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Cesare Lombroso, the Glossary

Cesare Lombroso (born Ezechia Marco Lombroso; 6 November 1835 – 19 October 1909) was an Italian eugenicist, criminologist, phrenologist, physician, and founder of the Italian school of criminology.^[1]

132 relations: Adam Smith, Albrecht von Haller, Alessandro Volta, Alexander Pope, Alexandre Lacassagne, Alfredo Niceforo, Algernon Charles Swinburne, Amnesia, Anthropological criminology, Anthropometry, Antonio Marro, Aristotle, Arteriosclerosis, Atavism, Émile Zola, Benito Mussolini, Biological determinism, Birth defect, Blaise Pascal, Borderline personality disorder, Bram Stoker, Bridgewater State Hospital, Cesare Beccaria, Charlemagne, Charles Buckman Goring, Charles Darwin, Chieri, Classical school (criminology), Collins English Dictionary, Congenital iodine deficiency syndrome, Cook County Jail, Count Dracula, Criminaloid, Criminology, Daniel Pick, Dante Alighieri, Danvers State Hospital, Demosthenes (general), Dracula, Edward Clodd, Elizabeth Barrett Browning, Epilepsy, Etiology, Eugenics, European Library, Eusapia Palladino, Forensic psychiatry, Francis Bacon, Franz Joseph Gall, Friedrich Schiller, ... Expand index (82 more) »
19th-century Italian philosophers
Italian criminologists
Italian non-fiction writers
Italian spiritualists
Physicians from Verona

Adam Smith

Adam Smith (baptised 1723 – 17 July 1790) was a Scottish economist and philosopher who was a pioneer in the thinking of political economy and key figure during the Scottish Enlightenment.

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Albrecht von Haller

Albrecht von Haller (also known as Albertus de Haller; 16 October 170812 December 1777) was a Swiss anatomist, physiologist, naturalist, encyclopedist, bibliographer and poet.

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Alessandro Volta

Alessandro Giuseppe Antonio Anastasio Volta (18 February 1745 – 5 March 1827) was an Italian physicist and chemist who was a pioneer of electricity and power and is credited as the inventor of the electric battery and the discoverer of methane.

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Alexander Pope

Alexander Pope (21 May 1688 O.S. – 30 May 1744) was an English poet, translator, and satirist of the Enlightenment era who is considered one of the most prominent English poets of the early 18th century.

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Alexandre Lacassagne

Alexandre Lacassagne (August 17, 1843 – September 24, 1924) was a French physician and criminologist who was a native of Cahors.

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Alfredo Niceforo

Alfredo Niceforo (23 January 1876 – 10 March 1960, Rome, Italy) was an Italian statistician and scientific racist. Cesare Lombroso and Alfredo Niceforo are Italian criminologists, Proponents of scientific racism and scientific racism.

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Algernon Charles Swinburne

Algernon Charles Swinburne (5 April 1837 – 10 April 1909) was an English poet, playwright, novelist and critic.

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Amnesia

Amnesia is a deficit in memory caused by brain damage or brain diseases,Gazzaniga, M., Ivry, R., & Mangun, G. (2009) Cognitive Neuroscience: The biology of the mind.

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Anthropological criminology

Anthropological criminology (sometimes referred to as criminal anthropology, literally a combination of the study of the human species and the study of criminals) is a field of offender profiling, based on perceived links between the nature of a crime and the personality or physical appearance of the offender.

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Anthropometry

Anthropometry refers to the measurement of the human individual.

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Antonio Marro

Antonio Marro (1840-1913) was an Italian psychiatrist, known for his studies on criminology and puberty. Cesare Lombroso and Antonio Marro are 19th-century Italian writers, academic staff of the University of Turin and Italian criminologists.

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Aristotle

Aristotle (Ἀριστοτέλης Aristotélēs; 384–322 BC) was an Ancient Greek philosopher and polymath.

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Arteriosclerosis

Arteriosclerosis, literally meaning "hardening of the arteries", is an umbrella term for a vascular disorder characterized by abnormal thickening, hardening, and loss of elasticity of the walls of arteries; this process gradually restricts the blood flow to one's organs and tissues and can lead to severe health risks brought on by atherosclerosis, which is a specific form of arteriosclerosis caused by the buildup of fatty plaques, cholesterol, and some other substances in and on the artery walls (it can be brought on by smoking, a bad diet, or many genetic factors).

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Atavism

In biology, an atavism is a modification of a biological structure whereby an ancestral genetic trait reappears after having been lost through evolutionary change in previous generations.

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Émile Zola

Émile Édouard Charles Antoine Zola (also,; 2 April 184029 September 1902) was a French novelist, journalist, playwright, the best-known practitioner of the literary school of naturalism, and an important contributor to the development of theatrical naturalism.

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Benito Mussolini

Benito Amilcare Andrea Mussolini (29 July 188328 April 1945) was an Italian dictator who founded and led the National Fascist Party (PNF). Cesare Lombroso and Benito Mussolini are Italian atheists.

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Biological determinism

Biological determinism, also known as genetic determinism, is the belief that human behaviour is directly controlled by an individual's genes or some component of their physiology, generally at the expense of the role of the environment, whether in embryonic development or in learning.

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Birth defect

A birth defect, also known as a congenital disorder, is an abnormal condition that is present at birth regardless of its cause.

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Blaise Pascal

Blaise Pascal (19 June 1623 – 19 August 1662) was a French mathematician, physicist, inventor, philosopher, and Catholic writer.

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Borderline personality disorder

Borderline personality disorder (BPD), also known as emotionally unstable personality disorder (EUPD), is a personality disorder characterized by a pervasive, long-term pattern of significant interpersonal relationship instability, a distorted sense of self, and intense emotional responses.

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Bram Stoker

Abraham "Bram" Stoker (8 November 1847 – 20 April 1912) was an Irish author who is best known for writing the 1897 Gothic horror novel Dracula.

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Bridgewater State Hospital

Bridgewater State Hospital, located in southeastern Massachusetts, is a state facility housing the criminally insane and those whose sanity is being evaluated for the criminal justice system.

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Cesare Beccaria

Cesare Bonesana di Beccaria, Marquis of Gualdrasco and Villareggio, (15 March 173828 November 1794) was an Italian criminologist, jurist, philosopher, economist, and politician who is widely considered one of the greatest thinkers of the Age of Enlightenment. Cesare Lombroso and Cesare Beccaria are Italian criminologists.

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Charlemagne

Charlemagne (2 April 748 – 28 January 814) was King of the Franks from 768, King of the Lombards from 774, and Emperor, of what is now known as the Carolingian Empire, from 800, holding these titles until his death in 814.

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Charles Buckman Goring

Charles Buckman Goring (1870–1919) was a pioneer in criminology and author of the influential work The English Convict: a statistical study.

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Charles Darwin

Charles Robert Darwin (12 February 1809 – 19 April 1882) was an English naturalist, geologist, and biologist, widely known for his contributions to evolutionary biology.

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Chieri

Chieri (Cher) is a town and comune in the Metropolitan City of Turin, Piedmont (Italy), located about southeast of Turin, by rail and by road.

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Classical school (criminology)

In criminology, the classical school usually refers to the 18th-century work during the Enlightenment by the utilitarian and social-contract philosophers Jeremy Bentham and Cesare Beccaria.

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Collins English Dictionary

The Collins English Dictionary is a printed and online dictionary of English.

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Congenital iodine deficiency syndrome

Congenital iodine deficiency syndrome (CIDS) is a medical condition present at birth marked by impaired physical and mental development, due to insufficient thyroid hormone (hypothyroidism) often caused by insufficient dietary iodine during pregnancy.

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Cook County Jail

The Cook County Jail, located on in South Lawndale, Chicago, Illinois, is operated by the Sheriff of Cook County.

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Count Dracula

Count Dracula is the title character of Bram Stoker's 1897 gothic horror novel Dracula.

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Criminaloid

A criminaloid (from the word "criminal" and suffix -oid, meaning criminal-like) is a person who projects a respectable, upright façade in an attempt to conceal a criminal personality.

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Criminology

Criminology (from Latin crimen, "accusation", and Ancient Greek -λογία, -logia, from λόγος logos meaning: "word, reason") is the interdisciplinary study of crime and deviant behaviour.

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Daniel Pick

Daniel Pick is a British historian, psychoanalyst, university teacher, writer and occasional broadcaster.

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Dante Alighieri

Dante Alighieri (– September 14, 1321), most likely baptized Durante di Alighiero degli Alighieri and widely known and often referred to in English mononymously as Dante, was an Italian poet, writer, and philosopher.

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Danvers State Hospital

The Danvers State Hospital, also known as the State Lunatic Hospital at Danvers, The Danvers Lunatic Asylum, and The Danvers State Insane Asylum, was a psychiatric hospital located in Danvers, Massachusetts.

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Demosthenes (general)

Demosthenes (Δημοσθένης, died 413 BC), son of Alcisthenes, was an Athenian general during the Peloponnesian War.

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Dracula

Dracula is a gothic horror novel by Bram Stoker, published on 26 May 1897.

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Edward Clodd

Edward Clodd (1 July 1840 – 16 March 1930) was an English banker, writer and anthropologist.

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Elizabeth Barrett Browning

Elizabeth Barrett Browning (née Moulton-Barrett; 6 March 1806 – 29 June 1861) was an English poet of the Victorian era, popular in Britain and the United States during her lifetime and frequently anthologised after her death.

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Epilepsy

Epilepsy is a group of non-communicable neurological disorders characterized by recurrent epileptic seizures.

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Etiology

Etiology (alternatively spelled aetiology or ætiology) is the study of causation or origination.

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Eugenics

Eugenics is a set of beliefs and practices that aim to improve the genetic quality of a human population.

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European Library

The European Library is an Internet service that allows access to the resources of 49 European national libraries and an increasing number of research libraries.

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Eusapia Palladino

Eusapia Palladino (alternative spelling: Paladino; 21 January 1854 – 16 May 1918) was an Italian Spiritualist physical medium. Cesare Lombroso and Eusapia Palladino are Italian spiritualists.

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Forensic psychiatry

Forensic psychiatry is a subspeciality of psychiatry and is related to criminology.

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Francis Bacon

Francis Bacon, 1st Viscount St Alban, 1st Lord Verulam, PC (22 January 1561 – 9 April 1626) was an English philosopher and statesman who served as Attorney General and Lord Chancellor of England under King James I.

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Franz Joseph Gall

Franz Josef Gall (9 March 175822 August 1828) was a German neuroanatomist, physiologist, and pioneer in the study of the localization of mental functions in the brain.

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Friedrich Schiller

Johann Christoph Friedrich von Schiller (short:; 10 November 17599 May 1805) was a German polymath and poet, playwright, historian, philosopher, physician, lawyer.

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Galileo Galilei

Galileo di Vincenzo Bonaiuti de' Galilei (15 February 1564 – 8 January 1642), commonly referred to as Galileo Galilei or simply Galileo, was an Italian astronomer, physicist and engineer, sometimes described as a polymath.

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Genius

Genius is a characteristic of original and exceptional insight in the performance of some art or endeavor that surpasses expectations, sets new standards for the future, establishes better methods of operation, or remains outside the capabilities of competitors.

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George Eliot

Mary Ann Evans (22 November 1819 – 22 December 1880; alternatively Mary Anne or Marian), known by her pen name George Eliot, was an English novelist, poet, journalist, translator, and one of the leading writers of the Victorian era.

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George Gissing

George Robert Gissing (22 November 1857 – 28 December 1903) was an English novelist, who published 23 novels between 1880 and 1903.

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George Washington

George Washington (February 22, 1732, 1799) was an American Founding Father, military officer, and politician who served as the first president of the United States from 1789 to 1797.

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Gina Lombroso

Gina Elena Zefora Lombroso (5 October 1872 in Pavia – 27 March 1944 in Geneva) was an Italian physician, writer, psychiatrist, and criminologist, best remembered for her uncredited writings on the subjects of criminology and psychiatry co-authored with her father Cesare Lombroso, her individual writings on the female condition and industrialisation. Cesare Lombroso and Gina Lombroso are Italian criminologists.

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Giovanni Passannante

Giovanni Passannante (19 February 1849 – 14 February 1910) was an Italian anarchist who attempted to assassinate king Umberto I of Italy, the first attempt against Savoy monarchy since its origins.

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Giuseppe Sergi

Giuseppe Sergi (March 20, 1841 – October 17, 1936) was an Italian anthropologist of the early twentieth century, best known for his opposition to Nordicism in his books on the racial identity of Mediterranean peoples.

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Guglielmo Ferrero

Guglielmo Ferrero (21 July 1871 — 3 August 1942) was an Italian historian, journalist and novelist, author of the Greatness and Decline of Rome (5 volumes, published after English translation 1907–1909). Cesare Lombroso and Guglielmo Ferrero are Italian male non-fiction writers.

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Hans Prinzhorn

Hans Prinzhorn (6 June 1886 – 14 June 1933) was a German psychiatrist and art historian.

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HarperCollins

HarperCollins Publishers LLC is a British-American publishing company that is considered to be one of the "Big Five" English-language publishers, along with Penguin Random House, Hachette, Macmillan, and Simon & Schuster.

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HathiTrust

HathiTrust Digital Library is a large-scale collaborative repository of digital content from research libraries including content digitized via Google Books and the Internet Archive digitization initiatives, as well as content digitized locally by libraries.

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Henrik Ibsen

Henrik Johan Ibsen (20 March 1828 – 23 May 1906) was a Norwegian playwright and theatre director.

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Horatio Nelson, 1st Viscount Nelson

Vice-Admiral Horatio Nelson, 1st Viscount Nelson, 1st Duke of Bronte (– 21 October 1805) was a British flag officer in the Royal Navy.

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Immanuel Kant

Immanuel Kant (born Emanuel Kant; 22 April 1724 – 12 February 1804) was a German philosopher and one of the central Enlightenment thinkers.

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Insanity

Insanity, madness, lunacy, and craziness are behaviors caused by certain abnormal mental or behavioral patterns.

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International Medical Congress

The International Medical Congress (Congrès International de Médecine) was a series of international scientific conferences on medicine that took place, periodically, from 1867 until 1913.

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Isaac Newton

Sir Isaac Newton (25 December 1642 – 20 March 1726/27) was an English polymath active as a mathematician, physicist, astronomer, alchemist, theologian, and author who was described in his time as a natural philosopher.

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Italian racial laws

The Italian racial laws, otherwise referred to as the Racial Laws (Leggi Razziali), were a series of laws promulgated by the government of Benito Mussolini in Fascist Italy from 1938 to 1944 in order to enforce racial discrimination and segregation in the Kingdom of Italy. Cesare Lombroso and Italian racial laws are scientific racism.

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Italian school of criminology

The Italian school of criminology was founded at the end of the 19th century by Cesare Lombroso (1835–1909) and two of his Italian disciples, Enrico Ferri (1856–1929) and Raffaele Garofalo (1851–1934). Cesare Lombroso and Italian school of criminology are Italian criminologists.

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Italians

Italians (italiani) are an ethnic group native to the Italian geographical region.

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John Flaxman

John Flaxman (6 July 1755 – 7 December 1826) was a British sculptor and draughtsman, and a leading figure in British and European Neoclassicism.

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John Locke

John Locke (29 August 1632 – 28 October 1704) was an English philosopher and physician, widely regarded as one of the most influential of Enlightenment thinkers and commonly known as the "father of liberalism".

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Joseph Conrad

Joseph Conrad (born Józef Teodor Konrad Korzeniowski,; 3 December 1857 – 3 August 1924) was a Polish-British novelist and story writer.

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Joseph Goldberger

Joseph Goldberger (Jozef Goldberger, Goldberger József) (July 16, 1874 – January 17, 1929) was an American physician and epidemiologist in the United States Public Health Service (PHS).

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Joseph McCabe

Joseph Martin McCabe (12 November 1867 – 10 January 1955) was an English writer and speaker on freethought, after having been a Roman Catholic priest earlier in his life.

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JSTOR

JSTOR (short for Journal Storage) is a digital library of academic journals, books, and primary sources founded in 1994.

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Kingdom of Italy

The Kingdom of Italy (Regno d'Italia) was a state that existed from 17 March 1861, when Victor Emmanuel II of Sardinia was proclaimed King of Italy, until 10 June 1946, when the monarchy was abolished, following civil discontent that led to an institutional referendum on 2 June 1946.

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Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia

The Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia (Regnum Langobardiae et Venetiae), commonly called the "Lombardo-Venetian Kingdom" (Regno Lombardo-Veneto; Königreich Lombardo-Venetien), was a constituent land (crown land) of the Austrian Empire from 1815 to 1866.

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Leo Tolstoy

Count Lev Nikolayevich TolstoyTolstoy pronounced his first name as, which corresponds to the romanization Lyov.

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Leonardo da Vinci

Leonardo di ser Piero da Vinci (15 April 14522 May 1519) was an Italian polymath of the High Renaissance who was active as a painter, draughtsman, engineer, scientist, theorist, sculptor, and architect.

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Linguistics

Linguistics is the scientific study of language.

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Louis Blanc

Louis Jean Joseph Charles Blanc (29 October 1811 – 6 December 1882) was a French socialist politician, journalist and historian.

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Matteawan State Hospital for the Criminally Insane

Matteawan State Hospital for the Criminally Insane, established in 1892 as the Matteawan State Hospital by an 1892 law (Chapter 81), functioned as a hospital for insane criminals.

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Max Nordau

Max Simon Nordau (born Simon Maximilian Südfeld; 29 July 1849 – 23 January 1923) was a Zionist leader, physician, author, and social critic.

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Mediumship

Mediumship is the pseudoscientific practice of purportedly mediating communication between familiar spirits or spirits of the dead and living human beings.

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Michelangelo

Michelangelo di Lodovico Buonarroti Simoni (6 March 1475 – 18 February 1564), known mononymously as Michelangelo, was an Italian sculptor, painter, architect, and poet of the High Renaissance.

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Moscow

Moscow is the capital and largest city of Russia.

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Neurodegenerative disease

A neurodegenerative disease is caused by the progressive loss of neurons, in the process known as neurodegeneration.

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Niccolò Machiavelli

Niccolò di Bernardo dei Machiavelli (3 May 1469 – 21 June 1527) was a Florentine diplomat, author, philosopher, and historian who lived during the Italian Renaissance.

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Nicole Hahn Rafter

Nicole Hahn Rafter (1939–2016; English pronunciation: ni-kohl h-ah-n raf-ter) was a feminist criminology professor at Northeastern University.

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North Carolina Wesleyan University

North Carolina Wesleyan University (NCWU) is a private Methodist university in Rocky Mount, North Carolina.

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Padua

Padua (Padova; Pàdova, Pàdoa or Pàoa) is a city and comune (municipality) in Veneto, northern Italy, and the capital of the province of Padua.

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Pellagra

Pellagra is a disease caused by a lack of the vitamin niacin (vitamin B3).

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Pesaro

Pesaro (Pés're) is a comune (municipality) in the Italian region of Marche, capital of the province of Pesaro and Urbino, on the Adriatic Sea.

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Peter the Great

Peter I (–), was Tsar of all Russia from 1682, and the first Emperor of all Russia, known as Peter the Great, from 1721 until his death in 1725.

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Petrarch

Francis Petrarch (20 July 1304 – 19 July 1374; Franciscus Petrarcha; modern Francesco Petrarca), born Francesco di Petracco, was a scholar from Arezzo and poet of the early Italian Renaissance and one of the earliest humanists.

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Phrenology

Phrenology or craniology is a pseudoscience that involves the measurement of bumps on the skull to predict mental traits. Cesare Lombroso and Phrenology are scientific racism.

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Physician

A physician, medical practitioner (British English), medical doctor, or simply doctor is a health professional who practices medicine, which is concerned with promoting, maintaining or restoring health through the study, diagnosis, prognosis and treatment of disease, injury, and other physical and mental impairments.

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Physiognomy

Physiognomy (from the Greek φύσις,, meaning "nature", and, meaning "judge" or "interpreter") or face reading is the practice of assessing a person's character or personality from their outer appearance—especially the face.

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Plato

Plato (Greek: Πλάτων), born Aristocles (Ἀριστοκλῆς; – 348 BC), was an ancient Greek philosopher of the Classical period who is considered a foundational thinker in Western philosophy and an innovator of the written dialogue and dialectic forms.

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Primate

Primates is an order of mammals, which is further divided into the strepsirrhines, which include lemurs, galagos, and lorisids; and the haplorhines, which include tarsiers; and the simians, which include monkeys and apes.

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Prognathism

Prognathism is a positional relationship of the mandible or maxilla to the skeletal base where either of the jaws protrudes beyond a predetermined imaginary line in the coronal plane of the skull.

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Psychiatry

Psychiatry is the medical specialty devoted to the diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of deleterious mental conditions.

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Racism in Italy

Racism in Italy (Razzismo in Italia) deals with the relationship between Italians and other populations of different ethnicities and/or nationalities which has existed throughout the country's history.

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Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary

Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary is a large American dictionary, first published in 1966 as The Random House Dictionary of the English Language: The Unabridged Edition.

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Rein

Reins are items of horse tack, used to direct a horse or other animal used for riding.

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René Descartes

René Descartes (or;; 31 March 1596 – 11 February 1650) was a French philosopher, scientist, and mathematician, widely considered a seminal figure in the emergence of modern philosophy and science.

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Resurrection (Tolstoy novel)

Resurrection (pre-reform Russian: Воскресеніе; post-reform Voskreséniye, also translated as The Awakening), first published in 1899, was the last novel written by Leo Tolstoy.

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Rickets

Rickets, scientific nomenclature: rachitis (from Greek, meaning 'in or of the spine'), is a condition that results in weak or soft bones in children and is caused by either dietary deficiency or genetic causes.

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Robert Boyle

Robert Boyle (25 January 1627 – 31 December 1691) was an Anglo-Irish natural philosopher, chemist, physicist, alchemist and inventor.

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Robert Browning

Robert Browning (7 May 1812 – 12 December 1889) was an English poet and playwright whose dramatic monologues put him high among the Victorian poets.

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Sleepwalking

Sleepwalking, also known as somnambulism or noctambulism, is a phenomenon of combined sleep and wakefulness.

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Social Darwinism is the study and implementation of various pseudoscientific theories and societal practices that purport to apply biological concepts of natural selection and survival of the fittest to sociology, economics and politics.

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Social degeneration was a widely influential concept at the interface of the social and biological sciences in the 18th and 19th centuries.

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Society for Psychical Research

The Society for Psychical Research (SPR) is a nonprofit organisation in the United Kingdom.

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Spiritualism (beliefs)

Spiritualism is a metaphysical belief that the world is made up of at least two fundamental substances, matter and spirit.

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The BMJ

The BMJ is a weekly peer-reviewed medical journal, published by BMJ Group, which in turn is wholly-owned by the British Medical Association (BMA).

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The Monist

The Monist: An International Quarterly Journal of General Philosophical Inquiry is a quarterly peer-reviewed academic journal in the field of philosophy.

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The Secret Agent

The Secret Agent: A Simple Tale is an anarchist spy fiction novel by Joseph Conrad, first published in 1907.

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Carl Theodor Körner (23 September 1791 – 26 August 1813) was a German poet and soldier.

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References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cesare_Lombroso

, Galileo Galilei, Genius, George Eliot, George Gissing, George Washington, Gina Lombroso, Giovanni Passannante, Giuseppe Sergi, Guglielmo Ferrero, Hans Prinzhorn, HarperCollins, HathiTrust, Henrik Ibsen, Horatio Nelson, 1st Viscount Nelson, Immanuel Kant, Insanity, International Medical Congress, Isaac Newton, Italian racial laws, Italian school of criminology, Italians, John Flaxman, John Locke, Joseph Conrad, Joseph Goldberger, Joseph McCabe, JSTOR, Kingdom of Italy, Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia, Leo Tolstoy, Leonardo da Vinci, Linguistics, Louis Blanc, Matteawan State Hospital for the Criminally Insane, Max Nordau, Mediumship, Michelangelo, Moscow, Neurodegenerative disease, Niccolò Machiavelli, Nicole Hahn Rafter, North Carolina Wesleyan University, Padua, Pellagra, Pesaro, Peter the Great, Petrarch, Phrenology, Physician, Physiognomy, Plato, Primate, Prognathism, Psychiatry, Racism in Italy, Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary, Rein, René Descartes, Resurrection (Tolstoy novel), Rickets, Robert Boyle, Robert Browning, Sleepwalking, Social Darwinism, Social degeneration, Society for Psychical Research, Spiritualism (beliefs), The BMJ, The Monist, The Secret Agent, Theodor Körner (author), Turin, Ugo Foscolo, University of Pavia, University of Turin, Verona, Vienna, Voltaire, William Shakespeare, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, World War II, Yasnaya Polyana.

Cesare Lombroso, the Glossary

Table of Contents

See also

19th-century Italian philosophers

Italian criminologists

Italian non-fiction writers

Italian spiritualists

Physicians from Verona

References