Carl Friedrich Goerdeler, the Glossary

Table of Contents

1. 285 relations: Abwehr, Academy for German Law, Adam Tooze, Adam von Trott zu Solz, Adolf Hitler, AEG (German company), Africa, Alexander Cadogan, Alexander von Falkenhausen, Alfred Delp, Alfred Hugenberg, Andreas Hermes, Anti-communism, Antisemitism, Aryanization, Atlantic Charter, Austria, Autarky, Édouard Daladier, Balkans, Battle of Stalingrad, Berlin, Bernhard Letterhaus, Blomberg–Fritsch affair, Bosch (company), Canada, Capital punishment, Capitalism, Captain (armed forces), Central Europe, Central Germany (cultural area), Centralverein deutscher Staatsbürger jüdischen Glaubens, Centre Party (Germany), Chaim Weizmann, Chancellor of Germany, China–Germany relations (1912–1949), Claus von Stauffenberg, Communism, Communist Party of Germany, Conservatism, Constantin von Dietze, Constitution, Constitutional monarchy, Cordell Hull, County of Tyrol, Coup d'état, Czechoslovakia, Daniel Goldhagen, David Bankier, Deflation, ... Expand index (235 more) »

2. Executed monarchists in the German Resistance
3. Leipzig in World War II
4. Mayors of Leipzig
5. Members of the Kreisau Circle
6. Nazi-era German officials who resisted the Holocaust
7. People from Piła
8. Politicians from the Province of Posen

Abwehr

The Abwehr (German for resistance or defence, though the word usually means counterintelligence in a military context) was the German military-intelligence service for the Reichswehr and the Wehrmacht from 1920 to 1945.

See Carl Friedrich Goerdeler and Abwehr

Academy for German Law

The Academy for German Law (Akademie für deutsches Recht) was an institute for legal research and reform founded on 26 June 1933 in Nazi Germany.

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Adam Tooze

John Adam Tooze (born 5 July 1967) is an English historian who is a professor at Columbia University, Director of the European Institute and nonresident scholar at Carnegie Europe.

See Carl Friedrich Goerdeler and Adam Tooze

Adam von Trott zu Solz

Friedrich Adam von Trott zu Solz (9 August 1909 – 26 August 1944) was a German lawyer and diplomat who was involved in the conservative resistance to Nazism. Carl Friedrich Goerdeler and Adam von Trott zu Solz are executed members of the 20 July plot, members of the Kreisau Circle, people executed by hanging at Plötzensee Prison and Protestants in the German Resistance.

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Adolf Hitler

Adolf Hitler (20 April 1889 – 30 April 1945) was an Austrian-born German politician who was the dictator of Nazi Germany from 1933 until his suicide in 1945. Carl Friedrich Goerdeler and Adolf Hitler are German anti-communists.

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AEG (German company)

; AEG) was a German producer of electrical equipment. It was established in 1883 by Emil Rathenau as the Deutsche Edison-Gesellschaft für angewandte Elektricität in Berlin. The company's initial focus was driven by electrical lighting, as in 1881, Rathenau had acquired the rights to the electric light bulb at the International Exposition of Electricity in Paris.

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Africa

Africa is the world's second-largest and second-most populous continent after Asia.

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Alexander Cadogan

Sir Alexander Montagu George Cadogan (25 November 1884 – 9 July 1968) was a British diplomat and civil servant.

See Carl Friedrich Goerdeler and Alexander Cadogan

Alexander von Falkenhausen

Alexander Ernst Alfred Hermann Freiherr von Falkenhausen (29 October 187831 July 1966) was a German general and military advisor to Chiang Kai-shek. Carl Friedrich Goerdeler and Alexander von Falkenhausen are Protestants in the German Resistance and Prussian Army personnel.

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Alfred Delp

Alfred Friedrich Delp (15 September 1907 – 2 February 1945) was a German Jesuit priest and philosopher of the German Resistance. Carl Friedrich Goerdeler and Alfred Delp are executed members of the 20 July plot, members of the Kreisau Circle and people executed by hanging at Plötzensee Prison.

See Carl Friedrich Goerdeler and Alfred Delp

Alfred Hugenberg

Alfred Ernst Christian Alexander Hugenberg (19 June 1865 – 12 March 1951) was an influential German businessman and politician. Carl Friedrich Goerdeler and Alfred Hugenberg are German National People's Party politicians and German anti-communists.

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Andreas Hermes

Andreas Hermes (16 July 1878 – 4 January 1964) was a German agricultural scientist and politician.

See Carl Friedrich Goerdeler and Andreas Hermes

Anti-communism

Anti-communism is political and ideological opposition to communist beliefs, groups, and individuals.

See Carl Friedrich Goerdeler and Anti-communism

Antisemitism

Antisemitism (also spelled anti-semitism or anti-Semitism) is hostility to, prejudice towards, or discrimination against, Jews.

See Carl Friedrich Goerdeler and Antisemitism

Aryanization

Aryanization (Arisierung) was the Nazi term for the seizure of property from Jews and its transfer to non-Jews, and the forced expulsion of Jews from economic life in Nazi Germany, Axis-aligned states, and their occupied territories.

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Atlantic Charter

The Atlantic Charter was a statement issued on 14 August 1941 that set out American and British goals for the world after the end of World War II, months before the US officially entered the war.

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Austria

Austria, formally the Republic of Austria, is a landlocked country in Central Europe, lying in the Eastern Alps.

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Autarky

Autarky is the characteristic of self-sufficiency, usually applied to societies, communities, states, and their economic systems.

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Édouard Daladier

Édouard Daladier (18 June 1884 – 10 October 1970) was a French Radical-Socialist (centre-left) politician, and the Prime Minister of France who signed the Munich Agreement before the outbreak of World War II.

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Balkans

The Balkans, corresponding partially with the Balkan Peninsula, is a geographical area in southeastern Europe with various geographical and historical definitions.

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Battle of Stalingrad

The Battle of StalingradSchlacht von Stalingrad see; p (17 July 19422 February 1943) was a major battle on the Eastern Front of World War II, beginning when Nazi Germany and its Axis allies attacked and became locked in a protracted struggle with the Soviet Union for control over the Soviet city of Stalingrad in southern Russia.

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Berlin

Berlin is the capital and largest city of Germany, both by area and by population.

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Bernhard Letterhaus

Bernhard Letterhaus (10 July 1894, Barmen – 14 November 1944) was a German Catholic Trade Unionist and member of the resistance to Nazism. Carl Friedrich Goerdeler and Bernhard Letterhaus are executed members of the 20 July plot and people executed by hanging at Plötzensee Prison.

See Carl Friedrich Goerdeler and Bernhard Letterhaus

Blomberg–Fritsch affair

The Blomberg–Fritsch affair, also known as the Blomberg–Fritsch crisis (German: Blomberg–Fritsch–Krise), was the name given to two related scandals in early 1938 that resulted in the subjugation of the German Armed Forces (Wehrmacht) to Adolf Hitler.

See Carl Friedrich Goerdeler and Blomberg–Fritsch affair

Bosch (company)

Robert Bosch GmbH, commonly known as Bosch (styled BOSCH), is a German multinational engineering and technology company headquartered in Gerlingen, Baden-Württemberg, Germany.

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Canada

Canada is a country in North America.

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Capital punishment

Capital punishment, also known as the death penalty and formerly called judicial homicide, is the state-sanctioned killing of a person as punishment for actual or supposed misconduct.

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Capitalism

Capitalism is an economic system based on the private ownership of the means of production and their operation for profit.

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Captain (armed forces)

The army rank of captain (from the French capitaine) is a commissioned officer rank historically corresponding to the command of a company of soldiers.

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Central Europe

Central Europe is a geographical region of Europe between Eastern, Southern, Western and Northern Europe.

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Central Germany (cultural area)

Central Germany (Mitteldeutschland) is an economic and cultural region in Germany.

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Centralverein deutscher Staatsbürger jüdischen Glaubens

The Centralverein deutscher Staatsbürger jüdischen Glaubens (also: Zentral-Verein, Central Verein, CV, C.V., C.-V.) (Central Association of German Citizens of Jewish Faith) was founded by German Jewish intellectuals on 26 March 1893 in Berlin, with the intention of opposing the rise of antisemitism in the German Empire.

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Centre Party (Germany)

The Centre Party (Zentrum), officially the German Centre Party (Deutsche Zentrumspartei) and also known in English as the Catholic Centre Party, is a Christian democratic political party in Germany.

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Chaim Weizmann

Chaim Azriel Weizmann 27 November 1874 – 9 November 1952) was a Russian-born biochemist, Zionist leader and Israeli statesman who served as president of the Zionist Organization and later as the first president of Israel. He was elected on 16 February 1949, and served until his death in 1952. Weizmann was instrumental in obtaining the Balfour Declaration of 1917 and convincing the United States government to recognize the newly formed State of Israel in 1948.

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Chancellor of Germany

The chancellor of Germany, officially the federal chancellor of the Federal Republic of Germany, is the head of the federal government of Germany, and the commander-in-chief of the German Armed Forces during wartime.

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China–Germany relations (1912–1949)

The German Empire established diplomatic relations with the Republic of China in October 1913.

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Claus von Stauffenberg

Claus von Stauffenberg (15 November 1907 – 21 July 1944) was a German army officer who is best known for his failed attempt on 20 July 1944 to assassinate Adolf Hitler at the Wolf's Lair. Carl Friedrich Goerdeler and Claus von Stauffenberg are executed members of the 20 July plot and German anti-communists.

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Communism

Communism (from Latin label) is a sociopolitical, philosophical, and economic ideology within the socialist movement, whose goal is the creation of a communist society, a socioeconomic order centered around common ownership of the means of production, distribution, and exchange that allocates products to everyone in the society based on need.

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Communist Party of Germany

The Communist Party of Germany (Kommunistische Partei Deutschlands,, KPD) was a major far-left political party in the Weimar Republic during the interwar period, an underground resistance movement in Nazi Germany, and a minor party in West Germany during the postwar period until it was banned by the Federal Constitutional Court in 1956.

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Conservatism

Conservatism is a cultural, social, and political philosophy and ideology that seeks to promote and preserve traditional institutions, customs, and values.

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Constantin von Dietze

Friedrich Carl Nicolaus Constantin von Dietze (9 August 1891 – 18 March 1973) was an agronomist, lawyer, economist, and theologian. Carl Friedrich Goerdeler and Constantin von Dietze are university of Tübingen alumni.

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Constitution

A constitution is the aggregate of fundamental principles or established precedents that constitute the legal basis of a polity, organization or other type of entity, and commonly determines how that entity is to be governed.

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Constitutional monarchy

Constitutional monarchy, also known as limited monarchy, parliamentary monarchy or democratic monarchy, is a form of monarchy in which the monarch exercises their authority in accordance with a constitution and is not alone in making decisions.

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Cordell Hull

Cordell Hull (October 2, 1871July 23, 1955) was an American politician from Tennessee and the longest-serving U.S. Secretary of State, holding the position for 11 years (1933–1944) in the administration of President Franklin Delano Roosevelt during most of World War II.

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County of Tyrol

The (Princely) County of Tyrol was an estate of the Holy Roman Empire established about 1140.

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Coup d'état

A coup d'état, or simply a coup, is typically an illegal and overt attempt by a military organization or other government elites to unseat an incumbent leadership.

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Czechoslovakia

Czechoslovakia (Czech and Československo, Česko-Slovensko) was a landlocked state in Central Europe, created in 1918, when it declared its independence from Austria-Hungary.

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Daniel Goldhagen

Daniel Jonah Goldhagen (born June 30, 1959) is an American author, and former associate professor of government and social studies at Harvard University.

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David Bankier

David Bankier (19 January 1947 –27 February 2010) was a Holocaust historian and head of the International Institute for Holocaust Research at Yad Vashem.

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Deflation

In economics, deflation is a decrease in the general price level of goods and services.

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Deuxième Bureau

The Deuxième Bureau de l'État-major général ("Second Bureau of the General Staff") was France's external military intelligence agency from 1871 to 1940.

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Devaluation

In macroeconomics and modern monetary policy, a devaluation is an official lowering of the value of a country's currency within a fixed exchange-rate system, in which a monetary authority formally sets a lower exchange rate of the national currency in relation to a foreign reference currency or currency basket.

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Dictator

A dictator is a political leader who possesses absolute power.

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Dietrich Bonhoeffer

Dietrich Bonhoeffer (4 February 1906 – 9 April 1945) was a German Lutheran pastor, theologian and anti-Nazi dissident who was a key founding member of the Confessing Church. Carl Friedrich Goerdeler and Dietrich Bonhoeffer are executed members of the 20 July plot and Protestants in the German Resistance.

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Dumping (pricing policy)

Dumping, in economics, is a form of predatory pricing, especially in the context of international trade.

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East Prussia

East Prussia was a province of the Kingdom of Prussia from 1772 to 1829 and again from 1878 (with the Kingdom itself being part of the German Empire from 1871); following World War I it formed part of the Weimar Republic's Free State of Prussia, until 1945.

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Eastern Europe

Eastern Europe is a subregion of the European continent.

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Eastern Front (World War I)

The Eastern Front or Eastern Theater of World War I (Ostfront; Frontul de răsărit; Vostochny front) was a theater of operations that encompassed at its greatest extent the entire frontier between Russia and Romania on one side and Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, the Ottoman Empire, and Germany on the other.

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Economics

Economics is a social science that studies the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services.

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Edward Wood, 1st Earl of Halifax

Edward Frederick Lindley Wood, 1st Earl of Halifax, (16 April 1881 – 23 December 1959), known as the Lord Irwin from 1925 until 1934 and the Viscount Halifax from 1934 until 1944, was a senior British Conservative politician of the 1930s.

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Erich Hoepner

Erich Kurt Richard Hoepner (14 September 1886 – 8 August 1944) was a German general during World War II. Carl Friedrich Goerdeler and Erich Hoepner are executed members of the 20 July plot, people executed by hanging at Plötzensee Prison and Protestants in the German Resistance.

See Carl Friedrich Goerdeler and Erich Hoepner

Erich Ludendorff

Erich Friedrich Wilhelm Ludendorff (9 April 1865 – 20 December 1937) was a German military officer and politician who contributed significantly to the Nazis' rise to power. Carl Friedrich Goerdeler and Erich Ludendorff are German anti-communists.

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Ernst Busch (field marshal)

Ernst Bernhard Wilhelm Busch (6 July 1885 – 17 July 1945) was a German Generalfeldmarschall (field marshal) during World War II who commanded the 16th Army (as a Generaloberst) and Army Group Centre. Carl Friedrich Goerdeler and Ernst Busch (field marshal) are Prussian Army personnel.

See Carl Friedrich Goerdeler and Ernst Busch (field marshal)

Erwin Planck

Erwin Planck (12 March 1893 – 23 January 1945) was a German politician, and a resistance fighter against the Nazi regime. Carl Friedrich Goerdeler and Erwin Planck are executed members of the 20 July plot and people executed by hanging at Plötzensee Prison.

See Carl Friedrich Goerdeler and Erwin Planck

Erwin Rommel

Johannes Erwin Eugen Rommel (15 November 1891 – 14 October 1944) was a German Generalfeldmarschall (field marshal) during World War II. Carl Friedrich Goerdeler and Erwin Rommel are German Lutherans and German anti-communists.

See Carl Friedrich Goerdeler and Erwin Rommel

Erwin von Witzleben

Job Wilhelm Georg Erdmann Erwin von Witzleben (4 December 1881 – 8 August 1944) was a German Generalfeldmarschall (Field Marshal) in the Wehrmacht during the Second World War. Carl Friedrich Goerdeler and Erwin von Witzleben are executed members of the 20 July plot, people executed by hanging at Plötzensee Prison, Protestants in the German Resistance and Prussian Army personnel.

See Carl Friedrich Goerdeler and Erwin von Witzleben

Estonia

Estonia, officially the Republic of Estonia, is a country by the Baltic Sea in Northern Europe.

See Carl Friedrich Goerdeler and Estonia

Eugen Bolz

Eugen Anton Bolz (15 December 1881 – 23 January 1945) was a German politician and a member of the resistance to the Nazi régime. Carl Friedrich Goerdeler and Eugen Bolz are executed members of the 20 July plot and university of Tübingen alumni.

See Carl Friedrich Goerdeler and Eugen Bolz

Eugen Gerstenmaier

Eugen Karl Albrecht Gerstenmaier (25 August 1906 – 13 March 1986) was a German Protestant theologian, resistance fighter in the Third Reich, and a CDU politician. Carl Friedrich Goerdeler and Eugen Gerstenmaier are German National People's Party politicians.

See Carl Friedrich Goerdeler and Eugen Gerstenmaier

Ewald Loeser

Ewald Oskar Ludwig Löser (11 April 1888 – 23 December 1970) was a German lawyer, a board member of Krupp AG and a convicted war criminal for Krupp's use of forced labor.

See Carl Friedrich Goerdeler and Ewald Loeser

Fall Grün (Czechoslovakia)

Case Green was a pre-World War II plan for the invasion of Czechoslovakia by Nazi Germany.

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Fall Weiss (1939)

Fall Weiss ("Case White", "Plan White"; German spelling Fall Weiß) was the German strategic plan for the invasion of Poland.

See Carl Friedrich Goerdeler and Fall Weiss (1939)

Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Climate Action

The Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Climate Action (Bundesministerium für Wirtschaft und Klimaschutz), abbreviated BMWK (was BMWi), is a cabinet-level ministry of the Federal Republic of Germany.

See Carl Friedrich Goerdeler and Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Climate Action

Federal Ministry of Finance (Germany)

The Federal Ministry of Finance (Bundesministerium der Finanzen), abbreviated BMF, is the cabinet-level finance ministry of Germany, with its seat at the Detlev-Rohwedder-Haus in Berlin and a secondary office in Bonn.

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Federal Ministry of Justice (Germany)

The Federal Ministry of Justice (Bundesministerium der Justiz), abbreviated BMJ, is a cabinet-level ministry of the Federal Republic of Germany.

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Federal Ministry of the Interior (Germany)

The Federal Ministry of the Interior and Community (Bundesministerium des Innern und für Heimat,, abbreviated BMI, is a cabinet-level ministry of the Federal Republic of Germany. Its main office is in Berlin, with a secondary seat in Bonn. The current minister is Nancy Faeser. It is comparable to the British Home Office or a combination of the US Department of Homeland Security and the US Department of Justice, because both manage several law enforcement agencies.

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Felix Mendelssohn

Jakob Ludwig Felix Mendelssohn Bartholdy (3 February 18094 November 1847), widely known as Felix Mendelssohn, was a German composer, pianist, organist and conductor of the early Romantic period.

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Finland

Finland, officially the Republic of Finland, is a Nordic country in Northern Europe.

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Four Year Plan

The Four Year Plan was a series of economic measures initiated by Adolf Hitler in Nazi Germany in 1936.

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France

France, officially the French Republic, is a country located primarily in Western Europe.

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Frank Ashton-Gwatkin

Frank Trelawny Arthur Ashton-Gwatkin (14 April 1889 – 30 January 1976) was a British diplomat and Foreign Office official.

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Franklin D. Roosevelt

Franklin Delano Roosevelt (January 30, 1882April 12, 1945), commonly known by his initials FDR, was an American politician who served as the 32nd president of the United States from 1933 until his death in 1945.

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Franz Halder

Franz Halder (30 June 1884 – 2 April 1972) was a German general and the chief of staff of the Army High Command (OKH) in Nazi Germany from 1938 until September 1942.

See Carl Friedrich Goerdeler and Franz Halder

Franz von Papen

Franz Joseph Hermann Michael Maria von Papen, Erbsälzer zu Werl und Neuwerk (29 October 18792 May 1969) was a German politician, diplomat, Prussian nobleman and General Staff officer. Carl Friedrich Goerdeler and Franz von Papen are German anti-communists, members of the Academy for German Law and Prussian Army personnel.

See Carl Friedrich Goerdeler and Franz von Papen

Free City of Danzig

The Free City of Danzig (Freie Stadt Danzig; Wolne Miasto Gdańsk) was a city-state under the protection and oversight of the League of Nations between 1920 and 1939, consisting of the Baltic Sea port of Danzig (now Gdańsk, Poland) and nearly 200 other small localities in the surrounding areas.

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Free Conservative Party

The Free Conservative Party (Freikonservative Partei, FKP) was a liberal-conservative political party in Prussia and the German Empire which emerged from the Prussian Conservative Party in the Prussian Landtag in 1866.

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Free market

In economics, a free market is an economic system in which the prices of goods and services are determined by supply and demand expressed by sellers and buyers.

See Carl Friedrich Goerdeler and Free market

Free trade

Free trade is a trade policy that does not restrict imports or exports.

See Carl Friedrich Goerdeler and Free trade

Freiburg Circles

The Freiburg Circles were a school of economic thought founded in the 1930s in Germany.

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French franc

The franc (franc français,; sign: F or Fr), also commonly distinguished as the (FF), was a currency of France.

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Friedrich Olbricht

Friedrich Olbricht (4 October 1888 – 21 July 1944) was a German general during World War II. Carl Friedrich Goerdeler and Friedrich Olbricht are executed members of the 20 July plot.

See Carl Friedrich Goerdeler and Friedrich Olbricht

Friedrich-Werner Graf von der Schulenburg

Friedrich-Werner Erdmann Matthias Johann Bernhard Erich Graf von der Schulenburg (20 November 1875 – 10 November 1944) was a German diplomat who served as the last German ambassador to the Soviet Union before Operation Barbarossa, the German attack on the Soviet Union in 1941, during World War II. Carl Friedrich Goerdeler and Friedrich-Werner Graf von der Schulenburg are executed members of the 20 July plot, people executed by hanging at Plötzensee Prison and Protestants in the German Resistance.

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Fritz Goerdeler

Fritz Hermann Goerdeler (6 March 1886 – 1 March 1945) was a German jurist and resistance fighter. Carl Friedrich Goerdeler and Fritz Goerdeler are executed members of the 20 July plot, executed monarchists in the German Resistance, German National People's Party politicians, people executed by hanging at Plötzensee Prison, people from Piła and Protestants in the German Resistance.

See Carl Friedrich Goerdeler and Fritz Goerdeler

Fritz-Dietlof von der Schulenburg

Fritz-Dietlof Graf von der Schulenburg (5 September 1902 – 10 August 1944) was a German government official and a member of the German Resistance in the 20 July Plot against Adolf Hitler. Carl Friedrich Goerdeler and Fritz-Dietlof von der Schulenburg are executed members of the 20 July plot, people executed by hanging at Plötzensee Prison and Protestants in the German Resistance.

See Carl Friedrich Goerdeler and Fritz-Dietlof von der Schulenburg

Günther von Kluge

Günther Adolf Ferdinand von Kluge (30 October 1882 – 19 August 1944) was a German Generalfeldmarschall (Field Marshal) during World War II who held commands on both the Eastern and Western Fronts. Carl Friedrich Goerdeler and Günther von Kluge are Prussian Army personnel.

See Carl Friedrich Goerdeler and Günther von Kluge

Gdańsk

Gdańsk is a city on the Baltic coast of northern Poland, and the capital of the Pomeranian Voivodeship.

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Gdańsk Pomerania

Gdańsk Pomerania (Pomorze Gdańskie; Gduńsczim Pòmòrzã; Danziger Pommern) is the main geographical region within Pomerelia (also known as Vistula Pomerania, Eastern Pomerania, and previously Polish Pomerania) in northern and northwestern Poland, covering the bulk of Pomeranian Voivodeship.

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Gerd von Rundstedt

Karl Rudolf Gerd von Rundstedt (12 December 1875 – 24 February 1953) was a German Generalfeldmarschall (Field Marshal) in the Heer (Army) of Nazi Germany during World War II. Carl Friedrich Goerdeler and Gerd von Rundstedt are Prussian Army personnel.

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Gerhard Ritter

Gerhard Georg Bernhard Ritter (6 April 1888, in Bad Sooden-Allendorf – 1 July 1967, in Freiburg) was a German historian who served as a professor of history at the University of Freiburg from 1925 to 1956. Carl Friedrich Goerdeler and Gerhard Ritter are German Lutherans.

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Gerhard Weinberg

Gerhard Ludwig Weinberg (born 1 January 1928) is a German-born American diplomatic and military historian noted for his studies in the history of Nazi Germany and World War II.

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German colonial empire

The German colonial empire (Deutsches Kolonialreich) constituted the overseas colonies, dependencies, and territories of the German Empire.

See Carl Friedrich Goerdeler and German colonial empire

German Empire

The German Empire, also referred to as Imperial Germany, the Second Reich or simply Germany, was the period of the German Reich from the unification of Germany in 1871 until the November Revolution in 1918, when the German Reich changed its form of government from a monarchy to a republic.

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German National People's Party

The German National People's Party (Deutschnationale Volkspartei, DNVP) was a national-conservative and monarchist political party in Germany during the Weimar Republic.

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German resistance to Nazism

Many individuals and groups in Germany that were opposed to the Nazi regime engaged in resistance, including attempts to assassinate Adolf Hitler or to overthrow his regime.

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German revolution of 1918–1919

The German revolution of 1918–1919, also known as the November Revolution (Novemberrevolution), was an uprising started by workers and soldiers in the final days of World War I. It quickly and almost bloodlessly brought down the German Empire, then in its more violent second stage, the supporters of a parliamentary republic were victorious over those who wanted a soviet-style council republic.

See Carl Friedrich Goerdeler and German revolution of 1918–1919

German spring offensive

The German spring offensive, also known as Kaiserschlacht ("Kaiser's Battle") or the Ludendorff offensive, was a series of German attacks along the Western Front during the First World War, beginning on 21 March 1918.

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Gestapo

The Geheime Staatspolizei, abbreviated Gestapo, was the official secret police of Nazi Germany and in German-occupied Europe.

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Gladwyn Jebb

Hubert Miles Gladwyn Jebb, 1st Baron Gladwyn (25 April 1900 – 24 October 1996) was a prominent British civil servant, diplomat and politician who served as the acting secretary-general of the United Nations between 1945 and 1946.

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Grahame Christie

Malcolm Grahame Christie (27 January 1881 – 3 November 1971), known as either Colonel or Group Captain Graham Christie, was a British Air Attaché in Berlin from 1927 to 1930 who then worked as an intelligence officer in Germany from 1930 to 1939.

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Great Depression

The Great Depression (19291939) was a severe global economic downturn that affected many countries across the world.

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Greater Poland

Greater Poland, often known by its Polish name Wielkopolska (Polonia Maior), is a Polish historical region of west-central Poland.

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Greater Poland Voivodeship

Greater Poland Voivodeship (Województwo wielkopolskie) is a voivodeship, or province, in west-central Poland.

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Hanging

Hanging is killing a person by suspending them from the neck with a noose or ligature.

See Carl Friedrich Goerdeler and Hanging

Hans Bernd Gisevius

Hans Bernd Gisevius (14 July 1904 – 23 February 1974) was a German diplomat and intelligence officer during the Second World War.

See Carl Friedrich Goerdeler and Hans Bernd Gisevius

Hans Frank

Hans Michael Frank (23 May 1900 – 16 October 1946) was a German politician, war criminal, and lawyer who served as head of the General Government in German-occupied Poland during the Second World War. Carl Friedrich Goerdeler and Hans Frank are members of the Academy for German Law.

See Carl Friedrich Goerdeler and Hans Frank

Hans Mommsen

Hans Mommsen (5 November 1930 – 5 November 2015) was a German historian, known for his studies in German social history, for his functionalist interpretation of the Third Reich, and especially for arguing that Adolf Hitler was a weak dictator. Carl Friedrich Goerdeler and Hans Mommsen are university of Tübingen alumni.

See Carl Friedrich Goerdeler and Hans Mommsen

Hans Oster

Hans Paul Oster (9 August 1887 – 9 April 1945) was a general in the Wehrmacht and a leading figure of the anti-Nazi German resistance from 1938 to 1943. Carl Friedrich Goerdeler and Hans Oster are executed members of the 20 July plot, German Lutherans and Nazi-era German officials who resisted the Holocaust.

See Carl Friedrich Goerdeler and Hans Oster

Hans Speidel

Hans Speidel (28 October 1897 – 28 November 1984) was a German military officer who successively served in the armies of the German Empire, Nazi Germany and West Germany.

See Carl Friedrich Goerdeler and Hans Speidel

Hans von Dohnanyi

Hans von Dohnanyi (originally Johann von Dohnányi; 1 January 1902 – 8 or 9 April 1945) was a German jurist. Carl Friedrich Goerdeler and Hans von Dohnanyi are executed members of the 20 July plot and Nazi-era German officials who resisted the Holocaust.

See Carl Friedrich Goerdeler and Hans von Dohnanyi

Heinrich Brüning

Heinrich Aloysius Maria Elisabeth Brüning (26 November 1885 – 30 March 1970) was a German Centre Party politician and academic, who served as the chancellor of Germany during the Weimar Republic from 1930 to 1932. Carl Friedrich Goerdeler and Heinrich Brüning are German anti-communists.

See Carl Friedrich Goerdeler and Heinrich Brüning

Heinrich Himmler

Heinrich Luitpold Himmler (7 October 1900 – 23 May 1945) was a German politician who was the 4th Reichsführer of the Schutzstaffel (Protection Squadron; SS), a leading member of the Nazi Party of Germany, and one of the most powerful men in Nazi Germany, primarily known for being a main architect of the Holocaust. Carl Friedrich Goerdeler and Heinrich Himmler are German anti-communists and members of the Academy for German Law.

See Carl Friedrich Goerdeler and Heinrich Himmler

Heinz Guderian

Heinz Wilhelm Guderian (17 June 1888 – 14 May 1954) was a German general during World War II who, after the war, became a successful memoirist. Carl Friedrich Goerdeler and Heinz Guderian are Prussian Army personnel.

See Carl Friedrich Goerdeler and Heinz Guderian

Helmuth James von Moltke

Helmuth James Graf von Moltke (11 March 1907 – 23 January 1945) was a German jurist who, as a draftee in the German Abwehr, acted to subvert German human-rights abuses of people in territories occupied by Germany during World War II. Carl Friedrich Goerdeler and Helmuth James von Moltke are members of the Kreisau Circle, Nazi-era German officials who resisted the Holocaust and people executed by hanging at Plötzensee Prison.

See Carl Friedrich Goerdeler and Helmuth James von Moltke

Henning von Tresckow

Henning Hermann Karl Robert von Tresckow (10 January 1901 – 21 July 1944) was a German military officer with the rank of major general in the German Army who helped organize German resistance against Adolf Hitler. Carl Friedrich Goerdeler and Henning von Tresckow are German Lutherans and Prussian Army personnel.

See Carl Friedrich Goerdeler and Henning von Tresckow

Hermann Göring

Hermann Wilhelm Göring (or Goering;; 12 January 1893 – 15 October 1946) was a German politician, military leader, and convicted war criminal. Carl Friedrich Goerdeler and Hermann Göring are German anti-communists and members of the Academy for German Law.

See Carl Friedrich Goerdeler and Hermann Göring

Hermann Maas

Hermann Ludwig Maas (5 August 1877 – 27 September 1970) was a Protestant minister, a doctor of theology and named one of the Righteous Among the Nations, a title given by the Israeli organization for study and remembrance of the Holocaust - Yad Vashem, for people who helped save the lives of Jews during the Holocaust without seeking to gain thereby. Carl Friedrich Goerdeler and Hermann Maas are Protestants in the German Resistance.

See Carl Friedrich Goerdeler and Hermann Maas

History of the Jews in Germany

The history of the Jews in Germany goes back at least to the year 321 CE, and continued through the Early Middle Ages (5th to 10th centuries CE) and High Middle Ages (circa 1000–1299 CE) when Jewish immigrants founded the Ashkenazi Jewish community.

See Carl Friedrich Goerdeler and History of the Jews in Germany

Hitler Oath

The Hitler Oath (German: or Führer Oath)—also referred in English as the Soldier's Oath—refers to the oaths of allegiance sworn by officers and soldiers of the Wehrmacht and civil servants of Nazi Germany between the years 1934 and 1945.

See Carl Friedrich Goerdeler and Hitler Oath

Hitler's Willing Executioners

Hitler's Willing Executioners: Ordinary Germans and the Holocaust is a 1996 book by American writer Daniel Goldhagen, in which he argues collective guilt, that the vast majority of ordinary Germans were "willing executioners" in the Holocaust because of a unique and virulent "eliminationist antisemitism" in German political culture which had developed in the preceding centuries.

See Carl Friedrich Goerdeler and Hitler's Willing Executioners

Hjalmar Schacht

Hjalmar Schacht (born Horace Greeley Hjalmar Schacht; 22 January 1877 – 3 June 1970) was a German economist, banker, politician, and co-founder of the German Democratic Party. Carl Friedrich Goerdeler and Hjalmar Schacht are German Lutherans, German anti-communists and members of the Academy for German Law.

See Carl Friedrich Goerdeler and Hjalmar Schacht

House of Hohenzollern

The House of Hohenzollern (Haus Hohenzollern,; Casa de Hohenzollern) is a formerly royal (and from 1871 to 1918, imperial) German dynasty whose members were variously princes, electors, kings and emperors of Hohenzollern, Brandenburg, Prussia, the German Empire, and Romania.

See Carl Friedrich Goerdeler and House of Hohenzollern

Ian Kershaw

Sir Ian Kershaw (born 29 April 1943) is an English historian whose work has chiefly focused on the social history of 20th-century Germany.

See Carl Friedrich Goerdeler and Ian Kershaw

Ignatius Press

Ignatius Press is a Catholic theological publishing house based in San Francisco, California, in the United States.

See Carl Friedrich Goerdeler and Ignatius Press

Inflation

In economics, inflation is a general increase in the prices of goods and services in an economy.

See Carl Friedrich Goerdeler and Inflation

Italy

Italy, officially the Italian Republic, is a country in Southern and Western Europe.

See Carl Friedrich Goerdeler and Italy

Jakob Kaiser

Jakob Kaiser (8 February 1888 – 7 May 1961) was a German politician and resistance leader during World War II.

See Carl Friedrich Goerdeler and Jakob Kaiser

Jews

The Jews (יְהוּדִים) or Jewish people are an ethnoreligious group and nation originating from the Israelites of the ancient Near East, and whose traditional religion is Judaism.

See Carl Friedrich Goerdeler and Jews

Joachim Fest

Joachim Clemens Fest (8 December 1926 – 11 September 2006) was a German historian, journalist, critic and editor who was best known for his writings and public commentary on Nazi Germany, including a biography of Adolf Hitler and books about Albert Speer and German resistance to Nazism.

See Carl Friedrich Goerdeler and Joachim Fest

Joachim von Ribbentrop

Ulrich Friedrich-Wilhelm Joachim von Ribbentrop (30 April 1893 – 16 October 1946) was a German politician and diplomat who served as Minister of Foreign Affairs of Nazi Germany from 1938 to 1945. Carl Friedrich Goerdeler and Joachim von Ribbentrop are Prussian Army personnel.

See Carl Friedrich Goerdeler and Joachim von Ribbentrop

Johannes Popitz

Johannes Popitz (2 December 1884 – 2 February 1945) was a Prussian lawyer, finance minister and a member of the German Resistance against the government of Nazi Germany. Carl Friedrich Goerdeler and Johannes Popitz are executed members of the 20 July plot, executed monarchists in the German Resistance, members of the Academy for German Law and people executed by hanging at Plötzensee Prison.

See Carl Friedrich Goerdeler and Johannes Popitz

John Wheeler-Bennett

Sir John Wheeler Wheeler-Bennett (13 October 1902 – 9 December 1975) was a conservative English historian of German and diplomatic history, and the official biographer of King George VI.

See Carl Friedrich Goerdeler and John Wheeler-Bennett

Josef Wirmer

Josef Wirmer (19 March 1901 – 8 September 1944) was a German jurist and resistance fighter against the Nazi regime. Carl Friedrich Goerdeler and Josef Wirmer are executed members of the 20 July plot and people executed by hanging at Plötzensee Prison.

See Carl Friedrich Goerdeler and Josef Wirmer

Joseph Goebbels

Paul Joseph Goebbels (29 October 1897 – 1 May 1945) was a German Nazi politician and philologist who was the Gauleiter (district leader) of Berlin, chief propagandist for the Nazi Party, and then Reich Minister of Propaganda from 1933 to 1945. Carl Friedrich Goerdeler and Joseph Goebbels are German anti-communists and members of the Academy for German Law.

See Carl Friedrich Goerdeler and Joseph Goebbels

Julius Leber

Julius Leber (16 November 1891 – 5 January 1945) was a German politician of the SPD and a member of the German resistance against the Nazi regime. Carl Friedrich Goerdeler and Julius Leber are executed members of the 20 July plot and members of the Kreisau Circle.

See Carl Friedrich Goerdeler and Julius Leber

Kaliningrad

Kaliningrad (p), known as Königsberg until 1946 (ˈkʲɵnʲɪɡzbʲerk; Królewiec), is the largest city and administrative centre of Kaliningrad Oblast, a Russian exclave between Lithuania and Poland.

See Carl Friedrich Goerdeler and Kaliningrad

Kapp Putsch

The Kapp Putsch, also known as the Kapp–Lüttwitz Putsch, was an attempted coup against the German national government in Berlin on 13 March 1920.

See Carl Friedrich Goerdeler and Kapp Putsch

Karl Strölin

Karl Strölin (21 October 1890 – 21 January 1963) was a German Nazi politician and from 1933 to 1945, was the mayor of Stuttgart.

See Carl Friedrich Goerdeler and Karl Strölin

Königsberg

Königsberg (Królewiec, Karaliaučius, Kyonigsberg) is the historic German and Prussian name of the medieval city that is now Kaliningrad, Russia.

See Carl Friedrich Goerdeler and Königsberg

Kingdom of Prussia

The Kingdom of Prussia (Königreich Preußen) constituted the German state of Prussia between 1701 and 1918.

See Carl Friedrich Goerdeler and Kingdom of Prussia

Klaipėda

Klaipėda (Memel) is a city in Lithuania on the Baltic Sea coast.

See Carl Friedrich Goerdeler and Klaipėda

Klaipėda Region

The Klaipėda Region (Klaipėdos kraštas) or Memel Territory (Memelland or Memelgebiet) was defined by the 1919 Treaty of Versailles in 1920 and refers to the northernmost part of the German province of East Prussia, when, as Memelland, it was put under the administration of the Entente's Council of Ambassadors.

See Carl Friedrich Goerdeler and Klaipėda Region

Konstantin von Neurath

Konstantin Hermann Karl Freiherr von Neurath (2 February 1873 – 14 August 1956) was a German diplomat and Nazi war criminal who served as Foreign Minister of Germany between 1932 and 1938. Carl Friedrich Goerdeler and Konstantin von Neurath are German anti-communists, members of the Academy for German Law and university of Tübingen alumni.

See Carl Friedrich Goerdeler and Konstantin von Neurath

Kreisau Circle

The Kreisau Circle (German: Kreisauer Kreis) (1940–1944) was a group of about twenty-five German dissidents in Nazi Germany led by Helmuth James von Moltke, who met at his estate in the rural town of Kreisau, Silesia.

See Carl Friedrich Goerdeler and Kreisau Circle

Kristallnacht

Kristallnacht or the Night of Broken Glass, also called the November pogrom(s) (Novemberpogrome), was a pogrom against Jews carried out by the Nazi Party's nocat.

See Carl Friedrich Goerdeler and Kristallnacht

Krupp

Friedrich Krupp AG Hoesch-Krupp (formerly Friedrich Krupp GmbH), trading as Krupp, was the largest company in Europe at the beginning of the 20th century as well as Germany's premier weapons manufacturer during both world wars.

See Carl Friedrich Goerdeler and Krupp

Kurt von Hammerstein-Equord

Kurt Gebhard Adolf Philipp Freiherr von Hammerstein-Equord (26 September 1878 – 24 April 1943) was a German general (Generaloberst) who was the Commander-in-Chief of the Reichswehr, the Weimar Republic's armed forces. Carl Friedrich Goerdeler and Kurt von Hammerstein-Equord are Protestants in the German Resistance and Prussian Army personnel.

See Carl Friedrich Goerdeler and Kurt von Hammerstein-Equord

Kurt von Schleicher

Kurt Ferdinand Friedrich Hermann von Schleicher (7 April 1882 – 30 June 1934) was a German general and the penultimate chancellor of Germany during the Weimar Republic. Carl Friedrich Goerdeler and Kurt von Schleicher are German anti-communists and Prussian Army personnel.

See Carl Friedrich Goerdeler and Kurt von Schleicher

Kwidzyn

Kwidzyn (Marienwerder; Latin: Quedin; Old Prussian: Kwēdina) is a town in northern Poland on the Liwa River.

See Carl Friedrich Goerdeler and Kwidzyn

Laissez-faire

Laissez-faire (or, from laissez faire) is a type of economic system in which transactions between private groups of people are free from any form of economic interventionism (such as subsidies or regulations).

See Carl Friedrich Goerdeler and Laissez-faire

Landtag of Prussia

The Landtag of Prussia (Preußischer Landtag) was the representative assembly of the Kingdom of Prussia implemented in 1849, a bicameral legislature consisting of the upper House of Lords (Herrenhaus) and the lower House of Representatives (Abgeordnetenhaus).

See Carl Friedrich Goerdeler and Landtag of Prussia

Latvia

Latvia (Latvija), officially the Republic of Latvia, is a country in the Baltic region of Northern Europe.

See Carl Friedrich Goerdeler and Latvia

Law

Law is a set of rules that are created and are enforceable by social or governmental institutions to regulate behavior, with its precise definition a matter of longstanding debate.

See Carl Friedrich Goerdeler and Law

Law for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service

The Law for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service (Gesetz zur Wiederherstellung des Berufsbeamtentums, shortened to Berufsbeamtengesetz), also known as Civil Service Law, Civil Service Restoration Act, and Law to Re-establish the Civil Service, was enacted by the Nazi regime in Germany on 7 April 1933.

See Carl Friedrich Goerdeler and Law for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service

Legislature

A legislature is a deliberative assembly with the legal authority to make laws for a political entity such as a country, nation or city.

See Carl Friedrich Goerdeler and Legislature

Leipzig

Leipzig (Upper Saxon: Leibz'sch) is the most populous city in the German state of Saxony.

See Carl Friedrich Goerdeler and Leipzig

Lichterfelde (Berlin)

Lichterfelde is a locality in the borough of Steglitz-Zehlendorf in Berlin, Germany.

See Carl Friedrich Goerdeler and Lichterfelde (Berlin)

List of mayors of Leipzig

This is a list of mayors of Leipzig, until 1877, their title is Bürgermeister. Carl Friedrich Goerdeler and list of mayors of Leipzig are mayors of Leipzig.

See Carl Friedrich Goerdeler and List of mayors of Leipzig

Lithuania

Lithuania (Lietuva), officially the Republic of Lithuania (Lietuvos Respublika), is a country in the Baltic region of Europe.

See Carl Friedrich Goerdeler and Lithuania

London

London is the capital and largest city of both England and the United Kingdom, with a population of in.

See Carl Friedrich Goerdeler and London

Low Countries

The Low Countries (de Lage Landen; les Pays-Bas), historically also known as the Netherlands (de Nederlanden), is a coastal lowland region in Northwestern Europe forming the lower basin of the Rhine–Meuse–Scheldt delta and consisting today of the three modern "Benelux" countries: Belgium, Luxembourg, and the Netherlands (Nederland, which is singular).

See Carl Friedrich Goerdeler and Low Countries

Ludwig Beck

Ludwig August Theodor Beck (29 June 1880 – 20 July 1944) was a German general and Chief of the German General Staff during the early years of the Nazi regime in Germany before World War II. Carl Friedrich Goerdeler and Ludwig Beck are executed members of the 20 July plot and Protestants in the German Resistance.

See Carl Friedrich Goerdeler and Ludwig Beck

Mandatory Palestine

Mandatory Palestine was a geopolitical entity that existed between 1920 and 1948 in the region of Palestine under the terms of the League of Nations Mandate for Palestine.

See Carl Friedrich Goerdeler and Mandatory Palestine

Martin Broszat

Martin Broszat (14 August 1926 – 14 October 1989) was a German historian specializing in modern German social history.

See Carl Friedrich Goerdeler and Martin Broszat

Mayor

In many countries, a mayor is the highest-ranking official in a municipal government such as that of a city or a town.

See Carl Friedrich Goerdeler and Mayor

Mediterranean Sea

The Mediterranean Sea is a sea connected to the Atlantic Ocean, surrounded by the Mediterranean Basin and almost completely enclosed by land: on the north by Southern Europe and Anatolia, on the south by North Africa, on the east by the Levant in West Asia, and on the west almost by the Morocco–Spain border.

See Carl Friedrich Goerdeler and Mediterranean Sea

Merkur (magazine)

Merkur, subtitled Deutsche Zeitschrift für europäisches Denken, is Germany's leading intellectual review, published monthly in Stuttgart by Klett Cotta.

See Carl Friedrich Goerdeler and Merkur (magazine)

Middle East

The Middle East (term originally coined in English Translations of this term in some of the region's major languages include: translit; translit; translit; script; translit; اوْرتاشرق; Orta Doğu.) is a geopolitical region encompassing the Arabian Peninsula, the Levant, Turkey, Egypt, Iran, and Iraq.

See Carl Friedrich Goerdeler and Middle East

Minister (government)

A minister is a politician who heads a ministry, making and implementing decisions on policies in conjunction with the other ministers.

See Carl Friedrich Goerdeler and Minister (government)

Minister for Foreign Affairs (Germany)

The Federal Minister for Foreign Affairs (Bundesminister des Auswärtigen) is the head of the Federal Foreign Office and a member of the Cabinet of Germany.

See Carl Friedrich Goerdeler and Minister for Foreign Affairs (Germany)

Minsk

Minsk (Мінск,; Минск) is the capital and the largest city of Belarus, located on the Svislach and the now subterranean Niamiha rivers.

See Carl Friedrich Goerdeler and Minsk

Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact

The Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact, officially the Treaty of Non-Aggression between Germany and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, was a non-aggression pact between Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union with a secret protocol that partitioned between them or managed the sovereignty of the states in Central and Eastern Europe: Poland, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, Finland and Romania.

See Carl Friedrich Goerdeler and Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact

Monarchism

Monarchism is the advocacy of the system of monarchy or monarchical rule.

See Carl Friedrich Goerdeler and Monarchism

Monarchy

A monarchy is a form of government in which a person, the monarch, is head of state for life or until abdication.

See Carl Friedrich Goerdeler and Monarchy

Munich Agreement

The Munich Agreement was an agreement reached in Munich on 30 September 1938, by Nazi Germany, the United Kingdom, the French Republic, and Fascist Italy.

See Carl Friedrich Goerdeler and Munich Agreement

Nazi boycott of Jewish businesses

The Nazi boycott of Jewish businesses in Germany began on April 1, 1933, and was claimed to be a defensive reaction to the anti-Nazi boycott, which had been initiated in March 1933.

See Carl Friedrich Goerdeler and Nazi boycott of Jewish businesses

Nazi Germany

Nazi Germany, officially known as the German Reich and later the Greater German Reich, was the German state between 1933 and 1945, when Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party controlled the country, transforming it into a totalitarian dictatorship.

See Carl Friedrich Goerdeler and Nazi Germany

Nazi Party

The Nazi Party, officially the National Socialist German Workers' Party (Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei or NSDAP), was a far-right political party in Germany active between 1920 and 1945 that created and supported the ideology of Nazism.

See Carl Friedrich Goerdeler and Nazi Party

Nazism

Nazism, formally National Socialism (NS; Nationalsozialismus), is the far-right totalitarian socio-political ideology and practices associated with Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party (NSDAP) in Germany.

See Carl Friedrich Goerdeler and Nazism

Nevile Henderson

Sir Nevile Meyrick Henderson (10 June 1882 – 30 December 1942) was a British diplomat who served as the ambassador of the United Kingdom to Germany from 1937 to 1939.

See Carl Friedrich Goerdeler and Nevile Henderson

Neville Chamberlain

Arthur Neville Chamberlain (18 March 18699 November 1940) was a British politician who served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from May 1937 to May 1940 and Leader of the Conservative Party from May 1937 to October 1940.

See Carl Friedrich Goerdeler and Neville Chamberlain

Night of the Long Knives

The Night of the Long Knives (Nacht der langen Messer), also called the Röhm purge or Operation Hummingbird (Unternehmen Kolibri), was a purge that took place in Nazi Germany from 30 June to 2 July 1934.

See Carl Friedrich Goerdeler and Night of the Long Knives

Normandy landings

The Normandy landings were the landing operations and associated airborne operations on 6 June 1944 of the Allied invasion of Normandy in Operation Overlord during the Second World War.

See Carl Friedrich Goerdeler and Normandy landings

Nuremberg Laws

The Nuremberg Laws (Nürnberger Gesetze) were antisemitic and racist laws that were enacted in Nazi Germany on 15 September 1935, at a special meeting of the Reichstag convened during the annual Nuremberg Rally of the Nazi Party.

See Carl Friedrich Goerdeler and Nuremberg Laws

Operation Barbarossa

Operation Barbarossa (Unternehmen Barbarossa) was the invasion of the Soviet Union by Nazi Germany and many of its Axis allies, starting on Sunday, 22 June 1941, during World War II.

See Carl Friedrich Goerdeler and Operation Barbarossa

Operation Valkyrie

Operation Valkyrie (Unternehmen Walküre) was a German World War II emergency continuity-of-government operations plan issued to the Territorial Reserve Army of Germany to implement in the event of a general breakdown in national civil order due to Allied bombing of German cities, or an uprising of the millions of foreign forced labourers working in German factories.

See Carl Friedrich Goerdeler and Operation Valkyrie

Otto Ernst Remer

Otto Ernst Remer (18 August 1912 – 4 October 1997) was a German Wehrmacht officer in World War II who played a major role in stopping the 20 July plot in 1944 against Adolf Hitler.

See Carl Friedrich Goerdeler and Otto Ernst Remer

Otto Ohlendorf

Otto Ohlendorf (4 February 1907 – 7 June 1951) was a German SS functionary and Holocaust perpetrator during the Nazi era.

See Carl Friedrich Goerdeler and Otto Ohlendorf

Otto von Below

Otto Ernst Vinzent Leo von Below (18 January 1857 – 9 March 1944) served as a Prussian general officer in the Imperial German Army during the First World War (1914–1918).

See Carl Friedrich Goerdeler and Otto von Below

Otto von Bismarck

Otto, Prince of Bismarck, Count of Bismarck-Schönhausen, Duke of Lauenburg (1 April 1815 – 30 July 1898; born Otto Eduard Leopold von Bismarck) was a Prussian statesman and diplomat who oversaw the unification of Germany. Carl Friedrich Goerdeler and Otto von Bismarck are German Lutherans.

See Carl Friedrich Goerdeler and Otto von Bismarck

Ouchy

Ouchy is a port and a popular lakeside resort south of the centre of Lausanne in Switzerland, at the edge of Lake Geneva (lac Léman).

See Carl Friedrich Goerdeler and Ouchy

Paul Lejeune-Jung

Paul Adolf Franz Lejeune-Jung, (actually Lejeune genannt Jung, meaning called Jung) (16 March 1882 in Cologne – 8 September 1944 in Berlin, executed) was a German economist, politician, lawyer in the wood pulp industry, and resistance fighter against Adolf Hitler's Third Reich. Carl Friedrich Goerdeler and Paul Lejeune-Jung are executed members of the 20 July plot, executed monarchists in the German Resistance, executed politicians, German National People's Party politicians and people executed by hanging at Plötzensee Prison.

See Carl Friedrich Goerdeler and Paul Lejeune-Jung

Paul von Hindenburg

Paul Ludwig Hans Anton von Beneckendorff und von Hindenburg (abbreviated; 2 October 1847 – 2 August 1934) was a German field marshal and statesman who led the Imperial German Army during World War I. He later became president of Germany from 1925 until his death. Carl Friedrich Goerdeler and Paul von Hindenburg are German Lutherans and German anti-communists.

See Carl Friedrich Goerdeler and Paul von Hindenburg

People's Court (Germany)

The People's Court (Volksgerichtshof, acronymed to VGH) was a Sondergericht ("special court") of Nazi Germany, set up outside the operations of the constitutional frame of law.

See Carl Friedrich Goerdeler and People's Court (Germany)

Peter Yorck von Wartenburg

Peter Graf Yorck von Wartenburg (13 November 1904 – 8 August 1944) was a German jurist and a member of the German Resistance against Nazism. Carl Friedrich Goerdeler and Peter Yorck von Wartenburg are executed members of the 20 July plot, members of the Kreisau Circle, people executed by hanging at Plötzensee Prison and Protestants in the German Resistance.

See Carl Friedrich Goerdeler and Peter Yorck von Wartenburg

Philosemitism

Philosemitism, also called Judeophilia, is "defense, love, or admiration of Jews and Judaism".

See Carl Friedrich Goerdeler and Philosemitism

Phoney War

The Phoney War (Drôle de guerre; Sitzkrieg) was an eight-month period at the start of World War II during which there was only one limited military land operation on the Western Front, when French troops invaded Germany's Saar district.

See Carl Friedrich Goerdeler and Phoney War

Piła

Piła (Schneidemühl) is a city in northwestern Poland and the capital of Piła County, situated in the Greater Poland Voivodeship.

See Carl Friedrich Goerdeler and Piła

Plötzensee Prison

Plötzensee Prison (Justizvollzugsanstalt Plötzensee, JVA Plötzensee) is a men's prison in the Charlottenburg-Nord locality of Berlin with a capacity for 577 prisoners, operated by the State of Berlin judicial administration.

See Carl Friedrich Goerdeler and Plötzensee Prison

Plurality voting

Plurality voting refers to electoral systems in which the candidate in an electoral district who poll more than any other (that is, receive a plurality) are elected.

See Carl Friedrich Goerdeler and Plurality voting

Poland

Poland, officially the Republic of Poland, is a country in Central Europe.

See Carl Friedrich Goerdeler and Poland

Polish Corridor

The Polish Corridor (Polnischer Korridor; Pomorze, Polski Korytarz), also known as the Danzig Corridor, Corridor to the Sea or Gdańsk Corridor, was a territory located in the region of Pomerelia (Pomeranian Voivodeship, eastern Pomerania, formerly part of West Prussia), which provided the Second Republic of Poland (1920–1939) with access to the Baltic Sea, thus dividing the bulk of Weimar Germany from the province of East Prussia.

See Carl Friedrich Goerdeler and Polish Corridor

Polish–Soviet War

The Polish–Soviet War (late autumn 1918 / 14 February 1919 – 18 March 1921) was fought primarily between the Second Polish Republic and the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic before it became a union republic in the aftermath of World War I and the Russian Revolution, on territories which were previously held by the Russian Empire and the Habsburg Monarchy following the Partitions of Poland.

See Carl Friedrich Goerdeler and Polish–Soviet War

Pound sterling

Sterling (ISO code: GBP) is the currency of the United Kingdom and nine of its associated territories.

See Carl Friedrich Goerdeler and Pound sterling

President of Germany (1919–1945)

The President of the Reich (Reichspräsident) was the German head of state under the Weimar constitution, which was officially in force from 1919 to 1945.

See Carl Friedrich Goerdeler and President of Germany (1919–1945)

Prince Oskar of Prussia

Prince Oskar Karl Gustav Adolf of Prussia (27 July 1888 – 27 January 1958) was the fifth son of German Emperor Wilhelm II and Augusta Victoria of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Augustenburg. Carl Friedrich Goerdeler and Prince Oskar of Prussia are Protestants in the German Resistance.

See Carl Friedrich Goerdeler and Prince Oskar of Prussia

Protectionism

Protectionism, sometimes referred to as trade protectionism, is the economic policy of restricting imports from other countries through methods such as tariffs on imported goods, import quotas, and a variety of other government regulations.

See Carl Friedrich Goerdeler and Protectionism

Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia

The Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia was a partially-annexed territory of Nazi Germany that was established on 16 March 1939 after the German occupation of the Czech lands.

See Carl Friedrich Goerdeler and Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia

Province of Posen

The Province of Posen (Provinz Posen; Prowincja Poznańska) was a province of the Kingdom of Prussia from 1848 to 1920, occupying most of the historical Greater Poland.

See Carl Friedrich Goerdeler and Province of Posen

Prussia

Prussia (Preußen; Old Prussian: Prūsa or Prūsija) was a German state located on most of the North European Plain, also occupying southern and eastern regions.

See Carl Friedrich Goerdeler and Prussia

Reich Ministry of Science, Education and Culture

The Reich Ministry of Science, Education and Culture (Reichsministerium für Wissenschaft, Erziehung und Volksbildung, also unofficially known as the "Reich Education Ministry" (Reichserziehungsministerium), or "REM") existed from 1934 until 1945 under the leadership of Bernhard Rust and was responsible for unifying the education system of Nazi Germany and aligning it with the goals of Nazi leadership.

See Carl Friedrich Goerdeler and Reich Ministry of Science, Education and Culture

Reichsmark

The Reichsmark (sign: ℛ︁ℳ︁; abbreviation: RM) was the currency of Germany from 1924 until the fall of Nazi Germany in 1945, and in the American, British and French occupied zones of Germany, until 20 June 1948.

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Reichsverweser

A Reichsverweser (German pronunciation) or imperial regent represented a monarch when there was a vacancy in the throne, such as during a prolonged absence or in the period between the monarch's death and the accession of a successor.

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Reinhard Goerdeler

Reinhard Goerdeler (26 May 1922 – 3 January 1996) was a German accountant who was instrumental in founding KPMG, the leading international firm of accountants.

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Rhine Province

The Rhine Province (Rheinprovinz), also known as Rhenish Prussia (Rheinpreußen) or synonymous with the Rhineland (Rheinland), was the westernmost province of the Kingdom of Prussia and the Free State of Prussia, within the German Reich, from 1822 to 1945.

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Richard Overy

Richard James Overy (born 23 December 1947) is a British historian who has published on the history of World War II and Nazi Germany.

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Robert Bosch

Robert Bosch (23 September 1861 – 12 March 1942) was a German industrialist, engineer and inventor, founder of Robert Bosch GmbH.

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Robert Vansittart, 1st Baron Vansittart

Robert Gilbert Vansittart, 1st Baron Vansittart, (25 June 1881 – 14 February 1957), known as Sir Robert Vansittart between 1929 and 1941, was a senior British diplomat in the period before and during the Second World War.

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Royal Navy

The Royal Navy (RN) is the naval warfare force of the United Kingdom, British Overseas Territories and Crown Dependencies, and a component of His Majesty's Naval Service.

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The Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (Russian SFSR or RSFSR), previously known as the Russian Soviet Republic and the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic, and unofficially as Soviet Russia,Declaration of Rights of the laboring and exploited people, article I. was an independent federal socialist state from 1917 to 1922, and afterwards the largest and most populous constituent republic of the Soviet Union (USSR) from 1922 to 1991, until becoming a sovereign part of the Soviet Union with priority of Russian laws over Union-level legislation in 1990 and 1991, the last two years of the existence of the USSR..

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Saul Friedländer

Saul Friedländer (born October 11, 1932) is a Czech-Jewish-born historian and a professor emeritus of history at UCLA.

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Second Polish Republic

The Second Polish Republic, at the time officially known as the Republic of Poland, was a country in Central and Eastern Europe that existed between 7 October 1918 and 6 October 1939.

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Sinclair-Stevenson

Sinclair-Stevenson Ltd is a British publisher founded in 1989 by Christopher Sinclair-Stevenson.

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Sippenhaft

Sippenhaft or Sippenhaftung (kin liability) is a German term for the idea that a family or clan shares the responsibility for a crime or act committed by one of its members, justifying collective punishment.

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Smolensk

Smolensk is a city and the administrative center of Smolensk Oblast, Russia, located on the Dnieper River, west-southwest of Moscow.

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The Social Democratic Party of Germany (Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands,; SPD) is a social democratic political party in Germany.

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Socialism is an economic and political philosophy encompassing diverse economic and social systems characterised by social ownership of the means of production, as opposed to private ownership.

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Solingen

Solingen (Solich) is a city in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany.

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Soviet Union

The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), commonly known as the Soviet Union, was a transcontinental country that spanned much of Eurasia from 1922 to 1991.

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Stab-in-the-back myth

The stab-in-the-back myth was an antisemitic conspiracy theory that was widely believed and promulgated in Germany after 1918.

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Standard of living

Standard of living is the level of income, comforts and services available to an individual, community or society.

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Statism

In political science, statism or etatism (from French état 'state') is the doctrine that the political authority of the state is legitimate to some degree.

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Stress position

A stress position, also known as a submission position, places the human body in such a way that a great amount of weight is placed on very few muscles.

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Sturmabteilung

The Sturmabteilung (SA; literally "Storm Division" or Storm Troopers) was the original paramilitary wing of the Nazi Party.

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Stuttgart

Stuttgart (Swabian: italics) is the capital and largest city of the German state of Baden-Württemberg.

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Sudetenland

The Sudetenland (Czech and Sudety) is the historical German name for the northern, southern, and western areas of former Czechoslovakia which were inhabited primarily by Sudeten Germans.

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Sven Hedin

Sven Anders Hedin, KNO1kl RVO,Wennerholm, Eric (1978) Sven Hedin – En biografi, Bonniers, Stockholm (19 February 1865 – 26 November 1952) was a Swedish geographer, topographer, explorer, photographer, travel writer and illustrator of his own works.

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Sweden

Sweden, formally the Kingdom of Sweden, is a Nordic country located on the Scandinavian Peninsula in Northern Europe.

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Switzerland

Switzerland, officially the Swiss Confederation, is a landlocked country located in west-central Europe.

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Ten Commandments

The Ten Commandments (עֲשֶׂרֶת הַדְּבָרִים|ʿĂsereṯ haDəḇārīm|The Ten Words), or the Decalogue (from Latin decalogus, from Ancient Greek label), are religious and ethical directives, structured as a covenant document, that, according to the Hebrew Bible, are given by Yahweh to Moses.

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The Holocaust

The Holocaust was the genocide of European Jews during World War II.

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The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich

The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich: A History of Nazi Germany is a book by American journalist William L. Shirer in which the author chronicles the rise and fall of Nazi Germany from the birth of Adolf Hitler in 1889 to the end of World War II in Europe in 1945.

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Theodor Haubach

Theodor Haubach (15 September 1896 in Frankfurt am Main – 23 January 1945 in Berlin) was a German journalist, SPD politician, and resistance fighter against the Nazi régime. Carl Friedrich Goerdeler and Theodor Haubach are executed members of the 20 July plot, executed politicians, members of the Kreisau Circle and people executed by hanging at Plötzensee Prison.

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Timothy Mason

Timothy Wright Mason (2 February 1940 – 5 March 1990) was an English Marxist historian of Nazi Germany.

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Tom Segev

Tom Segev (תום שגב; born March 1, 1945) is an Israeli historian, author and journalist.

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Treaty of Versailles

The Treaty of Versailles was a peace treaty signed on 28 June 1919.

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Turkey

Turkey, officially the Republic of Türkiye, is a country mainly in Anatolia in West Asia, with a smaller part called East Thrace in Southeast Europe.

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Ulrich von Hassell

Christian August Ulrich von Hassell (12 November 1881 – 8 September 1944) was a German diplomat during World War II. Carl Friedrich Goerdeler and Ulrich von Hassell are executed members of the 20 July plot, German National People's Party politicians, German anti-communists, people executed by hanging at Plötzensee Prison and Protestants in the German Resistance.

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Ulrich Wilhelm Graf Schwerin von Schwanenfeld

Ulrich-Wilhelm Graf Schwerin von Schwanenfeld (21 December 1902 – 8 September 1944) was a German landowner, officer, and resistance fighter against the Nazi régime. Carl Friedrich Goerdeler and Ulrich Wilhelm Graf Schwerin von Schwanenfeld are executed members of the 20 July plot, people executed by hanging at Plötzensee Prison and Protestants in the German Resistance.

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United Kingdom

The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom (UK) or Britain, is a country in Northwestern Europe, off the coast of the continental mainland.

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United States

The United States of America (USA or U.S.A.), commonly known as the United States (US or U.S.) or America, is a country primarily located in North America.

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United States dollar

The United States dollar (symbol: $; currency code: USD; also abbreviated US$ to distinguish it from other dollar-denominated currencies; referred to as the dollar, U.S. dollar, American dollar, or colloquially buck) is the official currency of the United States and several other countries.

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University of Freiburg

The University of Freiburg (colloquially Uni Freiburg), officially the Albert Ludwig University of Freiburg (Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg), is a public research university located in Freiburg im Breisgau, Baden-Württemberg, Germany.

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University of Tübingen

The University of Tübingen, officially the Eberhard Karl University of Tübingen (Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen; Universitas Eberhardina Carolina), is a public research university located in the city of Tübingen, Baden-Württemberg, Germany.

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Uwe Siemon-Netto

Uwe Siemon-Netto (born October 25, 1936), the former religion editor of United Press International, is a German international columnist and a Lutheran lay theologian.

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Vereinigte Stahlwerke

The Vereinigte Stahlwerke AG (VSt or Vestag, United Steel Works) was a German industrial conglomerate producing coal, iron, and steel in the interbellum and during World War II.

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Vice-Chancellor of Germany

The vice-chancellor of Germany, officially the deputy to the federal chancellor, is the second highest ranking German cabinet member.

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Virginia

Virginia, officially the Commonwealth of Virginia, is a state in the Southeastern and Mid-Atlantic regions of the United States between the Atlantic Coast and the Appalachian Mountains.

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Volte-face

Volte-face is a total change of position, as in policy or opinion; an about-face.

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Walter Eucken

Walter Eucken (17 January 1891 – 20 March 1950) was a German economist of the Freiburg school and father of ordoliberalism.

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Walther von Brauchitsch

Walther Heinrich Alfred Hermann von Brauchitsch (4 October 1881 – 18 October 1948) was a German ''Generalfeldmarschall'' (Field Marshal) and Commander-in-Chief (Oberbefehlshaber) of the German Army during the first two years of World War II. Carl Friedrich Goerdeler and Walther von Brauchitsch are Prussian Army personnel.

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Wehrmacht

The Wehrmacht were the unified armed forces of Nazi Germany from 1935 to 1945.

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Weimar Republic

The Weimar Republic, officially known as the German Reich, was a historical period of Germany from 9 November 1918 to 23 March 1933, during which it was a constitutional federal republic for the first time in history; hence it is also referred to, and unofficially proclaimed itself, as the German Republic.

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Werner von Fritsch

Thomas Ludwig Werner Freiherr von Fritsch (4 August 1880 – 22 September 1939) was a member of the German High Command. Carl Friedrich Goerdeler and Werner von Fritsch are Prussian Army personnel.

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West Prussia

The Province of West Prussia (Provinz Westpreußen; Zôpadné Prësë; Prusy Zachodnie) was a province of Prussia from 1773 to 1829 and 1878 to 1919.

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Western world

The Western world, also known as the West, primarily refers to various nations and states in the regions of Australasia, Western Europe, and Northern America; with some debate as to whether those in Eastern Europe and Latin America also constitute the West.

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Wilhelm Canaris

Wilhelm Franz Canaris (1 January 1887 – 9 April 1945) was a German admiral and the chief of the Abwehr (the German military-intelligence service) from 1935 to 1944. Carl Friedrich Goerdeler and Wilhelm Canaris are executed members of the 20 July plot, German Lutherans, Nazi-era German officials who resisted the Holocaust and Protestants in the German Resistance.

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Wilhelm II

Wilhelm II (Friedrich Wilhelm Viktor Albert; 27 January 18594 June 1941) was the last German Emperor and King of Prussia from 1888 until his abdication in 1918, which marked the end of the German Empire as well as the Hohenzollern dynasty's 300-year rule of Prussia. Carl Friedrich Goerdeler and Wilhelm II are German Lutherans and German anti-communists.

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Wilhelm Leuschner

Wilhelm Leuschner (15 June 1890, in Bayreuth, Bavaria – 29 September 1944, in Berlin-Plötzensee) was a trade unionist and Social Democratic politician. Carl Friedrich Goerdeler and Wilhelm Leuschner are executed members of the 20 July plot and executed politicians.

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Wilhelm, German Crown Prince

Wilhelm, German Crown Prince, Crown Prince of Prussia (Friedrich Wilhelm Victor August Ernst; 6 May 1882 – 20 July 1951) was the eldest child of the last Kaiser, Wilhelm II, German Emperor, and his consort Augusta Victoria of Schleswig-Holstein, and thus a great-grandson of Queen Victoria, and distant cousin to many British royals, such as Queen Elizabeth II.

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William L. Shirer

William Lawrence Shirer (February 23, 1904 – December 28, 1993) was an American journalist and war correspondent.

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Winston Churchill

Sir Winston Leonard Spencer Churchill (30 November 187424 January 1965) was a British statesman, soldier, and writer who was twice Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, from 1940 to 1945 during the Second World War, and 1951 to 1955.

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Wolfgang Kapp

Wolfgang Kapp (24 July 1858 – 12 June 1922) was a German conservative and nationalist and political activist who is best known for his involvement in the 1920 Kapp Putsch. Carl Friedrich Goerdeler and Wolfgang Kapp are German National People's Party politicians and university of Tübingen alumni.

See Carl Friedrich Goerdeler and Wolfgang Kapp

World War I

World War I (alternatively the First World War or the Great War) (28 July 1914 – 11 November 1918) was a global conflict between two coalitions: the Allies (or Entente) and the Central Powers.

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Zionism

Zionism is an ethno-cultural nationalist movement that emerged in Europe in the late 19th century and aimed for the establishment of a Jewish state through the colonization of a land outside of Europe.

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20 July plot

The 20 July plot was a failed attempt to assassinate Adolf Hitler, the chancellor and leader of Nazi Germany, and overthrow the Nazi regime on 20 July 1944.

See Carl Friedrich Goerdeler and 20 July plot

See also

Executed monarchists in the German Resistance

• Carl Friedrich Goerdeler
• Ewald von Kleist-Schmenzin
• Ferdinand von Lüninck
• Fritz Goerdeler
• Hans-Jürgen von Blumenthal
• Johannes Popitz
• Karl Ludwig Freiherr von und zu Guttenberg
• Kurt Huber
• Paul Lejeune-Jung
• Walter Cramer

Leipzig in World War II

• Bombing of Leipzig in World War II
• Carl Friedrich Goerdeler
• Kristallnacht in Leipzig
• Leipzig L-IV experiment accident
• Leipzig Synagogue

Mayors of Leipzig

• Alfred Freyberg
• Burkhard Jung
• Carl Friedrich Goerdeler
• Erich Zeigner
• Franz Conrad Romanus
• Hieronymus Lotter
• Hinrich Lehmann-Grube
• List of mayors of Leipzig
• Wolfgang Tiefensee

Members of the Kreisau Circle

• Adam von Trott zu Solz
• Adolf Reichwein
• Alfred Delp
• Carl Friedrich Goerdeler
• Gustav Dahrendorf
• Helmuth James von Moltke
• Julius Leber
• Peter Yorck von Wartenburg
• Theodor Haubach
• Werner Dankwort

Nazi-era German officials who resisted the Holocaust

• Albert Battel
• Albert Göring
• Anton Schmid
• Berthold Beitz
• Carl Friedrich Goerdeler
• Georg Ferdinand Duckwitz
• Hans Georg Calmeyer
• Hans Oster
• Hans von Dohnanyi
• Heinz Drossel
• Heinz Heydrich
• Helmut Pfeiffer
• Helmuth Groscurth
• Helmuth James von Moltke
• Karl Plagge
• Kurt Gerstein
• Max Liedtke
• Oskar Schindler
• Wilhelm Canaris
• Wilm Hosenfeld

People from Piła

• Andrzej Gronowicz
• Anita Kwiatkowska
• Bernard Schultze
• Carl Friedrich Goerdeler
• Dirk Galuba
• Eberhard Schenk
• Erwin Kramer
• Felix A. Sommerfeld
• Fritz Goerdeler
• Hein Kötz
• Helene Jacobs
• Jacek Beutler
• Jerzy Stanisław Janicki
• Jo Mihaly
• Johanna Töpfer
• Karl Odebrett
• Karl Retzlaw
• Kasia Smutniak
• Krzysztof Grabowski
• Marta Kubiak
• Martyna Grajber
• Mateusz Malinowski
• Morris Jacoby
• Natalia Madaj
• Przemysław Czerwiński
• Stanisław Staszic
• Tomasz Gapiński
• Wolfgang Altenburg
• Wolfgang Thonke

Politicians from the Province of Posen

• Alfred Fellisch
• Bernard Chrzanowski
• Carl Friedrich Goerdeler
• Carl Minkley
• David Mancovitz
• Erwin Kramer
• Eugen Ernst
• Francis J. Borchardt
• Franciszek Trąbalski
• Fritz Thurm
• Julius Gehl
• Karl Retzlaw
• Kuno von Westarp
• Reinhold Sadler
• Robert Siewert

References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Friedrich_Goerdeler

Also known as Carl Goerdeler, Goerdeler, Karl Friedrich Goerdeler, Karl Goerdeler.

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