Civilian casualties of strategic bombing, the Glossary

Table of Contents

1. 213 relations: Aerial bombardment and international law, Aerial bombing of cities, Airpower, Aleksinac, Alicante, Amiriyah shelter bombing, Aomori, Asphyxia, Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Augsburg, Aviazione Legionaria, Baghdad, Ballistic missile, Barcelona, Belgium, Belgrade, Berlin, Bezuidenhout, Biological agent, Birmingham, Birmingham Blitz, Boeing B-29 Superfortress, Bologna, Bombing of Alicante, Bombing of Aomori in World War II, Bombing of Augsburg in World War II, Bombing of Barcelona, Bombing of Berlin in World War II, Bombing of Bologna in World War II, Bombing of Chongqing, Bombing of Cologne in World War II, Bombing of Darmstadt in World War II, Bombing of Dresden, Bombing of Duisburg in World War II, Bombing of France during World War II, Bombing of Granollers, Bombing of Guernica, Bombing of Hamburg in World War II, Bombing of Jaén, Bombing of Kassel in World War II, Bombing of Kobe in World War II, Bombing of La Garriga, Bombing of Milan in World War II, Bombing of Osaka, Bombing of Palermo in World War II, Bombing of Pforzheim in World War II, Bombing of Rangoon in World War II, Bombing of Stalingrad, Bombing of Sukabumi, Bombing of the Bezuidenhout, ... Expand index (163 more) »

2. Civilian casualties
3. Strategic bombing

Aerial bombardment and international law

Air warfare must comply with laws and customs of war, including international humanitarian law by protecting the victims of the conflict and refraining from attacks on protected persons.

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Aerial bombing of cities

The aerial bombing of cities is an optional element of strategic bombing, which became widespread in warfare during World War I. The bombing of cities grew to a vast scale in World War II and is still practiced today.

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Airpower

Airpower or air power consists of the application of military aviation, military strategy and strategic theory to the realm of aerial warfare and close air support.

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Aleksinac

Aleksinac (Алексинац) is a town and municipality located in the Nišava District of southern Serbia.

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Alicante

Alicante (Alacant) is a city and municipality in the Valencian Community, Spain.

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Amiriyah shelter bombing

The Amiriyah shelter bombing was an aerial bombing attack that killed at least 408 civilians on 13 February 1991 during the Gulf War, when an air-raid shelter ("Public Shelter No. 25") in the Amiriyah neighborhood of Baghdad, Iraq, was destroyed by the U.S. Air Force with two GBU-27 Paveway III laser-guided "smart bombs".

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Aomori

, officially Aomori City (label), is the capital city of Aomori Prefecture, in the Tōhoku region of Japan.

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Asphyxia

Asphyxia or asphyxiation is a condition of deficient supply of oxygen to the body which arises from abnormal breathing.

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Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki

On 6 and 9 August 1945, the United States detonated two atomic bombs over the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki.

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Augsburg

Augsburg (label) is a city in the Bavarian part of Swabia, Germany, around west of the Bavarian capital Munich.

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Aviazione Legionaria

The Legionary Air Force (Aviazione Legionaria, Aviación Legionaria) was an expeditionary corps from the Italian Royal Air Force that was set up in 1936.

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Baghdad

Baghdad (or; translit) is the capital of Iraq and the second-largest city in the Arab and in West Asia after Tehran.

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Ballistic missile

A ballistic missile (BM) is a type of missile that uses projectile motion to deliver warheads on a target.

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Barcelona

Barcelona is a city on the northeastern coast of Spain.

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Belgium

Belgium, officially the Kingdom of Belgium, is a country in Northwestern Europe.

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Belgrade

Belgrade.

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Berlin

Berlin is the capital and largest city of Germany, both by area and by population.

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Bezuidenhout

Bezuidenhout ("South of the Wood") is the neighborhood (wijk) southeast of the Haagse Bos neighborhood of The Hague in the Netherlands.

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Biological agent

Biological weapons are pathogens used as weapons.

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Birmingham

Birmingham is a city and metropolitan borough in the metropolitan county of West Midlands in England.

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Birmingham Blitz

The Birmingham Blitz was the heavy bombing by the Nazi German Luftwaffe of the city of Birmingham and surrounding towns in central England, beginning on 9 August 1940 as a fraction of the greater Blitz, which was part of the Battle of Britain; and ending on 23 April 1943.

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Boeing B-29 Superfortress

The Boeing B-29 Superfortress is an American four-engined propeller-driven heavy bomber, designed by Boeing and flown primarily by the United States during World War II and the Korean War.

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Bologna

Bologna (Bulåggna; Bononia) is the capital and largest city of the Emilia-Romagna region, in northern Italy.

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Bombing of Alicante

One of the worst bombing attacks on civilian population in Alicante during the Spanish civil war.

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Bombing of Aomori in World War II

The on July 28, 1945, was part of the strategic bombing air raids on Japan waged by the United States against military and civilian targets and population centers during the Japan home islands campaign in the closing stages of the Pacific War.

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Bombing of Augsburg in World War II

The bombing of Augsburg in World War II included two British RAF and one USAAF bombing raids against the German city of Augsburg on 17 April 1942 and 25/26 February 1944.

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Bombing of Barcelona

The Bombing of Barcelona was a series of airstrikes led by Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany supporting the Franco-led Nationalist rebel army, which took place from 16 to 18 March 1938, during the Spanish Civil War.

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Bombing of Berlin in World War II

Berlin, the capital of Nazi Germany, was subject to 363 air raids during the Second World War.

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Bombing of Bologna in World War II

During World War II the Italian city of Bologna, the regional capital and largest city of Emilia-Romagna, suffered nearly a hundred air raids by the Royal Air Force and the USAAF, mostly aimed at disabling its strategically important marshalling yards, used for the movements of German troops and supplies between Northeastern Italy and central Italy.

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Bombing of Chongqing

The bombing of Chongqing (重慶爆撃), from 18 February 1938 to 19 December 1944, wears a series of massive terror bombing operations authorized by the Empire of Japan's Imperial General Headquarters and conducted by the Imperial Japanese Army Air Service (IJAAF) and Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service (IJNAF).

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Bombing of Cologne in World War II

The German city of Cologne was bombed in 262 separate air raids at www.koelnarchitektur.de "Internet portal for the architecture of Cologne".

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Bombing of Darmstadt in World War II

Darmstadt was bombed a number of times during World War II.

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Bombing of Dresden

The bombing of Dresden was a joint British and American aerial bombing attack on the city of Dresden, the capital of the German state of Saxony, during World War II.

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Bombing of Duisburg in World War II

Duisburg was bombed a number of times by the Allies during World War II.

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Bombing of France during World War II

Between the time of the German victory in the Battle of France and the liberation of the country, the Allied Forces bombed many locations in France.

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Bombing of Granollers

The Bombing of Granollers took place during the Spanish Civil War in 1938.

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Bombing of Guernica

On 26 April 1937, the Basque town of Guernica (Gernika in Basque) was aerially bombed during the Spanish Civil War.

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Bombing of Hamburg in World War II

The Allied bombing of Hamburg during World War II included numerous attacks on civilians and civic infrastructure.

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Bombing of Jaén

The Bombing of Jaén was an aerial attack on the city of Jaén on 1 April 1937, during the Spanish Civil War, by the Condor Legion of Nazi Germany, who fought for the rebels.

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Bombing of Kassel in World War II

The Kassel World War II bombings were a set of Allied strategic bombing attacks which took place from February 1942 to March 1945.

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Bombing of Kobe in World War II

The bombing of Kobe (Kōbe dai-kūshū) on March 16 and 17, 1945, was part of the strategic bombing air raids on Japan campaign waged by the United States against military and civilian targets and population centers during the Japan home islands campaign in the closing stages of the Pacific War.

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Bombing of La Garriga

The bombing of La Garriga was a series of Nationalist air raids which took place at La Garriga, Barcelona province in Catalonia between 28 and 29 January 1939 during the Spanish Civil War.

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Bombing of Milan in World War II

As the main economic and industrial center in Italy, and the country's second largest city, Milan was subjected to heavy bombing during World War II, being the most bombed city in Northern Italy and one of the most bombed cities in the country.

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Bombing of Osaka

The during the Pacific War was part of the strategic bombing air raids on Japan campaign waged by the United States against military and civilian targets and population centers in Japan.

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Bombing of Palermo in World War II

During World War II the Italian city of Palermo, the regional capital and largest city of Sicily, was heavily bombed by both the Royal Air Force and the United States Army Air Force.

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Bombing of Pforzheim in World War II

During the latter stages of World War II, Pforzheim, a town in southwestern Germany, was bombed several times.

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Bombing of Rangoon in World War II

The bombing of Rangoon was a series of air raids conducted by the Imperial Japanese Army Air Service that took place between December 1941 to March 1942 during the Burma Campaign of World War II.

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Bombing of Stalingrad

Stalingrad, a Soviet city and industrial centre on the river Volga, was bombed heavily by the Luftwaffe during the Battle of Stalingrad in World War II.

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Bombing of Sukabumi

The bombing of Sukabumi was an aerial bombing of the city of Sukabumi, West Java in the Dutch East Indies (present-day Indonesia) during the Dutch East Indies campaign of World War II.

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Bombing of the Bezuidenhout

The bombing of the Bezuidenhout (bombardement op het Bezuidenhout) took place on March 3, 1945, when the Royal Air Force mistakenly bombed the Bezuidenhout neighboorhood in the Dutch city of The Hague, resulting in the death of 532 people.

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Bombing of Tokyo

The was a series of air raids on Japan launched by the United States Army Air Forces during the Pacific War in 1944–1945.

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Bombing of Turin in World War II

Owing to its importance as an industrial center, home to Fiat and several other industries engaged in war production (including RIV, Lancia and Snia Viscosa), Turin, the regional capital of Piedmont, suffered over a hundred raids by the Allied air forces during World War II; the Piedmontese capital was thus among the most bombed cities in Northern Italy, suffering damage to about 40% of its housing stock, and over 2,000 victims among its population.

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Bombing of Ulm in World War II

The city of Ulm, in the German state of Baden-Württemberg, was heavily bombed during the closing months of World War II.

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Bombing of Warsaw in World War II

The bombing of Warsaw in World War II started with the aerial bombing campaign of Warsaw by the German Luftwaffe during the siege of Warsaw in the invasion of Poland in 1939.

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Bombing of Würzburg in World War II

The city of Würzburg (in Franconia, in the north of Bavaria) was attacked as part of the strategic bombing campaign in World War II by the Allies against Nazi Germany.

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Bombing of Wieluń

The bombing of Wieluń is considered by many to be the first major act of World War II, and the September Campaign.

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Bristol

Bristol is a city, unitary authority area and ceremonial county in South West England, the most populous city in the region.

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Bristol Blitz

The Bristol Blitz was the heavy bombing of Bristol, England by the Nazi German Luftwaffe during the Second World War.

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Bubonic plague

Bubonic plague is one of three types of plague caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis.

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Caen

Caen (Kaem) is a commune inland from the northwestern coast of France.

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Carcinogen

A carcinogen is any agent that promotes the development of cancer.

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Casualty recording

Casualty recording is the systematic and continuous process of documenting individual direct deaths from armed conflict or widespread violence.

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Chechnya

Chechnya, officially the Chechen Republic, is a republic of Russia.

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Chemical weapon

A chemical weapon (CW) is a specialized munition that uses chemicals formulated to inflict death or harm on humans.

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China

China, officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is a country in East Asia.

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Chongqing

Chongqing is a municipality in Southwestern China.

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Civilian casualty

A civilian casualty occurs when a civilian is killed or injured by non-civilians, mostly law enforcement officers, military personnel, rebel group forces, or terrorists. Civilian casualties of strategic bombing and civilian casualty are civilian casualties.

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CNN

Cable News Network (CNN) is a multinational news channel and website operating from Midtown Atlanta, Georgia, U.S. Founded in 1980 by American media proprietor Ted Turner and Reese Schonfeld as a 24-hour cable news channel, and presently owned by the Manhattan-based media conglomerate Warner Bros. Discovery (WBD), CNN was the first television channel to provide 24-hour news coverage and the first all-news television channel in the United States.

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Cologne

Cologne (Köln; Kölle) is the largest city of the German state of North Rhine-Westphalia and the fourth-most populous city of Germany with nearly 1.1 million inhabitants in the city proper and over 3.1 million people in the Cologne Bonn urban region.

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Combatant

Combatant is the legal status of a person entitled to directly participate in hostilities during an armed conflict, and may be intentionally targeted by an adverse party for their participation in the armed conflict.

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Condor Legion

The Condor Legion (Legion Condor) was a unit of military personnel from the air force and army of Nazi Germany’s Wehrmacht which served with the Nationalist faction during the Spanish Civil War.

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Conflagration

A conflagration is a large fire.

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Darmstadt

Darmstadt is a city in the state of Hesse in Germany, located in the southern part of the Rhine-Main-Area (Frankfurt Metropolitan Region).

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Dehousing

Dehousing was a strategy adopted by the British against the Germans during World War II.

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Demoralization (warfare)

Demoralization is, in a context of warfare, national security, and law enforcement, a process in psychological warfare with the objective to erode morale among enemy combatants and/or noncombatants.

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Dresden

Dresden (Upper Saxon: Dräsdn; Drježdźany) is the capital city of the German state of Saxony and it is the second most populous city after Leipzig.

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Duisburg

Duisburg (Duisborg) is a city in the Ruhr metropolitan area of the western German state of North Rhine-Westphalia.

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Ebook

An ebook (short for electronic book), also spelled as e-book or eBook, is a book publication made available in electronic form, consisting of text, images, or both, readable on the flat-panel display of computers or other electronic devices.

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Economy

An economy is an area of the production, distribution and trade, as well as consumption of goods and services.

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Eighth Air Force

The Eighth Air Force (Air Forces Strategic) is a numbered air force (NAF) of the United States Air Force's Air Force Global Strike Command (AFGSC).

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Elistanzhi

Elistanzhi (Элистанжи, Элистанжа, Elistanƶa) is a rural locality (a selo) in Vedensky District, Chechnya.

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Elistanzhi cluster bomb attack

Elistanzhi cluster bomb attack occurred on October 7, 1999, in Chechnya, when two Russian Sukhoi Su-24 fighter bombers dropped several cluster bombs on the apparently undefended mountain village of Elistanzhi.

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Factory

A factory, manufacturing plant or production plant is an industrial facility, often a complex consisting of several buildings filled with machinery, where workers manufacture items or operate machines which process each item into another.

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Fallujah

Fallujah (ٱلْفَلُّوجَة) is a city in Al Anbar Governorate, Iraq.

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Fat Man

"Fat Man" (also known as Mark III) was the codename for the type of nuclear weapon the United States detonated over the Japanese city of Nagasaki on 9 August 1945.

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Fifth Air Force

The Fifth Air Force (5 AF) is a numbered air force of the United States Air Force Pacific Air Forces (PACAF).

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Firestorm

A firestorm is a conflagration which attains such intensity that it creates and sustains its own wind system.

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Flea

Flea, the common name for the order Siphonaptera, includes 2,500 species of small flightless insects that live as external parasites of mammals and birds.

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France

France, officially the French Republic, is a country located primarily in Western Europe.

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Freeman Dyson

Freeman John Dyson (15 December 1923 – 28 February 2020) was a British-American theoretical physicist and mathematician known for his works in quantum field theory, astrophysics, random matrices, mathematical formulation of quantum mechanics, condensed matter physics, nuclear physics, and engineering.

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General-purpose bomb

A general-purpose bomb is an air-dropped bomb intended as a compromise between blast damage, penetration, and fragmentation in explosive effect.

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German bombing of Rotterdam

In 1940, Rotterdam was subjected to heavy aerial bombardment by the Luftwaffe during the German invasion of the Netherlands during the Second World War.

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Germany

Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG), is a country in Central Europe.

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Gjakova

Gjakova or Đakovica is the seventh largest city of Kosovo and seat of Gjakova Municipality and Gjakova District.

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Granollers

Granollers is a city in central Catalonia, about 30 kilometres north-east of Barcelona.

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Grdelica train bombing

The Grdelica train bombing occurred on 12 April 1999, when two missiles fired by a USAF F-15E Strike Eagle fighter bomber hit a passenger train while it was passing across a railway bridge over the Južna Morava river in the Grdelica gorge, some south of Belgrade, Serbia.

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Group captain

Group captain (Gp Capt or G/C) is a senior officer rank used by some air forces, with origins from the Royal Air Force.

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Grozny

Grozny (Groznyy,; translit) is the capital city of Chechnya, Russia.

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Grozny ballistic missile attack

The Grozny ballistic missile attack was a wave of Russian ballistic missile strikes on the Chechen capital Grozny on October 21, 1999, early in the Second Chechen War.

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Guangzhou

Guangzhou, previously romanized as Canton or Kwangchow, is the capital and largest city of Guangdong province in southern China.

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Guernica

Guernica, officially Gernika in Basque, is a town in the province of Biscay, in the Autonomous Community of the Basque Country, Spain.

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Guided bomb

A guided bomb (also known as a smart bomb, guided bomb unit, or GBU) is a precision-guided munition designed to achieve a smaller circular error probable (CEP).

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Haagse Bos

Haagse Bos (literally Forest of The Hague) is a rectangular neighbourhood and forest in the Haagse Hout district of The Hague, Netherlands, reaching from the old city centre in the south-west to the border of Wassenaar in the north-east.

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Hamburg

Hamburg (Hamborg), officially the Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg,.

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Hiroshima

is the capital of Hiroshima Prefecture in Japan.

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Human Rights Watch

Human Rights Watch (HRW) is an international non-governmental organization headquartered in New York City that conducts research and advocacy on human rights.

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Imperial Japanese Army Air Service

The Imperial Japanese Army Air Service (IJAAS) or Imperial Japanese Army Air Force (IJAAF; lit) was the aviation force of the Imperial Japanese Army (IJA).

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Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service

The (IJNAS) was the air arm of the Imperial Japanese Navy (IJN).

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Incendiary device

Incendiary weapons, incendiary devices, incendiary munitions, or incendiary bombs are weapons designed to start fires.

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Indonesia

Indonesia, officially the Republic of Indonesia, is a country in Southeast Asia and Oceania between the Indian and Pacific oceans.

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Infrastructure

Infrastructure is the set of facilities and systems that serve a country, city, or other area, and encompasses the services and facilities necessary for its economy, households and firms to function.

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Iraq

Iraq, officially the Republic of Iraq, is a country in West Asia and a core country in the geopolitical region known as the Middle East.

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Iraqi Armed Forces

The Iraqi Armed Forces are the military forces of the Republic of Iraq.

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Italian fascism

Italian fascism (fascismo italiano), also classical fascism and Fascism, is the original fascist ideology, which Giovanni Gentile and Benito Mussolini developed in Italy.

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Italy

Italy, officially the Italian Republic, is a country in Southern and Western Europe.

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Jaén, Spain

Jaén is a municipality of Spain and the capital of the province of Jaén, in the autonomous community of Andalusia.

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Japan

Japan is an island country in East Asia, located in the Pacific Ocean off the northeast coast of the Asian mainland.

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Kassel

Kassel (in Germany, spelled Cassel until 1926) is a city on the Fulda River in northern Hesse, in central Germany.

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Kingdom of Yugoslavia

The Kingdom of Yugoslavia was a country in Southeast and Central Europe that existed from 1918 until 1941.

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Kobe

Kobe (Kōbe), officially, is the capital city of Hyōgo Prefecture, Japan.

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La Garriga

La Garriga is a municipality in the province of Barcelona and autonomous community of Catalonia, Spain.

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Laser-guided bomb

A laser-guided bomb (LGB) is a guided bomb that uses semi-active laser guidance to strike a designated target with greater accuracy than an unguided bomb.

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Leskovac

Leskovac (Лесковац) is a city and the administrative center of the Jablanica District in southern Serbia.

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Little Boy

Little Boy was the name of the type of atomic bomb used in the bombing of the Japanese city of Hiroshima on 6 August 1945 during World War II, making it the first nuclear weapon used in warfare.

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Liverpool

Liverpool is a cathedral, port city and metropolitan borough of Merseyside, England.

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Liverpool Blitz

The Liverpool Blitz was the heavy and sustained bombing of the English city of Liverpool and its surrounding area, during the Second World War by the German Luftwaffe.

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London

London is the capital and largest city of both England and the United Kingdom, with a population of in.

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Los Angeles Times

The Los Angeles Times is a regional American daily newspaper that began publishing in Los Angeles, California in 1881.

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Lužane bus bombing

The Lužane bus bombing occurred on May 1, 1999, during the NATO bombing of Yugoslavia, when NATO AGM-114 Hellfire missiles fired from AH-64 Apache targeted a bridge in Kosovo hit a bus.

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Luftwaffe

The Luftwaffe was the aerial-warfare branch of the Wehrmacht before and during World War II.

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Madrid

Madrid is the capital and most populous city of Spain.

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Manchester University Press

Manchester University Press is the university press of the University of Manchester, England and a publisher of academic books and journals.

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Massachusetts Institute of Technology

The Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) is a private land-grant research university in Cambridge, Massachusetts.

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Milan

Milan (Milano) is a city in northern Italy, regional capital of Lombardy, and the second-most-populous city proper in Italy after Rome.

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Military aviation

Military aviation comprises military aircraft and other flying machines for the purposes of conducting or enabling aerial warfare, including national airlift (air cargo) capacity to provide logistical supply to forces stationed in a war theater or along a front.

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Military base

A military base is a facility directly owned and operated by or for the military or one of its branches that shelters military equipment and personnel, and facilitates training and operations.

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Missile

A missile is an airborne ranged weapon capable of self-propelled flight aided usually by a propellant, jet engine or rocket motor.

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Mortsel

Mortsel is a city and municipality close to the city of Antwerp located in the Belgian province of Antwerp.

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Myanmar

Myanmar, officially the Republic of the Union of Myanmar and also known as Burma (the official name until 1989), is a country in Southeast Asia. It is the largest country by area in Mainland Southeast Asia and has a population of about 55 million. It is bordered by Bangladesh and India to its northwest, China to its northeast, Laos and Thailand to its east and southeast, and the Andaman Sea and the Bay of Bengal to its south and southwest.

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Nagasaki

, officially known as Nagasaki City (label), is the capital and the largest city of the Nagasaki Prefecture on the island of Kyushu in Japan.

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Nanjing

Nanjing is the capital of Jiangsu province in eastern China. The city has 11 districts, an administrative area of, and a population of 9,423,400. Situated in the Yangtze River Delta region, Nanjing has a prominent place in Chinese history and culture, having served as the capital of various Chinese dynasties, kingdoms and republican governments dating from the 3rd century to 1949, and has thus long been a major center of culture, education, research, politics, economy, transport networks and tourism, being the home to one of the world's largest inland ports.

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Naples

Naples (Napoli; Napule) is the regional capital of Campania and the third-largest city of Italy, after Rome and Milan, with a population of 909,048 within the city's administrative limits as of 2022.

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NATO bombing of Albanian refugees near Gjakova

The NATO bombing of Albanian refugees near Gjakova occurred on 14 April 1999 during the NATO bombing of Yugoslavia, when NATO planes bombed refugees on a twelve-mile stretch of road between the towns of Gjakova and Deçan in western Kosovo.

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NATO bombing of the Radio Television of Serbia headquarters

The NATO bombing of the Radio Television of Serbia (RTS) headquarters occurred on the evening of 23 April 1999, during Operation Allied Force.

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Netherlands

The Netherlands, informally Holland, is a country located in Northwestern Europe with overseas territories in the Caribbean.

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Ningbo

Ningbo is a sub-provincial city in northeast Zhejiang province, People's Republic of China. It comprises six urban districts, two satellite county-level cities, and two rural counties, including several islands in Hangzhou Bay and the East China Sea. Ningbo is the southern economic center of the Yangtze Delta megalopolis.

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Non-combatant

Non-combatant is a term of art in the law of war and international humanitarian law to refer to civilians who are not taking a direct part in hostilities; persons, such as combat medics and military chaplains, who are members of the belligerent armed forces but are protected because of their specific duties (as currently described in Protocol I of the Geneva Conventions, adopted in June 1977); combatants who are placed hors de combat; and neutral persons, such as peacekeepers, who are not involved in fighting for one of the belligerents involved in a war.

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Novi Sad

Novi Sad (Нови Сад,; see below for other names) is the second largest city in Serbia after the capital Belgrade and the capital of the autonomous province of Vojvodina.

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Nuclear weapon

A nuclear weapon is an explosive device that derives its destructive force from nuclear reactions, either fission (fission bomb) or a combination of fission and fusion reactions (thermonuclear bomb), producing a nuclear explosion.

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Oberkommando der Luftwaffe

The Oberkommando der Luftwaffe (abbreviated OKL) was the high command of the air force (Luftwaffe) of Nazi Germany.

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Oil refinery

An oil refinery or petroleum refinery is an industrial process plant where petroleum (crude oil) is transformed and refined into products such as gasoline (petrol), diesel fuel, asphalt base, fuel oils, heating oil, kerosene, liquefied petroleum gas and petroleum naphtha.

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Operation Charnwood

Operation Charnwood was an Anglo-Canadian offensive that took place from 8 to 9 July 1944, during the Battle for Caen, part of the larger Operation Overlord (code-name for the Battle of Normandy) in the Second World War.

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Operation Retribution (1941)

Operation Retribution (Unternehmen Strafgericht), also known as Operation Punishment, was the April 1941 German bombing of Belgrade, the capital of Yugoslavia, in retaliation for the coup d'état that overthrew the government that had signed the Tripartite Pact.

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Operation Tidal Wave

Operation Tidal Wave was an air attack by bombers of the United States Army Air Forces (USAAF) based in Libya on nine oil refineries around Ploiești, Romania on 1 August 1943, during World War II.

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Osaka

is a designated city in the Kansai region of Honshu in Japan, and one of the three major cities of Japan (Tokyo-Osaka-Nagoya).

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Palermo

Palermo (Palermu, locally also Paliemmu or Palèimmu) is a city in southern Italy, the capital of both the autonomous region of Sicily and the Metropolitan City of Palermo, the city's surrounding metropolitan province.

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Pančevo

Pančevo (Serbian Cyrillic: Панчево,; Pantschowa; Pancsova; Panciova; Pánčevo) is a city and the administrative center of the South Banat District in the autonomous province of Vojvodina, Serbia.

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Paris

Paris is the capital and largest city of France.

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Pforzheim

Pforzheim is a city of over 125,000 inhabitants in the federal state of Baden-Württemberg, in the southwest of Germany.

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Plutonium

Plutonium is a chemical element; it has symbol Pu and atomic number 94.

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Poland

Poland, officially the Republic of Poland, is a country in Central Europe.

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Politika

(lit) is a Serbian daily newspaper, published in Belgrade.

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Power station

A power station, also referred to as a power plant and sometimes generating station or generating plant, is an industrial facility for the generation of electric power.

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Project Gutenberg

Project Gutenberg (PG) is a volunteer effort to digitize and archive cultural works, as well as to "encourage the creation and distribution of eBooks." It was founded in 1971 by American writer Michael S. Hart and is the oldest digital library.

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Radio Television of Serbia

Radio Television of Serbia (Радио-телевизија Србије, italics; abbr. RTS/PTC) is the state-owned public radio and television broadcaster of Serbia.

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RAF Bomber Command

RAF Bomber Command controlled the Royal Air Force's bomber forces from 1936 to 1968.

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Rahovec

Rahovec (Rahoveci) or Orahovac (Ораховац), is a town and municipality located in the District of Gjakova in western Kosovo.

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Raid on Taipei

The Taihoku Air Raid was the largest Allied air raid on the city of Taihoku (modern-day Taipei), then under Japanese colonial rule, during World War II.

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Rail transport

Rail transport (also known as train transport) is a means of transport using wheeled vehicles running in tracks, which usually consist of two parallel steel rails.

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Roerich Pact

The Treaty on the Protection of Artistic and Scientific Institutions and Historic Monuments or Roerich Pact is an inter-American treaty.

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Romania

Romania is a country located at the crossroads of Central, Eastern, and Southeast Europe.

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Rotterdam

Rotterdam (lit. "The Dam on the River Rotte") is the second-largest city in the Netherlands after the national capital of Amsterdam.

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Royal Air Force

The Royal Air Force (RAF) is the air and space force of the United Kingdom, British Overseas Territories and Crown Dependencies.

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Russia

Russia, or the Russian Federation, is a country spanning Eastern Europe and North Asia.

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Russian Air Force

The Russian Air Force (Voenno-vozdushnye sily Rossii, VVS) is a branch of the Russian Aerospace Forces, the latter being formed on 1 August 2015 with the merging of the Russian Air Force and the Russian Aerospace Defence Forces.

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Saint Petersburg

Saint Petersburg, formerly known as Petrograd and later Leningrad, is the second-largest city in Russia after Moscow.

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Scud missile

A Scud missile is one of a series of tactical ballistic missiles developed by the Soviet Union during the Cold War.

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Secondary sector of the economy

In macroeconomics, the secondary sector of the economy is an economic sector in the three-sector theory that describes the role of manufacturing.

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Serbia

Serbia, officially the Republic of Serbia, is a landlocked country at the crossroads of Southeast and Central Europe, located in the Balkans and the Pannonian Plain.

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Siege of Leningrad

The Siege of Leningrad was a prolonged military siege undertaken by the Axis powers and co-belligerent Finland against the Soviet city of Leningrad (present-day Saint Petersburg) on the Eastern Front of World War II.

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Soviet Union

The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), commonly known as the Soviet Union, was a transcontinental country that spanned much of Eurasia from 1922 to 1991.

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Spain

Spain, formally the Kingdom of Spain, is a country located in Southwestern Europe, with parts of its territory in the Atlantic Ocean, the Mediterranean Sea and Africa.

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Strategic bomber

A strategic bomber is a medium- to long-range penetration bomber aircraft designed to drop large amounts of air-to-ground weaponry onto a distant target for the purposes of debilitating the enemy's capacity to wage war.

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Strategic bombing

Strategic bombing is a systematically organized and executed attack from the air which can utilize strategic bombers, long- or medium-range missiles, or nuclear-armed fighter-bomber aircraft to attack targets deemed vital to the enemy's war-making capability.

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Strategic Rocket Forces

The Strategic Rocket Forces of the Russian Federation or the Strategic Missile Forces of the Russian Federation (RVSN RF; Raketnye voyska strategicheskogo naznacheniya Rossiyskoy Federatsii) is a separate-troops branch of the Russian Armed Forces that controls Russia's land-based intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs).

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Sukabumi

Sukabumi (ᮞᮥᮊᮘᮥᮙᮤ) is a landlocked city surrounded by the regency of the same name (within which it is an enclave) in the southern foothills of Mount Gede, in West Java, Indonesia, about south of the national capital, Jakarta.

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Supply depot

Supply depots are a type of military installation used by militaries to store battlefield supplies temporarily on or near the front lines until they can be distributed to military units.

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Surdulica

Surdulica (Сурдулица) is a town and municipality located in the Pčinja District of southern Serbia.

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Taipei

Taipei, officially Taipei City, is the capital and a special municipality of Taiwan.

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Taiwan

Taiwan, officially the Republic of China (ROC), is a country in East Asia.

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The Blitz

The Blitz was a German bombing campaign against the United Kingdom, in 1940 and 1941, during the Second World War.

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The Hague

The Hague is the capital city of the South Holland province of the Netherlands.

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Tokyo

Tokyo (東京), officially the Tokyo Metropolis (label), is the capital of Japan and one of the most populous cities in the world, with a population of over 14 million residents as of 2023 and the second-most-populated capital in the world.

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Turin

Turin (Torino) is a city and an important business and cultural centre in Northern Italy.

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Twentieth Air Force

The Twentieth Air Force (Air Forces Strategic) (20th AF) is a numbered air force of the United States Air Force Global Strike Command (AFGSC).

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Ulm

Ulm is the sixth-largest city of the southwestern German state of Baden-Württemberg, and with around 129,000 inhabitants, it is Germany's 60th-largest city.

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United Kingdom

The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom (UK) or Britain, is a country in Northwestern Europe, off the coast of the continental mainland.

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United States Air Force

The United States Air Force (USAF) is the air service branch of the United States Armed Forces, and is one of the eight uniformed services of the United States.

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United States Army Air Forces

The United States Army Air Forces (USAAF or AAF) was the major land-based aerial warfare service component of the United States Army and de facto aerial warfare service branch of the United States during and immediately after World War II (1941–1947).

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University of Chicago Press

The University of Chicago Press is the university press of the University of Chicago, a private research university in Chicago, Illinois.

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Uranium

Uranium is a chemical element; it has symbol U and atomic number 92.

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V-2 rocket

The V2 (lit), with the technical name Aggregat 4 (A4), was the world's first long-range guided ballistic missile.

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Varadin Bridge

Varadin Bridge (Varadinski most) is a bridge over the Danube river in Novi Sad, Vojvodina, Serbia.

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Volgograd

Volgograd (p), formerly Tsaritsyn (label) (1589–1925) and Stalingrad (label) (1925–1961), is the largest city and the administrative centre of Volgograd Oblast, Russia.

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Vranje

Vranje (Врање) is a city in Southern Serbia and the administrative center of the Pčinja District.

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War effort

In politics and military planning, a war effort is a coordinated mobilization of society's resources—both industrial and human—towards the support of a military force.

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Warsaw

Warsaw, officially the Capital City of Warsaw, is the capital and largest city of Poland.

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Würzburg

Würzburg (Main-Franconian: Wörtzburch) is, after Nuremberg and Fürth, the third-largest city in Franconia located in the north of Bavaria.

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Wieluń

Wieluń (Velun) is a town in south-central Poland with 21,624 inhabitants (2021).

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World War II

World War II or the Second World War (1 September 1939 – 2 September 1945) was a global conflict between two alliances: the Allies and the Axis powers.

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Yangon

Yangon (ရန်ကုန်), formerly romanized as Rangoon, is the capital of the Yangon Region and the largest city of Myanmar (also known as Burma).

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Yersinia pestis

Yersinia pestis (Y. pestis; formerly Pasteurella pestis) is a gram-negative, non-motile, coccobacillus bacterium without spores that is related to both Yersinia enterocolitica and Yersinia pseudotuberculosis, the pathogen from which Y. pestis evolved and responsible for the Far East scarlet-like fever.

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393rd Bomb Squadron

The 393rd Bomb SquadronOfficially, the 393d Bomb Squadron is part of the 509th Bomb Wing at Whiteman Air Force Base, Missouri.

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See also

Civilian casualties

• Civilian casualties of strategic bombing
• Civilian casualty
• Collateral damage
• Genocide victims
• Non-combatant casualty value
• Refugees

Strategic bombing

• Auschwitz bombing debate
• Bomber Mafia
• Camouflet
• Civilian casualties of strategic bombing
• Enemy Objectives Unit
• Strategic bombers
• Strategic bombing
• The bomber will always get through
• Warden's Five Rings

References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civilian_casualties_of_strategic_bombing

Also known as Aerial warfare and killed civilians in world war 2, Civilian casualties of strategic bombing during World War II, Strategic bombing civilian casualties.

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