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Brain mapping, the Glossary

Index Brain mapping

Brain mapping is a set of neuroscience techniques predicated on the mapping of (biological) quantities or properties onto spatial representations of the (human or non-human) brain resulting in maps.[1]

Table of Contents

  1. 68 relations: Ageing, Anatomy, Autism, Brain, Brain atlas, Brain Mapping Foundation, BrainMaps, Byte, Caenorhabditis elegans, Cell biology, Computational anatomy, Connectogram, Connectome, Diffusion MRI, Disease, Drug, Electroencephalography, Electron microscope, Engineering, Eyewire, Fractional anisotropy, FreeSurfer, Functional magnetic resonance imaging, Google, Human Brain Project, Human Connectome Project, IEEE P1906.1, Immunohistochemistry, Learning, Lie detection, List of neuroimaging software, List of neuroscience databases, Magnetoencephalography, Major depressive disorder, Map, Map projection, Memory, MICrONS, Mind uploading, Molecular genetics, Nanometre, Nanotechnology, National Centers for Biomedical Computing, Near-infrared spectroscopy, Neural circuit, Neuroimaging, Neurophysiology, Neuroscience, Optogenetics, Outline of brain mapping, ... Expand index (18 more) »

Ageing

Ageing (or aging in American English) is the process of becoming older.

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Anatomy

Anatomy is the branch of morphology concerned with the study of the internal structure of organisms and their parts.

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Autism

Autism, also called autism spectrum disorder (ASD) or autism spectrum condition (ASC), is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterised by symptoms of deficient reciprocal social communication and the presence of restricted, repetitive and inflexible patterns of behavior that are impairing in multiple contexts and excessive or atypical to be developmentally and socioculturally inappropriate.

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Brain

The brain is an organ that serves as the center of the nervous system in all vertebrate and most invertebrate animals.

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Brain atlas

A brain atlas is composed of serial sections along different anatomical planes of the healthy or diseased developing or adult animal or human brain where each relevant brain structure is assigned a number of coordinates to define its outline or volume.

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Brain Mapping Foundation

The Brain Mapping Foundation is a neuroscience organization established in 2004 by Babak Kateb to advance cross-pollination of ideas across physical sciences into biological sciences and neuroscience.

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BrainMaps

BrainMaps is an NIH-funded interactive zoomable high-resolution digital brain atlas and virtual microscope that is based on more than 140 million megapixels (140 terabytes) of scanned images of serial sections of both primate and non-primate brains and that is integrated with a high-speed database for querying and retrieving data about brain structure and function over the internet.

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Byte

The byte is a unit of digital information that most commonly consists of eight bits.

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Caenorhabditis elegans

Caenorhabditis elegans is a free-living transparent nematode about 1 mm in length that lives in temperate soil environments.

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Cell biology

Cell biology (also cellular biology or cytology) is a branch of biology that studies the structure, function, and behavior of cells.

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Computational anatomy

Computational anatomy is an interdisciplinary field of biology focused on quantitative investigation and modelling of anatomical shapes variability.

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Connectogram

Connectograms are graphical representations of connectomics, the field of study dedicated to mapping and interpreting all of the white matter fiber connections in the human brain. Brain mapping and Connectogram are neuroimaging.

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Connectome

A connectome is a comprehensive map of neural connections in the brain, and may be thought of as its "wiring diagram".

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Diffusion MRI

Diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (DWI or DW-MRI) is the use of specific MRI sequences as well as software that generates images from the resulting data that uses the diffusion of water molecules to generate contrast in MR images. Brain mapping and diffusion MRI are neuroimaging.

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Disease

A disease is a particular abnormal condition that adversely affects the structure or function of all or part of an organism and is not immediately due to any external injury.

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Drug

A drug is any chemical substance other than a nutrient or an essential dietary ingredient, which, when administered to a living organism, produces a biological effect.

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Electroencephalography

Electroencephalography (EEG) is a method to record an electrogram of the spontaneous electrical activity of the brain. Brain mapping and Electroencephalography are neuroimaging and Neurophysiology.

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Electron microscope

An electron microscope is a microscope that uses a beam of electrons as a source of illumination.

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Engineering

Engineering is the practice of using natural science, mathematics, and the engineering design process to solve technical problems, increase efficiency and productivity, and improve systems.

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Eyewire

Eyewire is a citizen science game from Sebastian Seung's Lab at Princeton University. Brain mapping and Eyewire are neuroimaging.

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Fractional anisotropy

Fractional anisotropy (FA) is a scalar value between zero and one that describes the degree of anisotropy of a diffusion process. Brain mapping and Fractional anisotropy are neuroimaging.

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FreeSurfer

FreeSurfer is brain imaging software originally developed by Bruce Fischl, Anders Dale, Martin Sereno, and Doug Greve. Brain mapping and FreeSurfer are neuroimaging.

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Functional magnetic resonance imaging

Functional magnetic resonance imaging or functional MRI (fMRI) measures brain activity by detecting changes associated with blood flow. Brain mapping and functional magnetic resonance imaging are neuroimaging.

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Google

Google LLC is an American multinational corporation and technology company focusing on online advertising, search engine technology, cloud computing, computer software, quantum computing, e-commerce, consumer electronics, and artificial intelligence (AI).

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Human Brain Project

The Human Brain Project (HBP) was a €1-billion EU scientific research project that ran for ten years from 2013 to 2023.

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Human Connectome Project

The Human Connectome Project (HCP) is a five-year project sponsored by sixteen components of the National Institutes of Health, split between two consortia of research institutions.

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IEEE P1906.1

The IEEE P1906.1 - Recommended Practice for Nanoscale and Molecular Communication Framework is a standards working group sponsored by the IEEE Communications Society Standards Development Board whose goal is to develop a common framework for nanoscale and molecular communication.

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Immunohistochemistry

Immunohistochemistry is a form of immunostaining.

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Learning

Learning is the process of acquiring new understanding, knowledge, behaviors, skills, values, attitudes, and preferences.

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Lie detection

Lie detection is an assessment of a verbal statement with the goal to reveal a possible intentional deceit.

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List of neuroimaging software

Neuroimaging software is used to study the structure and function of the brain. Brain mapping and List of neuroimaging software are neuroimaging.

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List of neuroscience databases

A number of online neuroscience databases are available which provide information regarding gene expression, neurons, macroscopic brain structure, and neurological or psychiatric disorders.

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Magnetoencephalography

Magnetoencephalography (MEG) is a functional neuroimaging technique for mapping brain activity by recording magnetic fields produced by electrical currents occurring naturally in the brain, using very sensitive magnetometers. Brain mapping and Magnetoencephalography are neuroimaging.

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Major depressive disorder

Major depressive disorder (MDD), also known as clinical depression, is a mental disorder characterized by at least two weeks of pervasive low mood, low self-esteem, and loss of interest or pleasure in normally enjoyable activities.

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Map

A map is a symbolic depiction emphasizing relationships between elements of some space, such as objects, regions, or themes.

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Map projection

In cartography, a map projection is any of a broad set of transformations employed to represent the curved two-dimensional surface of a globe on a plane.

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Memory

Memory is the faculty of the mind by which data or information is encoded, stored, and retrieved when needed.

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MICrONS

The MICrONS program (Machine Intelligence from Cortical Networks) is a five-year project run by the United States government through the Intelligence Advanced Research Projects Activity (IARPA) with the goal of reverse engineering one cubic millimeter—spanning many petabytes of volumetric data—of a rodent's brain tissue and use insights from its study to improve machine learning and artificial intelligence by constructing a connectome. Brain mapping and MICrONS are neuroimaging.

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Mind uploading

Mind uploading is a speculative process of whole brain emulation in which a brain scan is used to completely emulate the mental state of the individual in a digital computer.

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Molecular genetics

Molecular genetics is a branch of biology that addresses how differences in the structures or expression of DNA molecules manifests as variation among organisms.

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Nanometre

molecular scale. The nanometre (international spelling as used by the International Bureau of Weights and Measures; SI symbol: nm), or nanometer (American spelling), is a unit of length in the International System of Units (SI), equal to one billionth (short scale) of a meter (0.000000001 m) and to 1000 picometres.

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Nanotechnology

Nanotechnology is the manipulation of matter with at least one dimension sized from 1 to 100 nanometers (nm).

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National Centers for Biomedical Computing

The National Centers for Biomedical Computing (NCBCs) are part of the U.S. National Institutes of Health plan to develop and implement the core of a universal computing infrastructure that is urgently needed to speed progress in biomedical research.

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Near-infrared spectroscopy

Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) is a spectroscopic method that uses the near-infrared region of the electromagnetic spectrum (from 780 nm to 2500 nm).

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Neural circuit

A neural circuit is a population of neurons interconnected by synapses to carry out a specific function when activated.

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Neuroimaging

Neuroimaging is the use of quantitative (computational) techniques to study the structure and function of the central nervous system, developed as an objective way of scientifically studying the healthy human brain in a non-invasive manner.

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Neurophysiology

Neurophysiology is a branch of physiology and neuroscience that studies nervous system function rather than nervous system architecture.

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Neuroscience

Neuroscience is the scientific study of the nervous system (the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nervous system), its functions and disorders. Brain mapping and Neuroscience are Neurophysiology.

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Optogenetics

Optogenetics is a biological technique to control the activity of neurons or other cell types with light.

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Outline of brain mapping

The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to brain mapping: Brain mapping – set of neuroscience techniques predicated on the mapping of (biological) quantities or properties onto spatial representations of the (human or non-human) brain resulting in maps. Brain mapping and outline of brain mapping are neuroimaging.

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Outline of the human brain

The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to the human brain.

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Perfusion

Perfusion is the passage of fluid through the circulatory system or lymphatic system to an organ or a tissue, usually referring to the delivery of blood to a capillary bed in tissue.

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Phenotype

In genetics, the phenotype is the set of observable characteristics or traits of an organism.

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Phineas Gage

Phineas P. Gage (18231860) was an American railroad construction foreman remembered for his improbable survival of an accident in which a large iron rod was driven completely through his head, destroying much of his brain's left frontal lobe, and for that injury's reported effects on his personality and behavior over the remaining 12 years of his lifeeffects sufficiently profound that friends saw him (for a time at least) as "no longer Gage".

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Physiology

Physiology is the scientific study of functions and mechanisms in a living system.

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Positron emission tomography

Positron emission tomography (PET) is a functional imaging technique that uses radioactive substances known as radiotracers to visualize and measure changes in metabolic processes, and in other physiological activities including blood flow, regional chemical composition, and absorption. Brain mapping and Positron emission tomography are neuroimaging.

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Preprint

In academic publishing, a preprint is a version of a scholarly or scientific paper that precedes formal peer review and publication in a peer-reviewed scholarly or scientific journal.

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Primary motor cortex

The primary motor cortex (Brodmann area 4) is a brain region that in humans is located in the dorsal portion of the frontal lobe.

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Schizophrenia

Schizophrenia is a mental disorder characterized by reoccurring episodes of psychosis that are correlated with a general misperception of reality.

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Scientific journal

In academic publishing, a scientific journal is a periodical publication designed to further the progress of science by disseminating new research findings to the scientific community.

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Society for Brain Mapping and Therapeutics

The International Brain Mapping and Intraoperative Surgical Planning Society (IBMISPS-Tax ID 20-2793206) DBA The Society for Brain Mapping and Therapeutics (SBMT) is a non-profit biomedical association (501c6) principally concerned with Brain Mapping and Intra-operative Surgical planning.

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Spinal cord

The spinal cord is a long, thin, tubular structure made up of nervous tissue that extends from the medulla oblongata in the brainstem to the lumbar region of the vertebral column (backbone) of vertebrate animals.

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Stem cell

In multicellular organisms, stem cells are undifferentiated or partially differentiated cells that can change into various types of cells and proliferate indefinitely to produce more of the same stem cell.

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Talairach coordinates

Talairach coordinates, also known as Talairach space, is a 3-dimensional coordinate system (known as an 'atlas') of the human brain, which is used to map the location of brain structures independent from individual differences in the size and overall shape of the brain.

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Topographic map (neuroanatomy)

In neuroanatomy, topographic map is the ordered projection of a sensory surface (like the retina or the skin) or an effector system (like the musculature) to one or more structures of the central nervous system.

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University of California, Berkeley

The University of California, Berkeley (UC Berkeley, Berkeley, Cal, or California) is a public land-grant research university in Berkeley, California.

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Voxel

A voxel is a three-dimensional counterpart to a pixel.

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Wiring diagram

A wiring diagram is a simplified conventional pictorial representation of an electrical circuit.

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References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain_mapping

Also known as Brain map.

, Outline of the human brain, Perfusion, Phenotype, Phineas Gage, Physiology, Positron emission tomography, Preprint, Primary motor cortex, Schizophrenia, Scientific journal, Society for Brain Mapping and Therapeutics, Spinal cord, Stem cell, Talairach coordinates, Topographic map (neuroanatomy), University of California, Berkeley, Voxel, Wiring diagram.