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Btrfs, the Glossary

Index Btrfs

Btrfs (pronounced as "better F S", "butter F S", "b-tree F S", or B.T.R.F.S.) is a computer storage format that combines a file system based on the copy-on-write (COW) principle with a logical volume manager (not to be confused with Linux's LVM), developed together.[1]

Table of Contents

  1. 125 relations: Apple File System, ASCII, B+ tree, B-tree, BackupPC, Bcachefs, Binary space partitioning, BLAKE (hash function), Bootstrapping, Byte, Character encoding, Checksum, Comparison of file systems, Computer file, Concurrent computing, Cp (Unix), Cyclic redundancy check, Data compression, Data deduplication, Data scrubbing, Database, Debian, Defragmentation, Device file, Diff, Disk partitioning, Dm-crypt, Ext3, Ext4, Extended file attributes, Extent (file systems), Facebook, Fedora Linux, Feedback, File system, Free-space bitmap, Fsck, Fujitsu, Fusion-io, Git, GitHub, GNU Core Utilities, GNU General Public License, Gnus, GUID Partition Table, HAMMER (file system), Hard link, Hardware virtualization, HMAC, IBM, ... Expand index (75 more) »

  2. Compression file systems
  3. File systems supported by the Linux kernel
  4. Linux file system-related software

Apple File System

Apple File System (APFS) is a proprietary file system developed and deployed by Apple Inc. for macOS Sierra (10.12.4) and later, iOS 10.3, tvOS 10.2, watchOS 3.2, and all versions of iPadOS.

See Btrfs and Apple File System

ASCII

ASCII, an acronym for American Standard Code for Information Interchange, is a character encoding standard for electronic communication.

See Btrfs and ASCII

B+ tree

A B+ tree is an m-ary tree with a variable but often large number of children per node.

See Btrfs and B+ tree

B-tree

In computer science, a B-tree is a self-balancing tree data structure that maintains sorted data and allows searches, sequential access, insertions, and deletions in logarithmic time.

See Btrfs and B-tree

BackupPC

BackupPC is a free disk-to-disk backup software suite with a web-based frontend.

See Btrfs and BackupPC

Bcachefs

Bcachefs is a copy-on-write (COW) file system for Linux-based operating systems. Btrfs and Bcachefs are compression file systems, file systems supported by the Linux kernel and Linux file system-related software.

See Btrfs and Bcachefs

Binary space partitioning

In computer science, binary space partitioning (BSP) is a method for space partitioning which recursively subdivides a Euclidean space into two convex sets by using hyperplanes as partitions.

See Btrfs and Binary space partitioning

BLAKE (hash function)

BLAKE is a cryptographic hash function based on Daniel J. Bernstein's ChaCha stream cipher, but a permuted copy of the input block, XORed with round constants, is added before each ChaCha round.

See Btrfs and BLAKE (hash function)

Bootstrapping

In general, bootstrapping usually refers to a self-starting process that is supposed to continue or grow without external input.

See Btrfs and Bootstrapping

Byte

The byte is a unit of digital information that most commonly consists of eight bits.

See Btrfs and Byte

Character encoding

Character encoding is the process of assigning numbers to graphical characters, especially the written characters of human language, allowing them to be stored, transmitted, and transformed using digital computers.

See Btrfs and Character encoding

Checksum

A checksum is a small-sized block of data derived from another block of digital data for the purpose of detecting errors that may have been introduced during its transmission or storage.

See Btrfs and Checksum

Comparison of file systems

The following tables compare general and technical information for a number of file systems.

See Btrfs and Comparison of file systems

Computer file

In computing, a computer file is a resource for recording data on a computer storage device, primarily identified by its filename.

See Btrfs and Computer file

Concurrent computing

Concurrent computing is a form of computing in which several computations are executed concurrently—during overlapping time periods—instead of sequentially—with one completing before the next starts.

See Btrfs and Concurrent computing

Cp (Unix)

In computing, cp is a command in various Unix and Unix-like operating systems for copying files and directories.

See Btrfs and Cp (Unix)

Cyclic redundancy check

A cyclic redundancy check (CRC) is an error-detecting code commonly used in digital networks and storage devices to detect accidental changes to digital data.

See Btrfs and Cyclic redundancy check

Data compression

In information theory, data compression, source coding, or bit-rate reduction is the process of encoding information using fewer bits than the original representation.

See Btrfs and Data compression

Data deduplication

In computing, data deduplication is a technique for eliminating duplicate copies of repeating data.

See Btrfs and Data deduplication

Data scrubbing

Data scrubbing is an error correction technique that uses a background task to periodically inspect main memory or storage for errors, then corrects detected errors using redundant data in the form of different checksums or copies of data.

See Btrfs and Data scrubbing

Database

In computing, a database is an organized collection of data or a type of data store based on the use of a database management system (DBMS), the software that interacts with end users, applications, and the database itself to capture and analyze the data.

See Btrfs and Database

Debian

Debian, also known as Debian GNU/Linux, is a Linux distribution composed of free and open-source software and optionally non-free firmware or software developed by the community-supported Debian Project, which was established by Ian Murdock on August 16, 1993.

See Btrfs and Debian

Defragmentation

In the maintenance of file systems, defragmentation is a process that reduces the degree of fragmentation.

See Btrfs and Defragmentation

Device file

In Unix-like operating systems, a device file, device node, or special file is an interface to a device driver that appears in a file system as if it were an ordinary file.

See Btrfs and Device file

Diff

In computing, the utility diff is a data comparison tool that computes and displays the differences between the contents of files.

See Btrfs and Diff

Disk partitioning

Disk partitioning or disk slicing is the creation of one or more regions on secondary storage, so that each region can be managed separately.

See Btrfs and Disk partitioning

Dm-crypt

dm-crypt is a transparent block device encryption subsystem in Linux kernel versions 2.6 and later and in DragonFly BSD.

See Btrfs and Dm-crypt

Ext3

ext3, or third extended filesystem, is a journaled file system that is commonly used by the Linux kernel. Btrfs and ext3 are file systems supported by the Linux kernel.

See Btrfs and Ext3

Ext4

ext4 (fourth extended filesystem) is a journaling file system for Linux, developed as the successor to ext3. Btrfs and ext4 are file systems supported by the Linux kernel.

See Btrfs and Ext4

Extended file attributes

Extended file attributes are file system features that enable users to associate computer files with metadata not interpreted by the filesystem, whereas regular attributes have a purpose strictly defined by the filesystem (such as permissions or records of creation and modification times).

See Btrfs and Extended file attributes

Extent (file systems)

In computing, an extent is a contiguous area of storage reserved for a file in a file system, represented as a range of block numbers, or tracks on count key data devices.

See Btrfs and Extent (file systems)

Facebook

Facebook is a social media and social networking service owned by American technology conglomerate Meta.

See Btrfs and Facebook

Fedora Linux

Fedora Linux is a Linux distribution developed by the Fedora Project.

See Btrfs and Fedora Linux

Feedback

Feedback occurs when outputs of a system are routed back as inputs as part of a chain of cause-and-effect that forms a circuit or loop.

See Btrfs and Feedback

File system

In computing, a file system or filesystem (often abbreviated to FS or fs) governs file organization and access.

See Btrfs and File system

Free-space bitmap

Free-space bitmaps are one method used to track allocated sectors by some file systems.

See Btrfs and Free-space bitmap

Fsck

The system utility fsck (file system consistency check) is a tool for checking the consistency of a file system in Unix and Unix-like operating systems, such as Linux, macOS, and FreeBSD.

See Btrfs and Fsck

Fujitsu

is a Japanese multinational information and communications technology equipment and services corporation, established in 1935 and headquartered in Kawasaki, Kanagawa.

See Btrfs and Fujitsu

Fusion-io

Fusion-io, Inc. was a computer hardware and software systems company (acquired by SanDisk Corporation in 2014) based in Cottonwood Heights, Utah, that designed and manufactured products using flash memory technology.

See Btrfs and Fusion-io

Git

Git is a distributed version control system that tracks versions of files.

See Btrfs and Git

GitHub

GitHub is a developer platform that allows developers to create, store, manage and share their code.

See Btrfs and GitHub

GNU Core Utilities

The GNU Core Utilities or coreutils is a package of GNU software containing implementations for many of the basic tools, such as cat, ls, and rm, which are used on Unix-like operating systems.

See Btrfs and GNU Core Utilities

GNU General Public License

The GNU General Public License (GNU GPL or simply GPL) is a series of widely used free software licenses, or copyleft, that guarantee end users the four freedoms to run, study, share, and modify the software.

See Btrfs and GNU General Public License

Gnus

Gnus, or Gnus Network User Services, is a message reader which is part of GNU Emacs.

See Btrfs and Gnus

GUID Partition Table

The GUID Partition Table (GPT) is a standard for the layout of partition tables of a physical computer storage device, such as a hard disk drive or solid-state drive, using universally unique identifiers (UUIDs), which are also known as globally unique identifiers (GUIDs).

See Btrfs and GUID Partition Table

HAMMER (file system)

HAMMER is a high-availability 64-bit file system developed by Matthew Dillon for DragonFly BSD using B+ trees.

See Btrfs and HAMMER (file system)

In computing, a hard link is a directory entry (in a directory-based file system) that associates a name with a file.

See Btrfs and Hard link

Hardware virtualization

Hardware virtualization is the virtualization of computers as complete hardware platforms, certain logical abstractions of their componentry, or only the functionality required to run various operating systems.

See Btrfs and Hardware virtualization

HMAC

In cryptography, an HMAC (sometimes expanded as either keyed-hash message authentication code or hash-based message authentication code) is a specific type of message authentication code (MAC) involving a cryptographic hash function and a secret cryptographic key.

See Btrfs and HMAC

IBM

International Business Machines Corporation (using the trademark IBM), nicknamed Big Blue, is an American multinational technology company headquartered in Armonk, New York and present in over 175 countries.

See Btrfs and IBM

IBM Research

IBM Research is the research and development division for IBM, an American multinational information technology company headquartered in Armonk, New York, with operations in over 170 countries.

See Btrfs and IBM Research

Incremental backup

An incremental backup is one in which successive copies of the data contain only the portion that has changed since the preceding backup copy was made.

See Btrfs and Incremental backup

Inode

The inode (index node) is a data structure in a Unix-style file system that describes a file-system object such as a file or a directory.

See Btrfs and Inode

Intel

Intel Corporation is an American multinational corporation and technology company headquartered in Santa Clara, California, and incorporated in Delaware.

See Btrfs and Intel

Journaling file system

A journaling file system is a file system that keeps track of changes not yet committed to the file system's main part by recording the goal of such changes in a data structure known as a "journal", which is usually a circular log.

See Btrfs and Journaling file system

Kernel (operating system)

The kernel is a computer program at the core of a computer's operating system and generally has complete control over everything in the system.

See Btrfs and Kernel (operating system)

Kernel.org

kernel.org is the main distribution point of source code for the Linux kernel, which is the base of the Linux operating system.

See Btrfs and Kernel.org

Lempel–Ziv–Oberhumer

Lempel–Ziv–Oberhumer (LZO) is a lossless data compression algorithm that is focused on decompression speed.

See Btrfs and Lempel–Ziv–Oberhumer

Linearizability

In concurrent programming, an operation (or set of operations) is linearizable if it consists of an ordered list of invocation and response events, that may be extended by adding response events such that.

See Btrfs and Linearizability

Linux

Linux is both an open-source Unix-like kernel and a generic name for a family of open-source Unix-like operating systems based on the Linux kernel, an operating system kernel first released on September 17, 1991, by Linus Torvalds.

See Btrfs and Linux

Linux distribution

A Linux distribution (often abbreviated as distro) is an operating system made from a software collection that includes the Linux kernel and often a package management system.

See Btrfs and Linux distribution

Linux Foundation

The Linux Foundation (LF) is a non-profit organization established in 2000 to support Linux development and open-source software projects.

See Btrfs and Linux Foundation

Linux kernel

The Linux kernel is a free and open source, UNIX-like kernel that is used in many computer systems worldwide.

See Btrfs and Linux kernel

Linux kernel version history

This article documents the version history of the Linux kernel.

See Btrfs and Linux kernel version history

Linux Magazine

Linux Magazine is an international magazine for Linux software enthusiasts and professionals.

See Btrfs and Linux Magazine

Linux Unified Key Setup

The Linux Unified Key Setup (LUKS) is a disk encryption specification created by Clemens Fruhwirth in 2004 and originally intended for Linux.

See Btrfs and Linux Unified Key Setup

List of file systems

The following lists identify, characterize, and link to more thorough information on file systems.

See Btrfs and List of file systems

List of hash functions

This is a list of hash functions, including cyclic redundancy checks, checksum functions, and cryptographic hash functions.

See Btrfs and List of hash functions

Live CD

A live CD (also live DVD, live disc, or live operating system) is a complete bootable computer installation including operating system which runs directly from a CD-ROM or similar storage device into a computer's memory, rather than loading from a hard disk drive.

See Btrfs and Live CD

Logical volume management

In computer storage, logical volume management or LVM provides a method of allocating space on mass-storage devices that is more flexible than conventional partitioning schemes to store volumes.

See Btrfs and Logical volume management

Logical Volume Manager (Linux)

In Linux, Logical Volume Manager (LVM) is a device mapper framework that provides logical volume management for the Linux kernel. Btrfs and logical Volume Manager (Linux) are Linux file system-related software.

See Btrfs and Logical Volume Manager (Linux)

LWN.net

LWN.net is a computing webzine with an emphasis on free software and software for Linux and other Unix-like operating systems.

See Btrfs and LWN.net

MAME

MAME (formerly an acronym of Multiple Arcade Machine Emulator) is a free and open-source emulator designed to recreate the hardware of arcade games, video game consoles, old computers and other systems in software on modern personal computers and other platforms.

See Btrfs and MAME

Master boot record

A master boot record (MBR) is a type of boot sector in the first few blocks of partitioned computer mass storage devices like fixed disks or removable drives intended for use with IBM PC-compatible systems and beyond.

See Btrfs and Master boot record

Melbourne

Melbourne (Boonwurrung/Narrm or Naarm) is the capital and most populous city of the Australian state of Victoria, and the second-most populous city in Australia, after Sydney.

See Btrfs and Melbourne

Memory paging

In computer operating systems, memory paging (or swapping on some Unix-like systems) is a memory management scheme by which a computer stores and retrieves data from secondary storage for use in main memory.

See Btrfs and Memory paging

Meta Platforms, Inc., doing business as Meta, and formerly named Facebook, Inc., and TheFacebook, Inc., is an American multinational technology conglomerate based in Menlo Park, California.

See Btrfs and Meta Platforms

Microsoft Windows

Microsoft Windows is a product line of proprietary graphical operating systems developed and marketed by Microsoft.

See Btrfs and Microsoft Windows

Mount (computing)

Mounting is a process by which a computer's operating system makes files and directories on a storage device (such as hard drive, CD-ROM, or network share) available for users to access via the computer's file system.

See Btrfs and Mount (computing)

Namespace

In computing, a namespace is a set of signs (names) that are used to identify and refer to objects of various kinds.

See Btrfs and Namespace

Nested RAID levels

Nested RAID levels, also known as hybrid RAID, combine two or more of the standard RAID levels (where "RAID" stands for "redundant array of independent disks" or "redundant array of inexpensive disks") to gain performance, additional redundancy or both, as a result of combining properties of different standard RAID layouts.

See Btrfs and Nested RAID levels

Oracle Corporation

Oracle Corporation is an American multinational computer technology company headquartered in Austin, Texas.

See Btrfs and Oracle Corporation

Oracle Linux

Oracle Linux (abbreviated OL, formerly known as Oracle Enterprise Linux or OEL) is a Linux distribution packaged and freely distributed by Oracle, available partially under the GNU General Public License since late 2006.

See Btrfs and Oracle Linux

Orlov block allocator

The Orlov block allocator is an algorithm to define where a particular file will reside on a given file system (blockwise), so as to speed up disk operations.

See Btrfs and Orlov block allocator

Page (computer memory)

A page, memory page, or virtual page is a fixed-length contiguous block of virtual memory, described by a single entry in a page table.

See Btrfs and Page (computer memory)

Phoronix Test Suite

Phoronix Test Suite (PTS) is a free and open-source benchmark software for Linux and other operating systems.

See Btrfs and Phoronix Test Suite

Pool (computer science)

In computer science, a pool is a collection of resources that are kept in memory, ready to use, rather than the memory acquired on use or the memory released afterwards.

See Btrfs and Pool (computer science)

POSIX

The Portable Operating System Interface (POSIX) is a family of standards specified by the IEEE Computer Society for maintaining compatibility between operating systems.

See Btrfs and POSIX

RAID

RAID ("redundant array of inexpensive disks" or "redundant array of independent disks") is a data storage virtualization technology that combines multiple physical disk drive components into one or more logical units for the purposes of data redundancy, performance improvement, or both.

See Btrfs and RAID

Random permutation

A random permutation is a random ordering of a set of objects, that is, a permutation-valued random variable.

See Btrfs and Random permutation

ReactOS

ReactOS is a free and open-source operating system for i586/amd64 personal computers intended to be binary-compatible with computer programs and device drivers developed for Windows Server 2003 and later versions of Microsoft Windows.

See Btrfs and ReactOS

Red Hat

Red Hat, Inc. (formerly Red Hat Software, Inc.) is an American software company that provides open source software products to enterprises and is a subsidiary of IBM.

See Btrfs and Red Hat

Red Hat Enterprise Linux

Red Hat Enterprise Linux (RHEL) is a commercial open-source Linux distribution developed by Red Hat for the commercial market.

See Btrfs and Red Hat Enterprise Linux

Red–black tree

In computer science, a red–black tree is a self-balancing binary search tree data structure noted for fast storage and retrieval of ordered information.

See Btrfs and Red–black tree

Reference counting

In computer science, reference counting is a programming technique of storing the number of references, pointers, or handles to a resource, such as an object, a block of memory, disk space, and others.

See Btrfs and Reference counting

ReFS

Resilient File System (ReFS), codenamed "Protogon", is a Microsoft proprietary file system introduced with Windows Server 2012 with the intent of becoming the "next generation" file system after NTFS.

See Btrfs and ReFS

Reiser4

Reiser4 is a computer file system, successor to the ReiserFS file system, developed from scratch by Namesys and sponsored by DARPA as well as Linspire. Btrfs and Reiser4 are compression file systems and file systems supported by the Linux kernel.

See Btrfs and Reiser4

ReiserFS

ReiserFS is a general-purpose, journaling file system initially designed and implemented by a team at Namesys led by Hans Reiser and licensed under GPLv2. Btrfs and ReiserFS are file systems supported by the Linux kernel.

See Btrfs and ReiserFS

Replication (computing)

Replication in computing involves sharing information so as to ensure consistency between redundant resources, such as software or hardware components, to improve reliability, fault-tolerance, or accessibility.

See Btrfs and Replication (computing)

Root directory

In a computer file system, and primarily used in the Unix and Unix-like operating systems, the root directory is the first or top-most directory in a hierarchy.

See Btrfs and Root directory

SHA-2

SHA-2 (Secure Hash Algorithm 2) is a set of cryptographic hash functions designed by the United States National Security Agency (NSA) and first published in 2001.

See Btrfs and SHA-2

Snapshot (computer storage)

In computer systems, a snapshot is the state of a system at a particular point in time.

See Btrfs and Snapshot (computer storage)

Solid-state drive

A solid-state drive (SSD) is a solid-state storage device.

See Btrfs and Solid-state drive

Standard RAID levels

In computer storage, the standard RAID levels comprise a basic set of RAID ("redundant array of independent disks" or "redundant array of inexpensive disks") configurations that employ the techniques of striping, mirroring, or parity to create large reliable data stores from multiple general-purpose computer hard disk drives (HDDs).

See Btrfs and Standard RAID levels

Strato AG

Strato AG is an internet hosting service provider headquartered in Berlin, Germany.

See Btrfs and Strato AG

SUSE Linux

SUSE Linux is a computer operating system developed by SUSE.

See Btrfs and SUSE Linux

SUSE Linux Enterprise

SUSE Linux Enterprise (SLE) is a Linux-based operating system developed by SUSE.

See Btrfs and SUSE Linux Enterprise

SUSE S.A.

SUSE S.A. is a Luxembourgish multinational open-source software company that develops and sells Linux products to business customers.

See Btrfs and SUSE S.A.

Sync (Unix)

sync is a standard system call in the Unix operating system, which commits all data from the kernel filesystem buffers to non-volatile storage, i.e., data which has been scheduled for writing via low-level I/O system calls.

See Btrfs and Sync (Unix)

Synology

Synology Inc. is a Taiwanese corporation that specializes in network-attached storage (NAS) appliances.

See Btrfs and Synology

System call

In computing, a system call (commonly abbreviated to syscall) is the programmatic way in which a computer program requests a service from the operating system on which it is executed.

See Btrfs and System call

Theodore Ts'o

Theodore Yue Tak Ts'o (born 1968) is an American software engineer mainly known for his contributions to the Linux kernel, in particular his contributions to file systems.

See Btrfs and Theodore Ts'o

Tiny Encryption Algorithm

In cryptography, the Tiny Encryption Algorithm (TEA) is a block cipher notable for its simplicity of description and implementation, typically a few lines of code.

See Btrfs and Tiny Encryption Algorithm

Trim (computing)

A trim command (known as TRIM in the ATA command set, and UNMAP in the SCSI command set) allows an operating system to inform a solid-state drive (SSD) which blocks of data are no longer considered to be "in use" and therefore can be erased internally.

See Btrfs and Trim (computing)

Unicode

Unicode, formally The Unicode Standard, is a text encoding standard maintained by the Unicode Consortium designed to support the use of text in all of the world's writing systems that can be digitized.

See Btrfs and Unicode

Union mount

In computer operating systems, union mounting is a way of combining multiple directories into one that appears to contain their combined contents.

See Btrfs and Union mount

USENIX

USENIX is an American 501(c)(3) nonprofit membership organization based in Berkeley, California and founded in 1975 that supports advanced computing systems, operating system (OS), and computer networking research.

See Btrfs and USENIX

Virtual machine

In computing, a virtual machine (VM) is the virtualization or emulation of a computer system.

See Btrfs and Virtual machine

Wear leveling

Wear leveling (also written as wear levelling) is a technique Wear leveling techniques for flash memory systems.

See Btrfs and Wear leveling

Western Digital

Western Digital Corporation (WDC, commonly known as Western Digital or WD) is an American computer drive manufacturer and data storage company, headquartered in San Jose, California.

See Btrfs and Western Digital

Windows Server 2012

Windows Server 2012, codenamed "Windows Server 8", is the tenth version of the Windows Server operating system by Microsoft, as part of the Windows NT family of operating systems. It is the server version of Windows based on Windows 8 and succeeds Windows Server 2008 R2, which is derived from the Windows 7 codebase, released nearly three years earlier.

See Btrfs and Windows Server 2012

XFS

XFS is a high-performance 64-bit journaling file system created by Silicon Graphics, Inc (SGI) in 1993. Btrfs and XFS are file systems supported by the Linux kernel.

See Btrfs and XFS

ZFS

ZFS (previously Zettabyte File System) is a file system with volume management capabilities. Btrfs and ZFS are compression file systems.

See Btrfs and ZFS

Zlib

zlib (or "zeta-lib") is a software library used for data compression as well as a data format.

See Btrfs and Zlib

Zstd

Zstandard is a lossless data compression algorithm developed by Yann Collet at Facebook.

See Btrfs and Zstd

See also

Compression file systems

File systems supported by the Linux kernel

References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Btrfs

Also known as Btfrs file system, Butter fs, Copy-on-write B-tree.

, IBM Research, Incremental backup, Inode, Intel, Journaling file system, Kernel (operating system), Kernel.org, Lempel–Ziv–Oberhumer, Linearizability, Linux, Linux distribution, Linux Foundation, Linux kernel, Linux kernel version history, Linux Magazine, Linux Unified Key Setup, List of file systems, List of hash functions, Live CD, Logical volume management, Logical Volume Manager (Linux), LWN.net, MAME, Master boot record, Melbourne, Memory paging, Meta Platforms, Microsoft Windows, Mount (computing), Namespace, Nested RAID levels, Oracle Corporation, Oracle Linux, Orlov block allocator, Page (computer memory), Phoronix Test Suite, Pool (computer science), POSIX, RAID, Random permutation, ReactOS, Red Hat, Red Hat Enterprise Linux, Red–black tree, Reference counting, ReFS, Reiser4, ReiserFS, Replication (computing), Root directory, SHA-2, Snapshot (computer storage), Solid-state drive, Standard RAID levels, Strato AG, SUSE Linux, SUSE Linux Enterprise, SUSE S.A., Sync (Unix), Synology, System call, Theodore Ts'o, Tiny Encryption Algorithm, Trim (computing), Unicode, Union mount, USENIX, Virtual machine, Wear leveling, Western Digital, Windows Server 2012, XFS, ZFS, Zlib, Zstd.