Bulgars, the Glossary
The Bulgars (also Bulghars, Bulgari, Bolgars, Bolghars, Bolgari, Proto-Bulgarians) were Turkic semi-nomadic warrior tribes that flourished in the Pontic–Caspian steppe and the Volga region between the 5th and 7th centuries.[1]
Table of Contents
315 relations: Abbasid Caliphate, Agathias, Ahmad ibn Fadlan, Ahmad ibn Rustah, Akatziri, Al-Ma'mun, Al-Masudi, Alans, Alboin, Alcek, Alogobotur, Altar, Anania Shirakatsi, Anastasian Wall, Anastasius Bibliothecarius, Antes people, Anti-Turkish sentiment, Arabic alphabet, Aras (river), Archon, Arshak III, Ascum, Ashina tribe, Ashkharhatsuyts, Ashlar, Asparuh of Bulgaria, Asparukh (name), Baduarius (Scythia), Baghatur, Balanjar, Balkan Mountains, Balkars, Barsils, Bashkirs, Basileus, Batbayan, Battle of Pliska, Bessarabia, Bhaga, Black Sea, Blacksmith, Boila, Bojano, Bolghar, Boris I of Bulgaria, Boyar, Bulgar calendar, Bulgar language, Bulgarians, Bulgarism, ... Expand index (265 more) »
- Extinct Turkic peoples
- History of Ural
- Moldova in the Early Middle Ages
- Romania in the Early Middle Ages
- Saltovo-Mayaki culture
- Turkic nomadic tribes
Abbasid Caliphate
The Abbasid Caliphate or Abbasid Empire (translit) was the third caliphate to succeed the Islamic prophet Muhammad.
See Bulgars and Abbasid Caliphate
Agathias
Agathias Scholasticus (Ἀγαθίας σχολαστικός; Martindale, Jones & Morris (1992), p. 23–25582/594) was a Greek poet and the principal historian of part of the reign of the Roman emperor Justinian I between 552 and 558.
Ahmad ibn Fadlan
Aḥmad ibn Faḍlān ibn al-ʿAbbās ibn Rāshid ibn Ḥammād, (أحمد بن فضلان بن العباس بن راشد بن حماد; commonly known as Ahmad ibn Fadlan (or Ibn Foszlan in older European literature), was a 10th-century traveler from Baghdad, Abbasid Caliphate, famous for his account of his travels as a member of an embassy of the Abbasid caliph, al-Muqtadir of Baghdad, to the king of the Volga Bulgars, known as his i ("account" or "journal").
See Bulgars and Ahmad ibn Fadlan
Ahmad ibn Rustah
Ahmad ibn Rusta Isfahani (Aḥmad ibn Rusta Iṣfahānī), more commonly known as ibn Rusta (ابن رسته, also spelled ibn Roste), was a tenth-century Muslim Persian explorer and geographer born in Rosta, Isfahan in the Abbasid Caliphate.
See Bulgars and Ahmad ibn Rustah
Akatziri
The Akatziri, Akatzirs or Acatiri (Άκατίροι, Άκατζίροι, Akatiroi, Akatziroi; Acatziri) were a tribe that lived north of the Black Sea, though the Crimean city of Cherson seemed to be under their control in the sixth century.
Al-Ma'mun
Abu al-Abbas Abd Allah ibn Harun al-Rashid (Abū al-ʿAbbās ʿAbd Allāh ibn Hārūn ar-Rashīd; 14 September 786 – 9 August 833), better known by his regnal name al-Ma'mun (al-Maʾmūn), was the seventh Abbasid caliph, who reigned from 813 until his death in 833.
Al-Masudi
al-Masʿūdī (full name, أبو الحسن علي بن الحسين بن علي المسعودي), –956, was a historian, geographer and traveler.
Alans
The Alans (Latin: Alani) were an ancient and medieval Iranic nomadic pastoral people who migrated to what is today North Caucasus – while some continued on to Europe and later North-Africa. Bulgars and Alans are migration Period and Saltovo-Mayaki culture.
Alboin
Alboin (530s – 28 June 572) was king of the Lombards from about 560 until 572.
Alcek
Alcek or Alzeco was allegedly a son of Kubrat and led the Bulgars to Ravenna that later settled in the villages of Gallo Matese, Sepino, Boiano and Isernia in the Matese mountains of southern Italy.
Alogobotur
Alogobotur (Aлогоботур) (died 926) was a Bulgarian noble and military commander during the reign of Tsar Simeon the Great (893–926).
Altar
An altar is a table or platform for the presentation of religious offerings, for sacrifices, or for other ritualistic purposes.
Anania Shirakatsi
Anania Shirakatsi (Անանիա Շիրակացի,, anglicized: Ananias of Shirak) was a 7th-century Armenian polymath and natural philosopher, author of extant works covering mathematics, astronomy, geography, chronology, and other fields.
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Anastasian Wall
The Anastasian Wall (Greek: Ἀναστάσειον Τεῖχος, Anastáseion Teîchos; Anastasius Suru) or the Long Walls of Thrace (Greek: Μακρὰ Τείχη τῆς Θράκης, Makrà Teíchē tês Thrákēs; Turkish: Uzun Duvar) or simply Long Wall / Macron Teichos (Μακρὸν τεῖχος) is an ancient stone and turf fortification located west of Istanbul, Turkey, built by the Eastern Roman Empire during the late 5th century.
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Anastasius Bibliothecarius
Anastasius Bibliothecarius (c. 810 – c. 878) was the librarian (bibliothecarius) and chief archivist of the Church of Rome and also briefly a claimant to the Papacy.
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Antes people
The Antes or Antae (Ἄνται) were an early Slavic tribal polity of the 6th century CE.
Anti-Turkish sentiment
Anti-Turkish sentiment, also known as Anti-Turkism (Türk karşıtlığı), or Turkophobia is hostility, intolerance, or xenophobia against Turkish people, Turkish culture and the Turkish language.
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Arabic alphabet
The Arabic alphabet (الْأَبْجَدِيَّة الْعَرَبِيَّة, or الْحُرُوف الْعَرَبِيَّة), or Arabic abjad, is the Arabic script as specifically codified for writing the Arabic language.
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Aras (river)
The Aras (also known as the Araks, Arax, Araxes, or Araz) is a river in the Caucasus.
Archon
Archon (árchōn, plural: ἄρχοντες, árchontes) is a Greek word that means "ruler", frequently used as the title of a specific public office.
Arshak III
Arshak III, also known as Arsaces III or Arsak III (flourished 4th century) was an Arsacid prince who served as a Roman client king of Armenia from 378 until 387.
Ascum
Ascum (Ασκούμ) was a general of the Byzantine Empire, active early in the reign of Justinian I (r. 527–565).
Ashina tribe
The Ashina (Middle Chinese: (Guangyun)) were a Turkic tribe and the ruling dynasty of the Göktürks.
Ashkharhatsuyts
Ashkharhatsuyts, often translated as Geography in English sources, is an early medieval Armenian geography attributed to Anania Shirakatsi.
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Ashlar
Ashlar is a cut and dressed stone, worked using a chisel to achieve a specific form, typically rectangular in shape.
Asparuh of Bulgaria
Asparuh (also Ispor; Asparuh or (rarely) Isperih) was а ruler of Bulgars in the second half of the 7th century and is credited with the establishment of the First Bulgarian Empire in 681.
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Asparukh (name)
Asparukh is a Middle Iranian male name, attested in ancient Georgia and early medieval Bulgaria.
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Baduarius (Scythia)
Baduarius (Βαδουάριος) was a Byzantine general, active early in the reign of Justinian I (r. 527–565) in Scythia Minor (modern Dobruja).
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Baghatur
Baghatur is a historical Turkic and Mongol honorific title, in origin a term for "hero" or "valiant warrior".
Balanjar
Balanjar (Baranjar, Belenjer, Belendzher, Bülünjar) was a medieval city located in the North Caucasus region, between the cities of Derbent and Samandar, probably on the lower Sulak River.
Balkan Mountains
The Balkan mountain range is located in the eastern part of the Balkans in Southeastern Europe.
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Balkars
Balkars (Malqarlıla or Таулула, Tawlula, 'Mountaineers') are a Turkic ethnic group in the North Caucasus region, one of the titular populations of Kabardino-Balkaria. Bulgars and Balkars are Turkic peoples.
Barsils
Barsils ~ Barsilts (Greek: Βαρσὴλτ Barsilt; Old Turkic 𐰋𐰼𐰾𐰠 *Bersel or Bärsil/Barsïl; Old Tibetan: Par-sil), were an Oghur Turkic semi-nomadic Eurasian tribe. Bulgars and Barsils are Turkic peoples.
Bashkirs
The Bashkirs or Bashkurts (Başqorttar,; Башкиры) are a Kipchak-Bulgar Turkic ethnic group indigenous to Russia. Bulgars and Bashkirs are history of Ural and Turkic peoples.
Basileus
Basileus (βασιλεύς) is a Greek term and title that has signified various types of monarchs throughout history.
Batbayan
Batbayan ruled the Khazarian Bulgars from 667 to 690 CE.
Battle of Pliska
The Battle of Pliska or Battle of Vărbitsa Pass was a series of battles between troops, gathered from all parts of the Byzantine Empire, led by the Emperor Nicephorus I, and the First Bulgarian Empire, governed by Khan Krum. The Byzantines plundered and burned the Bulgar capital Pliska which gave time for the Bulgarians to block passes in the Balkan Mountains that served as exits out of Bulgaria.
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Bessarabia
Bessarabia is a historical region in Eastern Europe, bounded by the Dniester river on the east and the Prut river on the west.
Bhaga
Bhaga is the Vedic god of wealth, as well as a term for "lord, patron" and "wealth, prosperity".
Black Sea
The Black Sea is a marginal mediterranean sea lying between Europe and Asia, east of the Balkans, south of the East European Plain, west of the Caucasus, and north of Anatolia.
Blacksmith
A blacksmith is a metalsmith who creates objects primarily from wrought iron or steel, but sometimes from other metals, by forging the metal, using tools to hammer, bend, and cut (cf. tinsmith).
Boila
Boila (Old Bulgarian: бꙑлꙗ; боила; βοιλα; Boyla) was a title worn by some of the Bulgar and Göktürk aristocrats (mostly of regional governors and noble warriors) in the First Bulgarian Empire (681-1018) and Second Turkic Khaganate (682-744).
Bojano
Bojano or Boiano is a town and comune in the province of Campobasso, Molise, south-central Italy.
Bolghar
Bolghar (Болгарское городище) was intermittently the capital of Volga Bulgaria from the 10th to the 13th centuries, along with Bilyar and Nur-Suvar.
Boris I of Bulgaria
Boris I (also Bogoris), venerated as Saint Boris I (Mihail) the Baptizer (Борисъ / Борисъ-Михаилъ, Борис I / Борис-Михаил; died 2 May 907), was the ruler (knyaz) of the First Bulgarian Empire from 852 to 889.
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Boyar
A boyar or bolyar was a member of the highest rank of the feudal nobility in many Eastern European states, including Bulgaria, Kievan Rus' (and later Russia), Moldavia and Wallachia (and later Romania), Lithuania and among Baltic Germans.
Bulgar calendar
The Bulgar calendar was a solar calendar system used by the Bulgars, originally from Central Asia, who from the 4th century onwards dwelt in the Eurasian steppes north of the Caucasus and around the banks of river Volga.
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Bulgar language
Bulgar (also known as Bulghar, Bolgar, or Bolghar) is an extinct Oghuric Turkic language spoken by the Bulgars.
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Bulgarians
Bulgarians (bŭlgari) are a nation and South Slavic ethnic group native to Bulgaria and its neighbouring region, who share a common Bulgarian ancestry, culture, history and language.
Bulgarism
Bulgarism is an ideology aimed at the "revival of Bulgars' national identity" and Volga Bulgaria statehood.
Burial
Burial, also known as interment or inhumation, is a method of final disposition whereby a dead body is placed into the ground, sometimes with objects.
Byzantine Empire
The Byzantine Empire, also referred to as the Eastern Roman Empire, was the continuation of the Roman Empire centered in Constantinople during Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages.
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Carpathian Mountains
The Carpathian Mountains or Carpathians are a range of mountains forming an arc across Central Europe and Southeast Europe.
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Carpentry
Carpentry is a skilled trade and a craft in which the primary work performed is the cutting, shaping and installation of building materials during the construction of buildings, ships, timber bridges, concrete formwork, etc.
Caucasian race
The Caucasian race (also Caucasoid, Europid, or Europoid) is an obsolete racial classification of humans based on a now-disproven theory of biological race.
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Caucasus
The Caucasus or Caucasia, is a transcontinental region between the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea, mainly comprising Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, and parts of Southern Russia.
Central Asia
Central Asia is a subregion of Asia that stretches from the Caspian Sea in the southwest and Eastern Europe in the northwest to Western China and Mongolia in the east, and from Afghanistan and Iran in the south to Russia in the north.
Chersonesus
Chersonesus, contracted in medieval Greek to Cherson (Χερσών), was an ancient Greek colony founded approximately 2,500 years ago in the southwestern part of the Crimean Peninsula.
Chinese calendar
The traditional Chinese calendar (l; informally l) is a lunisolar calendar, combining the solar, lunar, and other cycles for various social and agricultural purposes.
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Christianity
Christianity is an Abrahamic monotheistic religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus Christ.
Chronograph of 354
The Chronograph, Chronography, or Calendar of 354 is a compilation of chronological and calendrical texts produced in 354 AD for a wealthy Roman Christian named Valentinus by the calligrapher and illustrator Furius Dionysius Filocalus.
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Chuvash language
Chuvash (Чӑвашла) is a Turkic language spoken in European Russia, primarily in the Chuvash Republic and adjacent areas.
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Chuvash people
The Chuvash people (чӑваш; çăvaş), plural: чӑвашсем, çăvaşsem; чува́ши.) are a Turkic ethnic group, a branch of the Ogurs, native to an area stretching from the Idel-Ural (Volga-Ural) region to Siberia. Most of them live in Chuvashia and the surrounding areas, although Chuvash communities may be found throughout the Russian Federation. Bulgars and Chuvash people are Turkic peoples.
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Cimmerians
The Cimmerians were an ancient Eastern Iranic equestrian nomadic people originating in the Pontic–Caspian steppe, part of whom subsequently migrated into West Asia.
Clement of Ohrid
Clement or Kliment of Ohrid (Bulgarian, Macedonian, Климент Охридски, Kliment Ohridski; Κλήμης τῆς Ἀχρίδας, Klḗmēs tē̂s Akhrídas; Kliment Ochridský; – 916) was one of the first medieval Bulgarian saints, scholar, writer, and apostle to the Slavs.
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Constantine Manasses
Constantine Manasses (Κωνσταντῖνος Μανασσῆς) was a Byzantine chronicler who flourished in the 12th century during the reign of Manuel I Komnenos (1143–1180).
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Constantine VII
Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus (Kōnstantinos Porphyrogennētos; 17 May 905 – 9 November 959) was the fourth Byzantine emperor of the Macedonian dynasty, reigning from 6 June 913 to 9 November 959.
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Constantinople
Constantinople (see other names) became the capital of the Roman Empire during the reign of Constantine the Great in 330.
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Constantiolus
Constantiolus (Κωνσταντίολος) was a general of the Byzantine Empire, active early in the reign of Justinian I (r. 527–565).
Crimea
Crimea is a peninsula in Eastern Europe, on the northern coast of the Black Sea, almost entirely surrounded by the Black Sea and the smaller Sea of Azov.
Croatian–Bulgarian battle of 926
In 926 a battle was fought in the Bosnian highlands between the armies of the Bulgarian Empire, under the rule of Bulgarian Tsar Simeon I, who at the time also fought a war with the Byzantine Empire, and the Kingdom of Croatia under Tomislav, the first king of the Croatian state.
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Cuman language
Cuman or Kuman (also called Kipchak, Qypchaq or Polovtsian, self referred to as Tatar (tatar til) in Codex Cumanicus) was a West Kipchak Turkic language spoken by the Cumans (Polovtsy, Folban, Vallany, Kun) and Kipchaks; the language was similar to today's various languages of the West Kipchak branch.
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Cumans
The Cumans or Kumans (kumani; Kumanen;; Połowcy; cumani; polovtsy; polovtsi) were a Turkic nomadic people from Central Asia comprising the western branch of the Cuman–Kipchak confederation who spoke the Cuman language. Bulgars and cumans are extinct Turkic peoples, Moldova in the Early Middle Ages, romania in the Early Middle Ages and Turkic peoples.
Cyrillic script
The Cyrillic script, Slavonic script or simply Slavic script is a writing system used for various languages across Eurasia.
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Danube
The Danube (see also other names) is the second-longest river in Europe, after the Volga in Russia.
Danube Delta
The Danube Delta (Delta Dunării,; Del'ta Dunaju) is the second largest river delta in Europe, after the Volga Delta, and is the best preserved on the continent.
Dengizich
Dengizich (died in 469), was a Hunnic ruler and son of Attila.
Derbent
Derbent (Дербе́нт; Кьвевар, Цал; Dərbənd; Дербенд), formerly romanized as Derbend, is a city in Dagestan, Russia, located on the Caspian Sea.
Dingling
The Dingling.
Dnieper
The Dnieper, also called Dnepr or Dnipro, is one of the major transboundary rivers of Europe, rising in the Valdai Hills near Smolensk, Russia, before flowing through Belarus and Ukraine to the Black Sea.
Dobruja
Dobruja or Dobrudja (Dobrudzha or Dobrudža; Dobrogea, or; Zadunav"ya; Dobruca) is a geographical and historical region in Southeastern Europe that has been divided since the 19th century between the territories of Bulgaria and Romania.
Don (river)
The Don (p) is the fifth-longest river in Europe.
Donetsk
Donetsk (Донецьк; Донецк), formerly known as Aleksandrovka, Yuzivka (or Hughesovka), Stalin, and Stalino, is an industrial city in eastern Ukraine located on the Kalmius River in Donetsk Oblast, which is currently occupied by Russia as the capital of the Donetsk People's Republic.
Dulo
The Dulo clan was a ruling dynasty of the Bulgars, who were of Turkic origin.
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Durrani
The Durrānī (دراني), formerly known as Abdālī (ابدالي), are one of the largest tribes of Pashtuns.
Early Slavs
The early Slavs were speakers of Indo-European dialects who lived during the Migration Period and the Early Middle Ages (approximately from the 5th to the 10th centuries AD) in Central, Eastern and Southeast Europe and established the foundations for the Slavic nations through the Slavic states of the Early and High Middle Ages.
East Germanic languages
The East Germanic languages, also called the Oder-Vistula Germanic languages, are a group of extinct Germanic languages that were spoken by East Germanic peoples.
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Encyclopædia Britannica
The British Encyclopaedia is a general knowledge English-language encyclopaedia.
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Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. is the company known for publishing the Encyclopædia Britannica, the world's oldest continuously published encyclopaedia.
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Esegel
Esegels (aka Izgil (𐰔𐰏𐰠), Äsägel, Askel, Askil, Ishkil, Izgil) were an Oghur Turkic dynastic tribe in the Middle Ages who joined and would be assimilated into the Volga Bulgars. Bulgars and Esegel are Turkic peoples.
Ethnic nationalism
Ethnic nationalism, also known as ethnonationalism, is a form of nationalism wherein the nation and nationality are defined in terms of ethnicity, with emphasis on an ethnocentric (and in some cases an ethnocratic) approach to various political issues related to national affirmation of a particular ethnic group.
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Ethnogenesis
Ethnogenesis is the formation and development of an ethnic group.
Eurasian nomads
The Eurasian nomads were groups of nomadic peoples living throughout the Eurasian Steppe, who are largely known from frontier historical sources from Europe and Asia.
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Eurasian Steppe
The Eurasian Steppe, also called the Great Steppe or The Steppes, is the vast steppe ecoregion of Eurasia in the temperate grasslands, savannas and shrublands biome.
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European Court of Human Rights
The European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR), also known as the Strasbourg Court, is an international court of the Council of Europe which interprets the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR).
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Finno-Ugric languages
Finno-Ugric is a traditional grouping of all languages in the Uralic language family except the Samoyedic languages. Bulgars and Finno-Ugric languages are history of Ural.
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First Bulgarian Empire
The First Bulgarian Empire (blŭgarĭsko tsěsarǐstvije; Първо българско царство) was a medieval state that existed in Southeastern Europe between the 7th and 11th centuries AD. It was founded in 680–681 after part of the Bulgars, led by Asparuh, moved south to the northeastern Balkans. Bulgars and First Bulgarian Empire are Moldova in the Early Middle Ages and romania in the Early Middle Ages.
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Five Barbarians
The Five Barbarians, or Wu Hu, is a Chinese historical exonym for five ancient non-Han "Hu" peoples who immigrated to northern China in the Eastern Han dynasty, and then overthrew the Western Jin dynasty and established their own kingdoms in the 4th–5th centuries.
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Florin Curta
Curta works in the field of Balkan history and is a professor of medieval history and archaeology at the University of Florida in Gainesville, Florida.
Fourth Council of Constantinople (Catholic Church)
The Fourth Council of Constantinople was the eighth ecumenical council of the Catholic Church held in Constantinople from 5 October 869, to 28 of February 870.
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Franz Altheim
Franz Altheim (6 October 1898 – 17 October 1976) was a German classical philologist and historian who specialized in the history of classical antiquity.
Gardizi
Abū Saʿīd ʿAbd-al-Ḥayy ibn Żaḥḥāk b. Maḥmūd Gardīzī (ابوسعید عبدالحی بن ضحاک بن محمود گردیزی), better known as Gardizi (گردیزی), was an 11th-century Persian historian and official, who is notable for having written the Zayn al-akhbar, one of the earliest history books written in New Persian.
George Bell & Sons
George Bell & Sons was an English book publishing house.
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Gepids
The Gepids (Gepidae, Gipedae; Gḗpaides) were an East Germanic tribe who lived in the area of modern Romania, Hungary, and Serbia, roughly between the Tisza, Sava, and Carpathian Mountains. Bulgars and Gepids are migration Period and romania in the Early Middle Ages.
Getica
De origine actibusque Getarum (The Origin and Deeds of the Getae), commonly abbreviated Getica, written in Late Latin by Jordanes in or shortly after 551 AD, claims to be a summary of a voluminous account by Cassiodorus of the origin and history of the Gothic people, which is now lost.
Gloss (annotation)
A gloss is a brief notation, especially a marginal or interlinear one, of the meaning of a word or wording in a text.
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Golden Age of Bulgaria
The Golden Age of Bulgaria is the period of the Bulgarian cultural prosperity during the reign of emperor Simeon I the Great (889—927).
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Greek alphabet
The Greek alphabet has been used to write the Greek language since the late 9th or early 8th century BC.
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Greenwood Publishing Group
Greenwood Publishing Group, Inc. (GPG), also known as ABC-Clio/Greenwood (stylized ABC-CLIO/Greenwood), is an educational and academic publisher (middle school through university level) which is today part of ABC-Clio.
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Gyula Németh (linguist)
Gyula Németh (Németh Gyula; November 2, 1890 – December 14, 1976), commonly known in English as Julius Németh was a Hungarian linguist and turkologist and member of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences.
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Harrassowitz Verlag
Harrassowitz Verlag is a German academic publishing house, based in Wiesbaden.
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Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute
The Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute (HURI) is a research institute affiliated with Harvard University devoted to Ukrainian studies, including the history, culture, language, literature, and politics of Ukraine.
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Henotheism
Henotheism is the worship of a single, supreme god that does not deny the existence or possible existence of other deities--> that may be worshipped.
Heraclius
Heraclius (Hērákleios; – 11 February 641) was Byzantine emperor from 610 to 641.
Hisham ibn al-Kalbi
Hishām ibn al-Kalbī (هشامبن الكلبي), 737 AD – 819 AD/204 AH, also known as Ibn al-Kalbi, was an Arab historian.
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History of Armenia
The history of Armenia covers the topics related to the history of the Republic of Armenia, as well as the Armenian people, the Armenian language, and the regions of Eurasia historically and geographically considered Armenian.
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History of Bulgaria
The history of Bulgaria can be traced from the first settlements on the lands of modern Bulgaria to its formation as a nation-state, and includes the history of the Bulgarian people and their origin.
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History of the Lombards
The History of the Lombards or the History of the Langobards (Historia Langobardorum) is the chief work by Paul the Deacon, written in the late 8th century.
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Histria (ancient city)
Histria or Istros (Ἰστρίη) was founded as a Greek colony or polis (πόλις, city) on the western coast of the Black Sea near the mouth of the Danube (known as Ister in Ancient Greek) whose banks are today about 70 km away.
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Hudud al-'Alam
The Ḥudūd al-ʿĀlam (italic, "Boundaries of the World" or "Limits of the World") is a 10th-century geography book written in Persian by an unknown author from Guzgan (present day northern Afghanistan).
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Hungarian language
Hungarian is a Uralic language of the proposed Ugric branch spoken in Hungary and parts of several neighbouring countries.
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Hungarians
Hungarians, also known as Magyars (magyarok), are a Central European nation and an ethnic group native to Hungary and historical Hungarian lands (i.e. belonging to the former Kingdom of Hungary) who share a common culture, history, ancestry, and language.
Hunnic language
The Hunnic language, or Hunnish, was the language spoken by Huns in the Hunnic Empire, a heterogeneous, multi-ethnic tribal confederation which invaded Eastern and Central Europe, and ruled most of Pannonian Eastern Europe, during the 4th and 5th centuries CE.
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Huns
The Huns were a nomadic people who lived in Central Asia, the Caucasus, and Eastern Europe between the 4th and 6th centuries AD. Bulgars and Huns are migration Period.
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Hvare-khshaeta
Hvare-khshaeta (Hvarə-xšaēta, Huuarə-xšaēta) is the Avestan language name of the Zoroastrian yazata (divinity) of the "Radiant Sun".
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Hyun Jin Kim
Hyun Jin Kim (born 1982) is an Australian academic, scholar and author.
Idel-Ural
Idel-Ural (translit, Идель-Урал), literally Volga-Ural, is a historical region in Eastern Europe, in what is today Russia.
Inner Asia
Inner Asia refers to the northern and landlocked regions spanning North, Central and East Asia.
Iranian languages
The Iranian languages, also called the Iranic languages, are a branch of the Indo-Iranian languages in the Indo-European language family that are spoken natively by the Iranian peoples, predominantly in the Iranian Plateau.
See Bulgars and Iranian languages
Iranian peoples
The Iranian peoples or Iranic peoples are a diverse grouping of peoples who are identified by their usage of the Iranian languages (branch of the Indo-European languages) and other cultural similarities.
See Bulgars and Iranian peoples
Isernia
Isernia is a town and comune in the southern Italian region of Molise, and the capital of the province of Isernia.
Islam
Islam (al-Islām) is an Abrahamic monotheistic religion centered on the Quran and the teachings of Muhammad, the religion's founder.
Istria, Constanța
Istria is a commune in Constanța County, Northern Dobruja, Romania.
See Bulgars and Istria, Constanța
J. B. Bury
John Bagnell Bury (16 October 1861 – 1 June 1927) was an Anglo-Irish historian, classical scholar, Medieval Roman historian and philologist.
Jessica Kingsley Publishers
Jessica Kingsley Publishers (JKP) is a multinational publishing house headquartered in London.
See Bulgars and Jessica Kingsley Publishers
Jie people
The Jie (Middle Chinese) were members of a tribe of northern China in the fourth century.
John Malalas
John Malalas (Iōánnēs Malálas,; – 578) was a Byzantine chronicler from Antioch (now Antakya, Turkey).
Jordanes
Jordanes (Greek: Ιορδάνης), also written as Jordanis or Jornandes, was a 6th-century Eastern Roman bureaucrat, widely believed to be of Gothic descent, who became a historian later in life.
Joseph (Khazar)
Joseph ben Aaron was king of the Khazars during the 950s and 960s.
See Bulgars and Joseph (Khazar)
Justin (Moesia)
Justin (Iustinus; Ἰουστῖνος; died 528) was a general of the Byzantine Empire, active early in the reign of Emperor Justinian I (r. 527–565) as commander of the Danubian limes in Moesia Secunda.
See Bulgars and Justin (Moesia)
Justinian I
Justinian I (Iūstīniānus,; Ioustinianós,; 48214 November 565), also known as Justinian the Great, was the Eastern Roman emperor from 527 to 565.
Justinian II
Justinian II (Iustinianus; Ioustinianós; 668/69 – 4 November 711), nicknamed "the Slit-Nosed" (Rhinotmetus; ho Rhīnótmētos), was the last Byzantine emperor of the Heraclian dynasty, reigning from 685 to 695 and again from 705 to 711.
Kanasubigi
Kanasubigi (ΚΑΝΑΣΥΒΙΓΙ), possibly read as Kanas Ubigi or Kanas U Bigi, was a title of the early Bulgar rulers of the First Bulgarian Empire.
Karachayevsk
Karachayevsk (Карача́евск; Къарачай шахар, Qaraçay şaxar) is a town in the Karachay-Cherkess Republic, Russia, located on the Kuban River in the Caucasus Mountains.
Karachays
The Karachays or Karachai (Qaraçaylıla or таулула, tawlula, 'Mountaineers') are an indigenous North Caucasian-Turkic ethnic group native to the North Caucasus. Bulgars and Karachays are Turkic peoples.
Kavkhan
The kavkhan (καυχάνος; кавха̀н) was one of the most important officials in the First Bulgarian Empire.
Kazakhstan
Kazakhstan, officially the Republic of Kazakhstan, is a landlocked country mostly in Central Asia, with a part in Eastern Europe.
Khan (title)
Khan is a historic Mongolic and Turkic title originating among nomadic tribes in the Central and Eastern Eurasian Steppe to refer to a king.
Khazar Correspondence
The Khazar Correspondence is a set of documents, which are alleged to date from the 950s or 960s, and to be letters between Hasdai ibn Shaprut, foreign secretary to the Caliph of Cordoba, and Joseph Khagan of the Khazars.
See Bulgars and Khazar Correspondence
Khazar language
Khazar, also known as Khazaric, was a Turkic dialect group spoken by the Khazars, a group of semi-nomadic Turkic peoples originating from Central Asia.
See Bulgars and Khazar language
Khazars
The Khazars were a nomadic Turkic people that, in the late 6th-century CE, established a major commercial empire covering the southeastern section of modern European Russia, southern Ukraine, Crimea, and Kazakhstan. Bulgars and Khazars are Saltovo-Mayaki culture and Turkic peoples.
Kievan Rus'
Kievan Rus', also known as Kyivan Rus,.
Kingdom of Armenia (antiquity)
Armenia, also the Kingdom of Greater Armenia, or simply Greater Armenia or Armenia Major (Մեծ Հայք; Armenia Maior) sometimes referred to as the Armenian Empire, was a kingdom in the Ancient Near East which existed from 331 BC to 428 AD.
See Bulgars and Kingdom of Armenia (antiquity)
Kipchaks
The Kipchaks or Qipchaqs, also known as Kipchak Turks or Polovtsians, were Turkic nomads and then a confederation that existed in the Middle Ages inhabiting parts of the Eurasian Steppe. Bulgars and Kipchaks are extinct Turkic peoples, Moldova in the Early Middle Ages, romania in the Early Middle Ages, Turkic nomadic tribes and Turkic peoples.
Knyaz
Knyaz or knez, also knjaz, kniaz (кънѧѕь|kŭnędzĭ) is a historical Slavic title, used both as a royal and noble title in different times of history and different ancient Slavic lands.
Kotrag
Kotrag was according to Nikephoros I of Constantinople a son of Kubrat of the Dulo clan of Bulgars.
Krum
Krum (Крум, Κροῦμος/Kroumos), often referred to as Krum the Fearsome (Крум Страшни) was the Khan of Bulgaria from sometime between 796 and 803 until his death in 814.
See Bulgars and Krum
Kuban (river)
The Kuban is a river in Russia that flows through the Western Caucasus and drains into the Sea of Azov.
Kuber
Kuber (also Kouber or Kuver) was a Bulgar leader who, according to the Miracles of Saint Demetrius, liberated a mixed Bulgar and Byzantine Christian population in the 670s, whose ancestors had been transferred from the Eastern Roman Empire to the Syrmia region in Pannonia by the Avars 60 years earlier.
Kubrat
Kubrat (Κροβατον, Kούβρατος; Кубрат) was the ruler of the Onogur–Bulgars, credited with establishing the confederation of Old Great Bulgaria in ca.
Kutrigurs
The Kutrigurs were a Turkic nomadic equestrian tribe who flourished on the Pontic–Caspian steppe in the 6th century AD. Bulgars and Kutrigurs are extinct Turkic peoples and Turkic peoples.
Leo I (emperor)
Leo I (401 – 18 January 474), also known as "the Thracian" (Thrax; ο Θραξ), was Roman emperor of the East from 457 to 474.
See Bulgars and Leo I (emperor)
Limes (Roman Empire)
Limes (Latin;,: limites) is a term used primarily for the Germanic border defence or delimiting system of Ancient Rome marking the borders of the Roman Empire.
See Bulgars and Limes (Roman Empire)
Literary topos
In classical Greek rhetoric, topos, pl. topoi, (from τόπος "place", elliptical for τόπος κοινός tópos koinós, 'common place'), in Latin locus (from locus communis), refers to a method for developing arguments.
See Bulgars and Literary topos
Liutprand of Cremona
Liutprand, also Liudprand, Liuprand, Lioutio, Liucius, Liuzo, and Lioutsios (c. 920 – 972),"LIUTPRAND OF CREMONA" in The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium, Oxford University Press, New York & Oxford, 1991, p. 1241.
See Bulgars and Liutprand of Cremona
Lombards
The Lombards or Longobards (Longobardi) were a Germanic people who conquered most of the Italian Peninsula between 568 and 774. Bulgars and Lombards are migration Period.
Ludogorie
The Ludogorie (Лудогорие) or Deliorman (Делиорман; lit and Bulgarian: lud - "mad", "crazy" and gora - "forest"), is a region in northeastern Bulgaria stretching over the plateau of the same name.
Macedonia (Greece)
Macedonia (Makedonía) is a geographic and former administrative region of Greece, in the southern Balkans.
See Bulgars and Macedonia (Greece)
Madara (village)
Madara (Мадара) is a village in northeastern Bulgaria, part of Shumen municipality, Shumen Province.
See Bulgars and Madara (village)
Madara Rider
The Madara Rider or Madara Horseman (Мадарски конник, Madarski konnik) is a large early medieval rock relief carved on the Madara Plateau east of Shumen in northeastern Bulgaria, near the village of Madara.
Magister militum
Magister militum (Latin for "master of soldiers";: magistri militum) was a top-level military command used in the late Roman Empire, dating from the reign of Constantine the Great.
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Magnus Felix Ennodius
Magnus Felix Ennodius (473 or 47417 July 521 AD) was Bishop of Pavia in 514, and a Latin rhetorician and poet.
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Malamir of Bulgaria
Malamir (Маламир) was the ruler of Bulgaria in 831–836.
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Marcellinus Comes
Marcellinus Comes (Greek: Μαρκελλίνος ό Κόμης, died c. 534) was a Latin chronicler of the Eastern Roman Empire.
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Maritsa
Maritsa or Maritza (Марица), also known as Evros (Έβρος) and Meriç (Meriç), is a river that runs through the Balkans in Southeast Europe.
Marten
A marten is a weasel-like mammal in the genus Martes within the subfamily Guloninae, in the family Mustelidae.
Mediterranean race
The Mediterranean race (also Mediterranid race) is an obsolete racial classification of humans based on a now-disproven theory of biological race.
See Bulgars and Mediterranean race
Mercia MacDermott
Mercia MacDermott (Adshead; Мерсия Макдермот; 7 April 1927 – 28 March 2023) was an English writer and historian.
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Michael the Syrian
Saint Michael the Syrian (Mīkhaʾēl el Sūryani),(Mīkhoʾēl Sūryoyo), died AD 1199, also known as Michael the Great (Mīkhoʾēl Rabo) or Michael Syrus or Michael the Elder, to distinguish him from his nephew, was a patriarch and saint of the Syriac Orthodox Church from 1166 to 1199.
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Middle Chinese
Middle Chinese (formerly known as Ancient Chinese) or the Qieyun system (QYS) is the historical variety of Chinese recorded in the Qieyun, a rime dictionary first published in 601 and followed by several revised and expanded editions.
See Bulgars and Middle Chinese
Moesia
Moesia (Latin: Moesia; Moisía) was an ancient region and later Roman province situated in the Balkans south of the Danube River.
Moldova
Moldova, officially the Republic of Moldova (Republica Moldova), is a landlocked country in Eastern Europe, on the northeastern corner of the Balkans.
Mongol invasion of Volga Bulgaria
The Mongol invasion of Volga Bulgaria lasted from 1223 to 1236.
See Bulgars and Mongol invasion of Volga Bulgaria
Mongoloid
Mongoloid is an obsolete racial grouping of various peoples indigenous to large parts of Asia, the Americas, and some regions in Europe and Oceania.
Monotheism
Monotheism is the belief that one god is the only deity.
Movses Khorenatsi
Movses Khorenatsi (410–490s AD; Խորենացի) was a prominent Armenian historian from late antiquity and the author of the History of the Armenians.
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Mundus (magister militum)
Mundus or Mundo (Μοῦνδος; Moundos, Mundo; died 536) was a Barbarian commander of Gepid, Hun, and/or Gothic origins.
See Bulgars and Mundus (magister militum)
Nikephoros I
Nikephoros I (Νικηφόρος; Nicephorus; 750 – 26 July 811) was Byzantine emperor from 802 to 811.
Nikephoros I of Constantinople
Nikephoros I or Nicephorus I (Greek: Νικηφόρος; c. 758 – 5 April 828) was a Byzantine writer and patriarch of Constantinople from 12 April 806 to 13 March 815.
See Bulgars and Nikephoros I of Constantinople
Nomad
Nomads are communities without fixed habitation who regularly move to and from areas.
Nominalia of the Bulgarian Khans
The Nominalia of the Bulgarian Khans (Именник на българските ханове) is a short text which is presumed to contain the names of some early Bulgar rulers, their clans, the year of their ascending to the throne according to the cyclic Bulgar calendar and the length of their rule, including the times of joint rule and civil war.
See Bulgars and Nominalia of the Bulgarian Khans
North Caucasus
The North Caucasus, or Ciscaucasia, is a region in Europe governed by Russia.
See Bulgars and North Caucasus
Oghuric languages
The Oghuric, Onoguric or Oguric languages (also known as Bulgar, Bulgharic, Bolgar, Pre-Proto-Bulgaric or Lir-Turkic and r-Turkic) are a branch of the Turkic language family.
See Bulgars and Oghuric languages
Oghuz Turks
The Oghuz Turks (Middle Turkic: ٱغُز, Oγuz) were a western Turkic people who spoke the Oghuz branch of the Turkic language family. Bulgars and Oghuz Turks are Turkic peoples.
Old Church Slavonic
Old Church Slavonic or Old Slavonic is the first Slavic literary language.
See Bulgars and Old Church Slavonic
Old Great Bulgaria
Old Great Bulgaria (Medieval Greek: Παλαιά Μεγάλη Βουλγαρία, Palaiá Megálē Voulgaría), also often known by the Latin names Magna Bulgaria and Patria Onoguria ("Onogur land"), was a 7th-century Turkic nomadic empire formed by the Onogur-Bulgars on the western Pontic–Caspian steppe (modern southern Ukraine and southwest Russia). Bulgars and Old Great Bulgaria are Moldova in the Early Middle Ages and romania in the Early Middle Ages.
See Bulgars and Old Great Bulgaria
Old Turkic
Old Siberian Turkic, generally known as East Old Turkic and often shortened to Old Turkic, was a Siberian Turkic language spoken around East Turkistan and Mongolia.
Old Turkic script
The Old Turkic script (also known as variously Göktürk script, Orkhon script, Orkhon-Yenisey script, Turkic runes) was the alphabet used by the Göktürks and other early Turkic khanates from the 8th to 10th centuries to record the Old Turkic language.
See Bulgars and Old Turkic script
Omniscience
Omniscience is the capacity to know everything.
Omurtag of Bulgaria
Omurtag (or Omortag) also known as Murtag or Murtagon (Омуртаг; original ΜορτάγωνTheophanes Continuatus, p.64 and George Kedrenos and ΟμουρτάγВеселин Бешевлиев, Първобългарски надписи.
See Bulgars and Omurtag of Bulgaria
Onogurs
The Onoghurs, Onoğurs, or Oğurs (Ὀνόγουροι, Οὔρωγοι, Οὔγωροι; Onογurs, Ογurs; "ten tribes", "tribes") were Turkic nomadic equestrians who flourished in the Pontic–Caspian steppe and the Volga region between 5th and 7th century, and spoke the Oghuric language. Bulgars and Onogurs are Turkic peoples.
Organa
Organa (Alpo-Morgan) was Kubrat's maternal uncle of the Ermi clan.
Ostrogoths
The Ostrogoths (Ostrogothi, Austrogothi) were a Roman-era Germanic people.
Otto J. Maenchen-Helfen
Otto John Maenchen-Helfen (German: Otto Mänchen-Helfen; July 26, 1894 – January 29, 1969) was an Austrian academic, sinologist, historian, author, and traveler.
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Paganism
Paganism (from classical Latin pāgānus "rural", "rustic", later "civilian") is a term first used in the fourth century by early Christians for people in the Roman Empire who practiced polytheism, or ethnic religions other than Judaism.
Palace of Omurtag
The Palace of Omurtag or Aul (Aulē) of Omurtag (Аул на Омуртаг, Aul na Omurtag) is an archaeological site in northeastern Bulgaria dating to Late Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages located near the village of Han Krum in Shumen Province.
See Bulgars and Palace of Omurtag
Pamir languages
The Pamir languages are an areal group of the Eastern Iranian languages, spoken by numerous people in the Pamir Mountains, primarily along the Panj River and its tributaries.
See Bulgars and Pamir languages
Pannonian Avars
The Pannonian Avars were an alliance of several groups of Eurasian nomads of various origins. Bulgars and Pannonian Avars are migration Period, Moldova in the Early Middle Ages and romania in the Early Middle Ages.
See Bulgars and Pannonian Avars
Parthian Empire
The Parthian Empire, also known as the Arsacid Empire, was a major Iranian political and cultural power centered in ancient Iran from 247 BC to 224 AD.
See Bulgars and Parthian Empire
Paul Pelliot
Paul Eugène Pelliot (28 May 187826 October 1945) was a French Sinologist and Orientalist best known for his explorations of Central Asia and the Silk Road regions, and for his acquisition of many important Tibetan Empire-era manuscripts and Chinese texts at the Sachu printing center storage caves (Dunhuang), known as the Dunhuang manuscripts.
Paul the Deacon
Paul the Deacon (720s 13 April in 796, 797, 798, or 799 AD), also known as Paulus Diaconus, Warnefridus, Barnefridus, or Winfridus, and sometimes suffixed Cassinensis (i.e. "of Monte Cassino"), was a Benedictine monk, scribe, and historian of the Lombards.
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Pechenegs
The Pechenegs or PatzinaksPeçeneq(lər), Peçenek(ler), Middle Turkic: بَجَنَكْ, Pecenegi, Печенег(и), Печеніг(и), Besenyő(k), Πατζινάκοι, Πετσενέγοι, Πατζινακίται, პაჭანიკი, pechenegi, печенези,; Печенези, Pacinacae, Bisseni were a semi-nomadic Turkic people from Central Asia who spoke the Pecheneg language. Bulgars and pechenegs are extinct Turkic peoples, Moldova in the Early Middle Ages, romania in the Early Middle Ages and Turkic peoples.
Penkovka culture
The Penkovka culture (Penkivska kultura) is an archaeological culture in Ukraine, Moldova and reaching into Romania.
See Bulgars and Penkovka culture
Peter A. Boodberg
Peter Alexis Boodberg (born Pyotr Alekseyevich Budberg; 8 April 1903 – 29 June 1972) was a Russian-American scholar, linguist, and sinologist who taught at the University of California, Berkeley for 40 years.
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Peter Benjamin Golden
Peter Benjamin Golden (born 1941) is an American professor emeritus of History, Turkish and Middle Eastern Studies at Rutgers University.
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Peter I of Bulgaria
Peter I (Петръ А҃; Петър I; died 30 January 970) was emperor (tsar) of Bulgaria from 27 May 927 to 969.
See Bulgars and Peter I of Bulgaria
Philippi
Philippi (Φίλιπποι, Phílippoi) was a major Greek city northwest of the nearby island, Thasos.
Pit-house
A pit-house (or pit house, pithouse) is a house built in the ground and used for shelter.
Pliska
Pliska (label) was the first capital of the First Bulgarian Empire during the Middle Ages and is now a small town in Shumen Province, on the Ludogorie plateau of the Danubian Plain, 20 km northeast of the provincial capital, Shumen.
Polytheism
Polytheism is the belief in or worship of more than one god.
Pontic–Caspian steppe
The Pontic–Caspian Steppe is a steppe extending across Eastern Europe to Central Asia, formed by the Caspian and Pontic steppes.
See Bulgars and Pontic–Caspian steppe
Population of the Byzantine Empire
The population of the Byzantine Empire encompassed all ethnic and tribal groups living there - Albanians, Arabs, Armenians, Assyrians, Byzantine Greeks, Bulgarians, Goths, Latini, Slavs, Thracians, Tzans, Vlachs and other groups.
See Bulgars and Population of the Byzantine Empire
Pottery
Pottery is the process and the products of forming vessels and other objects with clay and other raw materials, which are fired at high temperatures to give them a hard and durable form.
Praetorian prefecture of Illyricum
The praetorian prefecture of Illyricum (praefectura praetorio per Illyricum; ἐπαρχότης/ὑπαρχία τοῦ Ἰλλυρικοῦ, also termed simply the prefecture of Illyricum) was one of four praetorian prefectures into which the Late Roman Empire was divided.
See Bulgars and Praetorian prefecture of Illyricum
Presian of Bulgaria
Presian, sometimes enumerated as Presian I (Пресиян, Персиян, Пресиан) was the khan of Bulgaria in 836–852.
See Bulgars and Presian of Bulgaria
Principality of Serbia (early medieval)
The Principality of Serbia (Kneževina Srbija) was one of the early medieval states of the Serbs, located in the western regions of Southeastern Europe.
See Bulgars and Principality of Serbia (early medieval)
Priscus
Priscus of Panium (Πρίσκος; 410s AD/420s AD-after 472 AD) was a 5th-century Eastern Roman diplomat and Greek historian and rhetorician (or sophist).
Procopius
Procopius of Caesarea (Προκόπιος ὁ Καισαρεύς Prokópios ho Kaisareús; Procopius Caesariensis; –565) was a prominent late antique Greek scholar and historian from Caesarea Maritima.
Proto-Turkic language
Proto-Turkic is the linguistic reconstruction of the common ancestor of the Turkic languages that was spoken by the Proto-Turks before their divergence into the various Turkic peoples.
See Bulgars and Proto-Turkic language
Pseudo-Zacharias Rhetor
Pseudo-Zacharias Rhetor is the designation used by modern scholarship for the anonymous 6th-century author who compiled a twelve-part history in the Syriac language around 569.
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Ravenna
Ravenna (also; Ravèna, Ravêna) is the capital city of the Province of Ravenna, in the Emilia-Romagna region of Northern Italy.
Ravenna Cosmography
The Ravenna Cosmography (Ravennatis Anonymi Cosmographia, "The Cosmography of the Unknown Ravennese") is a list of place-names covering the world from India to Ireland, compiled by an anonymous cleric in Ravenna around 700 AD.
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Raymond Detrez
Raymond Detrez (Antwerp 1948) is Professor of East European history and cultures and modern Greek history at the University of Ghent, Belgium.
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Relief
Relief is a sculptural method in which the sculpted pieces remain attached to a solid background of the same material.
Rish Pass
Rish Pass (Ришки проход, Rishki Prohod) is a mountain pass in the Balkan Mountains (Stara Planina) in Bulgaria.
Rowman & Littlefield
Rowman & Littlefield Publishing Group is an American independent academic publishing company founded in 1949.
See Bulgars and Rowman & Littlefield
Saarbrücken
Saarbrücken (Saar Bridges; Rhenish Franconian: Sabrigge; Sarrebruck; Saarbrécken; Saravipons) is the capital and largest city of the state of Saarland, Germany.
Sabinianus (consul 505)
Flavius Sabinianus (Greek: Σαβινιανός; floruit 505–508) was a politician and a general of the Eastern Roman Empire.
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Sabir people
The Sabirs (Savirs, Suars, Sawar, Sawirk among others; Σάβιροι) were a nomadic Turkic equestrian people who lived in the north of the Caucasus beginning in the late-5th -7th century, on the eastern shores of the Black Sea, in the Kuban area, and possibly came from Western Siberia. Bulgars and Sabir people are extinct Turkic peoples and Turkic peoples.
Sagittal suture
The sagittal suture, also known as the interparietal suture and the sutura interparietalis, is a dense, fibrous connective tissue joint between the two parietal bones of the skull.
See Bulgars and Sagittal suture
Saltovo-Mayaki
Saltovo-Mayaki or Saltovo-Majaki is the name given by archaeologists to the early medieval culture of the Pontic steppe region roughly between the Don and the Dnieper Rivers, flourishing roughly between the years of 700 and 950. Bulgars and Saltovo-Mayaki are Saltovo-Mayaki culture.
See Bulgars and Saltovo-Mayaki
Saragurs
The Saragurs or Saraguri (Σαράγουροι, s.r.w.r.g.wr, Šarağurs) was a Eurasian Oghur (Turkic) nomadic tribe mentioned in the 5th and 6th centuries. Bulgars and Saragurs are extinct Turkic peoples and Turkic peoples.
Sargur
Sargur (also known as Saragur pronounced Saraguru in the Kannada language, as Kannada words end in vowels, which are lost in their Anglicization), is a small town located about 80 km from the town of Chamarajanagar And a Taluk of Mysore district of Karnataka, India.
Sarmatians
The Sarmatians (Sarmatai; Latin: Sarmatae) were a large confederation of ancient Iranian equestrian nomadic peoples who dominated the Pontic steppe from about the 3rd century BC to the 4th century AD. Bulgars and Sarmatians are history of Ural.
Sasanian Empire
The Sasanian Empire or Sassanid Empire, and officially known as Eranshahr ("Land/Empire of the Iranians"), was the last Iranian empire before the early Muslim conquests of the 7th to 8th centuries.
See Bulgars and Sasanian Empire
Scythia Minor
Scythia Minor or Lesser Scythia (Greek: Μικρά Σκυθία) was a Roman province in late antiquity, corresponding to the lands between the Danube and the Black Sea, today's Dobruja divided between Romania and Bulgaria.
Scythians
The Scythians or Scyths (but note Scytho- in composition) and sometimes also referred to as the Pontic Scythians, were an ancient Eastern Iranic equestrian nomadic people who had migrated during the 9th to 8th centuries BC from Central Asia to the Pontic Steppe in modern-day Ukraine and Southern Russia, where they remained established from the 7th century BC until the 3rd century BC.
Sepino
Sepino is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Campobasso in the Italian region Molise, located about south of Campobasso.
Sevar of Bulgaria
Sevar (Севар) was a ruler of Bulgaria in the 8th century.
See Bulgars and Sevar of Bulgaria
Seven Slavic tribes
The Seven Slavic tribes (Sedemte slavyanski plemena), or the Seven clans (Sedemte roda) were a union of Slavic tribes in the Danubian Plain, that was established around the middle of the 7th century and took part in the formation of the First Bulgarian Empire together with the Bulgars in 680−681.
See Bulgars and Seven Slavic tribes
Severians
The Severians, also Severyans, Siverians, or Siverianians (Севяране; Севери; Северяне; translit) were a tribe or tribal confederation of early East Slavs occupying areas to the east of the middle Dnieper River and southeast of the Danube River. Bulgars and Severians are Saltovo-Mayaki culture.
Shamanism
Shamanism or samanism is a religious practice that involves a practitioner (shaman or saman) interacting with the spirit world through altered states of consciousness, such as trance.
Shem
Shem (שֵׁם Šēm; Sām) was one of the sons of Noah in the Bible (Genesis 5–11 and 1 Chronicles 1:4).
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Shumen
Shumen (Шумен, also romanized as Shoumen or Šumen) is the tenth-largest city in Bulgaria and the administrative and economic capital of Shumen Province.
Shumen Province
Shumen Province (Област Шумен, transliterated Oblast Shumen, former name Shumen okrug) is a province in northeastern Bulgaria named after its main city Shumen.
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Simeon I of Bulgaria
Tsar Simeon (also Symeon) I the Great (cěsarĭ Sỳmeonŭ prĭvŭ Velikŭ Simeon I Veliki Sumeṓn prôtos ho Mégas) ruled over Bulgaria from 893 to 927,Lalkov, Rulers of Bulgaria, pp.
See Bulgars and Simeon I of Bulgaria
Sittas
Sittas (Σίττας; died 538) was a Byzantine military commander during the reign of Emperor Justinian I (r. 527–565).
Slavicisation
Slavicisation or Slavicization, is the acculturation of something non-Slavic into a Slavic culture, cuisine, region, or nation.
Sogdian alphabet
The Sogdian alphabet was originally used for the Sogdian language, a language in the Iranian family used by the people of Sogdia.
See Bulgars and Sogdian alphabet
Soubashi
The soubashi (subaşı, subash, subaša) was an Ottoman gubernatorial title used to describe different positions within Ottoman hierarchy, depending on the context.
Steven Runciman
Sir James Cochran Stevenson Runciman (7 July 1903 – 1 November 2000), known as Steven Runciman, was an English historian best known for his three-volume A History of the Crusades (1951–54).
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Strategos
Strategos, plural strategoi, Latinized strategus, (στρατηγός, pl.; Doric Greek: στραταγός, stratagos; meaning "army leader") is used in Greek to mean military general.
Talât Tekin
Mehmet Talât Tekin (July 16, 1927, Tavşancıl, Dilovası - November 28, 2015, Bodrum) was a Turkish linguist, Turkologist, researcher and writer who made important contributions to Turkology, the study of Old Turkic inscriptions, and Altaistics.
Tamga
A tamga or tamgha (from lit; damga; tamga) was an abstract seal or stamp or Brand used by Eurasian nomads initially as a Livestock branding, and by cultures influenced by them.
Tarkhan
Tarkhan (Tarqan, ᠳᠠᠷᠬᠠᠨ or; ترخان;; طرخان; ترکھاݨ; alternative spellings Tarkan, Tarkhaan, Tarqan, Tarchan, Turxan, Tarcan, Turgan, Tárkány, Tarján, Tarxan) is an ancient Central Asian title used by various Turkic, Hungarian, Mongolic, and Iranian peoples.
Telerig
Telerig (Телериг) was the ruler of Bulgaria from 768 to 777.
Tengri
Tengri (lit; Old Uyghur: tängri; Middle Turkic: تآنغرِ; تڭری; Теңир; Тәңір; Tanrı; Tanrı; Тангра; Proto-Turkic: *teŋri / *taŋrɨ; Mongolian script:, T'ngri; Тэнгэр, Tenger; تەڭرى, tengri) is the all-encompassing God of Heaven in the traditional Turkic, Yeniseian, Mongolic, and various other nomadic Altaic religious beliefs.
Tengrism
Tengrism (also known as Tengriism, Tengerism, or Tengrianism) is a religion originating in the Eurasian steppes, based on shamanism and animism.
Tervel of Bulgaria
Khan Tervel (Тервел) also called Tarvel, or Terval, or Terbelis in some Byzantine sources, was the khan of Bulgaria during the First Bulgarian Empire at the beginning of the 8th century.
See Bulgars and Tervel of Bulgaria
Theodoric Strabo
Theodoric (or Theoderic) Strabo (Theodericus; died 481) was a Gothic chieftain who was involved in the politics of the Eastern Roman Empire during the reigns of Emperors Leo I, Zeno and Basiliscus.
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Theodoric the Great
Theodoric (or Theoderic) the Great (454 – 30 August 526), also called Theodoric the Amal, was king of the Ostrogoths (475–526), and ruler of the independent Ostrogothic Kingdom of Italy between 493 and 526, regent of the Visigoths (511–526), and a patrician of the Eastern Roman Empire.
See Bulgars and Theodoric the Great
Theophanes the Confessor
Theophanes the Confessor (Θεοφάνης Ὁμολογητής; c. 758/760 – 12 March 817/818) was a member of the Byzantine aristocracy who became a monk and chronicler.
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Theophylact of Ohrid
Theophylact (Θεοφύλακτος, Теофилакт; around 1055after 1107) was a Byzantine Archbishop of Ohrid and commentator on the Bible.
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Thessaloniki
Thessaloniki (Θεσσαλονίκη), also known as Thessalonica, Saloniki, Salonika, or Salonica, is the second-largest city in Greece, with slightly over one million inhabitants in its metropolitan area, and the capital of the geographic region of Macedonia, the administrative region of Central Macedonia and the Decentralized Administration of Macedonia and Thrace.
Thrace
Thrace (Trakiya; Thráki; Trakya) is a geographical and historical region in Southeast Europe.
Thracia
Thracia or Thrace (Thrakē) is the ancient name given to the southeastern Balkan region, the land inhabited by the Thracians.
Thracians
The Thracians (translit; Thraci) were an Indo-European speaking people who inhabited large parts of Southeast Europe in ancient history.
Tian Shan
The Tian Shan, also known as the Tengri Tagh or Tengir-Too, meaning the "Mountains of God/Heaven", is a large system of mountain ranges in Central Asia.
Tiele people
The Tiele, also named Gaoche or Gaoju, were a tribal confederation of Turkic ethnic origins living to the north of China proper and in Central Asia, emerging after the disintegration of the confederacy of the Xiongnu. Chinese sources associate them with the earlier Dingling.
Toquz Oghuz
The Toquz Oghuz was a political alliance of nine Turkic Tiele tribes in Inner Asia, during the early Middle Ages. Bulgars and Toquz Oghuz are extinct Turkic peoples.
Totem
A totem (from ᑑᑌᒼ or ᑑᑌᒻ doodem) is a spirit being, sacred object, or symbol that serves as an emblem of a group of people, such as a family, clan, lineage, or tribe, such as in the Anishinaabe clan system.
Trepanning
Trepanning, also known as trepanation, trephination, trephining or making a burr hole (the verb trepan derives from Old French from Medieval Latin trepanum from Greek trúpanon, literally "borer, auger"), is a surgical intervention in which a hole is drilled or scraped into the human skull.
Tsar
Tsar (also spelled czar, tzar, or csar; tsar; tsar'; car) is a title historically used by Slavic monarchs.
See Bulgars and Tsar
Turkic languages
The Turkic languages are a language family of more than 35 documented languages, spoken by the Turkic peoples of Eurasia from Eastern Europe and Southern Europe to Central Asia, East Asia, North Asia (Siberia), and West Asia. Bulgars and Turkic languages are history of Ural.
See Bulgars and Turkic languages
Turkic migration
The Turkic migrations were the spread of Turkic tribes and Turkic languages across Eurasia between the 4th and 11th centuries. Bulgars and Turkic migration are migration Period.
See Bulgars and Turkic migration
Turkic peoples
The Turkic peoples are a collection of diverse ethnic groups of West, Central, East, and North Asia as well as parts of Europe, who speak Turkic languages.
See Bulgars and Turkic peoples
Turkic tribal confederations
The Turkic term oğuz or oğur (in z- and r-Turkic, respectively) is a historical term for "military division, clan, or tribe" among the Turkic peoples.
See Bulgars and Turkic tribal confederations
Umay
Umay (also known as Umai; 𐰆𐰢𐰖; Ұмай ана, Ūmai ana; Умай эне, Umay ene; Ума́й / Ымай, Umáj / Ymaj, Umay (Ana)) is the goddess of fertility in Turkic mythology and Tengrism and as such related to women, mothers, and children.
See Bulgars and Umay
University of Texas at Austin
The University of Texas at Austin (UT Austin, UT, or Texas) is a public research university in Austin, Texas.
See Bulgars and University of Texas at Austin
Utigurs
Utigurs were Turkic nomadic equestrians who flourished in the Pontic–Caspian steppe in the 6th century AD. Bulgars and Utigurs are migration Period and Turkic peoples.
Uyghur Khaganate
The Uyghur Khaganate (also Uyghur Empire or Uighur Khaganate, self defined as Toquz-Oghuz country; Nine clan people, Tang-era names, with modern Hanyu Pinyin: or) was a Turkic empire that existed for about a century between the mid 8th and 9th centuries.
See Bulgars and Uyghur Khaganate
Vahevuni
Vahevuni was one of the ancient noble houses of Armenia, believed to derive from Vahagn, god (dic) of fire and war.
Vanand
Vanand is the area of historic Armenia that roughly corresponds to the Kars Province of present-day Turkey.
Varazdat
Varazdat (flourished 4th century) was the king of Arsacid Armenia from 374/375 until 378.
Varna, Bulgaria
Varna (Варна) is the third-largest city in Bulgaria and the largest city and seaside resort on the Bulgarian Black Sea Coast and in the Northern Bulgaria region.
See Bulgars and Varna, Bulgaria
Veliki Preslav
The modern Veliki Preslav or Great Preslav (Велики Преслав), former Preslav (Преслав; until 1993), is a city and the seat of government of the Veliki Preslav Municipality (Great Preslav Municipality, new Bulgarian: obshtina), which in turn is part of Shumen Province, Bulgaria.
See Bulgars and Veliki Preslav
Vitalian (consul)
Vitalian (Vitalianus, Βιταλιανός; died 520) was a general of the Eastern Roman Empire.
See Bulgars and Vitalian (consul)
Vlachs
Vlach, also Wallachian (and many other variants), is a term and exonym used from the Middle Ages until the Modern Era to designate speakers of Eastern Romance languages living in Southeast Europe—south of the Danube (the Balkan peninsula) and north of the Danube.
Vokil
Uokil, or Vokil, was a name of Bulgar dynastic clan listed in the Nominalia of the Bulgarian khans. Bulgars and Vokil are Turkic peoples.
Volga
The Volga (p) is the longest river in Europe. Situated in Russia, it flows through Central Russia to Southern Russia and into the Caspian Sea. The Volga has a length of, and a catchment area of., Russian State Water Registry It is also Europe's largest river in terms of average discharge at delta – between and – and of drainage basin.
Volga Bulgaria
Volga Bulgaria or Volga–Kama Bulgaria (sometimes referred to as the Volga Bulgar Emirate) was a historical Bulgar state that existed between the 9th and 13th centuries around the confluence of the Volga and Kama River, in what is now European Russia.
See Bulgars and Volga Bulgaria
Volga Finns
The Volga Finns are a historical group of peoples living in the vicinity of the Volga, who speak Uralic languages.
Volga region
The Volga region (Поволжье, Povolzhye, literally: "along the Volga") is a historical region in Russia that encompasses the drainage basin of the Volga River, the longest river in Europe, in central and southern European Russia.
Volga Tatars
The Volga Tatars or simply Tatars (tatarlar) are a Kipchak-Bulgar Turkic ethnic group native to the Volga-Ural region of western Russia. Bulgars and Volga Tatars are history of Ural and Turkic peoples.
Vorotan (river)
The Vorotan, or Bargushad (Armenian: Բարգուշատ) or Bazarchay (Bazarçay), is a river in the South Caucasus that is the largest right tributary of the Hakari river.
See Bulgars and Vorotan (river)
Western Turkic Khaganate
The Western Turkic Khaganate or Onoq Khaganate (Ten arrow people) was a Turkic khaganate in Eurasia, formed as a result of the wars in the beginning of the 7th century (593–603 CE) after the split of the First Turkic Khaganate (founded in the 6th century on the Mongolian Plateau by the Ashina clan), into a western and an eastern Khaganate.
See Bulgars and Western Turkic Khaganate
Wiesbaden
Wiesbaden is the capital of the German state of Hesse, and the second-largest Hessian city after Frankfurt am Main.
Wilhelm Tomaschek
Wilhelm Tomaschek, or Vilém Tomášek (May 26, 1841, Olomouc – September 9, 1901, Vienna) was a Czech-Austrian geographer and orientalist.
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Xiongnu
The Xiongnu were a tribal confederation of nomadic peoples who, according to ancient Chinese sources, inhabited the eastern Eurasian Steppe from the 3rd century BC to the late 1st century AD.
Yantra (river)
The Yantra (Янтра) is a river in northern Bulgaria, a right tributary of the Danube.
See Bulgars and Yantra (river)
Yurt
A yurt (from the Turkic languages) or ger (Mongolian) is a portable, round tent covered and insulated with skins or felt and traditionally used as a dwelling by several distinct nomadic groups in the steppes and mountains of Inner Asia.
See Bulgars and Yurt
Zeki Velidi Togan
Zeki Velidi Togan (Əxmətzəki Əxmətşah ulı Wəlidi, translit, Ahmet Zeki Velidi Togan; 1890 – 1970 in Istanbul), was a Bashkir historian, Turkologist, and leader of the Bashkir revolutionary and liberation movement, doctor of philosophy (1935), professor, honorary doctor of the University of Manchester (1967).
See Bulgars and Zeki Velidi Togan
Zeno (emperor)
Zeno (Zénōn; – 9 April 491) was Eastern Roman emperor from 474 to 475 and again from 476 to 491.
See Bulgars and Zeno (emperor)
Ziezi
According to an anonymous Roman author of the 4th century CE, the producer of the Chronography of 354, Ziezi was a son of Shem and a grandson of Noah.
Zoroastrianism
Zoroastrianism (Din-e Zartoshti), also known as Mazdayasna and Behdin, is an Iranian religion.
See Bulgars and Zoroastrianism
See also
Extinct Turkic peoples
- Ajlad
- As (tribe)
- Az people
- Berendei
- Bulaqs
- Bulgars
- Chigils
- Cumans
- Göktürks
- Kangly
- Kipchaks
- Kutrigurs
- Lanikaz
- Ongud
- Pechenegs
- Sabir people
- Saragurs
- Shatuo
- Türgesh
- Toquz Oghuz
- Uzes (people)
- Xueyantuo
- Yabaku
- Yagma
- Yemek
History of Ural
- Abashevo culture
- Andronovo culture
- Arkaim
- Badzhgard
- Bashkirs
- Bulgars
- Chelyabinsk
- Cherkaskul culture
- Finno-Ugric languages
- Friar Julian
- History of human settlement in the Ural Mountains
- History of metallurgy in the Urals
- Hungarian prehistory
- Karayakupovo culture
- Khanty
- Komi peoples
- Kurgan
- Kushnarenkovo culture
- Lis'ya Mountain
- Magna Hungaria
- Mansi people
- Mezhovskaya culture
- Nogai Horde
- Orenburg
- Orenburg Cossacks
- Perm, Russia
- Provisional Regional Government of the Urals
- Salawat Yulayev
- Sarmatians
- Sauromatian culture
- Scythian languages
- Sintashta
- Southern Ural
- Srubnaya culture
- Turbasli culture
- Turkic languages
- Udmurts
- Ufa
- Ural (region)
- Ural (river)
- Ural Cossacks
- Ural Mountains
- Ural mining civilization
- Uraltau range
- Volga Tatars
- Yekaterinburg
- Yemelyan Pugachev
- Yermak Timofeyevich
Moldova in the Early Middle Ages
- Bulgars
- Chernyakhov culture
- Cumania
- Cumans
- First Bulgarian Empire
- Kipchaks
- Mongol invasion of Europe
- Old Great Bulgaria
- Pannonian Avars
- Pechenegs
- Ulichs
Romania in the Early Middle Ages
- Balkan–Danubian culture
- Biertan Donarium
- Bulgarian lands across the Danube
- Bulgars
- Butaul
- Chernyakhov culture
- Csanád
- Cumania
- Cumans
- First Bulgarian Empire
- Gelou
- Gepids
- Ipotești–Cândești culture
- Kipchaks
- Old Great Bulgaria
- Pannonian Avars
- Pechenegs
- Păcuiul lui Soare
- Romania in the Early Middle Ages
- Taifals
- Vicina (town)
- Voivodeship of Maramureș
Saltovo-Mayaki culture
- Alans
- Atil
- Bulgars
- Golden Hills (Russia)
- Haplogroup G-FGC7535
- Hungarian prehistory
- Khazars
- Khumar
- Mayatskoye
- Saltovo-Mayaki
- Sarkel
- Semikarakorsk Fortress
- Severians
- Verkhnii Saltiv (museum-reserve)
Turkic nomadic tribes
- Bulgars
- Chigils
- Kipchaks
- Sermesianoi
References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgars
Also known as Balkan bulgars, Bolgari, Bolgari (tribe), Bolgars, Bolghars, Bulgar people, Bulgar peoples, Bulgari (tribe), Bulghars, Etymology of Bulgar, Genetic studies on Bulgars, Name of Bulgaria, Origin of the Bulgars, Proto-Bulgarians, Proto-Bulgars, Proto-Bulghars, Volgars, Volghars.
, Burial, Byzantine Empire, Carpathian Mountains, Carpentry, Caucasian race, Caucasus, Central Asia, Chersonesus, Chinese calendar, Christianity, Chronograph of 354, Chuvash language, Chuvash people, Cimmerians, Clement of Ohrid, Constantine Manasses, Constantine VII, Constantinople, Constantiolus, Crimea, Croatian–Bulgarian battle of 926, Cuman language, Cumans, Cyrillic script, Danube, Danube Delta, Dengizich, Derbent, Dingling, Dnieper, Dobruja, Don (river), Donetsk, Dulo, Durrani, Early Slavs, East Germanic languages, Encyclopædia Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., Esegel, Ethnic nationalism, Ethnogenesis, Eurasian nomads, Eurasian Steppe, European Court of Human Rights, Finno-Ugric languages, First Bulgarian Empire, Five Barbarians, Florin Curta, Fourth Council of Constantinople (Catholic Church), Franz Altheim, Gardizi, George Bell & Sons, Gepids, Getica, Gloss (annotation), Golden Age of Bulgaria, Greek alphabet, Greenwood Publishing Group, Gyula Németh (linguist), Harrassowitz Verlag, Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute, Henotheism, Heraclius, Hisham ibn al-Kalbi, History of Armenia, History of Bulgaria, History of the Lombards, Histria (ancient city), Hudud al-'Alam, Hungarian language, Hungarians, Hunnic language, Huns, Hvare-khshaeta, Hyun Jin Kim, Idel-Ural, Inner Asia, Iranian languages, Iranian peoples, Isernia, Islam, Istria, Constanța, J. B. Bury, Jessica Kingsley Publishers, Jie people, John Malalas, Jordanes, Joseph (Khazar), Justin (Moesia), Justinian I, Justinian II, Kanasubigi, Karachayevsk, Karachays, Kavkhan, Kazakhstan, Khan (title), Khazar Correspondence, Khazar language, Khazars, Kievan Rus', Kingdom of Armenia (antiquity), Kipchaks, Knyaz, Kotrag, Krum, Kuban (river), Kuber, Kubrat, Kutrigurs, Leo I (emperor), Limes (Roman Empire), Literary topos, Liutprand of Cremona, Lombards, Ludogorie, Macedonia (Greece), Madara (village), Madara Rider, Magister militum, Magnus Felix Ennodius, Malamir of Bulgaria, Marcellinus Comes, Maritsa, Marten, Mediterranean race, Mercia MacDermott, Michael the Syrian, Middle Chinese, Moesia, Moldova, Mongol invasion of Volga Bulgaria, Mongoloid, Monotheism, Movses Khorenatsi, Mundus (magister militum), Nikephoros I, Nikephoros I of Constantinople, Nomad, Nominalia of the Bulgarian Khans, North Caucasus, Oghuric languages, Oghuz Turks, Old Church Slavonic, Old Great Bulgaria, Old Turkic, Old Turkic script, Omniscience, Omurtag of Bulgaria, Onogurs, Organa, Ostrogoths, Otto J. Maenchen-Helfen, Paganism, Palace of Omurtag, Pamir languages, Pannonian Avars, Parthian Empire, Paul Pelliot, Paul the Deacon, Pechenegs, Penkovka culture, Peter A. Boodberg, Peter Benjamin Golden, Peter I of Bulgaria, Philippi, Pit-house, Pliska, Polytheism, Pontic–Caspian steppe, Population of the Byzantine Empire, Pottery, Praetorian prefecture of Illyricum, Presian of Bulgaria, Principality of Serbia (early medieval), Priscus, Procopius, Proto-Turkic language, Pseudo-Zacharias Rhetor, Ravenna, Ravenna Cosmography, Raymond Detrez, Relief, Rish Pass, Rowman & Littlefield, Saarbrücken, Sabinianus (consul 505), Sabir people, Sagittal suture, Saltovo-Mayaki, Saragurs, Sargur, Sarmatians, Sasanian Empire, Scythia Minor, Scythians, Sepino, Sevar of Bulgaria, Seven Slavic tribes, Severians, Shamanism, Shem, Shumen, Shumen Province, Simeon I of Bulgaria, Sittas, Slavicisation, Sogdian alphabet, Soubashi, Steven Runciman, Strategos, Talât Tekin, Tamga, Tarkhan, Telerig, Tengri, Tengrism, Tervel of Bulgaria, Theodoric Strabo, Theodoric the Great, Theophanes the Confessor, Theophylact of Ohrid, Thessaloniki, Thrace, Thracia, Thracians, Tian Shan, Tiele people, Toquz Oghuz, Totem, Trepanning, Tsar, Turkic languages, Turkic migration, Turkic peoples, Turkic tribal confederations, Umay, University of Texas at Austin, Utigurs, Uyghur Khaganate, Vahevuni, Vanand, Varazdat, Varna, Bulgaria, Veliki Preslav, Vitalian (consul), Vlachs, Vokil, Volga, Volga Bulgaria, Volga Finns, Volga region, Volga Tatars, Vorotan (river), Western Turkic Khaganate, Wiesbaden, Wilhelm Tomaschek, Xiongnu, Yantra (river), Yurt, Zeki Velidi Togan, Zeno (emperor), Ziezi, Zoroastrianism.