atmospheric science) to the study of the environment, and the solution of environmental problems.
See Biotechnology and Environmental science
Environmentally friendly
Environment friendly processes, or environmental-friendly processes (also referred to as eco-friendly, nature-friendly, and green), are sustainability and marketing terms referring to goods and services, laws, guidelines and policies that claim reduced, minimal, or no harm upon ecosystems or the environment.
See Biotechnology and Environmentally friendly
Enzyme
Enzymes are proteins that act as biological catalysts by accelerating chemical reactions.
Ernst Chain
Sir Ernst Boris Chain (19 June 1906 – 12 August 1979) was a German-born British biochemist and co-recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his work on penicillin.
See Biotechnology and Ernst Chain
Escherichia coli
Escherichia coliWells, J. C. (2000) Longman Pronunciation Dictionary.
See Biotechnology and Escherichia coli
Ethanol
Ethanol (also called ethyl alcohol, grain alcohol, drinking alcohol, or simply alcohol) is an organic compound with the chemical formula.
EUginius
EUginius is an Internet-based database application for Genetically modified organisms (GMOs).
See Biotechnology and EUginius
European Federation of Biotechnology
The European Federation of Biotechnology (EFB) was established by European scientists in 1978.
See Biotechnology and European Federation of Biotechnology
European Union
The European Union (EU) is a supranational political and economic union of member states that are located primarily in Europe.
See Biotechnology and European Union
Explosive
An explosive (or explosive material) is a reactive substance that contains a great amount of potential energy that can produce an explosion if released suddenly, usually accompanied by the production of light, heat, sound, and pressure.
See Biotechnology and Explosive
Fermentation
Fermentation is a metabolic process that produces chemical changes in organic substances through the action of enzymes.
See Biotechnology and Fermentation
Fertilisation
Fertilisation or fertilization (see spelling differences), also known as generative fertilisation, syngamy and impregnation, is the fusion of gametes to give rise to a zygote and initiate its development into a new individual organism or offspring.
See Biotechnology and Fertilisation
Flavr Savr
Flavr Savr (also known as CGN-89564-2; pronounced "flavor saver"), a genetically modified tomato, was the first commercially grown genetically engineered food to be granted a license for human consumption.
See Biotechnology and Flavr Savr
Food and Drug Administration
The United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA or US FDA) is a federal agency of the Department of Health and Human Services.
See Biotechnology and Food and Drug Administration
Food industry
The food industry is a complex, global network of diverse businesses that supplies most of the food consumed by the world's population.
See Biotechnology and Food industry
Functional genomics
Functional genomics is a field of molecular biology that attempts to describe gene (and protein) functions and interactions.
See Biotechnology and Functional genomics
Gas detector
A gas detector is a device that detects the presence of gases in an area, often as part of a safety system.
See Biotechnology and Gas detector
Gene expression
Gene expression is the process by which information from a gene is used in the synthesis of a functional gene product that enables it to produce end products, proteins or non-coding RNA, and ultimately affect a phenotype.
See Biotechnology and Gene expression
Gene knock-in
In molecular cloning and biology, a gene knock-in (abbreviation: KI) refers to a genetic engineering method that involves the one-for-one substitution of DNA sequence information in a genetic locus or the insertion of sequence information not found within the locus.
See Biotechnology and Gene knock-in
Gene knockdown
Gene knockdown is an experimental technique by which the expression of one or more of an organism's genes is reduced.
See Biotechnology and Gene knockdown
Gene knockout
Gene knockouts (also known as gene deletion or gene inactivation) are a widely used genetic engineering technique that involves the targeted removal or inactivation of a specific gene within an organism's genome.
See Biotechnology and Gene knockout
Gene therapy
Gene therapy is a medical technology that aims to produce a therapeutic effect through the manipulation of gene expression or through altering the biological properties of living cells.
See Biotechnology and Gene therapy
Genentech
Genentech, Inc. is an American biotechnology corporation headquartered in South San Francisco, California. Biotechnology and Genentech are life sciences industry.
See Biotechnology and Genentech
General Electric
General Electric Company (GE) was an American multinational conglomerate founded in 1892, incorporated in the state of New York and headquartered in Boston.
See Biotechnology and General Electric
Genetic counseling
Genetic counseling is the process of investigating individuals and families affected by or at risk of genetic disorders to help them understand and adapt to the medical, psychological and familial implications of genetic contributions to disease.
See Biotechnology and Genetic counseling
Genetic disorder
A genetic disorder is a health problem caused by one or more abnormalities in the genome.
See Biotechnology and Genetic disorder
Genetic engineering
Genetic engineering, also called genetic modification or genetic manipulation, is the modification and manipulation of an organism's genes using technology.
See Biotechnology and Genetic engineering
Genetic testing
Genetic testing, also known as DNA testing, is used to identify changes in DNA sequence or chromosome structure.
See Biotechnology and Genetic testing
Genetically modified crops
Genetically modified crops (GM crops) are plants used in agriculture, the DNA of which has been modified using genetic engineering methods. Biotechnology and Genetically modified crops are life sciences industry.
See Biotechnology and Genetically modified crops
Genetically modified fish
Genetically modified fish (GM fish) are organisms from the taxonomic clade which includes the classes Agnatha (jawless fish), Chondrichthyes (cartilaginous fish) and Osteichthyes (bony fish) whose genetic material (DNA) has been altered using genetic engineering techniques.
See Biotechnology and Genetically modified fish
Genetically modified food
Genetically modified foods (GM foods), also known as genetically engineered foods (GE foods), or bioengineered foods are foods produced from organisms that have had changes introduced into their DNA using various methods of genetic engineering.
See Biotechnology and Genetically modified food
Genetically modified maize
Genetically modified maize (corn) is a genetically modified crop.
See Biotechnology and Genetically modified maize
Genetically modified organism
A genetically modified organism (GMO) is any organism whose genetic material has been altered using genetic engineering techniques.
See Biotechnology and Genetically modified organism
Genetically modified plant
Genetically modified plants have been engineered for scientific research, to create new colours in plants, deliver vaccines, and to create enhanced crops.
See Biotechnology and Genetically modified plant
Genetically modified soybean
A genetically modified soybean is a soybean (Glycine max) that has had DNA introduced into it using genetic engineering techniques.
See Biotechnology and Genetically modified soybean
Genetics
Genetics is the study of genes, genetic variation, and heredity in organisms.
See Biotechnology and Genetics
Genome editing
Genome editing, or genome engineering, or gene editing, is a type of genetic engineering in which DNA is inserted, deleted, modified or replaced in the genome of a living organism.
See Biotechnology and Genome editing
Genomics
Genomics is an interdisciplinary field of molecular biology focusing on the structure, function, evolution, mapping, and editing of genomes.
See Biotechnology and Genomics
Genotype
The genotype of an organism is its complete set of genetic material.
See Biotechnology and Genotype
Glucose
Glucose is a sugar with the molecular formula.
Golden rice
"cultivar"/"strain".
See Biotechnology and Golden rice
Herbert Boyer
Herbert Wayne "Herb" Boyer (born July 10, 1936) is an American biotechnologist, researcher and entrepreneur in biotechnology.
See Biotechnology and Herbert Boyer
Herbicide
Herbicides, also commonly known as weed killers, are substances used to control undesired plants, also known as weeds.
See Biotechnology and Herbicide
Hormone
A hormone (from the Greek participle ὁρμῶν, "setting in motion") is a class of signaling molecules in multicellular organisms that are sent to distant organs or tissues by complex biological processes to regulate physiology and behavior.
Howard Florey
Howard Walter Florey, Baron Florey, (24 September 1898 – 21 February 1968) was an Australian pharmacologist and pathologist who shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1945 with Ernst Chain and Sir Alexander Fleming for his role in the development of penicillin.
See Biotechnology and Howard Florey
Human Genome Project
The Human Genome Project (HGP) was an international scientific research project with the goal of determining the base pairs that make up human DNA, and of identifying, mapping and sequencing all of the genes of the human genome from both a physical and a functional standpoint. Biotechnology and human Genome Project are life sciences industry.
See Biotechnology and Human Genome Project
Hybrid (biology)
In biology, a hybrid is the offspring resulting from combining the qualities of two organisms of different varieties, subspecies, species or genera through sexual reproduction.
See Biotechnology and Hybrid (biology)
India
India, officially the Republic of India (ISO), is a country in South Asia.
Industrial agriculture
Industrial agriculture is a form of modern farming that refers to the industrialized production of crops and animals and animal products like eggs or milk.
See Biotechnology and Industrial agriculture
Industrial fermentation
Industrial fermentation is the intentional use of fermentation in manufacturing processes.
See Biotechnology and Industrial fermentation
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) is an American 501(c)(3) professional association for electronics engineering, electrical engineering, and other related disciplines.
See Biotechnology and Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
Insulin
Insulin (from Latin insula, 'island') is a peptide hormone produced by beta cells of the pancreatic islets encoded in humans by the insulin (INS) gene.
Intellectual property
Intellectual property (IP) is a category of property that includes intangible creations of the human intellect.
See Biotechnology and Intellectual property
Ion
An ion is an atom or molecule with a net electrical charge.
ISFET
An ion-sensitive field-effect transistor (ISFET) is a field-effect transistor used for measuring ion concentrations in solution; when the ion concentration (such as H+, see pH scale) changes, the current through the transistor will change accordingly.
Károly Ereky
Károly Ereky (Karl Ereky; 20 October 1878 – 17 June 1952) was a Hungarian agricultural engineer.
See Biotechnology and Károly Ereky
Korean Vacuum Society
The Korean Vacuum Society (KMS) is an academic organization in South Korea incorporated under the Ministry of Science and ICT.
See Biotechnology and Korean Vacuum Society
Laboratory
A laboratory (colloquially lab) is a facility that provides controlled conditions in which scientific or technological research, experiments, and measurement may be performed.
See Biotechnology and Laboratory
Lactic acid fermentation
Lactic acid fermentation is a metabolic process by which glucose or other six-carbon sugars (also, disaccharides of six-carbon sugars, e.g. sucrose or lactose) are converted into cellular energy and the metabolite lactate, which is lactic acid in solution.
See Biotechnology and Lactic acid fermentation
Leland Clark
Leland C. Clark Jr. (December 4, 1918 – September 25, 2005) was an American biochemist born in Rochester, New York.
See Biotechnology and Leland Clark
List of chemotherapeutic agents
This is a list of chemotherapeutic agents, also known as cytotoxic agents or cytostatic drugs, that are known to be of use in chemotherapy for cancer.
See Biotechnology and List of chemotherapeutic agents
List of life sciences
This list of life sciences comprises the branches of science that involve the scientific study of life – such as microorganisms, plants, and animals including human beings. Biotechnology and list of life sciences are life sciences industry.
See Biotechnology and List of life sciences
Livestock
Livestock are the domesticated animals raised in an agricultural setting in order to provide labour and produce diversified products for consumption such as meat, eggs, milk, fur, leather, and wool.
See Biotechnology and Livestock
Louis Pasteur
Louis Pasteur (27 December 1822 – 28 September 1895) was a French chemist, pharmacist, and microbiologist renowned for his discoveries of the principles of vaccination, microbial fermentation, and pasteurization, the last of which was named after him.
See Biotechnology and Louis Pasteur
Manufacturing
Manufacturing is the creation or production of goods with the help of equipment, labor, machines, tools, and chemical or biological processing or formulation.
See Biotechnology and Manufacturing
Medical diagnosis
Medical diagnosis (abbreviated Dx, Dx, or Ds) is the process of determining which disease or condition explains a person's symptoms and signs.
See Biotechnology and Medical diagnosis
Medical test
A medical test is a medical procedure performed to detect, diagnose, or monitor diseases, disease processes, susceptibility, or to determine a course of treatment.
See Biotechnology and Medical test
Medication
A medication (also called medicament, medicine, pharmaceutical drug, medicinal drug or simply drug) is a drug used to diagnose, cure, treat, or prevent disease.
See Biotechnology and Medication
Membrane
A membrane is a selective barrier; it allows some things to pass through but stops others.
See Biotechnology and Membrane
Membrane potential
Membrane potential (also transmembrane potential or membrane voltage) is the difference in electric potential between the interior and the exterior of a biological cell.
See Biotechnology and Membrane potential
Mesopotamia
Mesopotamia is a historical region of West Asia situated within the Tigris–Euphrates river system, in the northern part of the Fertile Crescent.
See Biotechnology and Mesopotamia
Metabolic engineering is the practice of optimizing genetic and regulatory processes within cells to increase the cell's production of a certain substance.
See Biotechnology and Metabolic engineering
In biochemistry, a metabolic pathway is a linked series of chemical reactions occurring within a cell.
See Biotechnology and Metabolic pathway
A metal gate, in the context of a lateral metal–oxide–semiconductor (MOS) stack, is the gate electrode separated by an oxide from the transistor's channel – the gate material is made from a metal.
See Biotechnology and Metal gate
Microbiology
Microbiology is the scientific study of microorganisms, those being of unicellular (single-celled), multicellular (consisting of complex cells), or acellular (lacking cells).
See Biotechnology and Microbiology
Microorganism
A microorganism, or microbe, is an organism of microscopic size, which may exist in its single-celled form or as a colony of cells. The possible existence of unseen microbial life was suspected from ancient times, such as in Jain scriptures from sixth century BC India. The scientific study of microorganisms began with their observation under the microscope in the 1670s by Anton van Leeuwenhoek.
See Biotechnology and Microorganism
Micropropagation
Micropropagation or tissue culture is the practice of rapidly multiplying plant stock material to produce many progeny plants, using modern plant tissue culture methods.
See Biotechnology and Micropropagation
Milk
Milk is a white liquid food produced by the mammary glands of mammals.
Model organism
A model organism (often shortened to model) is a non-human species that is extensively studied to understand particular biological phenomena, with the expectation that discoveries made in the model organism will provide insight into the workings of other organisms.
See Biotechnology and Model organism
Mohamed M. Atalla
Mohamed M. Atalla (محمد عطاالله; August 4, 1924 – December 30, 2009) was an Egyptian-American engineer, physicist, cryptographer, inventor and entrepreneur.
See Biotechnology and Mohamed M. Atalla
Molecular biology
Molecular biology is a branch of biology that seeks to understand the molecular basis of biological activity in and between cells, including biomolecular synthesis, modification, mechanisms, and interactions.
See Biotechnology and Molecular biology
Monsanto
The Monsanto Company was an American agrochemical and agricultural biotechnology corporation founded in 1901 and headquartered in Creve Coeur, Missouri. Biotechnology and Monsanto are life sciences industry.
See Biotechnology and Monsanto
MOSFET
W and controlling a load of over 2000 W. A matchstick is pictured for scale. In electronics, the metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET, MOS-FET, or MOS FET) is a type of field-effect transistor (FET), most commonly fabricated by the controlled oxidation of silicon.
Mutation breeding
Mutation breeding, sometimes referred to as "variation breeding", is the process of exposing seeds to chemicals, radiation, or enzymes in order to generate mutants with desirable traits to be bred with other cultivars.
See Biotechnology and Mutation breeding
National Institute of General Medical Sciences
The National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS) supports basic research that increases understanding of biological processes and lays the foundation for advances in disease diagnosis, treatment, and prevention.
See Biotechnology and National Institute of General Medical Sciences
National Institutes of Health
The National Institutes of Health, commonly referred to as NIH, is the primary agency of the United States government responsible for biomedical and public health research. Biotechnology and National Institutes of Health are life sciences industry.
See Biotechnology and National Institutes of Health
Natural environment
The natural environment or natural world encompasses all biotic and abiotic things occurring naturally, meaning in this case not artificial.
See Biotechnology and Natural environment
Natural science
Natural science is one of the branches of science concerned with the description, understanding and prediction of natural phenomena, based on empirical evidence from observation and experimentation.
See Biotechnology and Natural science
Neolithic Revolution
The Neolithic Revolution, also known as the First Agricultural Revolution, was the wide-scale transition of many human cultures during the Neolithic period in Afro-Eurasia from a lifestyle of hunting and gathering to one of agriculture and settlement, making an increasingly large population possible.
See Biotechnology and Neolithic Revolution
Neurology
Neurology (from νεῦρον (neûron), "string, nerve" and the suffix -logia, "study of") is the branch of medicine dealing with the diagnosis and treatment of all categories of conditions and disease involving the nervous system, which comprises the brain, the spinal cord and the peripheral nerves.
See Biotechnology and Neurology
Nitrogen fixation
Nitrogen fixation is a chemical process by which molecular dinitrogen is converted into ammonia.
See Biotechnology and Nitrogen fixation
Norman Heatley
Norman George Heatley OBE (10January 19115January 2004) was an English biologist and biochemist.
See Biotechnology and Norman Heatley
Nucleic acid hybridization
In molecular biology, hybridization (or hybridisation) is a phenomenon in which single-stranded deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) or ribonucleic acid (RNA) molecules anneal to complementary DNA or RNA.
See Biotechnology and Nucleic acid hybridization
Oncology
Oncology is a branch of medicine that deals with the study, treatment, diagnosis, and prevention of cancer.
See Biotechnology and Oncology
Organism
An organism is defined in a medical dictionary as any living thing that functions as an individual.
See Biotechnology and Organism
Paclitaxel
Paclitaxel, sold under the brand name Taxol among others, is a chemotherapy medication used to treat ovarian cancer, esophageal cancer, breast cancer, lung cancer, Kaposi's sarcoma, cervical cancer, and pancreatic cancer.
See Biotechnology and Paclitaxel
Patent
A patent is a type of intellectual property that gives its owner the legal right to exclude others from making, using, or selling an invention for a limited period of time in exchange for publishing an enabling disclosure of the invention.
Penicillin
Penicillins (P, PCN or PEN) are a group of β-lactam antibiotics originally obtained from Penicillium moulds, principally P. chrysogenum and P. rubens.
See Biotechnology and Penicillin
Penicillium
Penicillium is a genus of ascomycetous fungi that is part of the mycobiome of many species and is of major importance in the natural environment, in food spoilage, and in food and drug production.
See Biotechnology and Penicillium
Personalized medicine
Personalized medicine, also referred to as precision medicine, is a medical model that separates people into different groups—with medical decisions, practices, interventions and/or products being tailored to the individual patient based on their predicted response or risk of disease.
See Biotechnology and Personalized medicine
Pesticide
Pesticides are substances that are used to control pests.
See Biotechnology and Pesticide
PH
In chemistry, pH, also referred to as acidity or basicity, historically denotes "potential of hydrogen" (or "power of hydrogen").
Pharmaceutical engineering
Pharmaceutical engineering is a branch of engineering focused on discovering, formulating, and manufacturing medication, analytical and quality control processes, and on designing, building, and improving manufacturing sites that produce drugs.
See Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical engineering
Pharmacogenomics
Pharmacogenomics, often abbreviated "PGx," is the study of the role of the genome in drug response.
See Biotechnology and Pharmacogenomics
Pharmacology
Pharmacology is the science of drugs and medications, including a substance's origin, composition, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, therapeutic use, and toxicology. Biotechnology and Pharmacology are life sciences industry.
See Biotechnology and Pharmacology
Phenotypic trait
A phenotypic trait, simply trait, or character state is a distinct variant of a phenotypic characteristic of an organism; it may be either inherited or determined environmentally, but typically occurs as a combination of the two.
See Biotechnology and Phenotypic trait
Physics
Physics is the natural science of matter, involving the study of matter, its fundamental constituents, its motion and behavior through space and time, and the related entities of energy and force.
Piet Bergveld
Piet Bergveld (born 26 January 1940) is a Dutch electrical engineer.
See Biotechnology and Piet Bergveld
Plant breeding
Plant breeding is the science of changing the traits of plants in order to produce desired characteristics.
See Biotechnology and Plant breeding
Plant manufactured pharmaceuticals
Plant manufactured Pharmaceuticals are pharmaceuticals derived from genetically modified plants used as therapeutic compounds.
See Biotechnology and Plant manufactured pharmaceuticals
Plasmid
A plasmid is a small, extrachromosomal DNA molecule within a cell that is physically separated from chromosomal DNA and can replicate independently.
Point mutation
A point mutation is a genetic mutation where a single nucleotide base is changed, inserted or deleted from a DNA or RNA sequence of an organism's genome.
See Biotechnology and Point mutation
Postgraduate education
Postgraduate education, graduate education, or graduate school consists of academic or professional degrees, certificates, diplomas, or other qualifications usually pursued by post-secondary students who have earned an undergraduate (bachelor's) degree.
See Biotechnology and Postgraduate education
Precautionary principle
The precautionary principle (or precautionary approach) is a broad epistemological, philosophical and legal approach to innovations with potential for causing harm when extensive scientific knowledge on the matter is lacking.
See Biotechnology and Precautionary principle
Pressure measurement
Pressure measurement is the measurement of an applied force by a fluid (liquid or gas) on a surface.
See Biotechnology and Pressure measurement
Proteomics
Proteomics is the large-scale study of proteins.
See Biotechnology and Proteomics
Pseudomonas
Pseudomonas is a genus of Gram-negative bacteria belonging to the family Pseudomonadaceae in the class Gammaproteobacteria.
See Biotechnology and Pseudomonas
Rapeseed oil
Close-up of canola blooms Canola flower Rapeseed oil is one of the oldest known vegetable oils.
See Biotechnology and Rapeseed oil
Rare disease
A rare disease is a disease that affects a small percentage of the population.
See Biotechnology and Rare disease
Reference electrode
A reference electrode is an electrode that has a stable and well-known electrode potential.
See Biotechnology and Reference electrode
Research and development
Research and development (R&D or R+D; also known in Europe as research and technological development or RTD) is the set of innovative activities undertaken by corporations or governments in developing new services or products and carrier science computer marketplace e-commerce, copy center and service maintenance troubleshooting software, hardware improving existing ones.
See Biotechnology and Research and development
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Saccharomyces cerevisiae (brewer's yeast or baker's yeast) is a species of yeast (single-celled fungal microorganisms).
See Biotechnology and Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Scientific consensus
Scientific consensus is the generally held judgment, position, and opinion of the majority or the supermajority of scientists in a particular field of study at any particular time.
See Biotechnology and Scientific consensus
Selective breeding
Selective breeding (also called artificial selection) is the process by which humans use animal breeding and plant breeding to selectively develop particular phenotypic traits (characteristics) by choosing which typically animal or plant males and females will sexually reproduce and have offspring together.
See Biotechnology and Selective breeding
Single-nucleotide polymorphism
In genetics and bioinformatics, a single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP; plural SNPs) is a germline substitution of a single nucleotide at a specific position in the genome.
See Biotechnology and Single-nucleotide polymorphism
Slaughterhouse
In livestock agriculture and the meat industry, a slaughterhouse, also called an abattoir, is a facility where livestock animals are slaughtered to provide food.
See Biotechnology and Slaughterhouse
Small molecule
In molecular biology and pharmacology, a small molecule or micromolecule is a low molecular weight (≤ 1000 daltons) organic compound that may regulate a biological process, with a size on the order of 1 nm.
See Biotechnology and Small molecule
Soy sauce
Soy sauce (sometimes called soya sauce in British English) is a liquid condiment of Chinese origin, traditionally made from a fermented paste of soybeans, roasted grain, brine, and Aspergillus oryzae or Aspergillus sojae molds.
See Biotechnology and Soy sauce
Stanley Norman Cohen
Stanley Norman Cohen (born February 17, 1935) is an American geneticist and the Kwoh-Ting Li Professor in the Stanford University School of Medicine.
See Biotechnology and Stanley Norman Cohen
Stem cell
In multicellular organisms, stem cells are undifferentiated or partially differentiated cells that can change into various types of cells and proliferate indefinitely to produce more of the same stem cell.
See Biotechnology and Stem cell
Structural genomics
Structural genomics seeks to describe the 3-dimensional structure of every protein encoded by a given genome.
See Biotechnology and Structural genomics
Supreme Court of the United States
The Supreme Court of the United States (SCOTUS) is the highest court in the federal judiciary of the United States.
See Biotechnology and Supreme Court of the United States
Synthetic biology
Synthetic biology (SynBio) is a multidisciplinary field of science that focuses on living systems and organisms, and it applies engineering principles to develop new biological parts, devices, and systems or to redesign existing systems found in nature.
See Biotechnology and Synthetic biology
The New York Times
The New York Times (NYT) is an American daily newspaper based in New York City.
See Biotechnology and The New York Times
Tissue culture
Tissue culture is the growth of tissues or cells in an artificial medium separate from the parent organism.
See Biotechnology and Tissue culture
Tissue engineering
Tissue engineering is a biomedical engineering discipline that uses a combination of cells, engineering, materials methods, and suitable biochemical and physicochemical factors to restore, maintain, improve, or replace different types of biological tissues.
See Biotechnology and Tissue engineering
Toxicity
Toxicity is the degree to which a chemical substance or a particular mixture of substances can damage an organism.
See Biotechnology and Toxicity
United Kingdom
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom (UK) or Britain, is a country in Northwestern Europe, off the coast of the continental mainland.
See Biotechnology and United Kingdom
United States Congress
The United States Congress, or simply Congress, is the legislature of the federal government of the United States.
See Biotechnology and United States Congress
United States Department of Energy
The United States Department of Energy (DOE) is an executive department of the U.S. federal government that oversees U.S. national energy policy and energy production, the research and development of nuclear power, the military's nuclear weapons program, nuclear reactor production for the United States Navy, energy-related research, and energy conservation.
See Biotechnology and United States Department of Energy
Vaccine
A vaccine is a biological preparation that provides active acquired immunity to a particular infectious or malignant disease.
Vegetable oil
Vegetable oils, or vegetable fats, are oils extracted from seeds or from other parts of edible plants.
See Biotechnology and Vegetable oil
Winemaking
Winemaking, wine-making, or vinification is the production of wine, starting with the selection of the fruit, its fermentation into alcohol, and the bottling of the finished liquid.
See Biotechnology and Winemaking
World War I
World War I (alternatively the First World War or the Great War) (28 July 1914 – 11 November 1918) was a global conflict between two coalitions: the Allies (or Entente) and the Central Powers.
See Biotechnology and World War I
Yale University
Yale University is a private Ivy League research university in New Haven, Connecticut.
See Biotechnology and Yale University
Yeast
Yeasts are eukaryotic, single-celled microorganisms classified as members of the fungus kingdom.
1,4-Butanediol
1,4-Butanediol, also called Butane-1,4-diol (other names include 1,4-B, BD, BDO and 1,4-BD), is a primary alcohol and an organic compound with the formula HOCH2CH2CH2CH2OH.
See Biotechnology and 1,4-Butanediol
References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biotechnology
Also known as Bio Science, Bio Sciences, Bio industry, Bio-Technology, Bio-tech, Bio-technical, Biogenetics, Bioindustry, Biological technology, Bionanoconjugates, Biotech, Biotech company, Biotechnics, Biotechnological, Biotechnological engineering, Biotechnologies, Biotechnologist, Biotechnology companies, Biotechnology company, Biotechnology industry, Biotechnology law, Biotechnology products, Blue Biotechnology, Brown biotechnology, Colors of biotechnology, Dark biotechnology, Gold biotechnology, Gray biotechnology, Green Biotechnology, Grey biotechnology, Industrial Bio-technology, Industrial Biotechnology, Medical applications of biotechnology, Red Biotechnology, Regulation of biotechnologies, Regulation of biotechnology, Violet biotechnology, White Biotechnology, Yellow biotechnology.
, Catalysis, Cell (biology), Cell biology, Cell culture, Cereal, Chaim Weizmann, Charles Darwin, Cheesemaking, Chemical engineering, Chemical field-effect transistor, Chemistry, China, Chromosome, CityTrees, Clostridium acetobutylicum, Computational biology, Computer History Museum, Corn starch, Cottonseed oil, CRISPR gene editing, CRISPR interference, Daniel A. Vallero, Dawon Kahng, Desert, Desert climate, Diamond v. Chakrabarty, Disease, DNA, DNA field-effect transistor, Doctor of Philosophy, Domestication, Ecology, Efficacy, Egypt, Electrolyte, Electronics Letters, Embryology, Engineering, Engineering physics, Environmental biotechnology, Environmental science, Environmentally friendly, Enzyme, Ernst Chain, Escherichia coli, Ethanol, EUginius, European Federation of Biotechnology, European Union, Explosive, Fermentation, Fertilisation, Flavr Savr, Food and Drug Administration, Food industry, Functional genomics, Gas detector, Gene expression, Gene knock-in, Gene knockdown, Gene knockout, Gene therapy, Genentech, General Electric, Genetic counseling, Genetic disorder, Genetic engineering, Genetic testing, Genetically modified crops, Genetically modified fish, Genetically modified food, Genetically modified maize, Genetically modified organism, Genetically modified plant, Genetically modified soybean, Genetics, Genome editing, Genomics, Genotype, Glucose, Golden rice, Herbert Boyer, Herbicide, Hormone, Howard Florey, Human Genome Project, Hybrid (biology), India, Industrial agriculture, Industrial fermentation, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Insulin, Intellectual property, Ion, ISFET, Károly Ereky, Korean Vacuum Society, Laboratory, Lactic acid fermentation, Leland Clark, List of chemotherapeutic agents, List of life sciences, Livestock, Louis Pasteur, Manufacturing, Medical diagnosis, Medical test, Medication, Membrane, Membrane potential, Mesopotamia, Metabolic engineering, Metabolic pathway, Metal gate, Microbiology, Microorganism, Micropropagation, Milk, Model organism, Mohamed M. Atalla, Molecular biology, Monsanto, MOSFET, Mutation breeding, National Institute of General Medical Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Natural environment, Natural science, Neolithic Revolution, Neurology, Nitrogen fixation, Norman Heatley, Nucleic acid hybridization, Oncology, Organism, Paclitaxel, Patent, Penicillin, Penicillium, Personalized medicine, Pesticide, PH, Pharmaceutical engineering, Pharmacogenomics, Pharmacology, Phenotypic trait, Physics, Piet Bergveld, Plant breeding, Plant manufactured pharmaceuticals, Plasmid, Point mutation, Postgraduate education, Precautionary principle, Pressure measurement, Proteomics, Pseudomonas, Rapeseed oil, Rare disease, Reference electrode, Research and development, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Scientific consensus, Selective breeding, Single-nucleotide polymorphism, Slaughterhouse, Small molecule, Soy sauce, Stanley Norman Cohen, Stem cell, Structural genomics, Supreme Court of the United States, Synthetic biology, The New York Times, Tissue culture, Tissue engineering, Toxicity, United Kingdom, United States Congress, United States Department of Energy, Vaccine, Vegetable oil, Winemaking, World War I, Yale University, Yeast, 1,4-Butanediol.