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Bronze- and Iron-Age Poland, the Glossary

The Bronze and Iron Age cultures in Poland are known mainly from archeological research.^[1]

135 relations: Achaeans (tribe), Aegean Sea, Alps, Amber, Amber Road, Anatolia, Andrzej Chwalba, Animal husbandry, Archaeology, Archaeology of Northern Europe, Archaic Greece, Assyria, Únětice culture, Łódź, Świętokrzyskie Mountains, Baltic Sea, Balts, Barley, Bell Beaker culture, Biskupin, Bolesławiec, Braniewo, Bronze, Bronze Age, Bronze Age Europe, Carpathian Mountains, Central Europe, Cist, Common Era, Competitive advantage, Corded Ware culture, Cremation, Danube, Denmark, Dnieper, Domasław, Lower Silesian Voivodeship, Ethnicity, Etruria, Etruscan civilization, Europe, Gazeta Wyborcza, Głubczyce, Gdańsk, Germany, Gord (archaeology), Greater Poland, Greece, Grodzisk Wielkopolski, Gubin, Poland, Hallstatt culture, ... Expand index (85 more) »
Archaeology of Poland
Bronze Age Europe by country
Iron Age Europe
Prehistoric Poland

Achaeans (tribe)

The Achaeans (Akhaioí) were one of the four major tribes into which Herodotus divided the Greeks, along with the Aeolians, Ionians and Dorians.

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Aegean Sea

The Aegean Sea is an elongated embayment of the Mediterranean Sea between Europe and Asia.

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The Alps are one of the highest and most extensive mountain ranges in Europe, stretching approximately across eight Alpine countries (from west to east): Monaco, France, Switzerland, Italy, Liechtenstein, Germany, Austria and Slovenia.

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Amber

Amber is fossilized tree resin.

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Amber Road

The Amber Road was an ancient trade route for the transfer of amber from coastal areas of the North Sea and the Baltic Sea to the Mediterranean Sea. Bronze- and Iron-Age Poland and amber Road are prehistoric Poland.

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Anatolia

Anatolia (Anadolu), also known as Asia Minor, is a large peninsula or a region in Turkey, constituting most of its contemporary territory.

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Andrzej Chwalba

Andrzej Chwalba (born 1949 in Częstochowa) is a Polish historian.

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Animal husbandry

Animal husbandry is the branch of agriculture concerned with animals that are raised for meat, fibre, milk, or other products.

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Archaeology

Archaeology or archeology is the study of human activity through the recovery and analysis of material culture.

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Archaeology of Northern Europe

The archaeology of Northern Europe studies the prehistory of Scandinavia and the adjacent North European Plain, roughly corresponding to the territories of modern Sweden, Norway, Denmark, northern Germany, Poland and the Netherlands.

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Archaic Greece

Archaic Greece was the period in Greek history lasting from to the second Persian invasion of Greece in 480 BC, following the Greek Dark Ages and succeeded by the Classical period.

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Assyria

Assyria (Neo-Assyrian cuneiform: x16px, māt Aššur) was a major ancient Mesopotamian civilization which existed as a city-state from the 21st century BC to the 14th century BC, which eventually expanded into an empire from the 14th century BC to the 7th century BC.

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Únětice culture

The Únětice culture, Aunjetitz culture or Unetician culture (Únětická kultura, Aunjetitzer Kultur, Kultura unietycka, Únětická kultúra) is an archaeological culture at the start of the Central European Bronze Age, dated roughly to about 2300–1600BC.

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Łódź

Łódź is a city in central Poland and a former industrial centre.

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Świętokrzyskie Mountains

The Świętokrzyskie Mountains (Góry Świętokrzyskie), often anglicized to Holy Cross Mountains, are a mountain range in central Poland, near the city of Kielce.

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Baltic Sea

The Baltic Sea is an arm of the Atlantic Ocean that is enclosed by Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Germany, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Russia, Sweden, and the North and Central European Plain.

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Balts

The Balts or Baltic peoples (baltai, balti) are a group of peoples inhabiting the eastern coast of the Baltic Sea who speak Baltic languages.

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Barley

Barley (Hordeum vulgare), a member of the grass family, is a major cereal grain grown in temperate climates globally.

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Bell Beaker culture

The Bell Beaker culture, also known as the Bell Beaker complex or Bell Beaker phenomenon, is an archaeological culture named after the inverted-bell beaker drinking vessel used at the very beginning of the European Bronze Age, arising from around 2800 BC.

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Biskupin

Biskupin (Polish) is an archaeological site and a life-size model of a late Bronze Age fortified settlement in north-central Poland that also serves as an archaeological open-air museum. Bronze- and Iron-Age Poland and Biskupin are archaeology of Poland.

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Bolesławiec

Bolesławiec (pronounced, Bolesławiec, Bunzlau) is a historic city situated on the Bóbr River in the Lower Silesian Voivodeship, in south-western Poland.

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Braniewo

Braniewo (Braunsberg in Ostpreußen, Brunsberga, Old Prussian: Brus), is a town in northern Poland, in Warmia, in the Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, with a population of 16,907 as of June 2021.

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Bronze

Bronze is an alloy consisting primarily of copper, commonly with about 12–12.5% tin and often with the addition of other metals (including aluminium, manganese, nickel, or zinc) and sometimes non-metals, such as phosphorus, or metalloids, such as arsenic or silicon.

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Bronze Age

The Bronze Age was a historical period lasting from approximately 3300 to 1200 BC.

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Bronze Age Europe

The European Bronze Age is characterized by bronze artifacts and the use of bronze implements.

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Carpathian Mountains

The Carpathian Mountains or Carpathians are a range of mountains forming an arc across Central Europe and Southeast Europe.

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Central Europe

Central Europe is a geographical region of Europe between Eastern, Southern, Western and Northern Europe.

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Cist

In archeology, a cist (also kist; from κίστη, Middle Welsh Kist or Germanic Kiste) or cist grave is a small stone-built coffin-like box or ossuary used to hold the bodies of the dead.

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Common Era

Common Era (CE) and Before the Common Era (BCE) are year notations for the Gregorian calendar (and its predecessor, the Julian calendar), the world's most widely used calendar era.

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Competitive advantage

In business, a competitive advantage is an attribute that allows an organization to outperform its competitors.

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Corded Ware culture

The Corded Ware culture comprises a broad archaeological horizon of Europe between – 2350 BC, thus from the late Neolithic, through the Copper Age, and ending in the early Bronze Age.

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Cremation

Cremation is a method of final disposition of a dead body through burning.

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Danube

The Danube (see also other names) is the second-longest river in Europe, after the Volga in Russia.

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Denmark

Denmark (Danmark) is a Nordic country in the south-central portion of Northern Europe.

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Dnieper

The Dnieper, also called Dnepr or Dnipro, is one of the major transboundary rivers of Europe, rising in the Valdai Hills near Smolensk, Russia, before flowing through Belarus and Ukraine to the Black Sea.

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Domasław, Lower Silesian Voivodeship

Domasław is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Kobierzyce, within Wrocław County, Lower Silesian Voivodeship, in south-western Poland.

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Ethnicity

An ethnicity or ethnic group is a group of people who identify with each other on the basis of perceived shared attributes that distinguish them from other groups.

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Etruria

Etruria was a region of Central Italy delimited by the rivers Arno and Tiber, an area that covered what is now most of Tuscany, northern Lazio, and north-western Umbria.

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Etruscan civilization

The Etruscan civilization was an ancient civilization created by the Etruscans, a people who inhabited Etruria in ancient Italy, with a common language and culture who formed a federation of city-states.

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Europe

Europe is a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere.

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Gazeta Wyborcza

(The Electoral Gazette in English) is a Polish nationwide daily newspaper based in Warsaw, Poland.

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Głubczyce

Głubczyce (Hlubčice or sparsely Glubčice, Gubczyce or Gubczycy, Leobschütz) is a town in Opole Voivodeship in southern Poland, near the border with the Czech Republic.

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Gdańsk

Gdańsk is a city on the Baltic coast of northern Poland, and the capital of the Pomeranian Voivodeship.

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Germany

Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG), is a country in Central Europe.

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Gord (archaeology)

A gord is a medieval Slavonic fortified settlement, usually built on strategic sites such as hilltops, riverbanks, lake islets or peninsulas between the 6th and 12th centuries in Central and Eastern Europe. Bronze- and Iron-Age Poland and gord (archaeology) are archaeology of Poland.

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Greater Poland

Greater Poland, often known by its Polish name Wielkopolska (Polonia Maior), is a Polish historical region of west-central Poland.

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Greece

Greece, officially the Hellenic Republic, is a country in Southeast Europe.

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Grodzisk Wielkopolski

Grodzisk Wielkopolski is a town in western Poland, in Greater Poland Voivodeship (Wielkopolskie), with a population of 13,703 (2006).

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Gubin, Poland

Gubin (Guben) is a town in Krosno Odrzańskie County, Lubusz Voivodeship, in western Poland.

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Hallstatt culture

The Hallstatt culture was the predominant Western and Central European archaeological culture of the Late Bronze Age (Hallstatt A, Hallstatt B) from the 12th to 8th centuries BC and Early Iron Age Europe (Hallstatt C, Hallstatt D) from the 8th to 6th centuries BC, developing out of the Urnfield culture of the 12th century BC (Late Bronze Age) and followed in much of its area by the La Tène culture.

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Hectare

The hectare (SI symbol: ha) is a non-SI metric unit of area equal to a square with 100-metre sides (1 hm2), that is, 10,000 square meters (10,000 m2), and is primarily used in the measurement of land.

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History of ancient Israel and Judah

The history of ancient Israel and Judah spans from the early appearance of the Israelites in Canaan's hill country during the late second millennium BCE, to the establishment and subsequent downfall of the two Israelite kingdoms in the mid-first millennium BCE.

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Hrubieszów

Hrubieszów (Hrubeshiv; Hrubyeshov, or label) is a town in southeastern Poland, with a population of around 18,212 (2016).

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Hungary

Hungary is a landlocked country in Central Europe.

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Iron Age

The Iron Age is the final epoch of the three historical Metal Ages, after the Chalcolithic and Bronze Age.

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Iron Age Europe

In Europe, the Iron Age is the last stage of the prehistoric period and the first of the protohistoric periods,The Junior Encyclopædia Britannica: A reference library of general knowledge.

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Italy

Italy, officially the Italian Republic, is a country in Southern and Western Europe.

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Jasło

Jasło is a county town in south-eastern Poland with 36,641 inhabitants, as of 31 December 2012.

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Johannes Müller (archaeologist)

Johannes Müller (born 29 November 1960 in Wolfhagen) is a German prehistoric archaeologist.

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Kartuzy

Kartuzy (Kartuzë, Kartëzë or Kartuzé; former Karthaus) is a town in northern Poland, located in the historic Eastern Pomerania (Pomerelia) region.

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Kiln

A kiln is a thermally insulated chamber, a type of oven, that produces temperatures sufficient to complete some process, such as hardening, drying, or chemical changes.

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Kościan

Kościan (Kosten) is a town on the Obra canal in west-central Poland, with a population of 23,952 inhabitants as of June 2014.

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Kraków

(), also spelled as Cracow or Krakow, is the second-largest and one of the oldest cities in Poland.

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Krosno

Krosno (in full The Royal Free City of Krosno, Królewskie Wolne Miasto Krosno) is a historical town and county in the Subcarpathian Voivodeship, in southeastern Poland.

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Kurgan

A kurgan is a type of tumulus constructed over a grave, often characterized by containing a single human body along with grave vessels, weapons and horses.

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Kuyavia

Kuyavia (Kujawy; Kujawien; Cuiavia), also referred to as Cuyavia, is a historical region in north-central Poland, situated on the left bank of Vistula, as well as east from Noteć River and Lake Gopło.

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Lębork

Lębork (Lãbòrg; Lauenburg in Pommern) is a town on the Łeba and Okalica rivers in the Gdańsk Pomerania region in northern Poland.

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Legnica

Legnica (Polish:; Liegnitz,; Ligńica; Lehnice; Lignitium) is a city in southwestern Poland, in the central part of Lower Silesia, on the Kaczawa River and the Czarna Woda.

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Lesser Poland

Lesser Poland, often known by its Polish name Małopolska (Polonia Minor), is a historical region situated in southern and south-eastern Poland.

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Lower Silesia

Lower Silesia (Dolny Śląsk; Dolní Slezsko; Niederschlesien; Dolny Ślōnsk; Delnja Šleska; Dolna Šlazyńska; Niederschläsing; Silesia Inferior) is a historical and geographical region mostly located in Poland with small portions in the Czech Republic and Germany.

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Lusatia

Lusatia (Łużyce, Łužica, Łužyca, Lužice) is a historical region in Central Europe, territorially split between Germany and modern-day Poland.

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Lusatian culture

The Lusatian culture existed in the later Bronze Age and early Iron Age (1300–500) in most of what is now Poland and parts of the Czech Republic, Slovakia, eastern Germany and western Ukraine. Bronze- and Iron-Age Poland and Lusatian culture are prehistoric Poland.

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Masuria

Masuria (Mazury, Masuren, Masurian: Mazurÿ) is an ethnographic and geographic region in northern and northeastern Poland, known for its 2,000 lakes.

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Mazovia

Mazovia or Masovia (Mazowsze) is a historical region in mid-north-eastern Poland.

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Mediterranean Sea

The Mediterranean Sea is a sea connected to the Atlantic Ocean, surrounded by the Mediterranean Basin and almost completely enclosed by land: on the north by Southern Europe and Anatolia, on the south by North Africa, on the east by the Levant in West Asia, and on the west almost by the Morocco–Spain border.

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Mesopotamia

Mesopotamia is a historical region of West Asia situated within the Tigris–Euphrates river system, in the northern part of the Fertile Crescent.

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Middle East

The Middle East (term originally coined in English Translations of this term in some of the region's major languages include: translit; translit; translit; script; translit; اوْرتاشرق; Orta Doğu.) is a geopolitical region encompassing the Arabian Peninsula, the Levant, Turkey, Egypt, Iran, and Iraq.

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Mierzanowice culture

The Mierzanowice culture appeared in the area of the upper and middle basin of the Vistula, during the Early Bronze Age.

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Milicz

Milicz (Militsch) is a town in Lower Silesian Voivodeship, in west-central Poland.

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Neolithic

The Neolithic or New Stone Age (from Greek νέος 'new' and λίθος 'stone') is an archaeological period, the final division of the Stone Age in Europe, Asia and Africa.

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Nomad

Nomads are communities without fixed habitation who regularly move to and from areas.

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Nordic Bronze Age

The Nordic Bronze Age (also Northern Bronze Age, or Scandinavian Bronze Age) is a period of Scandinavian prehistory from.

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Nordic countries

The Nordic countries (also known as the Nordics or Norden) are a geographical and cultural region in Northern Europe and the North Atlantic.

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Nowogród Bobrzański

Nowogród Bobrzański (Naumburg am Bober) is a town on the Bóbr river in Zielona Góra County, Lubusz Voivodeship, in western Poland, with 5,165 inhabitants (2019).

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Oat

The oat (Avena sativa), sometimes called the common oat, is a species of cereal grain grown for its seed, which is known by the same name (usually in the plural).

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Opatów

Opatów (Apt, Apte) is a town in southeastern Poland, within Opatów County in the Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship (Holy Cross Province).

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Ottomány culture

The Ottomány culture, also known as Otomani culture in Romania or Otomani-Füzesabony culture in Hungary, was an early Bronze Age culture (–1400 BC) in Central Europe named after the eponymous site near the village of Ottomány (Otomani), today part of Sălacea, located in modern-day Bihor County, Romania.

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Pan flute

A pan flute (also known as panpipes or syrinx) is a musical instrument based on the principle of the closed tube, consisting of multiple pipes of gradually increasing length (and occasionally girth).

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Pannonian Basin

The Pannonian Basin, or Carpathian Basin, is a large sedimentary basin situated in southeast Central Europe.

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Piliny culture

The Piliny culture was a Bronze Age culture in northern Hungary and Slovakia that existed from about 1300 to 700 B.C. It was part of the Urnfield culture.

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Pisz

Pisz (pronounced, previously also Jańsbork, Johannisburg) is a historic town in the Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship in northern Poland, with a population of 19,466 (2016).

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Poland in antiquity

Poland in antiquity was characterized by peoples from various archeological cultures living in and migrating through various parts of what is now Poland, from about 400 BC to 450–500 AD. Bronze- and Iron-Age Poland and Poland in antiquity are archaeology of Poland, Iron Age Europe and prehistoric Poland.

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Poland in the Early Middle Ages

The most important phenomenon that took place within the lands of Poland in the Early Middle Ages, as well as other parts of Central Europe was the arrival and permanent settlement of the West Slavic or Lechitic peoples.

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Polesie, Łowicz County

Polesie is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Łyszkowice, within Łowicz County, Łódź Voivodeship, in central Poland.

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Polish Scientific Publishers PWN

Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN (Polish Scientific Publishers PWN; until 1991 Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe - National Scientific Publishers PWN, PWN) is a Polish book publisher, founded in 1951, when it split from the Wydawnictwa Szkolne i Pedagogiczne.

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Pomerania

Pomerania (Pomorze; Pommern; Kashubian: Pòmòrskô; Pommern) is a historical region on the southern shore of the Baltic Sea in Central Europe, split between Poland and Germany.

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Pomeranian culture

The Pomeranian culture, also Pomeranian or Pomerelian Face Urn culture was an Iron Age culture with origins in parts of the area south of the Baltic Sea (which later became Pomerania, part of northern Germany/Poland), from the 7th century BC to the 3rd century BC, which eventually covered most of today's Poland. Bronze- and Iron-Age Poland and Pomeranian culture are prehistoric Poland.

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Potter's wheel

In pottery, a potter's wheel is a machine used in the shaping (known as throwing) of clay into round ceramic ware.

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Prehistory and protohistory of Poland

The prehistory and protohistory of Poland can be traced from the first appearance of Homo species on the territory of modern-day Poland, to the establishment of the Polish state in the 10th century AD, a span of roughly 500,000 years. Bronze- and Iron-Age Poland and prehistory and protohistory of Poland are prehistoric Poland and prehistory by country.

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Pruszcz Gdański

Pruszcz Gdański (former Pruszcz; Pruszcz; Praust) is a town in Pomerania, northern Poland with 26,834 inhabitants (2010).

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Puławy

Puławy (also written Pulawy) is a city in eastern Poland, in Lesser Poland's Lublin Voivodeship, at the confluence of the Vistula and Kurówka Rivers.

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Radiocarbon dating

Radiocarbon dating (also referred to as carbon dating or carbon-14 dating) is a method for determining the age of an object containing organic material by using the properties of radiocarbon, a radioactive isotope of carbon.

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Rural economics

Rural economics is the study of rural economies.

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Rzeczpospolita (newspaper)

Rzeczpospolita is a Polish nationwide daily economic and legal newspaper, published by Gremi Media.

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Sambia Peninsula

Sambia (translit) or Samland (translit) or Kaliningrad Peninsula (official name, Калининградский полуостров, Kaliningradsky poluostrov) is a peninsula in the Kaliningrad Oblast of Russia, on the southeastern shore of the Baltic Sea.

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Sandomierz

Sandomierz (pronounced:; Sandomiria, Tsouzmer, Tsoyzmer) is a historic town in south-eastern Poland with 23,863 inhabitants, situated on the Vistula River near its confluence with the San, in the Sandomierz Basin.

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Scandinavia

Scandinavia is a subregion of Northern Europe, with strong historical, cultural, and linguistic ties between its constituent peoples.

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Scythians

The Scythians or Scyths (but note Scytho- in composition) and sometimes also referred to as the Pontic Scythians, were an ancient Eastern Iranic equestrian nomadic people who had migrated during the 9th to 8th centuries BC from Central Asia to the Pontic Steppe in modern-day Ukraine and Southern Russia, where they remained established from the 7th century BC until the 3rd century BC.

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Silesia

Silesia (see names below) is a historical region of Central Europe that lies mostly within modern Poland, with small parts in the Czech Republic and Germany.

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Slavs

The Slavs or Slavic people are groups of people who speak Slavic languages.

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Slovakia

Slovakia (Slovensko), officially the Slovak Republic (Slovenská republika), is a landlocked country in Central Europe.

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Steppe

In physical geography, a steppe is an ecoregion characterized by grassland plains without closed forests except near rivers and lakes.

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Stone-Age Poland

The Stone Age in the territory of present-day Poland is divided into the Paleolithic, Mesolithic, and Neolithic eras. Bronze- and Iron-Age Poland and Stone-Age Poland are archaeology of Poland, prehistoric Poland and prehistory by country.

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Szamotuły

Szamotuły (Samter, Zamter) is a town in western Poland, in Greater Poland Voivodeship, about northwest of the centre of Poznań.

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Szczecin

Szczecin (Stettin; Stettin; Sedinum or Stetinum) is the capital and largest city of the West Pomeranian Voivodeship in northwestern Poland.

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Szubin

Szubin is a town in Nakło County, Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship, Poland, located southwest of Bydgoszcz.

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Tooth decay

Tooth decay, also known as cavities or caries,The word 'caries' is a mass noun, and is not a plural of 'carie'. is the breakdown of teeth due to acids produced by bacteria.

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Troy

Troy (translit; Trōia; 𒆳𒌷𒋫𒊒𒄿𒊭|translit.

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Trzcinica, Podkarpackie Voivodeship

Trzcinica is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Jasło, within Jasło County, Subcarpathian Voivodeship, in south-eastern Poland. Bronze- and Iron-Age Poland and Trzcinica, Podkarpackie Voivodeship are prehistoric Poland.

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Trzciniec culture

The Trzciniec culture is an Early and Middle Bronze Age (2400-1300 BC) archaeological culture in Central-Eastern Europe, mainly Poland and parts of Lithuania.

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Tumulus culture

The Tumulus culture (German: ''Hügelgräberkultur'') was the dominant material culture in Central Europe during the Middle Bronze Age (1600 to 1300 BC).

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Upper Silesia

Upper Silesia (Górny Śląsk; Gůrny Ślůnsk, Gōrny Ślōnsk; Horní Slezsko;; Silesian German: Oberschläsing; Silesia Superior) is the southeastern part of the historical and geographical region of Silesia, located today mostly in Poland, with small parts in the Czech Republic.

See Bronze- and Iron-Age Poland and Upper Silesia

References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronze-_and_Iron-Age_Poland

Also known as Bronze Age Poland, Bronze and Iron Age Poland, Iron Age Poland, Poland in the Bronze Age, Poland in the Bronze Ages, Poland in the Iron Age, Poland in the Iron Ages.

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Bronze- and Iron-Age Poland, the Glossary

Table of Contents

See also

Archaeology of Poland

Bronze Age Europe by country

Iron Age Europe

Prehistoric Poland

References