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Causes of autism, the Glossary

Many causes of autism, including environmental and genetic factors, have been recognized or proposed, but understanding of the theory of causation of autism is incomplete.^[1]

243 relations: Adenosine deaminase deficiency, Adenylosuccinate lyase deficiency, Air pollution, Akkermansia muciniphila, American Academy of Pediatrics, American College of Medical Toxicology, American Medical Association, Amniotic fluid, Amygdala, Andrew Wakefield, Antigen, Antioxidant, Antithyroid agent, Apgar score, Archaic humans, Arginine:glycine amidinotransferase deficiency, Astrocyte, Autism, Autoantibody, Autoimmune disease, Balancing selection, Base pair, Bifidobacterium, Bilirubin, Biotinidase deficiency, Birth defect, Blood–brain barrier, Borna disease virus, Branched-chain keto acid dehydrogenase kinase deficiency, Brominated flame retardant, Bruno Bettelheim, Canadian Paediatric Society, Candida (fungus), Carbohydrate metabolism, Casein, Casomorphin, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Cerebellum, Cerebral folate deficiency, Childhood immunizations in the United States, Chromosome 16, Clostridia, Coeliac disease, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Comorbidity, Congenital rubella syndrome, Copy number variation, Costello syndrome, Creatine transporter defect, CYFIP1, ... Expand index (193 more) »

Adenosine deaminase deficiency

Adenosine deaminase deficiency (ADA deficiency) is a metabolic disorder that causes immunodeficiency.

See Causes of autism and Adenosine deaminase deficiency

Adenylosuccinate lyase deficiency

Adenylosuccinate lyase deficiency is a rare autosomal recessive metabolic disorder characterized by the appearance of succinylaminoimidazolecarboxamide riboside (SAICA riboside) and succinyladenosine (S-Ado) in cerebrospinal fluid, urine.

See Causes of autism and Adenylosuccinate lyase deficiency

Air pollution

Air pollution is the contamination of air due to the presence of substances called pollutants in the atmosphere that are harmful to the health of humans and other living beings, or cause damage to the climate or to materials.

See Causes of autism and Air pollution

Akkermansia muciniphila

Akkermansia muciniphila is a human intestinal symbiont, isolated from human feces.

See Causes of autism and Akkermansia muciniphila

American Academy of Pediatrics

The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) is the largest professional association of pediatricians in the United States.

See Causes of autism and American Academy of Pediatrics

American College of Medical Toxicology

The American College of Medical Toxicology is a professional association of medical toxicologists that was founded in 1993.

See Causes of autism and American College of Medical Toxicology

American Medical Association

The American Medical Association (AMA) is an American professional association and lobbying group of physicians and medical students.

See Causes of autism and American Medical Association

Amniotic fluid

The amniotic fluid is the protective liquid contained by the amniotic sac of a gravid amniote.

See Causes of autism and Amniotic fluid

Amygdala

The amygdala (amygdalae or amygdalas; also corpus amygdaloideum; Latin from Greek, ἀμυγδαλή, amygdalē, 'almond', 'tonsil') is a paired nuclear complex present in the cerebral hemispheres of vertebrates.

See Causes of autism and Amygdala

Andrew Wakefield

Andrew Jeremy Wakefield (born 3 September 1956) is a British fraudster, discredited academic, anti-vaccine activist, and former physician.

See Causes of autism and Andrew Wakefield

Antigen

In immunology, an antigen (Ag) is a molecule, moiety, foreign particulate matter, or an allergen, such as pollen, that can bind to a specific antibody or T-cell receptor.

See Causes of autism and Antigen

Antioxidant

Antioxidants are compounds that inhibit oxidation (usually occurring as autoxidation), a chemical reaction that can produce free radicals.

See Causes of autism and Antioxidant

Antithyroid agent

An antithyroid agent is a hormone inhibitor acting upon thyroid hormones.

See Causes of autism and Antithyroid agent

Apgar score

The Apgar score is a quick way for health professionals to evaluate the health of all newborns at 1 and 5 minutes after birth and in response to resuscitation.

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Archaic humans

Archaic humans is a broad category denoting all species of the genus Homo that are not Homo sapiens (which are known as modern humans).

See Causes of autism and Archaic humans

Arginine:glycine amidinotransferase deficiency

Arginine:glycine amidinotransferase deficiency or AGAT deficiency is an autosomal recessive cerebral creatine deficiency caused by a deficiency of the enzyme arginine:glycine amidinotransferase.

See Causes of autism and Arginine:glycine amidinotransferase deficiency

Astrocyte

Astrocytes (from Ancient Greek,, "star" and,, "cavity", "cell"), also known collectively as astroglia, are characteristic star-shaped glial cells in the brain and spinal cord.

See Causes of autism and Astrocyte

Autism

Autism, also called autism spectrum disorder (ASD) or autism spectrum condition (ASC), is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterised by symptoms of deficient reciprocal social communication and the presence of restricted, repetitive and inflexible patterns of behavior that are impairing in multiple contexts and excessive or atypical to be developmentally and socioculturally inappropriate.

See Causes of autism and Autism

Autoantibody

An autoantibody is an antibody (a type of protein) produced by the immune system that is directed against one or more of the individual's own proteins.

See Causes of autism and Autoantibody

Autoimmune disease

An autoimmune disease is a condition that results from an anomalous response of the adaptive immune system, wherein it mistakenly targets and attacks healthy, functioning parts of the body as if they were foreign organisms.

See Causes of autism and Autoimmune disease

Balancing selection

Balancing selection refers to a number of selective processes by which multiple alleles (different versions of a gene) are actively maintained in the gene pool of a population at frequencies larger than expected from genetic drift alone.

See Causes of autism and Balancing selection

Base pair

A base pair (bp) is a fundamental unit of double-stranded nucleic acids consisting of two nucleobases bound to each other by hydrogen bonds.

See Causes of autism and Base pair

Bifidobacterium

Bifidobacterium is a genus of gram-positive, nonmotile, often branched anaerobic bacteria.

See Causes of autism and Bifidobacterium

Bilirubin

Bilirubin (BR) (from the Latin for "red bile") is a red-orange compound that occurs in the normal catabolic pathway that breaks down heme in vertebrates.

See Causes of autism and Bilirubin

Biotinidase deficiency

Biotinidase deficiency is an autosomal recessive metabolic disorder in which biotin is not released from proteins in the diet during digestion or from normal protein turnover in the cell.

See Causes of autism and Biotinidase deficiency

Birth defect

A birth defect, also known as a congenital disorder, is an abnormal condition that is present at birth regardless of its cause.

See Causes of autism and Birth defect

Blood–brain barrier

The blood–brain barrier (BBB) is a highly selective semipermeable border of endothelial cells that regulates the transfer of solutes and chemicals between the circulatory system and the central nervous system, thus protecting the brain from harmful or unwanted substances in the blood.

See Causes of autism and Blood–brain barrier

Borna disease virus

The Borna disease viruses 1 and 2 (BoDV-1 and BoDV-2) are members of the species Mammalian 1 orthobornavirus and cause Borna disease in mammals.

See Causes of autism and Borna disease virus

Branched-chain keto acid dehydrogenase kinase deficiency

Branched-chain keto acid dehydrogenase kinase deficiency (BCKDK deficiency) is a disease resulting from mutations of the BCKDK gene.

See Causes of autism and Branched-chain keto acid dehydrogenase kinase deficiency

Brominated flame retardant

Brominated flame retardants (BFRs) are organobromine compounds that have an inhibitory effect on combustion chemistry and tend to reduce the flammability of products containing them.

See Causes of autism and Brominated flame retardant

Bruno Bettelheim

Bruno Bettelheim (August 28, 1903 – March 13, 1990) was an Austrian-born psychologist, scholar, public intellectual and writer who spent most of his academic and clinical career in the United States.

See Causes of autism and Bruno Bettelheim

Canadian Paediatric Society

The Canadian Paediatric Society (CPS) is a national association of paediatricians.

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Candida (fungus)

Candida is a genus of yeasts.

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Carbohydrate metabolism is the whole of the biochemical processes responsible for the metabolic formation, breakdown, and interconversion of carbohydrates in living organisms.

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Casein

Casein (from Latin caseus "cheese") is a family of related phosphoproteins (αS1, aS2, β, κ) that are commonly found in mammalian milk, comprising about 80% of the proteins in cow's milk and between 20% and 60% of the proteins in human milk.

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Casomorphin

Casomorphin is an opioid peptide (protein fragment) derived from the digestion of the milk protein casein.

See Causes of autism and Casomorphin

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) is the national public health agency of the United States.

See Causes of autism and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

Cerebellum

The cerebellum (cerebella or cerebellums; Latin for "little brain") is a major feature of the hindbrain of all vertebrates.

See Causes of autism and Cerebellum

Cerebral folate deficiency

Cerebral folate deficiency is a condition in which concentrations of 5-methyltetrahydrofolate are low in the brain as measured in the cerebral spinal fluid despite being normal in the blood.

See Causes of autism and Cerebral folate deficiency

Childhood immunizations in the United States

The schedule for childhood immunizations in the United States is published by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).

See Causes of autism and Childhood immunizations in the United States

Chromosome 16

Chromosome 16 is one of the 23 pairs of chromosomes in humans.

See Causes of autism and Chromosome 16

Clostridia

The Clostridia are a highly polyphyletic class of Bacillota, including Clostridium and other similar genera.

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Coeliac disease

Coeliac disease (British English) or celiac disease (American English) is a long-term autoimmune disorder, primarily affecting the small intestine, where individuals develop intolerance to gluten, present in foods such as wheat, rye and barley.

See Causes of autism and Coeliac disease

Columbia University Irving Medical Center

Columbia University Irving Medical Center (CUIMC) is an academic medical center and the largest campus of NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital.

See Causes of autism and Columbia University Irving Medical Center

Comorbidity

In medicine, comorbidity refers to the simultaneous presence of two or more medical conditions in a patient; often co-occurring (that is, concomitant or concurrent) with a primary condition.

See Causes of autism and Comorbidity

Congenital rubella syndrome

Congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) occurs when a human fetus is infected with the rubella virus (German measles) via maternal-fetal transmission and develops birth defects.

See Causes of autism and Congenital rubella syndrome

Copy number variation

Copy number variation (CNV) is a phenomenon in which sections of the genome are repeated and the number of repeats in the genome varies between individuals.

See Causes of autism and Copy number variation

Costello syndrome

Costello syndrome, also called faciocutaneoskeletal syndrome or FCS syndrome, is a rare genetic disorder that affects many parts of the body.

See Causes of autism and Costello syndrome

Creatine transporter defect

Creatine transporter deficiency (CTD) is an inborn error of creatine metabolism in which creatine is not properly transported to the brain and muscles due to defective creatine transporters.

See Causes of autism and Creatine transporter defect

CYFIP1

Cytoplasmic FMR1-interacting protein 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CYFIP1 gene.

See Causes of autism and CYFIP1

Cytomegalovirus

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) (from cyto- 'cell' via Greek κύτος - 'container' + μέγας 'big, megalo-' + -virus via Latin vīrus 'poison') is a genus of viruses in the order Herpesvirales, in the family Herpesviridae, in the subfamily Betaherpesvirinae.

See Causes of autism and Cytomegalovirus

De novo mutation

A de novo mutation (DNM) is any mutation or alteration in the genome of an individual organism (human, animal, plant, microbe, etc.) that was not inherited from its parents.

See Causes of autism and De novo mutation

Diesel exhaust

Diesel exhaust is the gaseous exhaust produced by a diesel type of internal combustion engine, plus any contained particulates.

See Causes of autism and Diesel exhaust

Dihydrofolate reductase deficiency

Dihydrofolate reductase deficiency (DHFR deficiency) is a rare inherited disorder of folate metabolism caused by defects in the DHFR gene.

See Causes of autism and Dihydrofolate reductase deficiency

Dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase deficiency

Dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase deficiency is an autosomal recessive metabolic disorder in which there is absent or significantly decreased activity of dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase, an enzyme involved in the metabolism of uracil and thymine.

See Causes of autism and Dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase deficiency

Directional selection

In population genetics, directional selection is a type of natural selection in which one extreme phenotype is favored over both the other extreme and moderate phenotypes.

See Causes of autism and Directional selection

DNA

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is a polymer composed of two polynucleotide chains that coil around each other to form a double helix.

See Causes of autism and DNA

DNA damage (naturally occurring)

DNA damage is an alteration in the chemical structure of DNA, such as a break in a strand of DNA, a nucleobase missing from the backbone of DNA, or a chemically changed base such as 8-OHdG.

See Causes of autism and DNA damage (naturally occurring)

DNA methylation

DNA methylation is a biological process by which methyl groups are added to the DNA molecule.

See Causes of autism and DNA methylation

DNA microarray

A DNA microarray (also commonly known as DNA chip or biochip) is a collection of microscopic DNA spots attached to a solid surface.

See Causes of autism and DNA microarray

Drug prohibition

The prohibition of drugs through sumptuary legislation or religious law is a common means of attempting to prevent the recreational use of certain intoxicating substances.

See Causes of autism and Drug prohibition

Dysautonomia

Dysautonomia, autonomic failure, or autonomic dysfunction is a condition in which the autonomic nervous system (ANS) does not work properly.

See Causes of autism and Dysautonomia

Dysbiosis

Dysbiosis (also called dysbacteriosis) is characterized by a disruption to the microbiome resulting in an imbalance in the microbiota, changes in their functional composition and metabolic activities, or a shift in their local distribution.

See Causes of autism and Dysbiosis

East Asia

East Asia is a geographical and cultural region of Asia including the countries of China, Japan, Mongolia, North Korea, South Korea, and Taiwan.

See Causes of autism and East Asia

Embryo

An embryo is the initial stage of development for a multicellular organism.

See Causes of autism and Embryo

Empathising–systemising theory

The empathising–systemising (E–S) theory is a controversial theory on the psychological basis of autism and male–female neurological differences originally put forward by English clinical psychologist Simon Baron-Cohen.

See Causes of autism and Empathising–systemising theory

Enteric nervous system

The enteric nervous system (ENS) or intrinsic nervous system is one of the three main divisions of the autonomic nervous system (ANS), the other being the sympathetic (SNS) and parasympathetic nervous system (PSNS), and consists of a mesh-like system of neurons that governs the function of the gastrointestinal tract.

See Causes of autism and Enteric nervous system

Environmental disease

In epidemiology, environmental diseases are diseases that can be directly attributed to environmental factors (as distinct from genetic factors or infection).

See Causes of autism and Environmental disease

Epigenetics

In biology, epigenetics is the study of heritable traits, or a stable change of cell function, that happen without changes to the DNA sequence.

See Causes of autism and Epigenetics

Epistasis

Epistasis is a phenomenon in genetics in which the effect of a gene mutation is dependent on the presence or absence of mutations in one or more other genes, respectively termed modifier genes.

See Causes of autism and Epistasis

Escherichia coli

Escherichia coliWells, J. C. (2000) Longman Pronunciation Dictionary.

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Ethanol

Ethanol (also called ethyl alcohol, grain alcohol, drinking alcohol, or simply alcohol) is an organic compound with the chemical formula.

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Etiology

Etiology (alternatively spelled aetiology or ætiology) is the study of causation or origination.

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Eurasia

Eurasia is the largest continental area on Earth, comprising all of Europe and Asia.

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European Medicines Agency

The European Medicines Agency (EMA) is an agency of the European Union (EU) in charge of the evaluation and supervision of pharmaceutical products.

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Evolution

Evolution is the change in the heritable characteristics of biological populations over successive generations.

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Exome

The exome is composed of all of the exons within the genome, the sequences which, when transcribed, remain within the mature RNA after introns are removed by RNA splicing.

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Exome sequencing

Exome sequencing, also known as whole exome sequencing (WES), is a genomic technique for sequencing all of the protein-coding regions of genes in a genome (known as the exome).

See Causes of autism and Exome sequencing

Expressivity (genetics)

In genetics, expressivity is the degree to which a phenotype is expressed by individuals having a particular genotype.

See Causes of autism and Expressivity (genetics)

Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder

Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASDs) are a group of conditions that can occur in a person who is exposed to alcohol during gestation.

See Causes of autism and Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder

Flavonoid

Flavonoids (or bioflavonoids; from the Latin word flavus, meaning yellow, their color in nature) are a class of polyphenolic secondary metabolites found in plants, and thus commonly consumed in the diets of humans.

See Causes of autism and Flavonoid

FMR1

FMR1 (Fragile X Messenger Ribonucleoprotein 1) is a human gene that codes for a protein called fragile X messenger ribonucleoprotein, or FMRP.

See Causes of autism and FMR1

Folate

Folate, also known as vitamin B9 and folacin, is one of the B vitamins.

See Causes of autism and Folate

Folate receptor 1

Folate receptor 1 (Folate receptor alpha, FOLR1) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the FOLR1 gene.

See Causes of autism and Folate receptor 1

Food and Drug Administration

The United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA or US FDA) is a federal agency of the Department of Health and Human Services.

See Causes of autism and Food and Drug Administration

Foraging

Foraging is searching for wild food resources.

See Causes of autism and Foraging

Fragile X syndrome

Fragile X syndrome (FXS) is a genetic disorder characterized by mild-to-moderate intellectual disability.

See Causes of autism and Fragile X syndrome

Fusiform face area

The fusiform face area (FFA, meaning spindle-shaped face area) is a part of the human visual system (while also activated in people blind from birth) that is specialized for facial recognition.

See Causes of autism and Fusiform face area

Gastroesophageal reflux disease

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) or gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GORD) is a chronic upper gastrointestinal disease in which stomach content persistently and regularly flows up into the esophagus, resulting in symptoms and/or complications.

See Causes of autism and Gastroesophageal reflux disease

Gastrointestinal disease

Gastrointestinal diseases (abbrev. GI diseases or GI illnesses) refer to diseases involving the gastrointestinal tract, namely the esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine and rectum; and the accessory organs of digestion, the liver, gallbladder, and pancreas.

See Causes of autism and Gastrointestinal disease

Gastrointestinal tract

The gastrointestinal tract (GI tract, digestive tract, alimentary canal) is the tract or passageway of the digestive system that leads from the mouth to the anus. The GI tract contains all the major organs of the digestive system, in humans and other animals, including the esophagus, stomach, and intestines.

See Causes of autism and Gastrointestinal tract

Gene expression

Gene expression is the process by which information from a gene is used in the synthesis of a functional gene product that enables it to produce end products, proteins or non-coding RNA, and ultimately affect a phenotype.

See Causes of autism and Gene expression

Gene set enrichment analysis

Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) (also called functional enrichment analysis or pathway enrichment analysis) is a method to identify classes of genes or proteins that are over-represented in a large set of genes or proteins, and may have an association with different phenotypes (e.g. different organism growth patterns or diseases).

See Causes of autism and Gene set enrichment analysis

Genetic disorder

A genetic disorder is a health problem caused by one or more abnormalities in the genome.

See Causes of autism and Genetic disorder

Genomic imprinting

Genomic imprinting is an epigenetic phenomenon that causes genes to be expressed or not, depending on whether they are inherited from the female or male parent.

See Causes of autism and Genomic imprinting

Germ theory of disease

The germ theory of disease is the currently accepted scientific theory for many diseases.

See Causes of autism and Germ theory of disease

Gestational diabetes

Gestational diabetes is a condition in which a person without diabetes develops high blood sugar levels during pregnancy.

See Causes of autism and Gestational diabetes

Gliadorphin

Gliadorphin (also known as gluteomorphin) is an opioid peptide that is formed during digestion of the gliadin component of the gluten protein.

See Causes of autism and Gliadorphin

Glutathione

Glutathione (GSH) is an organic compound with the chemical formula.

See Causes of autism and Glutathione

Gluten

Gluten is a structural protein naturally found in certain cereal grains.

See Causes of autism and Gluten

Gluten-related disorders is the term for the diseases triggered by gluten, including celiac disease (CD), non-celiac gluten sensitivity (NCGS), gluten ataxia, dermatitis herpetiformis (DH) and wheat allergy.

See Causes of autism and Gluten-related disorders

Goitrogen

Goitrogens are substances that disrupt the production of thyroid hormones.

See Causes of autism and Goitrogen

Guanidinoacetate methyltransferase deficiency

Guanidinoacetate methyltransferase deficiency (GAMT deficiency) is an autosomal recessive cerebral creatine deficiency that primarily affects the nervous system and muscles.

See Causes of autism and Guanidinoacetate methyltransferase deficiency

Gut microbiota

Gut microbiota, gut microbiome, or gut flora are the microorganisms, including bacteria, archaea, fungi, and viruses, that live in the digestive tracts of animals.

See Causes of autism and Gut microbiota

Gut–brain axis

The gut–brain axis is the two-way biochemical signaling that takes place between the gastrointestinal tract (GI tract) and the central nervous system (CNS).

See Causes of autism and Gut–brain axis

pp.

See Causes of autism and Heavy metals

Herbicide

Herbicides, also commonly known as weed killers, are substances used to control undesired plants, also known as weeds.

See Causes of autism and Herbicide

Heritability

Heritability is a statistic used in the fields of breeding and genetics that estimates the degree of variation in a phenotypic trait in a population that is due to genetic variation between individuals in that population.

See Causes of autism and Heritability

Heritability of autism

The heritability of autism is the proportion of differences in expression of autism that can be explained by genetic variation; if the heritability of a condition is high, then the condition is considered to be primarily genetic.

See Causes of autism and Heritability of autism

Heritability of IQ

Research on the heritability of IQ inquires into the degree of variation in IQ within a population that is due to genetic variation between individuals in that population.

See Causes of autism and Heritability of IQ

Herpesviridae

Herpesviridae is a large family of DNA viruses that cause infections and certain diseases in animals, including humans.

See Causes of autism and Herpesviridae

Histone

In biology, histones are highly basic proteins abundant in lysine and arginine residues that are found in eukaryotic cell nuclei and in most Archaeal phyla.

See Causes of autism and Histone

Homocystinuria

Homocystinuria or HCU is an inherited disorder of the metabolism of the amino acid methionine due to a deficiency of cystathionine beta synthase or methionine synthase.

See Causes of autism and Homocystinuria

Human

Humans (Homo sapiens, meaning "thinking man") or modern humans are the most common and widespread species of primate, and the last surviving species of the genus Homo.

See Causes of autism and Human

Human fertilization

Human fertilization is the union of an egg and sperm, occurring primarily in the ampulla of the fallopian tube.

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Hunter-gatherer

A hunter-gatherer or forager is a human living in a community, or according to an ancestrally derived lifestyle, in which most or all food is obtained by foraging, that is, by gathering food from local naturally occurring sources, especially wild edible plants but also insects, fungi, honey, bird eggs, or anything safe to eat, and/or by hunting game (pursuing and/or trapping and killing wild animals, including catching fish).

See Causes of autism and Hunter-gatherer

Hypertension

Hypertension, also known as high blood pressure, is a long-term medical condition in which the blood pressure in the arteries is persistently elevated.

See Causes of autism and Hypertension

Hypoxia (medicine)

Hypoxia is a condition in which the body or a region of the body is deprived of adequate oxygen supply at the tissue level.

See Causes of autism and Hypoxia (medicine)

Immune response

An immune response is a physiological reaction which occurs within an organism in the context of inflammation for the purpose of defending against exogenous factors.

See Causes of autism and Immune response

Immune system

The immune system is a network of biological systems that protects an organism from diseases.

See Causes of autism and Immune system

Infection

An infection is the invasion of tissues by pathogens, their multiplication, and the reaction of host tissues to the infectious agent and the toxins they produce.

See Causes of autism and Infection

Inflammatory cytokine

An inflammatory cytokine or proinflammatory cytokine is a type of signaling molecule (a cytokine) that is secreted from immune cells like helper T cells (Th) and macrophages, and certain other cell types that promote inflammation.

See Causes of autism and Inflammatory cytokine

Intellectual disability

Intellectual disability (ID), also known as general learning disability (in the United Kingdom) and formerly mental retardation (in the United States),Rosa's Law, Pub.

See Causes of autism and Intellectual disability

Interferon

Interferons (IFNs) are a group of signaling proteins made and released by host cells in response to the presence of several viruses.

See Causes of autism and Interferon

Intermediate filaments (IFs) are cytoskeletal structural components found in the cells of vertebrates, and many invertebrates.

See Causes of autism and Intermediate filament

Intestinal mucosal barrier

The intestinal mucosal barrier, also referred to as intestinal barrier, refers to the property of the intestinal mucosa that ensures adequate containment of undesirable luminal contents within the intestine while preserving the ability to absorb nutrients.

See Causes of autism and Intestinal mucosal barrier

Intestinal permeability

Intestinal permeability is a term describing the control of material passing from inside the gastrointestinal tract through the cells lining the gut wall, into the rest of the body.

See Causes of autism and Intestinal permeability

Intraparietal sulcus

The intraparietal sulcus (IPS) is located on the lateral surface of the parietal lobe, and consists of an oblique and a horizontal portion.

See Causes of autism and Intraparietal sulcus

Intrauterine growth restriction

Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), or fetal growth restriction, is the poor growth of a fetus while in the womb during pregnancy.

See Causes of autism and Intrauterine growth restriction

Introgression

Introgression, also known as introgressive hybridization, in genetics is the transfer of genetic material from one species into the gene pool of another by the repeated backcrossing of an interspecific hybrid with one of its parent species.

See Causes of autism and Introgression

Iodine

Iodine is a chemical element; it has symbol I and atomic number 53.

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JAMA Pediatrics

JAMA Pediatrics is a monthly peer-reviewed medical journal published by the American Medical Association.

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Kalle Reichelt

Karl Ludvig "Kalle" Reichelt (28 November 1933 – 29 October 2016) was a Norwegian medical researcher.

See Causes of autism and Kalle Reichelt

Leaky gut syndrome

Leaky gut syndrome is a hypothetical and medically unrecognized condition.

See Causes of autism and Leaky gut syndrome

Leo Kanner

Leo Kanner (born Chaskel Leib Kanner; June 13, 1894 – April 3, 1981) was an Austrian-American psychiatrist, physician, and social activist best known for his work related to infantile autism.

See Causes of autism and Leo Kanner

Levothyroxine

Levothyroxine, also known as -thyroxine, is a synthetic form of the thyroid hormone thyroxine (T4).

See Causes of autism and Levothyroxine

Lipopolysaccharide

Lipopolysaccharide, now more commonly known as Endotoxin, is a collective term for components of the outermost membrane of cell envelope of Gram-negative bacteria, such as E. coli and Salmonella.

See Causes of autism and Lipopolysaccharide

List of topics characterized as pseudoscience

This is a list of topics that have, either currently or in the past, been characterized as pseudoscience by academics or researchers.

See Causes of autism and List of topics characterized as pseudoscience

Locus (genetics)

In genetics, a locus (loci) is a specific, fixed position on a chromosome where a particular gene or genetic marker is located.

See Causes of autism and Locus (genetics)

Locus coeruleus

The locus coeruleus (LC), also spelled locus caeruleus or locus ceruleus, is a nucleus in the pons of the brainstem involved with physiological responses to stress and panic.

See Causes of autism and Locus coeruleus

Malaria

Malaria is a mosquito-borne infectious disease that affects vertebrates.

See Causes of autism and Malaria

Meconium aspiration syndrome

Meconium aspiration syndrome (MAS) also known as neonatal aspiration of meconium is a medical condition affecting newborn infants.

See Causes of autism and Meconium aspiration syndrome

MECP2

MECP2 (methyl CpG binding protein 2) is a gene that encodes the protein MECP2.

See Causes of autism and MECP2

Meiosis

Meiosis ((since it is a reductional division) is a special type of cell division of germ cells in sexually-reproducing organisms that produces the gametes, the sperm or egg cells. It involves two rounds of division that ultimately result in four cells, each with only one copy of each chromosome (haploid).

See Causes of autism and Meiosis

Misoprostol

Misoprostol is a synthetic prostaglandin medication used to prevent and treat stomach and duodenal ulcers, induce labor, cause an abortion, and treat postpartum bleeding due to poor contraction of the uterus.

See Causes of autism and Misoprostol

Missense mutation

In genetics, a missense mutation is a point mutation in which a single nucleotide change results in a codon that codes for a different amino acid.

See Causes of autism and Missense mutation

Mitochondrial disease

Mitochondrial disease is a group of disorders caused by mitochondrial dysfunction.

See Causes of autism and Mitochondrial disease

MMR vaccine

The MMR vaccine is a vaccine against measles, mumps, and rubella (German measles), abbreviated as MMR.

See Causes of autism and MMR vaccine

MMR vaccine and autism

Claims of a link between the MMR vaccine and autism have been extensively investigated and found to be false.

See Causes of autism and MMR vaccine and autism

Multifactorial disease

Multifactorial diseases are not confined to any specific pattern of single gene inheritance and are likely to be caused when multiple genes come together along with the effects of environmental factors.

See Causes of autism and Multifactorial disease

Multiple sclerosis

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease in which the insulating covers of nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord are damaged.

See Causes of autism and Multiple sclerosis

National Academy of Medicine

The National Academy of Medicine (NAM), known as the Institute of Medicine (IoM) until 2015, is an American nonprofit, non-governmental organization.

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National Academy of Sciences

The National Academy of Sciences (NAS) is a United States nonprofit, non-governmental organization.

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National Health Service

The National Health Service (NHS) is the umbrella term for the publicly funded healthcare systems of the United Kingdom, comprising the NHS in England, NHS Scotland and NHS Wales.

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Natural selection

Natural selection is the differential survival and reproduction of individuals due to differences in phenotype.

See Causes of autism and Natural selection

Neanderthal

Neanderthals (Homo neanderthalensis or H. sapiens neanderthalensis) are an extinct group of archaic humans (generally regarded as a distinct species, though some regard it as a subspecies of Homo sapiens) who lived in Eurasia until about 40,000 years ago.

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Neurodevelopmental disorder

Neurodevelopmental disorders are a group of conditions that begin to emerge during childhood (or the development of the nervous system).

See Causes of autism and Neurodevelopmental disorder

Neurodiversity

Neurodiversity is a framework for understanding human brain function that recognizes the diversity within sensory processing, motor abilities, social comfort, cognition, and focus as neurobiological differences.

See Causes of autism and Neurodiversity

Neuroinflammation

Neuroinflammation is inflammation of the nervous tissue.

See Causes of autism and Neuroinflammation

Neuron

A neuron, neurone, or nerve cell is an excitable cell that fires electric signals called action potentials across a neural network in the nervous system.

See Causes of autism and Neuron

Non-celiac gluten sensitivity

Non-celiac gluten sensitivity (NCGS) or gluten sensitivity is a controversial disorder which can cause both gastrointestinal and other problems.

See Causes of autism and Non-celiac gluten sensitivity

Non-coding DNA

Non-coding DNA (ncDNA) sequences are components of an organism's DNA that do not encode protein sequences.

See Causes of autism and Non-coding DNA

Norepinephrine

Norepinephrine (NE), also called noradrenaline (NA) or noradrenalin, is an organic chemical in the catecholamine family that functions in the brain and body as a hormone, neurotransmitter and neuromodulator.

See Causes of autism and Norepinephrine

Nuclear DNA

Nuclear DNA (nDNA), or nuclear deoxyribonucleic acid, is the DNA contained within each cell nucleus of a eukaryotic organism.

See Causes of autism and Nuclear DNA

OAS1

2'-5'-oligoadenylate synthetase 1 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the OAS1 gene.

See Causes of autism and OAS1

Obesity

Obesity is a medical condition, sometimes considered a disease, in which excess body fat has accumulated to such an extent that it can potentially have negative effects on health.

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Obstetrics

Obstetrics is the field of study concentrated on pregnancy, childbirth and the postpartum period.

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Occipital bone

The occipital bone is a cranial dermal bone and the main bone of the occiput (back and lower part of the skull).

See Causes of autism and Occipital bone

Oligodendrocyte

Oligodendrocytes, also known as oligodendroglia, are a type of neuroglia whose main functions are to provide support and insulation to axons within the central nervous system (CNS) of jawed vertebrates.

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Oocyte

An oocyte, oöcyte, or ovocyte is a female gametocyte or germ cell involved in reproduction.

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Opioid peptide

Opioid peptides or opiate peptides are peptides that bind to opioid receptors in the brain; opiates and opioids mimic the effect of these peptides.

See Causes of autism and Opioid peptide

Oxidative stress

Oxidative stress reflects an imbalance between the systemic manifestation of reactive oxygen species and a biological system's ability to readily detoxify the reactive intermediates or to repair the resulting damage.

See Causes of autism and Oxidative stress

Paracetamol

Paracetamol (acetaminophen) is a non-opioid analgesic and antipyretic agent used to treat fever and mild to moderate pain.

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Parietal bone

The parietal bones are two bones in the skull which, when joined at a fibrous joint known as a cranial suture, form the sides and roof of the neurocranium.

See Causes of autism and Parietal bone

Pesticide

Pesticides are substances that are used to control pests.

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Phenol

Phenol (also known as carbolic acid, phenolic acid, or benzenol) is an aromatic organic compound with the molecular formula.

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Phenotype

In genetics, the phenotype is the set of observable characteristics or traits of an organism.

See Causes of autism and Phenotype

Phenylketonuria

Phenylketonuria (PKU) is an inborn error of metabolism that results in decreased metabolism of the amino acid phenylalanine.

See Causes of autism and Phenylketonuria

Phthalates

Phthalates, or phthalate esters, are esters of phthalic acid.

See Causes of autism and Phthalates

Pica (disorder)

Pica is the eating or craving of things that are not food.

See Causes of autism and Pica (disorder)

Plastic

Plastics are a wide range of synthetic or semi-synthetic materials that use polymers as a main ingredient.

See Causes of autism and Plastic

Polychlorinated biphenyl

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are highly carcinogenic chemical compounds, formerly used in industrial and consumer products, whose production was banned in the United States by the Toxic Substances Control Act in 1976 and internationally by the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants in 2001.

See Causes of autism and Polychlorinated biphenyl

Prenatal development

Prenatal development involves the development of the embryo and of the fetus during a viviparous animal's gestation.

See Causes of autism and Prenatal development

Prenatal stress

Prenatal stress (or prenatal maternal stress) is exposure of an expectant mother to psychosocial or physical stress, which can be caused by daily life events or by environmental hardships.

See Causes of autism and Prenatal stress

In genetics, a promoter is a sequence of DNA to which proteins bind to initiate transcription of a single RNA transcript from the DNA downstream of the promoter.

See Causes of autism and Promoter (genetics)

Prosocial behavior, or intent to benefit others, is a social behavior that "benefit other people or society as a whole", "such as helping, sharing, donating, co-operating, and volunteering".

See Causes of autism and Prosocial behavior

Public Health Agency of Canada

The Public Health Agency of Canada (PHAC; Agence de la santé publique du Canada, ASPC) is an agency of the Government of Canada that is responsible for public health, emergency preparedness and response, and infectious and chronic disease control and prevention.

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Purkinje cell

Purkinje cells or Purkinje neurons, named for Czech physiologist Jan Evangelista Purkyně who identified them in 1837, are a unique type of prominent large neurons located in the cerebellar cortex of the brain. With their flask-shaped cell bodies, many branching dendrites, and a single long axon, these cells are essential for controlling motor activity.

See Causes of autism and Purkinje cell

Recent African origin of modern humans

In paleoanthropology, the recent African origin of modern humans or the "Out of Africa" theory (OOA) is the most widely accepted model of the geographic origin and early migration of anatomically modern humans (Homo sapiens).

See Causes of autism and Recent African origin of modern humans

Rett syndrome

Rett syndrome (RTT) is a genetic disorder that typically becomes apparent after 6–18 months of age and almost exclusively in females.

See Causes of autism and Rett syndrome

Ribose-phosphate diphosphokinase

Ribose-phosphate diphosphokinase (or phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate synthetase or ribose-phosphate pyrophosphokinase) is an enzyme that converts ribose 5-phosphate into phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate (PRPP).

See Causes of autism and Ribose-phosphate diphosphokinase

Risk factor

In epidemiology, a risk factor or determinant is a variable associated with an increased risk of disease or infection.

See Causes of autism and Risk factor

Rubella

Rubella, also known as German measles or three-day measles, is an infection caused by the rubella virus.

See Causes of autism and Rubella

Rutgers University

Rutgers University, officially Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, is a public land-grant research university consisting of four campuses in New Jersey.

See Causes of autism and Rutgers University

Sanfilippo syndrome

Sanfilippo syndrome, also known as mucopolysaccharidosis type III (MPS III), is a rare genetic disease that mainly affects the brain and spinal cord.

See Causes of autism and Sanfilippo syndrome

Schizophrenia

Schizophrenia is a mental disorder characterized by reoccurring episodes of psychosis that are correlated with a general misperception of reality.

See Causes of autism and Schizophrenia

Scientific evidence

Scientific evidence is evidence that serves to either support or counter a scientific theory or hypothesis, although scientists also use evidence in other ways, such as when applying theories to practical problems.

See Causes of autism and Scientific evidence

SciTech (magazine)

SciTechDaily is a popular science website, containing sections on space, physics, biology, technology and chemistry.

See Causes of autism and SciTech (magazine)

Secretin

Secretin is a hormone that regulates water homeostasis throughout the body and influences the environment of the duodenum by regulating secretions in the stomach, pancreas, and liver.

See Causes of autism and Secretin

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are a class of drugs that are typically used as antidepressants in the treatment of major depressive disorder, anxiety disorders, and other psychological conditions.

See Causes of autism and Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor

Sex and gender differences in autism

Sex and gender differences in autism exist regarding prevalence, presentation, and diagnosis.

See Causes of autism and Sex and gender differences in autism

SHANK2

SH3 and multiple ankyrin repeat domains protein 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SHANK2 gene.

See Causes of autism and SHANK2

Sickle cell disease

Sickle cell disease (SCD), also simply called sickle cell, is a group of hemoglobin-related blood disorders typically inherited.

See Causes of autism and Sickle cell disease

Single-nucleotide polymorphism

In genetics and bioinformatics, a single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP; plural SNPs) is a germline substitution of a single nucleotide at a specific position in the genome.

See Causes of autism and Single-nucleotide polymorphism

Skeptical Inquirer

Skeptical Inquirer is a bimonthly American general-audience magazine published by the Committee for Skeptical Inquiry (CSI) with the subtitle: The Magazine for Science and Reason.

See Causes of autism and Skeptical Inquirer

Sleep apnea

Sleep apnea is a sleep-related breathing disorder in which repetitive pauses in breathing, periods of shallow breathing, or collapse of the upper airway during sleep results in poor ventilation and sleep disruption.

See Causes of autism and Sleep apnea

Smith–Lemli–Opitz syndrome

Smith–Lemli–Opitz syndrome is an inborn error of cholesterol synthesis.

See Causes of autism and Smith–Lemli–Opitz syndrome

Smoking

Smoking is a practice in which a substance is combusted and the resulting smoke is typically inhaled to be tasted and absorbed into the bloodstream of a person.

See Causes of autism and Smoking

Social constructionism is a term used in sociology, social ontology, and communication theory.

See Causes of autism and Social constructionism

Solvent

A solvent (from the Latin solvō, "loosen, untie, solve") is a substance that dissolves a solute, resulting in a solution.

See Causes of autism and Solvent

STAT2

Signal transducer and activator of transcription 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the STAT2 gene.

See Causes of autism and STAT2

Structural variation

Genomic structural variation is the variation in structure of an organism's chromosome, such as deletions, duplications, copy-number variants, insertions, inversions and translocations.

See Causes of autism and Structural variation

Succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase deficiency

Succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase deficiency (SSADHD) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder of the degradation pathway of the inhibitory neurotransmitter γ-aminobutyric acid, or GABA.

See Causes of autism and Succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase deficiency

Teratology

Teratology is the study of abnormalities of physiological development in organisms during their life span.

See Causes of autism and Teratology

Testosterone

Testosterone is the primary male sex hormone and androgen in males.

See Causes of autism and Testosterone

Thalidomide

Thalidomide, sold under the brand names Contergan and Thalomid among others, is an oral medication used to treat a number of cancers (e.g., multiple myeloma), graft-versus-host disease, and many skin disorders (e.g., complications of leprosy such as skin lesions).

See Causes of autism and Thalidomide

References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Causes_of_autism

Also known as Cause of autism.

, Cytomegalovirus, De novo mutation, Diesel exhaust, Dihydrofolate reductase deficiency, Dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase deficiency, Directional selection, DNA, DNA damage (naturally occurring), DNA methylation, DNA microarray, Drug prohibition, Dysautonomia, Dysbiosis, East Asia, Embryo, Empathising–systemising theory, Enteric nervous system, Environmental disease, Epigenetics, Epistasis, Escherichia coli, Ethanol, Etiology, Eurasia, European Medicines Agency, Evolution, Exome, Exome sequencing, Expressivity (genetics), Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder, Flavonoid, FMR1, Folate, Folate receptor 1, Food and Drug Administration, Foraging, Fragile X syndrome, Fusiform face area, Gastroesophageal reflux disease, Gastrointestinal disease, Gastrointestinal tract, Gene expression, Gene set enrichment analysis, Genetic disorder, Genomic imprinting, Germ theory of disease, Gestational diabetes, Gliadorphin, Glutathione, Gluten, Gluten-related disorders, Goitrogen, Guanidinoacetate methyltransferase deficiency, Gut microbiota, Gut–brain axis, Heavy metals, Herbicide, Heritability, Heritability of autism, Heritability of IQ, Herpesviridae, Histone, Homocystinuria, Human, Human fertilization, Hunter-gatherer, Hypertension, Hypoxia (medicine), Immune response, Immune system, Infection, Inflammatory cytokine, Intellectual disability, Interferon, Intermediate filament, Intestinal mucosal barrier, Intestinal permeability, Intraparietal sulcus, Intrauterine growth restriction, Introgression, Iodine, JAMA Pediatrics, Kalle Reichelt, Leaky gut syndrome, Leo Kanner, Levothyroxine, Lipopolysaccharide, List of topics characterized as pseudoscience, Locus (genetics), Locus coeruleus, Malaria, Meconium aspiration syndrome, MECP2, Meiosis, Misoprostol, Missense mutation, Mitochondrial disease, MMR vaccine, MMR vaccine and autism, Multifactorial disease, Multiple sclerosis, National Academy of Medicine, National Academy of Sciences, National Health Service, Natural selection, Neanderthal, Neurodevelopmental disorder, Neurodiversity, Neuroinflammation, Neuron, Non-celiac gluten sensitivity, Non-coding DNA, Norepinephrine, Nuclear DNA, OAS1, Obesity, Obstetrics, Occipital bone, Oligodendrocyte, Oocyte, Opioid peptide, Oxidative stress, Paracetamol, Parietal bone, Pesticide, Phenol, Phenotype, Phenylketonuria, Phthalates, Pica (disorder), Plastic, Polychlorinated biphenyl, Prenatal development, Prenatal stress, Promoter (genetics), Prosocial behavior, Public Health Agency of Canada, Purkinje cell, Recent African origin of modern humans, Rett syndrome, Ribose-phosphate diphosphokinase, Risk factor, Rubella, Rutgers University, Sanfilippo syndrome, Schizophrenia, Scientific evidence, SciTech (magazine), Secretin, Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor, Sex and gender differences in autism, SHANK2, Sickle cell disease, Single-nucleotide polymorphism, Skeptical Inquirer, Sleep apnea, Smith–Lemli–Opitz syndrome, Smoking, Social constructionism, Solvent, STAT2, Structural variation, Succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase deficiency, Teratology, Testosterone, Thalidomide, The Conversation (website), The Sunday Times, Thiomersal, Thiomersal and vaccines, Thyroid, Time (magazine), Tobacco smoke, Toll-like receptor, Toll-like receptor 1, Toll-like receptor 10, Toll-like receptor 6, Tonsillectomy, Tumor necrosis factor, Two-streams hypothesis, Type 2 diabetes, Ultrasound, United States, Urea cycle, Vaccination, Vaccine hesitancy, Valproate, Visceral pain, Visual cortex, Wheat allergy, World Health Organization, Zonulin, 5'-nucleotidase.

Causes of autism, the Glossary

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