Cambrai, the Glossary
Cambrai (Kimbré; Kamerijk), formerly Cambray and historically in English Camerick or Camericke, is a city in the Nord department and in the Hauts-de-France region of France on the Scheldt river, which is known locally as the Escaut river.[1]
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492 relations: A1 autoroute, A2 autoroute, A26 autoroute, Abstraction (art), AC Cambrai, Administrative centre, Agribusiness, Agricultural science, Agriculture, Aisne, Albert Dauzat, Albert Uderzo, Alderman, Alexander Agricola, Allies of World War II, Alumni, Amé Bourdon, Amsterdam, Anatomy, Animal husbandry, Anthropology, Antibes, Antwerp, Anzin, Archbishop, Arlette Laguiller, Arras, Arrondissement, Arrondissement of Avesnes-sur-Helpe, Arrondissement of Cambrai, Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington, Artois, As the crow flies, Assumption of Mary, Asterix (character), Asterix and the Banquet, Auchan, Avesnes-sur-Helpe, Awoingt, École des Beaux-Arts, Électricité de France, Baccalauréat, Bank of France, Bapaume, Baptists, Baroque, Battle of Arras (1917), Battle of Cambrai (1917), Battle of Cambrai (1918), Battle of France, ... Expand index (442 more) »
A1 autoroute
The A1 Autoroute, also known as l'autoroute du Nord (the Northern Motorway), is the busiest of France's autoroutes.
A2 autoroute
The A2 Autoroute is a French autoroute that travels 76 km from the A1 near the commune of Combles in Picardy to the border with Belgium, where it continues on as the Belgian motorway A7.
A26 autoroute
The A26 is a long French motorway connecting Calais and Troyes.
Abstraction (art)
Typically, abstraction is used in the arts as a synonym for abstract art in general.
See Cambrai and Abstraction (art)
AC Cambrai
Athletic Club Cambrésien is a French association football team founded in 1919.
Administrative centre
An administrative centre is a seat of regional administration or local government, or a county town, or the place where the central administration of a commune, is located.
See Cambrai and Administrative centre
Agribusiness
Agribusiness is the industry, enterprises, and the field of study of value chains in agriculture and in the bio-economy, in which case it is also called bio-business or bio-enterprise.
Agricultural science
Agricultural science (or agriscience for short) is a broad multidisciplinary field of biology that encompasses the parts of exact, natural, economic and social sciences that are used in the practice and understanding of agriculture.
See Cambrai and Agricultural science
Agriculture
Agriculture encompasses crop and livestock production, aquaculture, fisheries, and forestry for food and non-food products.
Aisne
Aisne (Ainne) is a French department in the Hauts-de-France region of northern France.
Albert Dauzat
Albert Dauzat (4 July 1877 – 31 October 1955) was a French linguist specializing in toponymy and onomastics.
Albert Uderzo
Alberto Aleandro Uderzo (25 April 1927 – 24 March 2020), better known as Albert Uderzo, was a French comic book artist and scriptwriter.
Alderman
An alderman is a member of a municipal assembly or council in many jurisdictions founded upon English law with similar officials existing in the Netherlands (wethouder) and Belgium (schepen).
Alexander Agricola
Alexander Agricola (born Alexander Ackerman; – 15 August 1506) was a Netherlandish composer of the Renaissance writing in the Franco-Flemish style.
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Allies of World War II
The Allies, formally referred to as the United Nations from 1942, were an international military coalition formed during World War II (1939–1945) to oppose the Axis powers.
See Cambrai and Allies of World War II
Alumni
Alumni (alumnus or alumna) are former students or graduates of a school, college, or university.
Amé Bourdon
Amé Bourdon (1636 or 1638 – December 21, 1706) was a French physician and anatomist.
Amsterdam
Amsterdam (literally, "The Dam on the River Amstel") is the capital and most populated city of the Netherlands.
Anatomy
Anatomy is the branch of morphology concerned with the study of the internal structure of organisms and their parts.
Animal husbandry
Animal husbandry is the branch of agriculture concerned with animals that are raised for meat, fibre, milk, or other products.
See Cambrai and Animal husbandry
Anthropology
Anthropology is the scientific study of humanity, concerned with human behavior, human biology, cultures, societies, and linguistics, in both the present and past, including archaic humans.
Antibes
Antibes (Antíbol) is a seaside city in the Alpes-Maritimes department in Southeastern France.
Antwerp
Antwerp (Antwerpen; Anvers) is a city and a municipality in the Flemish Region of Belgium.
Anzin
Anzin (older Ansingen; Ansingn) is a commune in the Nord department, Hauts-de-France, France. Cambrai and Anzin are communes of Nord (French department).
Archbishop
In Christian denominations, an archbishop is a bishop of higher rank or office.
Arlette Laguiller
Arlette Yvonne Laguiller (born 18 March 1940) is a French politician.
See Cambrai and Arlette Laguiller
Arras
Arras (Aros; historical Atrecht) is the prefecture of the Pas-de-Calais department, which forms part of the region of Hauts-de-France; before the reorganization of 2014 it was in Nord-Pas-de-Calais.
Arrondissement
An arrondissement is any of various administrative divisions of France, Belgium, Haiti, certain other Francophone countries, as well as the Netherlands.
See Cambrai and Arrondissement
Arrondissement of Avesnes-sur-Helpe
The arrondissement of Avesnes-sur-Helpe is an arrondissement of France in the Nord department in the Hauts-de-France region.
See Cambrai and Arrondissement of Avesnes-sur-Helpe
Arrondissement of Cambrai
The arrondissement of Cambrai is an arrondissement of France in the Nord department in the Hauts-de-France region.
See Cambrai and Arrondissement of Cambrai
Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington
Field Marshal Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington, (1 May 1769 – 14 September 1852) was an Anglo-Irish military officer and statesman who was one of the leading military and political figures in Britain during the late 18th and early 19th centuries, serving twice as British prime minister.
See Cambrai and Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington
Artois
Artois (Artesië; Picard: Artoé; English adjective: Artesian) is a region of northern France.
As the crow flies
The expression as the crow flies is an idiom for the most direct path between two points.
See Cambrai and As the crow flies
Assumption of Mary
The Assumption of Mary is one of the four Marian dogmas of the Catholic Church.
See Cambrai and Assumption of Mary
Asterix (character)
Asterix (Astérix) is a fictional character and the titular hero of the French comic book series Asterix.
See Cambrai and Asterix (character)
Asterix and the Banquet
Asterix and the Banquet ("Asterix's Tour of Gaul") is the fifth volume of the Asterix comic book series, by René Goscinny (stories) and Albert Uderzo (illustrations).
See Cambrai and Asterix and the Banquet
Auchan
Auchan is a French multinational retail group headquartered in Croix, France.
Avesnes-sur-Helpe
Avesnes-sur-Helpe (Avenne aan de Helpe), Picard: Avinne-su-Helpe) is a commune in the Nord department in northern France. It is a sub-prefecture of the Nord department. It is situated 14 km from the Belgian border, and 18 km south of Maubeuge, the nearest larger town. The river Helpe Majeure, a tributary of the Sambre, flows through the town. Cambrai and Avesnes-sur-Helpe are communes of Nord (French department) and subprefectures in France.
See Cambrai and Avesnes-sur-Helpe
Awoingt
Awoingt is a commune in the Nord department in northern France. Cambrai and Awoingt are communes of Nord (French department).
École des Beaux-Arts
) refers to a number of influential art schools in France. The term is associated with the Beaux-Arts style in architecture and city planning that thrived in France and other countries during the late nineteenth century and the first quarter of the twentieth century. The most famous and oldest is the in Paris, now located on the city's left bank across from the Louvre, at 14 rue Bonaparte (in the 6th arrondissement).
See Cambrai and École des Beaux-Arts
Électricité de France
Électricité de France SA (literally Electricity of France), commonly known as EDF, is a French multinational electric utility company owned by the government of France.
See Cambrai and Électricité de France
Baccalauréat
The baccalauréat, often known in France colloquially as the bac, is a French national academic qualification that students can obtain at the completion of their secondary education (at the end of the lycée) by meeting certain requirements.
Bank of France
The Bank of France (Banque de France, the name used by the bank to refer to itself in all English communications) is the French member of the Eurosystem.
See Cambrai and Bank of France
Bapaume
Bapaume (original Dutch name Batpalmen) is a commune in the Pas-de-Calais department in the Hauts-de-France region of northern France.
Baptists
Baptists form a major branch of evangelicalism distinguished by baptizing only professing Christian believers (believer's baptism) and doing so by complete immersion.
Baroque
The Baroque is a Western style of architecture, music, dance, painting, sculpture, poetry, and other arts that flourished from the early 17th century until the 1750s.
Battle of Arras (1917)
The Battle of Arras (also known as the Second Battle of Arras) was a British offensive on the Western Front during the First World War.
See Cambrai and Battle of Arras (1917)
Battle of Cambrai (1917)
The Battle of Cambrai (Battle of Cambrai, 1917, First Battle of Cambrai and Schlacht von Cambrai) was a British attack in the First World War, followed by the biggest German counter-attack against the British Expeditionary Force (BEF) since 1914.
See Cambrai and Battle of Cambrai (1917)
Battle of Cambrai (1918)
The Battle of Cambrai, 1918 (also known as the Second Battle of Cambrai) was fought between troops of the British First, Third and Fourth Armies and German Empire forces during the Hundred Days Offensive of the First World War.
See Cambrai and Battle of Cambrai (1918)
Battle of France
The Battle of France (bataille de France; 10 May – 25 June 1940), also known as the Western Campaign (German: Westfeldzug), the French Campaign (Frankreichfeldzug, campagne de France) and the Fall of France, during the Second World War was the German invasion of France, that notably introduced tactics that are still used.
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Bavay
Bavay is a commune in the Nord department in the Hauts-de-France region of northern France. Cambrai and Bavay are communes of Nord (French department).
Bêtise de Cambrai
Bêtises de Cambrai are a French boiled sweet made in the town of Cambrai.
See Cambrai and Bêtise de Cambrai
Beaune
Beaune is the wine capital of Burgundy in the Côte d'Or department in eastern France. Cambrai and Beaune are subprefectures in France.
Beauvais–Tillé Airport
Beauvais–Tillé Airport (Aéroport de Beauvais-Tillé), branded as Paris-Beauvais Airport, is an international airport near the city of Beauvais in the commune of Tillé in France.
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Belfries of Belgium and France
The Belfries of Belgium and France are a group of 56 historical buildings designated by UNESCO as World Heritage Sites, in recognition of the civic (rather than church) belfries serving as an architectural manifestation of emerging civic independence from feudal and religious influences in the former County of Flanders (present-day French Flanders area of France and Flanders region of Belgium) and neighbouring areas which once were possessions of the House of Burgundy (in present-day Wallonia of Belgium).
See Cambrai and Belfries of Belgium and France
Berck
Berck, sometimes referred to as Berck-sur-Mer in French or Berck-su-Mér in Picard (Berck on Sea), is a commune in the northern French department of Pas-de-Calais.
Blazon
In heraldry and heraldic vexillology, a blazon is a formal description of a coat of arms, flag or similar emblem, from which the reader can reconstruct the appropriate image.
Blockade
A blockade is the act of actively preventing a country or region from receiving or sending out food, supplies, weapons, or communications, and sometimes people, by military force.
Boisleux-au-Mont
Boisleux-au-Mont is a commune in the Pas-de-Calais department in the Hauts-de-France region in northern France.
See Cambrai and Boisleux-au-Mont
Bouchain
Bouchain (Boesem) is a commune in the Nord department in northern France. Cambrai and Bouchain are communes of Nord (French department).
Boulevard
A boulevard is a type of broad avenue planted with rows of trees, or in parts of North America, any urban highway or wide road in a commercial district.
Boulogne-sur-Mer
Boulogne-sur-Mer (Boulonne-su-Mér; Bonen; Gesoriacum or Bononia), often called just Boulogne, is a coastal city in Northern France. Cambrai and Boulogne-sur-Mer are subprefectures in France.
See Cambrai and Boulogne-sur-Mer
Bourgeoisie
The bourgeoisie are a class of business owners and merchants which emerged in the Late Middle Ages, originally as a "middle class" between peasantry and aristocracy.
Bourlon
Bourlon is a commune in the Pas-de-Calais department in the Hauts-de-France region in northern France.
Bovine spongiform encephalopathy
Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), commonly known as mad cow disease, is an incurable and invariably fatal neurodegenerative disease of cattle.
See Cambrai and Bovine spongiform encephalopathy
Briastre
Briastre is a commune in the Nord department in northern France. Cambrai and Briastre are communes of Nord (French department).
Bruges
Bruges (Brugge; Brügge) is the capital and largest city of the province of West Flanders in the Flemish Region of Belgium, in the northwest of the country.
Brussels
Brussels (Bruxelles,; Brussel), officially the Brussels-Capital Region (All text and all but one graphic show the English name as Brussels-Capital Region.) (Région de Bruxelles-Capitale; Brussels Hoofdstedelijk Gewest), is a region of Belgium comprising 19 municipalities, including the City of Brussels, which is the capital of Belgium.
Brussels Airport
Brussels Airport (Luchthaven Brussel, Aéroport de Bruxelles) — also informally called Brussels-National Airport (Luchthaven Brussel-Nationaal, Aéroport de Bruxelles-National) or Brussels-Zaventem Airport (Luchthaven Brussel-Zaventem, Aéroport de Bruxelles-Zaventem) — is an international airport in the municipality of Zaventem in Flemish Brabant, northeast of Brussels, Belgium.
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Brussels South Charleroi Airport
Brussels South Charleroi Airport (BSCA), also informally called Brussels-Charleroi Airport or Charleroi Airport, is an international airport located in Gosselies, a part of the city of Charleroi, Belgium.
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Burgundian School
The Burgundian School was a group of composers active in the 15th century in what is now northern and eastern France, Belgium, and the Netherlands, centered on the court of the Dukes of Burgundy.
See Cambrai and Burgundian School
Busigny
Busigny is a commune in the Nord department in northern France. Cambrai and Busigny are communes of Nord (French department).
Business sector
In economics, the business sector or corporate sector - sometimes popularly called simply "business" - is "the part of the economy made up by companies".
See Cambrai and Business sector
Calais
Calais (traditionally) is a port city in the Pas-de-Calais department, of which it is a subprefecture. Cambrai and Calais are subprefectures in France.
Cambayrac
Cambayrac is a commune in the Lot department in south-western France.
Cambrai Cathedral
Cambrai Cathedral (Cathédrale Notre-Dame de Grâce de Cambrai) is a Catholic church located in Cambrai, Nord, France, and is the seat of the Archbishop of Cambrai.
See Cambrai and Cambrai Cathedral
Cambrai Homily
The Cambrai Homily is the earliest known Irish homily, dating to the 7th or early 8th century, and housed in the Médiathèque d'agglomération de Cambrai.
See Cambrai and Cambrai Homily
Cambrai station
Cambrai is a railway station serving the town of Cambrai, Nord department, in northern France.
See Cambrai and Cambrai station
Cambrai-Niergnies Airport
Cambrai-Niergnies Airport is a regional airport in France, located south-southeast of Cambrai; north-northeast of Paris.
See Cambrai and Cambrai-Niergnies Airport
Cambrésis
Cambrésis (Kamerijk, Kammerich) is a former pagus, county and prince-bishopric of the medieval Holy Roman Empire that was annexed to the Kingdom of France in 1679.
Cambric
Cambric or batiste is a fine dense cloth.
Canal de Saint-Quentin
The Canal de Saint-Quentin is a canal in northern France connecting the canalised river Escaut in Cambrai to the Canal latéral à l'Oise and Canal de l'Oise à l'Aisne in Chauny.
See Cambrai and Canal de Saint-Quentin
Canal du Nord
The Canal du Nord (literally Canal of the North) is a long canal in northern France.
Canton of Cambrai
The canton of Cambrai is an administrative division of the Nord department, northern France.
See Cambrai and Canton of Cambrai
Cardinal Mazarin
Jules Mazarin (born Giulio Raimondo Mazzarino or Mazarini; 14 July 1602 – 9 March 1661), from 1641 known as Cardinal Mazarin, was an Italian Catholic prelate, diplomat and politician who served as the chief minister to the Kings of France Louis XIII and Louis XIV from 1642 to his death. After serving as a papal diplomat for Pope Urban VIII, Mazarin offered his diplomatic services to Cardinal Richelieu and moved to Paris in 1640.
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Cardinal Richelieu
Armand Jean du Plessis, 1st Duke of Richelieu (9 September 1585 – 4 December 1642), known as Cardinal Richelieu, was a French statesman and prelate of the Catholic Church.
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Caryatid
A caryatid (Καρυᾶτις|) is a sculpted female figure serving as an architectural support taking the place of a column or a pillar supporting an entablature on her head.
Castra
In the Roman Republic and the Roman Empire, the Latin word castrum (castra) was a military-related term.
Catholic Church
The Catholic Church, also known as the Roman Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with 1.28 to 1.39 billion baptized Catholics worldwide as of 2024.
See Cambrai and Catholic Church
Caudry
Caudry is a commune in the Nord department in northern France. Cambrai and Caudry are communes of Nord (French department).
Cauroir
Cauroir is a commune of the Nord department in northern France. Cambrai and Cauroir are communes of Nord (French department).
Cereal
A cereal is a grass cultivated for its edible grain.
Chalk
Chalk is a soft, white, porous, sedimentary carbonate rock.
Chambray
Chambray is a commune in the Eure department of northern France, 13 km northeast of Évreux on the north bank of the river Eure.
Chambry, Aisne
Chambry is a commune in the Aisne department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.
See Cambrai and Chambry, Aisne
Chambry, Seine-et-Marne
Chambry is a commune in the Seine-et-Marne department in the Île-de-France region.
See Cambrai and Chambry, Seine-et-Marne
Chamery
Chamery is a commune in the Marne department in north-eastern France.
Champagne (province)
Champagne was a province in the northeast of the Kingdom of France, now best known as the Champagne wine region for the sparkling white wine that bears its name in modern-day France.
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Charge (heraldry)
In heraldry, a charge is any emblem or device occupying the field of an escutcheon (shield).
See Cambrai and Charge (heraldry)
Charlemagne
Charlemagne (2 April 748 – 28 January 814) was King of the Franks from 768, King of the Lombards from 774, and Emperor, of what is now known as the Carolingian Empire, from 800, holding these titles until his death in 814.
Charles Cordier
Charles Henri Joseph Cordier (19 October 1827 - 30 May 1905) was a French sculptor of ethnographic subjects.
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Charles de Gaulle Airport
Paris Charles de Gaulle Airport (Aéroport de Paris-Charles-de-Gaulle) — also known as Roissy Airport (Aéroport de Roissy) or simply Paris CDG — is the main international airport serving Paris, the capital of France.
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Charles Defrémery
Charles Defrémery (8 December 1822 – 18 August 1883) was a 19th-century French orientalist, specialist in Arabic and Persian history and literature.
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Charles François Dumouriez
Charles-François du Périer Dumouriez (26 January 1739 – 14 March 1823) was a French military officer, minister of Foreign Affairs, minister of War in a Girondin cabinet and army general during the French Revolutionary War.
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Charles Rostaing
Charles Rostaing (9 October 1904 – 24 April 1999) was a French linguist who specialised in toponymy.
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Charles the Bald
Charles the Bald (Charles le Chauve; 13 June 823 – 6 October 877), also known as Charles II, was a 9th-century king of West Francia (843–877), King of Italy (875–877) and emperor of the Carolingian Empire (875–877).
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Charles the Bold
Charles Martin (10 November 1433 – 5 January 1477), called The Bold, was the last Duke of Burgundy from the Burgundian cadet branch of the House of Valois from 1467 to 1477.
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Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor
Charles V (Ghent, 24 February 1500 – 21 September 1558) was Holy Roman Emperor and Archduke of Austria from 1519 to 1556, King of Spain from 1516 to 1556, and Lord of the Netherlands as titular Duke of Burgundy from 1506 to 1555.
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Chauny
Chauny is a commune in the Aisne department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.
Châteauguay
Châteauguay is an off-island suburb of Montreal, in southwestern Quebec, located on both the Châteauguay River and Lac St-Louis, which is a section of the St. Lawrence River.
Chémery
Chémery is a commune in the Loir-et-Cher department in central France.
Chérie FM
Chérie FM is a French radio station created in 1987 and belongs to the NRJ Group.
Chemin de fer du Cambrésis
The Chemin de fer du Cambrésis was a long metre gauge railway in the Nord and Aisne departments of France.
See Cambrai and Chemin de fer du Cambrésis
Chimera (mythology)
According to Greek mythology, the Chimera, Chimaera, Chimæra, or Khimaira (she-goat) was a monstrous fire-breathing hybrid creature from Lycia, Asia Minor, composed of different animal parts.
See Cambrai and Chimera (mythology)
Chlodio
Chlodio (probably died after 450), also Clodio, Clodius, Clodion, Cloio or Chlogio, was a Frankish king who attacked and then apparently ruled Roman-inhabited lands around Cambrai and Tournai, near the modern border of Belgium and France.
Christianity
Christianity is an Abrahamic monotheistic religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus Christ.
Cieszyn
Cieszyn (Těšín; Teschen; Tessin; Ćeszyn) is a border town in southern Poland on the east bank of the Olza River, and the administrative seat of Cieszyn County, Silesian Voivodeship.
Citadel
A citadel is the most fortified area of a town or city.
City gate
A city gate is a gate which is, or was, set within a city wall.
Climograph
A climograph is a graphical representation of a location's basic climate.
Clovis I
Clovis (Chlodovechus; reconstructed Frankish: *Hlōdowig; – 27 November 511) was the first king of the Franks to unite all of the Franks under one ruler, changing the form of leadership from a group of petty kings to rule by a single king and ensuring that the kingship was passed down to his heirs.
Colmar
Colmar (Alsatian: Colmer; German: Kolmar) is a city and commune in the Haut-Rhin department and Grand Est region of north-eastern France. Cambrai and Colmar are free imperial cities.
Combined transport
Combined transport is a form of intermodal transport, which is the movement of goods in one and the same loading unit or road vehicle, using successively two or more modes of transport without handling the goods themselves in changing modes.
See Cambrai and Combined transport
Combles
Combles (Picard: Conme) is a commune in the Somme department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.
Committee of Public Safety
The Committee of Public Safety (Comité de salut public) was a committee of the National Convention which formed the provisional government and war cabinet during the Reign of Terror, a violent phase of the French Revolution.
See Cambrai and Committee of Public Safety
Commonwealth War Graves Commission
The Commonwealth War Graves Commission (CWGC) is an intergovernmental organisation of six independent member states whose principal function is to mark, record and maintain the graves and places of commemoration of Commonwealth of Nations military service members who died in the two World Wars.
See Cambrai and Commonwealth War Graves Commission
Communauté d'agglomération de Cambrai
Communauté d'agglomération de Cambrai is the communauté d'agglomération, an intercommunal structure, centred on the city of Cambrai.
See Cambrai and Communauté d'agglomération de Cambrai
Communes of France
The is a level of administrative division in the French Republic.
See Cambrai and Communes of France
Concordat
A concordat is a convention between the Holy See and a sovereign state that defines the relationship between the Catholic Church and the state in matters that concern both,René Metz, What is Canon Law? (New York: Hawthorn Books, 1960), pg.
Concours des villes et villages fleuris
The (English: 'Competition of cities and villages in bloom') is an annual French contest.
See Cambrai and Concours des villes et villages fleuris
Condé-sur-l'Escaut
Condé-sur-l'Escaut (literally Condé on the Escaut; Condé-su-l'Escaut) is a commune of the Nord department in northern France. Cambrai and Condé-sur-l'Escaut are communes of Nord (French department).
See Cambrai and Condé-sur-l'Escaut
Cora (hypermarket)
Cora is a chain of hypermarkets owned by Louis Delhaize Group in France, Belgium and the French overseas territory of Mayotte.
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County of Flanders
The County of Flanders was one of the most powerful political entities in the medieval Low Countries, located on the North Sea coast of what is now Belgium.
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County of Hainaut
The County of Hainaut (Comté de Hainaut.; Graafschap Henegouwen.; comitatus hanoniensis.), sometimes spelled Hainault, was a territorial lordship within the medieval Holy Roman Empire that straddled the present-day border of Belgium and France.
See Cambrai and County of Hainaut
Cretaceous
The Cretaceous is a geological period that lasted from about 145 to 66 million years ago (Mya).
Croesus
Croesus (Lydian: 𐤨𐤭𐤬𐤥𐤦𐤮𐤠𐤮; Phrygian:; Kroisos; Latin: Croesus; reigned) was the king of Lydia, who reigned from 585 BC until his defeat by the Persian king Cyrus the Great in 547 or 546 BC.
Croix de Guerre 1939–1945
The 1939–1945 (English: War Cross 1939–1945) is a French military decoration, a version of the created on 26 September 1939 to honour people who fought with the Allies against the Axis forces at any time during World War II.
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Curator
A curator (from cura, meaning "to take care") is a manager or overseer.
David d'Angers
Pierre-Jean David (12 March 1788 – 4 January 1856) was a French sculptor, medalist and active freemason.
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Déclaration d'utilité publique
A déclaration d'utilité publique, or declaration of public utility, is a formal recognition in French law that a proposed project has public benefits.
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Deanery
A deanery (or decanate) is an ecclesiastical entity in the Roman Catholic Church, the Eastern Orthodox Church, the Anglican Communion, the Evangelical Church in Germany, and the Church of Norway.
Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen
The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen (Déclaration des droits de l'Homme et du citoyen de 1789), set by France's National Constituent Assembly in 1789, is a human civil rights document from the French Revolution.
See Cambrai and Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen
Departments of France
In the administrative divisions of France, the department (département) is one of the three levels of government under the national level ("territorial collectivities"), between the administrative regions and the communes.
See Cambrai and Departments of France
Diplôme national du brevet
The Diplôme national du brevet is a diploma given to French pupils at the end of 3e (year 10 / ninth grade), This diploma is awarded to students who are or were within French cultural influence, including France itself, Morocco, Tunisia, Lebanon, Syria and Algeria, the first two having been French protectorates, while the middle two were under French Mandate for a period after World War I and Algeria was a French territory from 1830 until its independence in 1962.
See Cambrai and Diplôme national du brevet
Discharge (hydrology)
In hydrology, discharge is the volumetric flow rate (volume per time, in units of m3/h or ft3/h) of a stream.
See Cambrai and Discharge (hydrology)
Diurnal air temperature variation
In meteorology, diurnal temperature variation is the variation between a high air temperature and a low temperature that occurs during the same day.
See Cambrai and Diurnal air temperature variation
Douai
Douai (Doï; Dowaai; formerly spelled Douay or Doway in English) is a city in the Nord département in northern France. Cambrai and Douai are communes of Nord (French department) and subprefectures in France.
Duchy of Brabant
The Duchy of Brabant, a state of the Holy Roman Empire, was established in 1183.
See Cambrai and Duchy of Brabant
Duchy of Burgundy
The Duchy of Burgundy (Ducatus Burgundiae; Duché de Bourgogne) emerged in the 9th century as one of the successors of the ancient Kingdom of the Burgundians, which after its conquest in 532 had formed a constituent part of the Frankish Empire.
See Cambrai and Duchy of Burgundy
Dunkirk
Dunkirk (Dunkerque, Duunkerke, Duinkerke or Duinkerken) is a commune in the department of Nord in northern France. Cambrai and Dunkirk are communes of Nord (French department) and subprefectures in France.
Dunkirk-Scheldt Canal
The Dunkirk-Scheldt Canal is a 189 km long series of historic canals, and the canalised river Scheldt that were substantially rebuilt from the mid-1950s up to ca.
See Cambrai and Dunkirk-Scheldt Canal
Dutch language
Dutch (Nederlands.) is a West Germanic language, spoken by about 25 million people as a first language and 5 million as a second language and is the third most spoken Germanic language.
See Cambrai and Dutch language
Dutch Republic
The United Provinces of the Netherlands, officially the Republic of the Seven United Netherlands (Republiek der Zeven Verenigde Nederlanden) and commonly referred to in historiography as the Dutch Republic, was a confederation that existed from 1579 until the Batavian Revolution in 1795.
See Cambrai and Dutch Republic
Edward III of England
Edward III (13 November 1312 – 21 June 1377), also known as Edward of Windsor before his accession, was King of England from January 1327 until his death in 1377.
See Cambrai and Edward III of England
Employment
Employment is a relationship between two parties regulating the provision of paid labour services.
English Benedictine Congregation
The English Benedictine Congregation (EBC) is a congregation of autonomous abbatial and prioral monastic communities of Catholic Benedictine monks, nuns, and lay oblates.
See Cambrai and English Benedictine Congregation
English language
English is a West Germanic language in the Indo-European language family, whose speakers, called Anglophones, originated in early medieval England on the island of Great Britain.
See Cambrai and English language
Enguerrand de Monstrelet
Enguerrand de Monstrelet (1400 – 20 July 1453) was a French chronicler.
See Cambrai and Enguerrand de Monstrelet
Erasmus
Desiderius Erasmus Roterodamus (English: Erasmus of Rotterdam or Erasmus; 28 October c.1466 – 12 July 1536) was a Dutch Christian humanist, Catholic theologian, educationalist, satirist, and philosopher.
Ernst Jünger
Ernst Jünger (29 March 1895 – 17 February 1998) was a German author, highly decorated soldier, philosopher, and entomologist who became publicly known for his World War I memoir Storm of Steel.
Escaudœuvres
Escaudœuvres is a commune in the Nord department in northern France. Cambrai and Escaudœuvres are communes of Nord (French department).
Esztergom
Esztergom (Gran; Solva or Strigonium; Ostrihom, known by alternative names) is a city with county rights in northern Hungary, northwest of the capital Budapest.
European route E17
European route E17 passes through the following cities.
See Cambrai and European route E17
European route E19
European route E19 is a long European route.
See Cambrai and European route E19
European Union
The European Union (EU) is a supranational political and economic union of member states that are located primarily in Europe.
See Cambrai and European Union
Farmer
A farmer is a person engaged in agriculture, raising living organisms for food or raw materials.
Faubourg
"Faubourg" is an ancient French term historically equivalent to "fore-town" (now often termed suburb or banlieue).
Fête de la Fédération
The Fête de la Fédération (Festival of the Federation) was a massive holiday festival held throughout France in 1790 in honour of the French Revolution, celebrating the Revolution itself, as well as national unity.
See Cambrai and Fête de la Fédération
Field hockey
Field hockey (or simply hockey) is a team sport structured in standard hockey format, in which each team plays with 11 players in total, made up of 10 field players and a goalkeeper.
First French Empire
The First French Empire, officially the French Republic, then the French Empire after 1809 and also known as Napoleonic France, was the empire ruled by Napoleon Bonaparte, who established French hegemony over much of continental Europe at the beginning of the 19th century.
See Cambrai and First French Empire
Foil (fencing)
A foil is one of the three weapons used in the sport of fencing.
See Cambrai and Foil (fencing)
Fonds
In archival science, a fonds (plural also fonds) is a group of documents that share the same origin and that have occurred naturally as an outgrowth of the daily workings of an agency, individual, or organization.
Fontaine-Notre-Dame, Nord
Fontaine-Notre-Dame is a commune in the Nord department in northern France. Cambrai and Fontaine-Notre-Dame, Nord are communes of Nord (French department).
See Cambrai and Fontaine-Notre-Dame, Nord
Food industry
The food industry is a complex, global network of diverse businesses that supplies most of the food consumed by the world's population.
François Bayrou
François René Jean Lucien Bayrou (born 25 May 1951) is a French politician who has presided over the Democratic Movement (MoDem) since he founded it in 2007.
See Cambrai and François Bayrou
François Fénelon
François de Salignac de la Mothe-Fénelon, PSS, more commonly known as François Fénelon (6 August 1651 – 7 January 1715), was a French Catholic archbishop, theologian, poet and writer.
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François Hollande
François Gérard Georges Nicolas Hollande (born 12 August 1954) is a French politician who served as President of France from 2012 to 2017.
See Cambrai and François Hollande
François III Maximilien de la Woestyne, 3rd Marquess of Becelaere
François III Maximilien de la Woestyne, 3rd Marquess of Becelaere, Grande of Spain and Lord of Walincourt (died in Cambrai on 12 May 1794) was a victim of the French Revolution.
See Cambrai and François III Maximilien de la Woestyne, 3rd Marquess of Becelaere
François-Xavier Villain
François-Xavier Villain (born 31 May 1950 in Abbeville, Somme) was a member of the National Assembly of France.
See Cambrai and François-Xavier Villain
France
France, officially the French Republic, is a country located primarily in Western Europe.
France 3
France 3 is a French free-to-air public television channel and part of the France Télévisions group, which also includes France 2, France 4, France 5 and France Info.
France 3 Nord-Pas-de-Calais
France 3 Nord-Pas-de-Calais is one France 3's regional services, broadcasting to people in the Nord-Pas-de-Calais region.
See Cambrai and France 3 Nord-Pas-de-Calais
France Bleu Nord
France Bleu Nord is a French public radio station part of the France Bleu network for the departments of Nord and Pas-de-Calais.
See Cambrai and France Bleu Nord
Francien language
Francien is a 19th-century term in linguistics that was applied to the French dialect that was spoken in the Île-de-France region (with Paris at its centre) before the establishment of the French language as a standard language.
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Francisco Luis Héctor de Carondelet
Francisco Luis Héctor de Carondelet y Bosoist, 5th Baron of Carondelet, (born 1748, Noyelles-sur-Selle, Flanders – died 1807 Quito, Ecuador) was a Spanish administrator of partial Burgundian descent in the employ of the Spanish Empire.
See Cambrai and Francisco Luis Héctor de Carondelet
Franciscus van der Burch
Franciscus van der Burch (1567–1644) was a bishop of Ghent and archbishop of Cambrai.
See Cambrai and Franciscus van der Burch
Franco-Dutch War
The Franco-Dutch War was a European conflict that lasted from 1672 to 1678.
See Cambrai and Franco-Dutch War
Franco-Prussian War
The Franco-Prussian War or Franco-German War, often referred to in France as the War of 1870, was a conflict between the Second French Empire and the North German Confederation led by the Kingdom of Prussia.
See Cambrai and Franco-Prussian War
Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659)
The Franco-Spanish War was fought from 1635 to 1659 between France and Spain, each supported by various allies at different points.
See Cambrai and Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659)
Franks
Aristocratic Frankish burial items from the Merovingian dynasty The Franks (Franci or gens Francorum;; Francs.) were a western European people during the Roman Empire and Middle Ages.
French Communist Party
The French Communist Party (Parti communiste français,, PCF) is a communist party in France.
See Cambrai and French Communist Party
French Flanders
French Flanders (La Flandre française) is a part of the historical County of Flanders, where Flemish—a Low Franconian dialect cluster of Dutch—was (and to some extent, still is) traditionally spoken.
See Cambrai and French Flanders
French franc
The franc (franc français,; sign: F or Fr), also commonly distinguished as the (FF), was a currency of France.
French Revolution
The French Revolution was a period of political and societal change in France that began with the Estates General of 1789, and ended with the coup of 18 Brumaire in November 1799 and the formation of the French Consulate.
See Cambrai and French Revolution
French Section of the Workers' International
The French Section of the Workers' International (Section française de l'Internationale ouvrière, SFIO) was a political party in France that was founded in 1905 and succeeded in 1969 by the modern-day Socialist Party.
See Cambrai and French Section of the Workers' International
French toast
French toast is a dish of sliced bread soaked in beaten eggs and often milk or cream, then pan-fried.
French Towns and Lands of Art and History
Since 1985, the French Ministry of Culture and Communication has pursued a policy of preserving and promoting France's heritage.
See Cambrai and French Towns and Lands of Art and History
French Wars of Religion
The French Wars of Religion were a series of civil wars between French Catholics and Protestants (called Huguenots) from 1562 to 1598.
See Cambrai and French Wars of Religion
Fromage blanc
Fromage blanc (also known as maquée) is a fresh cheese originating from the north of France and southern Belgium.
Functional area (France)
An aire d'attraction d'une ville (or AAV, literally meaning "catchment area of a city") is a statistical area used by France's national statistics office INSEE since 2020, officially translated as functional area in English by INSEE, which consists of a densely populated urban agglomeration and the surrounding exurbs, towns and intervening rural areas that are socioeconomically tied to the central urban agglomeration, as measured by commuting patterns.
See Cambrai and Functional area (France)
Gare du Nord
The Gare du Nord (North Station), officially Paris Nord, is one of the seven large mainline railway station termini in Paris, France.
Gaspard and Balthazard Marsy
The brothers Gaspard (born 1624 or 1625, died 10 December 1681) and Balthazar Marsy (baptised 6 January 1628, died May 1674) were French sculptors.
See Cambrai and Gaspard and Balthazard Marsy
Gaugericus
Saint Gaugericus, in French Saint Géry (also known as Gorik, Gau; in Walloon, Djèri) (550 – August 11, 619) was a bishop of Cambrai, France.
Georges Maroniez
Georges Philibert Charles Maroniez (17 January 1865, Douai – 11 December 1933, Paris) was a French painter, specializing in landscapes with figures.
See Cambrai and Georges Maroniez
Georges-Eugène Haussmann
Georges-Eugène Haussmann, commonly known as Baron Haussmann (27 March 180911 January 1891), was a French official who served as prefect of Seine (1853–1870), chosen by Emperor Napoleon III to carry out a massive urban renewal programme of new boulevards, parks and public works in Paris commonly referred to as Haussmann's renovation of Paris.
See Cambrai and Georges-Eugène Haussmann
Gerard II (bishop of Cambrai)
Gerard II (c. 1020 – 11 or 12 August 1092), sometimes Gerard of Lessines, was the thirty-third bishop of Cambrai from 1076 and the last who was also bishop of Arras.
See Cambrai and Gerard II (bishop of Cambrai)
Gerard of Florennes
Gerard of Florennes (ca 975, bishop 1012 – 14 March 1051), bishop of Cambrai as Gerard I, had formerly been chaplain to Henry II, Holy Roman Emperor, and helpful to the latter in his political negotiations with Robert the Pious, King of France.
See Cambrai and Gerard of Florennes
German language
German (Standard High German: Deutsch) is a West Germanic language in the Indo-European language family, mainly spoken in Western and Central Europe. It is the most widely spoken and official or co-official language in Germany, Austria, Switzerland, Liechtenstein, and the Italian province of South Tyrol.
See Cambrai and German language
German War Graves Commission
The German War Graves Commission (Volksbund Deutsche Kriegsgräberfürsorge) is responsible for the maintenance and upkeep of German war graves in Europe and North Africa.
See Cambrai and German War Graves Commission
Ghent
Ghent (Gent; Gand; historically known as Gaunt in English) is a city and a municipality in the Flemish Region of Belgium.
Gravesham
Gravesham is a local government district with borough status in north-west Kent, England.
Great Fear
The Great Fear (Grande Peur) was a general panic that took place between 22 July to 6 August 1789, at the start of the French Revolution.
Grisaille
Grisaille (or; lit, from gris 'grey') is a painting executed entirely in shades of grey or of another neutral greyish colour.
Guillaume Du Fay
Guillaume Du Fay (also Dufay, Du Fayt; 5 August 1397(?) – 27 November 1474) was a composer and music theorist of early Renaissance music, who is variously described as French or Franco-Flemish.
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Guillaume Dubois
Guillaume Dubois (6 September 1656 – 10 August 1723) was a French cardinal and statesman.
See Cambrai and Guillaume Dubois
Guillotine
A guillotine is an apparatus designed for efficiently carrying out executions by beheading.
Habsburg monarchy
The Habsburg monarchy, also known as Habsburg Empire, or Habsburg Realm, was the collection of empires, kingdoms, duchies, counties and other polities that were ruled by the House of Habsburg.
See Cambrai and Habsburg monarchy
Hanseatic League
The Hanseatic League was a medieval commercial and defensive network of merchant guilds and market towns in Central and Northern Europe. Cambrai and Hanseatic League are free imperial cities.
See Cambrai and Hanseatic League
Hauts-de-France
Hauts-de-France (Upper France, Picard: Heuts d'Franche) is the northernmost region of France, created by the territorial reform of French regions in 2014, from a merger of Nord-Pas-de-Calais and Picardy.
See Cambrai and Hauts-de-France
Henri de La Tour d'Auvergne, Viscount of Turenne
Henri de La Tour d'Auvergne, vicomte de Turenne (11 September 161127 July 1675), commonly known as Turenne, was a French general and one of only six Marshals to have been promoted Marshal General of France.
See Cambrai and Henri de La Tour d'Auvergne, Viscount of Turenne
Henri de Lubac
Henri-Marie Joseph Sonier de Lubac (20 February 1896 – 4 September 1991), better known as Henri de Lubac, was a French Jesuit priest and cardinal who is considered one of the most influential theologians of the 20th century.
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Henri Giraud
Henri Honoré Giraud (18 January 1879 – 11 March 1949) was a French military officer who was a leader of the Free French Forces during the Second World War until he was forced to retire in 1944.
Henri Plard
Henri Plard (1920–2004) was a French translator and Germanist.
Henri, Count of Harcourt
Henri de Lorraine (20 March 1601 – 25 July 1666, Royaumont Abbey), known as Cadet la Perle, was a French nobleman.
See Cambrai and Henri, Count of Harcourt
Henry II, Holy Roman Emperor
Henry II (Heinrich II; Enrico II; 6 May 973 – 13 July 1024), also known as Saint Henry, Obl. S. B., was Holy Roman Emperor ("Romanorum Imperator") from 1014.
See Cambrai and Henry II, Holy Roman Emperor
Henry the Fowler
Henry the Fowler (Heinrich der Vogler or Heinrich der Finkler; Henricus Auceps) (c. 876 – 2 July 936) was the Duke of Saxony from 912 and the King of East Francia from 919 until his death in 936.
See Cambrai and Henry the Fowler
HLM
An habitation à loyer modéré (HLM), is a form of low-income housing in France, Algeria, Senegal, and Quebec.
See Cambrai and HLM
Hochepot
The hochepot (hutsepot) is a stew eaten in the Nord-Pas-de-Calais region of France, and in Flanders and Hainaut in Belgium.
Holiday cottage
A holiday cottage, holiday home, vacation home, or vacation property is accommodation used for holiday vacations, corporate travel, and temporary housing often for less than 30 days.
See Cambrai and Holiday cottage
Holy Roman Empire
The Holy Roman Empire, also known as the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation after 1512, was a polity in Central and Western Europe, usually headed by the Holy Roman Emperor.
See Cambrai and Holy Roman Empire
Hundred Days Offensive
The Hundred Days Offensive (8 August to 11 November 1918) was a series of massive Allied offensives that ended the First World War.
See Cambrai and Hundred Days Offensive
Hundred Years' War
The Hundred Years' War (1337–1453) was a conflict between the kingdoms of England and France and a civil war in France during the Late Middle Ages.
See Cambrai and Hundred Years' War
Hungarians
Hungarians, also known as Magyars (magyarok), are a Central European nation and an ethnic group native to Hungary and historical Hungarian lands (i.e. belonging to the former Kingdom of Hungary) who share a common culture, history, ancestry, and language.
Hygiene
Hygiene is a set of practices performed to preserve health.
In the Beginning (2009 film)
In the Beginning (À l'origine) is a 2009 French drama film directed by Xavier Giannoli.
See Cambrai and In the Beginning (2009 film)
Infant mortality
Infant mortality is the death of an infant before the infant's first birthday.
See Cambrai and Infant mortality
Intensive farming
Intensive agriculture, also known as intensive farming (as opposed to extensive farming), conventional, or industrial agriculture, is a type of agriculture, both of crop plants and of animals, with higher levels of input and output per unit of agricultural land area.
See Cambrai and Intensive farming
Intercités
Intercités (IC), known before September 2009 as Corail Intercités, is a brand name used by France's national railway company, the SNCF, to denote non high-speed services on the classic rail network in France.
Intermodal passenger transport
Intermodal passenger transport, also called mixed-mode commuting, involves using two or more modes of transportation in a journey.
See Cambrai and Intermodal passenger transport
International E-road network
The international E-road network is a numbering system for roads in Europe developed by the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE).
See Cambrai and International E-road network
Isatis tinctoria
Isatis tinctoria, also called woad, dyer's woad, dyer's-weed, or glastum, is a flowering plant in the family Brassicaceae (the mustard family) with a documented history of use as a blue dye and medicinal plant.
See Cambrai and Isatis tinctoria
Islam
Islam (al-Islām) is an Abrahamic monotheistic religion centered on the Quran and the teachings of Muhammad, the religion's founder.
Jacob Obrecht
Jacob Obrecht (also Hobrecht; 1457/8.
Jacobus de Kerle
Jacobus de Kerle (Ypres 1531/1532 - Prague 7 January 1591) was a Flemish composer and organist of the late Renaissance.
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Jacques Chirac
Jacques René Chirac (29 November 193226 September 2019) was a French politician who served as President of France from 1995 to 2007.
See Cambrai and Jacques Chirac
Jacques Denis Antoine
Jacques Denis Antoine (6 August 1733, Paris - 24 August 1801) was a French architect, whose most notable masterwork is the Hôtel des Monnaies in Paris, which gained him entrance to the Académie royale d'architecture in 1776.
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Jacques Legendre (French politician)
Jacques Legendre (born 2 December 1941 in Paris) is a French politician and a member of the Senate of France.
See Cambrai and Jacques Legendre (French politician)
Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet
Jacques-Bénigne Lignel Bossuet (27 September 1627 – 12 April 1704) was a French bishop and theologian.
See Cambrai and Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet
Jean Gascou
Jean Gascou (born 16 May 1945, Cambrai) is a French scholar and papyrologist.
Jean-Baptiste Colbert
Jean-Baptiste Colbert (29 August 1619 – 6 September 1683) was a French statesman who served as First Minister of State from 1661 until his death in 1683 under the rule of King Louis XIV.
See Cambrai and Jean-Baptiste Colbert
Jean-Luc Mélenchon
Jean-Luc Mélenchon (born 19 August 1951) is a French politician who was a member of the National Assembly for Bouches-du-Rhône's 4th constituency from 2017 to 2022.
See Cambrai and Jean-Luc Mélenchon
Jean-Marie Le Pen
Jean Louis Marie Le Pen (born 20 June 1928), known as Jean-Marie Le Pen, is a French politician who served as president of the far-right National Front from 1972 to 2011 and Honorary President of the same party from 2011 to 2015.
See Cambrai and Jean-Marie Le Pen
Jean-Pierre Barillet-Deschamps
Jean-Pierre Barillet-Deschamps (7 June 1824 at Saint-Antoine-du-Rocher – 12 September 1873 at Vichy) was a French horticulturist and landscape architect.
See Cambrai and Jean-Pierre Barillet-Deschamps
Jean-Pierre Destrumelle
Jean-Pierre Destrumelle (2 January 1941 – April 2002) was a French professional football player and manager.
See Cambrai and Jean-Pierre Destrumelle
Johannes Lupi
Jean Leleu, most commonly known by the latinized version of his name, Johannes Lupi (c. 1506 – December 20, 1539), was a Franco-Flemish composer of the Renaissance.
Johannes Ockeghem
Johannes Ockeghem (– 6 February 1497) was a Franco-Flemish composer and singer of early Renaissance music.
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Johannes Tinctoris
Jehan le Taintenier or Jean Teinturier (Latinised as Johannes Tinctoris; also Jean de Vaerwere; – 1511) was a Renaissance music theorist and composer from the Low Countries.
See Cambrai and Johannes Tinctoris
John of Burgundy (bishop of Cambrai)
John of Burgundy (1404 – 27 April 1479), also known as Jean de Bourgogne, was the illegitimate son of John the Fearless, through his mistress Agnes de Croy, daughter of Jean I de Croÿ and was appointed Archbishop of Trier, served as Bishop of Cambrai from 1439–1479, Provost of St. Donatian's Cathedral and St.
See Cambrai and John of Burgundy (bishop of Cambrai)
John the Fearless
John I (Jean sans Peur; Jan zonder Vrees; 28 May 137110 September 1419) was a scion of the French royal family who ruled the Burgundian State from 1404 until his assassination in 1419.
See Cambrai and John the Fearless
Joret line
The Joret line (ligne Joret; Norman: lène Joret: Picard: line Joret) is an isogloss that divides the langues d'oïl.
Joseph Le Bon
Joseph Le Bon (29 September 1765 – 10 October 1795) was a French politician.
Joseph Merklin
Joseph Merklin (17 February 1819 – 10 July 1905) was a Baden-born organ builder who later became a French citizen.
See Cambrai and Joseph Merklin
Jules Gosselet
Jules-Auguste Gosselet (19 April 1832 – 20 March 1916) was a French geologist born in Cambrai, France.
See Cambrai and Jules Gosselet
Julien Torma
Julien Torma (Cambrai, 6 April 1902 – Tyrol, 17 February 1933) was credited as a French writer, playwright and poet who was part of the Dadaist movement.
Köppen climate classification
The Köppen climate classification is one of the most widely used climate classification systems.
See Cambrai and Köppen climate classification
Kingdom of France
The Kingdom of France is the historiographical name or umbrella term given to various political entities of France in the medieval and early modern period.
See Cambrai and Kingdom of France
L'Équipe
L'Équipe (French for "the team") is a French nationwide daily newspaper devoted to sport, owned by Éditions Philippe Amaury.
La Voix du Nord
La Voix du Nord (or 'The Voice of Nord') is a regional daily newspaper from the north of France.
See Cambrai and La Voix du Nord
Labour Court (France)
In France, the Labour Courts or employment tribunals resolve individual disputes arising out of an employment contract.
See Cambrai and Labour Court (France)
Lamour Mill, Briastre
The Lamour Watermill (French: Le Moulin Lamour) is a museum and arts centre located in Briastre, Hauts-de-France, France.
See Cambrai and Lamour Mill, Briastre
League of Cambrai
The League of Cambrai was a military coalition against the Republic of Venice formed on 8 December 1508, by the main European powers (Holy Roman Empire, Spain and France), to maintain their hegemony over the Italian Peninsula.
See Cambrai and League of Cambrai
Left Front (France)
The Left Front (Front de gauche, FG or FDG) was a French electoral alliance and a political movement created for the 2009 European elections by the French Communist Party and the Left Party when a left-wing minority faction decided to leave the Socialist Party, and the Unitary Left (Gauche Unitaire), a group which left the New Anticapitalist Party.
See Cambrai and Left Front (France)
Legion of Honour
The National Order of the Legion of Honour (Ordre national de la Légion d'honneur), formerly the Royal Order of the Legion of Honour (Ordre royal de la Légion d'honneur), is the highest French order of merit, both military and civil, and currently comprises five classes.
See Cambrai and Legion of Honour
Lens, Pas-de-Calais
Lens (Linse) is a city in the Pas-de-Calais department in northern France. Cambrai and Lens, Pas-de-Calais are subprefectures in France.
See Cambrai and Lens, Pas-de-Calais
Liège
Liège (Lîdje; Luik; Lüttich) is a city and municipality of Wallonia and the capital of the Belgian province of Liège.
Lille
Lille (Rijsel; Lile; Rysel) is a city in the northern part of France, within French Flanders. Cambrai and Lille are communes of Nord (French department).
Lille 2 University of Health and Law
The Lille 2 University of Health and Law (Université Lille 2: Droit et Santé) was a French university for health, sports, management and law.
See Cambrai and Lille 2 University of Health and Law
Lille Airport
Lille Airport (Aéroport de Lille) is an airport located in Lesquin, south-southeast of Lille, a city in northern France.
Lille-Flandres station
Lille-Flandres station (Gare de Lille-Flandres, Rijsel Vlaanderen) is the main railway station of Lille, capital of French Flanders.
See Cambrai and Lille-Flandres station
Linen
Linen is a textile made from the fibers of the flax plant.
Loïc Attely
Loïc Attely (born 26 November 1977) is a French fencer.
London
London is the capital and largest city of both England and the United Kingdom, with a population of in.
Lorient
Lorient is a town (commune) and seaport in the Morbihan department of Brittany in western France. Cambrai and Lorient are subprefectures in France.
Lothair I
Lothair I (Dutch and Medieval Latin: Lotharius; German: Lothar; French: Lothaire; Italian: Lotario; 795 – 29 September 855) was a 9th-century Carolingian emperor (817–855, with his father until 840) and king of Italy (818–855) and Middle Francia (843–855).
Lothair II
Lothair II (835 – 8 August 869) was the king of Lotharingia from 855 until his death in 869.
Louis Blériot
Louis Charles Joseph Blériot (also,; 1 July 1872 – 1 August 1936) was a French aviator, inventor, and engineer.
Louis Guilloux
Louis Guilloux (15 January 1899 – 14 October 1980) was a Breton writer born in Saint-Brieuc, Brittany, where he lived throughout his life.
See Cambrai and Louis Guilloux
Louis Marie Cordonnier
Louis Marie Cordonnier (July 7, 1854, Haubourdin, Nord – 1940) was a French architect, born in Haubourdin and associated principally with Lille and the French Flanders region.
See Cambrai and Louis Marie Cordonnier
Louis XI
Louis XI (3 July 1423 – 30 August 1483), called "Louis the Prudent" (le Prudent), was King of France from 1461 to 1483.
Louis XIII
Louis XIII (sometimes called the Just; 27 September 1601 – 14 May 1643) was King of France from 1610 until his death in 1643 and King of Navarre (as Louis II) from 1610 to 1620, when the crown of Navarre was merged with the French crown.
Louis XIV
LouisXIV (Louis-Dieudonné; 5 September 16381 September 1715), also known as Louis the Great or the Sun King, was King of France from 1643 until his death in 1715.
Louis XVIII
Louis XVIII (Louis Stanislas Xavier; 17 November 1755 – 16 September 1824), known as the Desired, was King of France from 1814 to 1824, except for a brief interruption during the Hundred Days in 1815.
Louis, Grand Condé
Louis II de Bourbon, Prince of Condé (8 September 1621 – 11 December 1686), known as le Grand Condé, was a French military commander.
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Louise de Bettignies
Louise Marie Jeanne Henriette de Bettignies (15 July 1880 - 27 September 1918) was a French secret agent who spied on the Germans for the British during World War I using the pseudonym of Alice Dubois.
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Louisiana Territory
The Territory of Louisiana or Louisiana Territory was an organized incorporated territory of the United States that existed from July 4, 1805, until June 4, 1812, when it was renamed the Missouri Territory.
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Low Countries
The Low Countries (de Lage Landen; les Pays-Bas), historically also known as the Netherlands (de Nederlanden), is a coastal lowland region in Northwestern Europe forming the lower basin of the Rhine–Meuse–Scheldt delta and consisting today of the three modern "Benelux" countries: Belgium, Luxembourg, and the Netherlands (Nederland, which is singular).
Luftwaffe
The Luftwaffe was the aerial-warfare branch of the Wehrmacht before and during World War II.
Malvern, Worcestershire
Malvern (locally also) is a spa town and civil parish in Worcestershire, England.
See Cambrai and Malvern, Worcestershire
Manual labour
Manual labour (in Commonwealth English, manual labor in American English) or manual work is physical work done by humans, in contrast to labour by machines and working animals.
Marcel Gaumont
Marcel Gaumont was a French sculptor born on 27 January 1880 in Tours.
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Marcel Lermoyez
Marcel Lermoyez (24 July 1858 – 1 February 1929) was a French otolaryngologist and surgeon who was a native of Cambrai.
See Cambrai and Marcel Lermoyez
Marcoing
Markoing is a commune in the Nord department in northern France. Cambrai and Marcoing are communes of Nord (French department).
Marie Louise, Duchess of Parma
Marie Louise (12 December 1791 – 17 December 1847) was Duchess of Parma from 11 April 1814 until her death in 1847.
See Cambrai and Marie Louise, Duchess of Parma
Marie-Georges Pascal
Marie-Georges Pascal (born Marie-Georges Charlotte Faisy; October 2, 1946 – November 9, 1985) was a French film, television at Actrices de France (French).
See Cambrai and Marie-Georges Pascal
Marina
A marina (from Spanish, Portuguese and Italian: "related to the sea") is a dock or basin with moorings and supplies for yachts and small boats.
Marine Le Pen
Marion Anne Perrine "Marine" Le Pen (born 5 August 1968) is a French lawyer and politician who ran for the French presidency in 2012, 2017, and 2022.
Marquion
Marquion is a commune in the Pas-de-Calais department in the Hauts-de-France region of France.
Marten Jozef Geeraerts
Marten Jozef Geeraerts (1707–1791) was a Flemish historical painter.
See Cambrai and Marten Jozef Geeraerts
Masnières
Masnières is a commune in the Nord department in northern France. Cambrai and Masnières are communes of Nord (French department).
Maubeuge
Maubeuge (historical Mabuse or Malbode; Maubeuche) is a commune in the Nord department in northern France. Cambrai and Maubeuge are communes of Nord (French department).
Maurice Godelier
Maurice Godelier (born February 28, 1934) is a French anthropologist who works as a Director of Studies at the School for Advanced Studies in the Social Sciences.
See Cambrai and Maurice Godelier
Métropole Européenne de Lille
The Métropole Européenne de Lille (MEL; "European Metropolis of Lille") is the, an intercommunal structure, composed by a network of big cities (Lille, Roubaix, Tourcoing, Villeneuve d'Ascq, Armentières etc.) whose major city is the city of Lille.
See Cambrai and Métropole Européenne de Lille
Merovingian dynasty
The Merovingian dynasty was the ruling family of the Franks from around the middle of the 5th century until 751.
See Cambrai and Merovingian dynasty
Metz
Metz (Divodurum Mediomatricorum, then Mettis) is a city in northeast France located at the confluence of the Moselle and the Seille rivers. Cambrai and Metz are free imperial cities.
See Cambrai and Metz
Mid-20th century baby boom
The middle of the 20th century was marked by a significant and persistent increase in fertility rates in many countries of the world, especially in the Western world.
See Cambrai and Mid-20th century baby boom
Middle Ages
In the history of Europe, the Middle Ages or medieval period (also spelt mediaeval or mediæval) lasted from approximately 500 to 1500 AD.
Mons, Belgium
Mons (German and Bergen,; Walloon and Mont) is a city and municipality of Wallonia, and the capital of the province of Hainaut, Belgium.
Monument historique
Monument historique is a designation given to some national heritage sites in France.
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Moors
The term Moor is an exonym first used by Christian Europeans to designate the Muslim populations of the Maghreb, al-Andalus (Iberian Peninsula), Sicily and Malta during the Middle Ages.
Morenchies
Morenchies is a former commune in the Nord department in northern France.
Mosque
A mosque, also called a masjid, is a place of worship for Muslims.
Mulquinerie
Mulquinerie, is a landmark of French sartorial heritage and high craftsmanship, is the art of weaving and trading fine fabrics composed exclusively of linen: whether plain flax cloth, 'linon' or batiste.
Multimodal transport
Multimodal transport (also known as combined transport) is the transportation of goods under a single contract, but performed with at least two different modes of transport; the carrier is liable (in a legal sense) for the entire carriage, even though it is performed by several different modes of transport (by rail, sea and road, for example).
See Cambrai and Multimodal transport
Musée des Beaux-Arts de Cambrai
The Musée des Beaux-Arts de Cambrai (English: Cambrai Museum of Fine Arts), also known as the Musée de Cambrai, is the main museum in the northern French city of Cambrai.
See Cambrai and Musée des Beaux-Arts de Cambrai
Museum of France
Museum of France (Musée de France) is a title given to the main state museums in France.
See Cambrai and Museum of France
Napoleon
Napoleon Bonaparte (born Napoleone di Buonaparte; 15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821), later known by his regnal name Napoleon I, was a French military and political leader who rose to prominence during the French Revolution and led a series of successful campaigns across Europe during the Revolutionary Wars and Napoleonic Wars from 1796 to 1815.
National Rally
The National Rally (Rassemblement National,, RN), known as the National Front from 1972 to 2018 (Front National,, FN), is a French far-right political party, described as right-wing populist and nationalist.
See Cambrai and National Rally
Neo-Marxism
Neo-Marxism is a collection of Marxist schools of thought originating from 20th-century approaches to amend or extend Marxism and Marxist theory, typically by incorporating elements from other intellectual traditions such as critical theory, psychoanalysis, or existentialism.
Neoclassical architecture
Neoclassical architecture, sometimes referred to as Classical Revival architecture, is an architectural style produced by the Neoclassical movement that began in the mid-18th century in Italy, France and Germany.
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Nervii
The Nervii were one of the most powerful Belgic tribes of northern Gaul at the time of its conquest by Rome.
Net migration rate
The net migration rate is the difference between the number of immigrants (people coming into an area) and the number of emigrants (people leaving an area) divided by the population.
See Cambrai and Net migration rate
Neuville-Saint-Rémy
Neuville-Saint-Rémy is a commune in the Nord department in northern France. Cambrai and Neuville-Saint-Rémy are communes of Nord (French department).
See Cambrai and Neuville-Saint-Rémy
Nice
Nice (Niçard: Niça, classical norm, or Nissa, Mistralian norm,; Nizza; Nissa; Νίκαια; Nicaea) is a city in and the prefecture of the Alpes-Maritimes department in France.
See Cambrai and Nice
Nicolas Grenon
Nicolas Grenon (– October 17, 1456) was a French composer of the early Renaissance.
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Nicolas Mérindol
Nicolas Mérindol (born 1961), is a French Business executive who was the former CEO of the Groupe Caisse d'Épargne.
See Cambrai and Nicolas Mérindol
Nicolas Sarkozy
Nicolas Paul Stéphane Sarközy de Nagy-Bocsa (born 28 January 1955) is a French politician who served as the president of France and co-prince of Andorra from 2007 to 2012.
See Cambrai and Nicolas Sarkozy
Nicolas-Henri Jardin
Nicolas-Henri Jardin (22 March 1720 – 31 August 1799) was a French architect.
See Cambrai and Nicolas-Henri Jardin
Niergnies
Niergnies is a commune in the Nord department in northern France. Cambrai and Niergnies are communes of Nord (French department).
Nord (French department)
Nord (officially département du Nord; départémint dech Nord; Noorderdepartement) is a département in Hauts-de-France region, France bordering Belgium.
See Cambrai and Nord (French department)
Nord's 18th constituency
The 18th constituency of the Nord is a French legislative constituency in the Nord ''département''.
See Cambrai and Nord's 18th constituency
Nord-Pas de Calais Mining Basin
The Nord-Pas-de-Calais Mining Basin is a mining basin in Northern France that stretches across the Nord and Pas-de-Calais departments.
See Cambrai and Nord-Pas de Calais Mining Basin
Nord-Pas-de-Calais
Nord-Pas-de-Calais; Nord-Pas-Calés); is a former administrative region of France. Since 1 January 2016, it has been part of the new region Hauts-de-France. It consisted of the departments of Nord and Pas-de-Calais. Nord-Pas-de-Calais borders the English Channel (west), the North Sea (northwest), Belgium (north and east) and Picardy (south).
See Cambrai and Nord-Pas-de-Calais
North Sea
The North Sea lies between Great Britain, Denmark, Norway, Germany, the Netherlands, Belgium and France.
Noyelles-sur-Escaut
Noyelles-sur-Escaut (literally Noyelles on Escaut) is a commune in the Nord department in northern France. Cambrai and Noyelles-sur-Escaut are communes of Nord (French department).
See Cambrai and Noyelles-sur-Escaut
Obelix
Obelix (Obélix) is a cartoon character in the French comic book series Asterix.
Oceanic climate
An oceanic climate, also known as a marine climate or maritime climate, is the temperate climate sub-type in Köppen classification represented as Cfb, typical of west coasts in higher middle latitudes of continents, generally featuring cool to warm summers and cool to mild winters (for their latitude), with a relatively narrow annual temperature range and few extremes of temperature.
See Cambrai and Oceanic climate
Oise (river)
The Oise is a river of Belgium and France, flowing for from its source in the Belgian province of Hainaut, south of Chimay.
Old Cambrai Cathedral
Old Cambrai Cathedral was the Gothic cathedral of the diocese of Cambrai in France, sited on what is now Place Fénelon in Cambrai but now entirely lost.
See Cambrai and Old Cambrai Cathedral
Olivier Besancenot
Olivier Christophe Besancenot (born 18 April 1974) is a French left-wing political figure and trade unionist, and the founding main spokesperson of the New Anticapitalist Party (Nouveau parti anticapitaliste, NPA) from 2009 to 2011.
See Cambrai and Olivier Besancenot
Orchies
Orchies (Oorschie) is a commune in the department of Nord in the Hauts-de-France region of northern France. Cambrai and Orchies are communes of Nord (French department).
Otto the Great
Otto I (23 November 912 – 7 May 973), traditionally known as Otto the Great (Otto der Große Ottone il Grande), or Otto of Saxony (Otto von Sachsen Ottone di Sassonia), was East Frankish king from 936 and Holy Roman Emperor from 962 until his death in 973.
See Cambrai and Otto the Great
Ownership
Ownership is the state or fact of legal possession and control over property, which may be any asset, tangible or intangible.
Papyrology
Papyrology is the study of manuscripts of ancient literature, correspondence, legal archives, etc., preserved on portable media from antiquity, the most common form of which is papyrus, the principal writing material in the ancient civilizations of Egypt, Greece, and Rome.
Paraboloid
In geometry, a paraboloid is a quadric surface that has exactly one axis of symmetry and no center of symmetry.
Paris
Paris is the capital and largest city of France.
Paris Basin
The Paris Basin (Bassin parisien) is one of the major geological regions of France.
Parish
A parish is a territorial entity in many Christian denominations, constituting a division within a diocese.
Parlement
Under the French Ancien Régime, a parlement was a provincial appellate court of the Kingdom of France.
Partridge
A partridge is a medium-sized galliform bird in any of several genera, with a wide native distribution throughout parts of Europe, Asia and Africa.
Peter Paul Rubens
Sir Peter Paul Rubens (28 June 1577 – 30 May 1640) was a Flemish artist and diplomat.
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Philippe de Monte
Philippe de Monte (1521 – 4 July 1603), sometimes known as Philippus de Monte, was a Flemish composer of the late Renaissance active all over Europe.
See Cambrai and Philippe de Monte
Physician
A physician, medical practitioner (British English), medical doctor, or simply doctor is a health professional who practices medicine, which is concerned with promoting, maintaining or restoring health through the study, diagnosis, prognosis and treatment of disease, injury, and other physical and mental impairments.
Pierre d'Ailly
Pierre d'Ailly (Latin Petrus Aliacensis, Petrus de Alliaco; 13519 August 1420) was a French theologian, astrologer and cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church.
See Cambrai and Pierre d'Ailly
Pillory
The pillory is a device made of a wooden or metal framework erected on a post, with holes for securing the head and hands, used during the medieval and renaissance periods for punishment by public humiliation and often further physical abuse.
Political ecology
Political ecology is the study of the relationships between political, economic and social factors with environmental issues and changes.
See Cambrai and Political ecology
Polytechnic University of Hauts-de-France
The Polytechnic University of Hauts-de-France (Université Polytechnique des Hauts-de-France), previously known as University of Valenciennes and Hainaut-Cambrésis (Université de Valenciennes et du Hainaut-Cambrésis) until 1 January 2018, is a French public university, based in Valenciennes.
See Cambrai and Polytechnic University of Hauts-de-France
Pope Julius II
Pope Julius II (Iulius II; Giulio II; born Giuliano della Rovere; 5 December 144321 February 1513) was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 1503 to his death, in February 1513.
See Cambrai and Pope Julius II
Prévôt
A prévôt was a governmental position of varying importance in Ancien Régime France, typically referring to a civil officer, magistrate, head of cathedral or church, often anglicised as provost.
Precipitation
In meteorology, precipitation is any product of the condensation of atmospheric water vapor that falls from clouds due to gravitational pull.
Primary residence
A person's primary residence, or main residence is the dwelling where they usually live, typically a house or an apartment.
See Cambrai and Primary residence
Principality
A principality (or sometimes princedom) can either be a monarchical feudatory or a sovereign state, ruled or reigned over by a regnant-monarch with the title of prince and/or princess, or by a monarch with another title considered to fall under the generic meaning of the term prince.
Protestantism
Protestantism is a branch of Christianity that emphasizes justification of sinners through faith alone, the teaching that salvation comes by unmerited divine grace, the priesthood of all believers, and the Bible as the sole infallible source of authority for Christian faith and practice.
Proville
Proville is a commune in the Nord department in northern France. Cambrai and Proville are communes of Nord (French department).
Pushkin, Saint Petersburg
Pushkin (Пу́шкин) is a municipal town in Pushkinsky District of the federal city of St. Petersburg, Russia, located south from the center of St. Petersburg proper, and its railway station, Tsarskoye Selo, is directly connected by railway to the Vitebsky Rail Terminal of the city.
See Cambrai and Pushkin, Saint Petersburg
Quiévrain
Quiévrain (Kievrin) is a municipality of Wallonia located in the province of Hainaut, Belgium.
Quito
Quito (Kitu), officially San Francisco de Quito, is the capital of Ecuador, with an estimated population of 2.8 million in its metropolitan area.
Raillencourt-Sainte-Olle
Raillencourt-Sainte-Olle is a commune in the Nord department in northern France. Cambrai and Raillencourt-Sainte-Olle are communes of Nord (French department).
See Cambrai and Raillencourt-Sainte-Olle
Rally for the Republic
The Rally for the Republic (Rassemblement pour la République; RPR) was a Gaullist and conservative political party in France.
See Cambrai and Rally for the Republic
Ramillies, Nord
Ramillies is a commune in the Nord department in northern France. Cambrai and Ramillies, Nord are communes of Nord (French department).
See Cambrai and Ramillies, Nord
Rate of natural increase
In Demography, the rate of natural increase (RNI), also known as natural population change, is defined as the birth rate minus the death rate of a particular population, over a particular time period.
See Cambrai and Rate of natural increase
Real Audiencia
A Real Audience, or simply an Audience (Reial Audience, Audience Reial, or Audience), was an appellate court in Spain and its empire.
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Referendum
A referendum (referendums or less commonly referenda) is a direct vote by the electorate on a proposal, law, or political issue.
Reformed Church of France
The Reformed Church of France (Église réformée de France, ERF) was the main Protestant denomination in France with a Calvinist orientation that could be traced back directly to John Calvin.
See Cambrai and Reformed Church of France
Regionalism (politics)
Regionalism is a political ideology that seeks to increase the political power, influence and self-determination of the people of one or more subnational regions.
See Cambrai and Regionalism (politics)
Regions of France
France is divided into eighteen administrative regions (régions, singular région), of which thirteen are located in metropolitan France (in Europe), while the other five are overseas regions (not to be confused with the overseas collectivities, which have a semi-autonomous status).
See Cambrai and Regions of France
Reign of Terror
The Reign of Terror or the Mountain Republic was a period of the French Revolution when, following the creation of the First Republic, a series of massacres and numerous public executions took place in response to revolutionary fervour, anticlerical sentiment, and accusations of treason by the Committee of Public Safety.
See Cambrai and Reign of Terror
Reims
Reims (also spelled Rheims in English) is the most populous city in the French department of Marne, and the 12th most populous city in France. Cambrai and Reims are subprefectures in France.
René Dumont
René Dumont (13 March 1904 – 18 June 2001) was a French engineer in agronomy, a sociologist, and an environmental politician.
René Goscinny
René Goscinny (14 August 1926 – 5 November 1977) was a French comic editor and writer, who created the Astérix comic book series with illustrator Albert Uderzo.
René Mouchotte
Commandant René Mouchotte DFC (21 August 1914 – 27 August 1943) was a World War II pilot of the French Air Force, who escaped from Vichy French–controlled Oran to join the Free French forces.
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Republic of Venice
The Republic of Venice, traditionally known as La Serenissima, was a sovereign state and maritime republic with its capital in Venice.
See Cambrai and Republic of Venice
Retting
Retting is a process employing the action of micro-organisms and moisture on plants to dissolve or rot away much of the cellular tissues and pectins surrounding bast-fibre bundles, facilitating the separation of the fibre from the stem.
RFM (French radio station)
RFM is a French radio station owned by Lagardère Active, based at Paris and created in 1981.
See Cambrai and RFM (French radio station)
Richard Loqueville
Richard Loqueville (died 1418) was a French composer active during the transition between Medieval and Renaissance music.
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Riqueval Tunnel
The Riqueval Tunnel is a -long tunnel on the St Quentin Canal, close to the commune of Bellicourt, in the department of Aisne, France.
See Cambrai and Riqueval Tunnel
Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Cambrai
The Archdiocese of Cambrai (Archdiocesis Cameracensis; French: Archidiocèse de Cambrai) is a Latin Church ecclesiastical jurisdiction or archdiocese of the Catholic Church in France, comprising the arrondissements of Avesnes-sur-Helpe, Cambrai, Douai, and Valenciennes within the département of Nord, in the region of Nord-Pas-de-Calais.
See Cambrai and Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Cambrai
Roman Catholic Diocese of Arras
The Diocese of Arras (–Boulogne–Saint-Omer) (Latin: Dioecesis Atrebatensis (–Bononiena–Audomarensis); French: Diocèse d'Arras (–Boulogne–Saint-Omer)) is a Latin Church diocese of the Catholic Church in France.
See Cambrai and Roman Catholic Diocese of Arras
Roman Catholic Diocese of Tournai
The Diocese of Tournai (Dioecesis Tornacensis) is a Latin Church ecclesiastical territory or diocese of the Catholic Church in Belgium.
See Cambrai and Roman Catholic Diocese of Tournai
Roman Empire
The Roman Empire was the state ruled by the Romans following Octavian's assumption of sole rule under the Principate in 27 BC, the post-Republican state of ancient Rome.
Rood screen
The rood screen (also choir screen, chancel screen, or jubé) is a common feature in late medieval church architecture.
Route nationale 30
The Route nationale 30 is a highway in Picardy and Nord-Pas-de-Calais, northern France.
See Cambrai and Route nationale 30
Royal Saltworks at Arc-et-Senans
The Saline Royale (Royal Saltworks) is a historical building at Arc-et-Senans in the department of Doubs, eastern France.
See Cambrai and Royal Saltworks at Arc-et-Senans
Rumilly-en-Cambrésis
Rumilly-en-Cambrésis is a commune in the Nord department in northern France. Cambrai and Rumilly-en-Cambrésis are communes of Nord (French department).
See Cambrai and Rumilly-en-Cambrésis
Rural flight
Rural flight (also known as rural-to-urban migration, rural depopulation, or rural exodus) is the migratory pattern of people from rural areas into urban areas.
Saint-Quentin, Aisne
Saint-Quentin (Saint-Kintin; Sint-Kwintens) is a city in the Aisne department, Hauts-de-France, northern France. Cambrai and Saint-Quentin, Aisne are subprefectures in France.
See Cambrai and Saint-Quentin, Aisne
Sainte-Ruffine
Sainte-Ruffine (Sankt Ruffin, (1940–1944) Ruffingen) is a commune in the Moselle department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.
See Cambrai and Sainte-Ruffine
Salian Franks
The Salian Franks, also called the Salians (Latin: Salii; Greek: Σάλιοι, Salioi), were a northwestern subgroup of the early Franks who appear in the historical record in the fourth and fifth centuries.
Sébastien Le Prestre, Marquis of Vauban
Sébastien Le Prestre, seigneur de Vauban, later styling himself as the marquis de Vauban (baptised 15 May 163330 March 1707), commonly referred to as Vauban, was a French military engineer and Marshal of France who worked under Louis XIV.
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Ségolène Royal
Marie-Ségolène Royal (born 22 September 1953) is a French politician who was the Socialist Party candidate for the Presidency of France in the 2007 election.
See Cambrai and Ségolène Royal
Scheldt
The Scheldt (Escaut; Schelde) is a river that flows through northern France, western Belgium, and the southwestern part of the Netherlands, with its mouth at the North Sea.
The School for Advanced Studies in the Social Sciences (École des hautes études en sciences sociales; EHESS) is a graduate grande école and grand établissement in Paris focused on academic research in the social sciences.
See Cambrai and School for Advanced Studies in the Social Sciences
Seine
The Seine is a river in northern France.
Seine–Nord Europe Canal
The Seine–Nord Europe Canal is a planned high-capacity (grand gabarit) canal in France that would link the Oise River at Compiègne with the Dunkirk-Scheldt Canal, east of Arleux.
See Cambrai and Seine–Nord Europe Canal
Seraing
Seraing (Serè) is a city and municipality of Wallonia located in the province of Liège, Belgium.
Siege of Cambrai (1677)
The siege of Cambrai took place from 20 March to 19 April 1677 during the 1672–1678 Franco-Dutch War; then part of the Spanish Netherlands, it was invested by a French army under the duc de Luxembourg.
See Cambrai and Siege of Cambrai (1677)
Siege of Valenciennes (1676–1677)
The siege of Valenciennes took place from 28 February to 17 March 1677, during the Franco-Dutch War, when Valenciennes, then in the Spanish Netherlands, was attacked by a French army under the duc de Luxembourg.
See Cambrai and Siege of Valenciennes (1676–1677)
Sister city
A sister city or a twin town relationship is a form of legal or social agreement between two geographically and politically distinct localities for the purpose of promoting cultural and commercial ties.
The Socialist Party (Parti socialiste, PS) is a centre-left to left-wing political party in France.
See Cambrai and Socialist Party (France)
Sociology
Sociology is the scientific study of human society that focuses on society, human social behavior, patterns of social relationships, social interaction, and aspects of culture associated with everyday life.
Solidarity tax on wealth
The solidarity tax on wealth (Impôt de solidarité sur la fortune, ISF) was an annual direct wealth tax on those in France having assets in excess of €1,300,000 (since 2011).
See Cambrai and Solidarity tax on wealth
Somain, Nord
Somain is a commune in the Nord department in northern France. Cambrai and Somain, Nord are communes of Nord (French department).
Spanish Netherlands
The Spanish Netherlands (Países Bajos Españoles; Spaanse Nederlanden; Pays-Bas espagnols; Spanische Niederlande) (historically in Spanish: Flandes, the name "Flanders" was used as a pars pro toto) was the Habsburg Netherlands ruled by the Spanish branch of the Habsburgs from 1556 to 1714.
See Cambrai and Spanish Netherlands
Stanbrook Abbey
Stanbrook Abbey is a Catholic contemplative Benedictine Monastery with the status of an abbey, located at Wass, North Yorkshire, England.
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Storm of Steel
Storm of Steel (In Stahlgewittern; original English title: In Storms of Steel) is the memoir of German officer Ernst Jünger's experiences on the Western Front during the First World War from December 1914 to August 1918.
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Streaming television
Streaming television is the digital distribution of television content, such as television series and films, streamed over the Internet.
See Cambrai and Streaming television
Subprefectures in France
In France, a subprefecture (sous-préfecture) is the commune which is the administrative centre of a departmental arrondissement that does not contain the prefecture for its department.
See Cambrai and Subprefectures in France
Sucrerie centrale de Cambrai
The Sucrerie centrale de Cambrai was a company which had a central beet sugar factory in Escaudœuvres, Nord department, France.
See Cambrai and Sucrerie centrale de Cambrai
Suffragan bishop
A suffragan bishop is a type of bishop in some Christian denominations.
See Cambrai and Suffragan bishop
Sustainable development
Sustainable development is an approach to growth and human development that aims to meet the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.
See Cambrai and Sustainable development
Tabula Peutingeriana
Tabula Peutingeriana (Latin for 'The Peutinger Map'), also referred to as Peutinger's Tabula or Peutinger Table, is an illustrated itinerarium (ancient Roman road map) showing the layout of the cursus publicus, the road network of the Roman Empire.
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Tank
A tank is an armoured fighting vehicle intended as a primary offensive weapon in front-line ground combat.
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Tarbes
Tarbes (Gascon: Tarba) is a commune in the Hautes-Pyrénées department in the Occitanie region of southwestern France.
Television in France
Television in France was introduced in 1931, when the first experimental broadcasts began.
See Cambrai and Television in France
TER Hauts-de-France
TER Hauts-de-France is the regional rail network serving the French administrative region of Hauts-de-France in northern France.
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Tertiary sector of the economy
The tertiary sector of the economy, generally known as the service sector, is the third of the three economic sectors in the three-sector model (also known as the economic cycle).
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Textile industry
The textile industry is primarily concerned with the design, production and distribution of textiles: yarn, cloth and clothing.
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TGV
The TGV (Train à Grande Vitesse,, "high-speed train"; formerly TurboTrain à Grande Vitesse) is France's intercity high-speed rail service, operated mainly by SNCF.
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Thiérache
The Thiérache is a region of France and Belgium united by similar geography and architecture, including the presence of hedgerows, grassland, hilly terrain, scattered settlements, and traditionally-built stone or brick houses with stone dividing walls and slate roofs.
Tilloy-lez-Cambrai
Tilloy-lez-Cambrai is a commune in the Nord department in northern France. Cambrai and Tilloy-lez-Cambrai are communes of Nord (French department).
See Cambrai and Tilloy-lez-Cambrai
Toulouse
Toulouse (Tolosa) is the prefecture of the French department of Haute-Garonne and of the larger region of Occitania.
Trademark
A trademark (also written trade mark or trade-mark) is a type of intellectual property consisting of a recognizable sign, design, or expression that identifies a product or service from a particular source and distinguishes it from others.
Trait du Nord
The Trait du Nord, previously also known as Ardennais du Nord or Ardennais de type Nord, is a breed of heavy draft horse developed and bred in the area of Hainaut in western Belgium and in northeastern France.
Tram
A tram (also known as a streetcar or trolley in the United States and Canada) is a type of urban rail transit consisting of either individual railcars or self-propelled multiple unit trains that run on tramway tracks on urban public streets; some include segments on segregated right-of-way.
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Trans-European Transport Network
The Trans-European Transport Network (TEN-T) is a planned network of roads, railways, airports and water infrastructure in the European Union.
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Treaties of Nijmegen
The Treaties of Peace of Nijmegen (Traités de Paix de Nimègue; Friede von Nimwegen; Vrede van Nijmegen) were a series of treaties signed in the Dutch city of Nijmegen between August 1678 and October 1679.
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Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe
The Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe (TCE; commonly referred to as the European Constitution or as the Constitutional Treaty) was an unratified international treaty intended to create a consolidated constitution for the European Union (EU).
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Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (1668)
The Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle or Aachen ended the War of Devolution between France and Spain.
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Treaty of Cambrai
The Treaty of Cambrai is also known as the Paz de las Damas or Paix des Dames ('Ladies' Peace').
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Treaty of Verdun
The Treaty of Verdun, agreed in, divided the Frankish Empire into three kingdoms between Lothair I, Louis II and Charles II, the surviving sons of the emperor Louis I, the son and successor of Charlemagne.
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Trente Glorieuses
Les Trente Glorieuses ('The Glorious Thirty') was a thirty-year period of economic growth in France between 1945 and 1975, following the end of the Second World War.
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Tribunal d'instance
In France prior to 2020, the Tribunal d'instance (literally "Court of First Instance") was a judicial lower court of record of first instance for general civil suits and included a criminal division, the Police Court (tribunal de police), which heard cases of misdemeanors or summary offences (contraventions).
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Tribunal de commerce
In France, the tribunal de commerce (plural tribunaux de commerce, literally "commercial courts") are the oldest courts in the French judicial organization.
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Trinity Sunday
Trinity Sunday is the first Sunday after Pentecost in the Western Christian liturgical calendar, and the Sunday of Pentecost in Eastern Christianity.
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Troyes
Troyes is a commune and the capital of the department of Aube in the Grand Est region of north-central France.
Unemployment
Unemployment, according to the OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development), is people above a specified age (usually 15) not being in paid employment or self-employment but currently available for work during the reference period.
UNESCO
The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO; pronounced) is a specialized agency of the United Nations (UN) with the aim of promoting world peace and security through international cooperation in education, arts, sciences and culture.
Union for a Popular Movement
The Union for a Popular Movement (Union pour un mouvement populaire; UMP) was a liberal-conservative political party in France, largely inspired by the Gaullist tradition.
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Union of Democrats and Independents
The Union of Democrats and Independents (Union des démocrates et indépendants, UDI) is a centre to centre-right political party in France and former electoral alliance founded on 18 September 2012 on the basis of the parliamentary group of the same name in the National Assembly.
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Unity makes strength
"Unity makes strength"(Săedinenieto pravi silata; Eendracht maakt macht,; L'union fait la force) is a motto that has been used by various states and entities throughout history.
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Urban unit
In France, an urban unit is a statistical area defined by INSEE, the French national statistics office, for the measurement of contiguously built-up areas.
Valenciennes
Valenciennes (also,,; Valencijn; Valincyinnes or Valinciennes; Valentianae) is a commune in the Nord department, Hauts-de-France, France. Cambrai and Valenciennes are communes of Nord (French department) and subprefectures in France.
Vikings
Vikings were seafaring people originally from Scandinavia (present-day Denmark, Norway, and Sweden), who from the late 8th to the late 11th centuries raided, pirated, traded, and settled throughout parts of Europe.
Villard de Honnecourt
Villard de Honnecourt (Wilars dehonecort, Vilars de Honecourt) was a 13th-century artist from Picardy in northern France.
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Villers-Outréaux
Villers-Outréaux is a commune in the Nord department in northern France. Cambrai and Villers-Outréaux are communes of Nord (French department).
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Vitry-le-François
Vitry-le-François is a commune in the Marne department in northeastern France. Cambrai and Vitry-le-François are subprefectures in France.
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Voie ferrée d'intérêt local
In France, a voie ferrée d'intérêt local ("Railway of Local Interest"), abbreviated VFIL, is a secondary railway constructed by a local administrative division, serving sparsely populated rural areas.
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Voies navigables de France
Voies navigables de France (VNF, Navigable Waterways of France) is the French navigation authority responsible for the management of the majority of France's inland waterways network and the associated facilities—towpaths, commercial and leisure ports, lock-keeper's houses and other structures.
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War of Devolution
The War of Devolution took place from May 1667 to May 1668.
See Cambrai and War of Devolution
War of the League of Cambrai
The War of the League of Cambrai, sometimes known as the War of the Holy League and several other names, was fought from February 1508 to December 1516 as part of the Italian Wars of 1494–1559.
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War of the League of Cognac
The War of the League of Cognac (1526–30) was fought between the Habsburg dominions of Charles V—primarily the Holy Roman Empire and Spain—and the League of Cognac, an alliance including the Kingdom of France, Pope Clement VII, the Republic of Venice, the Kingdom of England, the Duchy of Milan, and the Republic of Florence.
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War of the Spanish Succession
The War of the Spanish Succession was a European great power conflict fought between 1701 and 1714.
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Wass, North Yorkshire
Wass is a village in the civil parish of Byland with Wass, in North Yorkshire, England, in the North York Moors National Park.
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West Francia
In medieval historiography, West Francia (Medieval Latin: Francia occidentalis) or the Kingdom of the West Franks constitutes the initial stage of the Kingdom of France and extends from the year 843, from the Treaty of Verdun, to 987, the beginning of the Capetian dynasty.
Western Front (World War I)
The Western Front was one of the main theatres of war during the First World War.
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Workforce
In macroeconomics, the labor force is the sum of those either working (i.e., the employed) or looking for work (i.e., the unemployed): \text.
World Heritage Site
World Heritage Sites are landmarks and areas with legal protection by an international convention administered by UNESCO for having cultural, historical, or scientific significance.
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World War I
World War I (alternatively the First World War or the Great War) (28 July 1914 – 11 November 1918) was a global conflict between two coalitions: the Allies (or Entente) and the Central Powers.
World War II
World War II or the Second World War (1 September 1939 – 2 September 1945) was a global conflict between two alliances: the Allies and the Axis powers.
Xavier Delamarre
Xavier Delamarre (born 5 June 1954) is a French linguist, lexicographer, and former diplomat.
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Xavier Giannoli
Xavier Giannoli (born 7 March 1972) is a French film director, screenwriter and producer.
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1973 oil crisis
In October 1973, the Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries (OAPEC) announced that it was implementing a total oil embargo against the countries who had supported Israel at any point during the 1973 Yom Kippur War, which began after Egypt and Syria launched a large-scale surprise attack in an ultimately unsuccessful attempt to recover the territories that they had lost to Israel during the 1967 Six-Day War.
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1st Infantry Regiment (France)
The 1st Infantry Regiment or 1er RI is an infantry regiment of the French Army, founded in 1479 as one of the oldest regiments in active service in the world.
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2002 French legislative election
Legislative elections were held in France on 9 and 16 June 2002, to elect the 12th National Assembly of the Fifth Republic, in a context of political crisis.
See Cambrai and 2002 French legislative election
2002 French presidential election
Presidential elections were held in France on 21 April 2002, with a runoff election between the top two candidates, incumbent Jacques Chirac of the Rally for the Republic and Jean-Marie Le Pen of the National Front, on 5 May.
See Cambrai and 2002 French presidential election
2004 Tour de France
The 2004 Tour de France was a multiple stage bicycle race held from 3 to 25 July, and the 91st edition of the Tour de France.
See Cambrai and 2004 Tour de France
2007 French legislative election
Legislative elections were held in France on 10 June and 17 June 2007 to elect the 13th National Assembly of the Fifth Republic, a few weeks after the presidential election run-off on 6 May.
See Cambrai and 2007 French legislative election
2007 French presidential election
Presidential elections were held in France on 21 and 22 April 2007 to elect the successor to Jacques Chirac as president of France (and ex officio Co-Prince of Andorra) for a five-year term.
See Cambrai and 2007 French presidential election
2010 Tour de France
The 2010 Tour de France was the 97th edition of the Tour de France cycle race, one of cycling's Grand Tours.
See Cambrai and 2010 Tour de France
2012 French presidential election
Presidential elections were held in France on 22 April 2012 (or 21 April in some overseas departments and territories), with a second round run-off held on 6 May (or 5 May for those same territories) to elect the President of France (who is also ex officio one of the two joint heads of state of Andorra, a sovereign state).
See Cambrai and 2012 French presidential election
2015 Tour de France
The 2015 Tour de France was the 102nd edition of the Tour de France, one of cycling's Grand Tours.
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73rd Infantry Regiment (France)
The 73rd Line Infantry Regiment (73e régiment d'infanterie de ligne) is a French infantry regiment.
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9th Army (France)
The Ninth Army (IXe Armée) was a field army of the French Army during World War I and World War II.
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References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambrai
Also known as Cambrai, France, Cambraisis, Kamerijk, Kimbré.
, Bavay, Bêtise de Cambrai, Beaune, Beauvais–Tillé Airport, Belfries of Belgium and France, Berck, Blazon, Blockade, Boisleux-au-Mont, Bouchain, Boulevard, Boulogne-sur-Mer, Bourgeoisie, Bourlon, Bovine spongiform encephalopathy, Briastre, Bruges, Brussels, Brussels Airport, Brussels South Charleroi Airport, Burgundian School, Busigny, Business sector, Calais, Cambayrac, Cambrai Cathedral, Cambrai Homily, Cambrai station, Cambrai-Niergnies Airport, Cambrésis, Cambric, Canal de Saint-Quentin, Canal du Nord, Canton of Cambrai, Cardinal Mazarin, Cardinal Richelieu, Caryatid, Castra, Catholic Church, Caudry, Cauroir, Cereal, Chalk, Chambray, Chambry, Aisne, Chambry, Seine-et-Marne, Chamery, Champagne (province), Charge (heraldry), Charlemagne, Charles Cordier, Charles de Gaulle Airport, Charles Defrémery, Charles François Dumouriez, Charles Rostaing, Charles the Bald, Charles the Bold, Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, Chauny, Châteauguay, Chémery, Chérie FM, Chemin de fer du Cambrésis, 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Fay, Guillaume Dubois, Guillotine, Habsburg monarchy, Hanseatic League, Hauts-de-France, Henri de La Tour d'Auvergne, Viscount of Turenne, Henri de Lubac, Henri Giraud, Henri Plard, Henri, Count of Harcourt, Henry II, Holy Roman Emperor, Henry the Fowler, HLM, Hochepot, Holiday cottage, Holy Roman Empire, Hundred Days Offensive, Hundred Years' War, Hungarians, Hygiene, In the Beginning (2009 film), Infant mortality, Intensive farming, Intercités, Intermodal passenger transport, International E-road network, Isatis tinctoria, Islam, Jacob Obrecht, Jacobus de Kerle, Jacques Chirac, Jacques Denis Antoine, Jacques Legendre (French politician), Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet, Jean Gascou, Jean-Baptiste Colbert, Jean-Luc Mélenchon, Jean-Marie Le Pen, Jean-Pierre Barillet-Deschamps, Jean-Pierre Destrumelle, Johannes Lupi, Johannes Ockeghem, Johannes Tinctoris, John of Burgundy (bishop of Cambrai), John the Fearless, Joret line, Joseph Le Bon, Joseph Merklin, Jules Gosselet, Julien Torma, Köppen climate classification, Kingdom of France, L'Équipe, La Voix du Nord, Labour Court (France), Lamour Mill, Briastre, League of Cambrai, Left Front (France), Legion of Honour, Lens, Pas-de-Calais, Liège, Lille, Lille 2 University of Health and Law, Lille Airport, Lille-Flandres station, Linen, Loïc Attely, London, Lorient, Lothair I, Lothair II, Louis Blériot, Louis Guilloux, Louis Marie Cordonnier, Louis XI, Louis XIII, Louis XIV, Louis XVIII, Louis, Grand Condé, Louise de Bettignies, Louisiana Territory, Low Countries, Luftwaffe, Malvern, Worcestershire, Manual labour, Marcel Gaumont, Marcel Lermoyez, Marcoing, Marie Louise, Duchess of Parma, Marie-Georges Pascal, Marina, Marine Le Pen, Marquion, Marten Jozef Geeraerts, Masnières, Maubeuge, Maurice Godelier, Métropole Européenne de Lille, Merovingian dynasty, Metz, Mid-20th century baby boom, Middle Ages, Mons, Belgium, Monument historique, Moors, Morenchies, Mosque, Mulquinerie, Multimodal transport, Musée des Beaux-Arts de Cambrai, 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in France, TER Hauts-de-France, Tertiary sector of the economy, Textile industry, TGV, Thiérache, Tilloy-lez-Cambrai, Toulouse, Trademark, Trait du Nord, Tram, Trans-European Transport Network, Treaties of Nijmegen, Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe, Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (1668), Treaty of Cambrai, Treaty of Verdun, Trente Glorieuses, Tribunal d'instance, Tribunal de commerce, Trinity Sunday, Troyes, Unemployment, UNESCO, Union for a Popular Movement, Union of Democrats and Independents, Unity makes strength, Urban unit, Valenciennes, Vikings, Villard de Honnecourt, Villers-Outréaux, Vitry-le-François, Voie ferrée d'intérêt local, Voies navigables de France, War of Devolution, War of the League of Cambrai, War of the League of Cognac, War of the Spanish Succession, Wass, North Yorkshire, West Francia, Western Front (World War I), Workforce, World Heritage Site, World War I, World War II, Xavier Delamarre, Xavier Giannoli, 1973 oil crisis, 1st Infantry Regiment (France), 2002 French legislative election, 2002 French presidential election, 2004 Tour de France, 2007 French legislative election, 2007 French presidential election, 2010 Tour de France, 2012 French presidential election, 2015 Tour de France, 73rd Infantry Regiment (France), 9th Army (France).