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Classical language, the Glossary

A classical language is any language with an independent literary tradition and a large body of ancient written literature.^[1]

197 relations: Aṣṭādhyāyī, Achaemenid Empire, Ancient Egypt, Ancient Greek, Ancient language, Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, Aramaic, Armenian language, Athens, Attic Greek, Aureation, Awadhi language, Beowulf, Biblical Hebrew, Binomial nomenclature, Book of Common Prayer, Botany, Braj literature, Brazil, Buddhism, Burmese language, Byzantine Empire, Catholic Church, Chagatai language, Classic Maya language, Classical antiquity, Classical Arabic, Classical Armenian, Classical Athens, Classical Chinese, Classical Japanese, Classical Kʼicheʼ, Classical languages of India, Classical Latin, Classical Mongolian language, Classical Nahuatl, Classical Newar, Classical Quechua, Classical Tibetan, Classicism, Classics, Colloquialism, Coptic language, Coptic Orthodox Church, Crown of Aragon, Cuneiform, Delhi, Dutch Golden Age, Early Modern English, Early Modern Spanish, ... Expand index (147 more) »
Classical languages

Aṣṭādhyāyī

The (अष्टाध्यायी) is a grammar that describes a form of an early Indo-Aryan language: Sanskrit.

See Classical language and Aṣṭādhyāyī

The Achaemenid Empire or Achaemenian Empire, also known as the Persian Empire or First Persian Empire (𐎧𐏁𐏂), was an ancient Iranian empire founded by Cyrus the Great of the Achaemenid dynasty in 550 BC.

See Classical language and Achaemenid Empire

Ancient Egypt

Ancient Egypt was a civilization of ancient Northeast Africa.

See Classical language and Ancient Egypt

Ancient Greek

Ancient Greek (Ἑλληνῐκή) includes the forms of the Greek language used in ancient Greece and the ancient world from around 1500 BC to 300 BC. Classical language and ancient Greek are classical languages.

See Classical language and Ancient Greek

Ancient language

An ancient language is any language originating in times that may be referred to as ancient.

See Classical language and Ancient language

Anglo-Saxon Chronicle

The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle is a collection of annals in Old English, chronicling the history of the Anglo-Saxons.

See Classical language and Anglo-Saxon Chronicle

Aramaic

Aramaic (ˀərāmiṯ; arāmāˀiṯ) is a Northwest Semitic language that originated in the ancient region of Syria and quickly spread to Mesopotamia, the southern Levant, southeastern Anatolia, Eastern Arabia and the Sinai Peninsula, where it has been continually written and spoken in different varieties for over three thousand years.

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Armenian language

Armenian (endonym) is an Indo-European language and the sole member of the independent branch of the Armenian language family.

See Classical language and Armenian language

Athens

Athens is the capital and largest city of Greece.

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Attic Greek

Attic Greek is the Greek dialect of the ancient region of Attica, including the polis of Athens. Classical language and Attic Greek are classical languages.

See Classical language and Attic Greek

Aureation

Aureation ("to make golden", from aureus) is a device in arts of rhetoric that involves the "gilding" (or supposed heightening) of diction in one language by the introduction of terms from another, typically a classical language considered to be more prestigious.

See Classical language and Aureation

Awadhi language

Awadhi, also known as Audhi, is an Indo-Aryan language spoken in the Awadh region of Uttar Pradesh in northern India and in Terai region of western Nepal.

See Classical language and Awadhi language

Beowulf

Beowulf (Bēowulf) is an Old English epic poem in the tradition of Germanic heroic legend consisting of 3,182 alliterative lines.

See Classical language and Beowulf

Biblical Hebrew

Biblical Hebrew (rtl ʿīḇrîṯ miqrāʾîṯ or rtl ləšôn ham-miqrāʾ), also called Classical Hebrew, is an archaic form of the Hebrew language, a language in the Canaanitic branch of the Semitic languages spoken by the Israelites in the area known as the Land of Israel, roughly west of the Jordan River and east of the Mediterranean Sea. Classical language and Biblical Hebrew are classical languages.

See Classical language and Biblical Hebrew

Binomial nomenclature

In taxonomy, binomial nomenclature ("two-term naming system"), also called binary nomenclature, is a formal system of naming species of living things by giving each a name composed of two parts, both of which use Latin grammatical forms, although they can be based on words from other languages.

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Book of Common Prayer

The Book of Common Prayer (BCP) is the name given to a number of related prayer books used in the Anglican Communion and by other Christian churches historically related to Anglicanism.

See Classical language and Book of Common Prayer

Botany

Botany, also called plant science (or plant sciences), plant biology or phytology, is the science of plant life and a branch of biology.

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Braj literature

Braj literature is literature in Braj Bhasha, one of the Western Hindi languages developed as a literary language during the 15th century, Bhakti Movement as a form of devotional songs in praise of Krishna.

See Classical language and Braj literature

Brazil

Brazil, officially the Federative Republic of Brazil, is the largest and easternmost country in South America and Latin America.

See Classical language and Brazil

Buddhism

Buddhism, also known as Buddha Dharma and Dharmavinaya, is an Indian religion and philosophical tradition based on teachings attributed to the Buddha, a wandering teacher who lived in the 6th or 5th century BCE.

See Classical language and Buddhism

Burmese language

Burmese is a Sino-Tibetan language spoken in Myanmar, where it is the official language, lingua franca, and the native language of the Bamar, the country's principal ethnic group.

See Classical language and Burmese language

Byzantine Empire

The Byzantine Empire, also referred to as the Eastern Roman Empire, was the continuation of the Roman Empire centered in Constantinople during Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages.

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Catholic Church

The Catholic Church, also known as the Roman Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with 1.28 to 1.39 billion baptized Catholics worldwide as of 2024.

See Classical language and Catholic Church

Chagatai language

Chagatai (چغتای, Čaġatāy), also known as Turki, Eastern Turkic, or Chagatai Turkic (Čaġatāy türkīsi), is an extinct Turkic language that was once widely spoken across Central Asia.

See Classical language and Chagatai language

Classic Maya language

Classic Maya (or properly Classical Chʼoltiʼ) is the oldest historically attested member of the Mayan language family. Classical language and Classic Maya language are classical languages.

See Classical language and Classic Maya language

Classical antiquity

Classical antiquity, also known as the classical era, classical period, classical age, or simply antiquity, is the period of cultural European history between the 8th century BC and the 5th century AD comprising the interwoven civilizations of ancient Greece and ancient Rome known together as the Greco-Roman world, centered on the Mediterranean Basin.

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Classical Arabic

Classical Arabic or Quranic Arabic (the most eloquent classic Arabic) is the standardized literary form of Arabic used from the 7th century and throughout the Middle Ages onwards, having succeeded the Paleo-Arabic script. Classical language and Classical Arabic are classical languages.

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Classical Armenian

Classical Armenian (meaning "literary "; also Old Armenian or Liturgical Armenian) is the oldest attested form of the Armenian language. Classical language and Classical Armenian are classical languages.

See Classical language and Classical Armenian

Classical Athens

The city of Athens (Ἀθῆναι, Athênai a.tʰɛ̂ː.nai̯; Modern Greek: Αθήναι, Athine or, more commonly and in singular, Αθήνα, Athina) during the classical period of ancient Greece (480–323 BC) was the major urban centre of the notable polis (city-state) of the same name, located in Attica, Greece, leading the Delian League in the Peloponnesian War against Sparta and the Peloponnesian League.

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Classical Chinese

Classical Chinese is the language in which the classics of Chinese literature were written, from. Classical language and Classical Chinese are classical languages.

See Classical language and Classical Chinese

Classical Japanese

The classical Japanese language (bungo, "literary language"), also called and sometimes simply called "Medieval Japanese", is the literary form of the Japanese language that was the standard until the early Shōwa period (1926–1989). Classical language and classical Japanese are classical languages.

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Classical Kʼicheʼ

Classical Kʼicheʼ was an ancestral form of today's Kʼicheʼ language (Quiché in the older Spanish-based orthography), which was spoken in the highland regions of Guatemala around the time of the 16th-century Spanish conquest of Guatemala. Classical language and Classical Kʼicheʼ are classical languages.

See Classical language and Classical Kʼicheʼ

Classical languages of India

The Indian classical languages, or the Shastriya Bhasha or the Semmozhi, is an umbrella term for the languages of India having high antiquity, and valuable, original and distinct literary heritage.

See Classical language and Classical languages of India

Classical Latin

Classical Latin is the form of Literary Latin recognized as a literary standard by writers of the late Roman Republic and early Roman Empire. Classical language and Classical Latin are classical languages.

See Classical language and Classical Latin

Classical Mongolian language

Classical Mongolian was the literary language of Mongolian that was first introduced shortly after 1600, when Ligdan Khan set his clergy the task of translating the whole of the Tibetan Buddhist canon, consisting of the Kangyur and Tengyur, into Mongolian. Classical language and Classical Mongolian language are classical languages.

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Classical Nahuatl

Classical Nahuatl (also known simply as Aztec or Nahuatl) is any of the variants of Nahuatl spoken in the Valley of Mexico and central Mexico as a lingua franca at the time of the 16th-century Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire. Classical language and Classical Nahuatl are classical languages.

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Classical Newar

Classical Newar (Modern Newar: pulāṃ bhāy, "old language") also known as Old Newar or Classical Nepal Bhasa, is an umbrella term used to refer to the vernacular and literary form of Nepal Bhasa used prior to the 19th century.

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Classical Quechua

Classical Quechua or is either of two historical forms of Quechua, the exact relationship and degree of closeness between which is controversial, and which have sometimes been identified with each other.

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Classical Tibetan

Classical Tibetan refers to the language of any text written in Tibetic after the Old Tibetan period. Classical language and Classical Tibetan are classical languages.

See Classical language and Classical Tibetan

Classicism

Classicism, in the arts, refers generally to a high regard for a classical period, classical antiquity in the Western tradition, as setting standards for taste which the classicists seek to emulate.

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Classics

Classics or classical studies is the study of classical antiquity.

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Colloquialism

Colloquialism (also called colloquial language, everyday language, or general parlance) is the linguistic style used for casual (informal) communication.

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Coptic language

Coptic (Bohairic Coptic) is a group of closely related Egyptian dialects, representing the most recent developments of the Egyptian language, and historically spoken by the Copts, starting from the third century AD in Roman Egypt.

See Classical language and Coptic language

Coptic Orthodox Church

The Coptic Orthodox Church (lit), also known as the Coptic Orthodox Patriarchate of Alexandria, is an Oriental Orthodox Christian church based in Egypt.

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Crown of Aragon

The Crown of AragonCorona d'Aragón;Corona d'Aragó,;Corona de Aragón;Corona Aragonum.

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Cuneiform

Cuneiform is a logo-syllabic writing system that was used to write several languages of the Ancient Near East.

See Classical language and Cuneiform

Delhi

Delhi, officially the National Capital Territory (NCT) of Delhi (ISO: Rāṣṭrīya Rājadhānī Kṣētra Dillī), is a city and a union territory of India containing New Delhi, the capital of India.

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Dutch Golden Age

The Dutch Golden Age (Gouden Eeuw) was a period in the history of the Netherlands which roughly lasted from 1588, when the Dutch Republic was established, to 1672, when the Rampjaar occurred.

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Early Modern English

Early Modern English (sometimes abbreviated EModEFor example, or EMnE) or Early New English (ENE) is the stage of the English language from the beginning of the Tudor period to the English Interregnum and Restoration, or from the transition from Middle English, in the late 15th century, to the transition to Modern English, in the mid-to-late 17th century.

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Early Modern Spanish

Early Modern Spanish (also called classical Spanish or Golden Age Spanish, especially in literary contexts) is the variant of Spanish used between the end of the 15th century and the end of the 17th century, marked by a series of phonological and grammatical changes that transformed Old Spanish into Modern Spanish.

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Early New High German

Early New High German (ENHG) is a term for the period in the history of the German language generally defined, following Wilhelm Scherer, as the period 1350 to 1650, developing from Middle High German and into New High German.

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Eastern Orthodox Church

The Eastern Orthodox Church, officially the Orthodox Catholic Church, and also called the Greek Orthodox Church or simply the Orthodox Church, is the second-largest Christian church, with approximately 230 million baptised members.

See Classical language and Eastern Orthodox Church

Eastern Zhou

The Eastern Zhou (Chinese: 东周; pinyin: Dōngzhōu; Wade–Giles: Tung1 Chou1; c. 771 – 256 BC) is a period in Chinese history comprising the latter half of the Zhou dynasty following the Zhou capital's relocation eastward to Chengzhou, near present-day Luoyang.

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Edward Sapir

Edward Sapir (January 26, 1884 – February 4, 1939) was an American anthropologist-linguist, who is widely considered to be one of the most important figures in the development of the discipline of linguistics in the United States.

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Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church

The Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church (የኢትዮጵያ ኦርቶዶክስ ተዋሕዶ ቤተ ክርስቲያን, Yäityop'ya ortodoks täwahedo bétäkrestyan) is the largest of the Oriental Orthodox Churches.

See Classical language and Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church

First Bulgarian Empire

The First Bulgarian Empire (blŭgarĭsko tsěsarǐstvije; Първо българско царство) was a medieval state that existed in Southeastern Europe between the 7th and 11th centuries AD. It was founded in 680–681 after part of the Bulgars, led by Asparuh, moved south to the northeastern Balkans.

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First language

A first language (L1), native language, native tongue, or mother tongue is the first language a person has been exposed to from birth or within the critical period.

See Classical language and First language

France

France, officially the French Republic, is a country located primarily in Western Europe.

See Classical language and France

French language

French (français,, or langue française,, or by some speakers) is a Romance language of the Indo-European family.

See Classical language and French language

French Renaissance

The French Renaissance was the cultural and artistic movement in France between the 15th and early 17th centuries.

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Geʽez

Geez (or; ግዕዝ, and sometimes referred to in scholarly literature as Classical Ethiopic) is an ancient South Semitic language.

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German Renaissance

The German Renaissance, part of the Northern Renaissance, was a cultural and artistic movement that spread among German thinkers in the 15th and 16th centuries, which developed from the Italian Renaissance.

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A golden age is a period considered the peak in the history of a country or people, a time period when the greatest achievements were made.

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Goryeo

Goryeo (Hanja: 高麗) was a Korean state founded in 918, during a time of national division called the Later Three Kingdoms period, that unified and ruled the Korean Peninsula until the establishment of Joseon in 1392.

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Grand Duchy of Lithuania

The Grand Duchy of Lithuania was a sovereign state in northeastern Europe that existed from the 13th century, succeeding the Kingdom of Lithuania, to the late 18th century, when the territory was suppressed during the 1795 partitions of Poland–Lithuania.

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Greek language

Greek (Elliniká,; Hellēnikḗ) is an independent branch of the Indo-European family of languages, native to Greece, Cyprus, Italy (in Calabria and Salento), southern Albania, and other regions of the Balkans, the Black Sea coast, Asia Minor, and the Eastern Mediterranean.

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Guatemala

Guatemala, officially the Republic of Guatemala, is a country in Central America.

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Hanseatic League

The Hanseatic League was a medieval commercial and defensive network of merchant guilds and market towns in Central and Northern Europe.

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Hebrew Bible

The Hebrew Bible or Tanakh (. Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary. Hebrew), also known in Hebrew as Miqra (Hebrew), is the canonical collection of Hebrew scriptures, comprising the Torah, the Nevi'im, and the Ketuvim.

See Classical language and Hebrew Bible

Hebrew language

Hebrew (ʿÎbrit) is a Northwest Semitic language within the Afroasiatic language family.

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Heian period

The is the last division of classical Japanese history, running from 794 to 1185.

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Hellenistic period

In classical antiquity, the Hellenistic period covers the time in Mediterranean history after Classical Greece, between the death of Alexander the Great in 323 BC and the death of Cleopatra in 30 BC, which was followed by the ascendancy of the Roman Empire, as signified by the Battle of Actium in 31 BC and the Roman conquest of Ptolemaic Egypt the following year, which eliminated the last major Hellenistic kingdom.

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History of Portugal (1415–1578)

The history of the Kingdom of Portugal from the Illustrious Generation of the early 15th century to the fall of the House of Aviz in the late 16th century has been named the "Portuguese golden age" (Portuguese: Século de Ouro; "golden century") and the "Portuguese Renaissance".

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History of Portuguese

The Portuguese language developed in the Western Iberian Peninsula from Latin spoken by Roman soldiers and colonists starting in the 3rd century BC.

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Holy Roman Empire

The Holy Roman Empire, also known as the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation after 1512, was a polity in Central and Western Europe, usually headed by the Holy Roman Emperor.

See Classical language and Holy Roman Empire

Homer

Homer (Ὅμηρος,; born) was a Greek poet who is credited as the author of the Iliad and the Odyssey, two epic poems that are foundational works of ancient Greek literature.

See Classical language and Homer

Hungarian literature

Hungarian literature is the body of written works primarily produced in Hungarian,, Encyclopædia Britannica, 2012 edition and may also include works written in other languages (mostly Latin), either produced by Hungarians or having topics which are closely related to Hungarian culture.

See Classical language and Hungarian literature

Inca Empire

The Inca Empire, officially known as the Realm of the Four Parts (Tawantinsuyu, "four parts together"), was the largest empire in pre-Columbian America.

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Islam

Islam (al-Islām) is an Abrahamic monotheistic religion centered on the Quran and the teachings of Muhammad, the religion's founder.

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Italian Renaissance

The Italian Renaissance (Rinascimento) was a period in Italian history covering the 15th and 16th centuries.

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Japanese people

are an East Asian ethnic group native to the Japanese archipelago.

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Javanese literature

Javanese literature is, generally speaking, literature from Java and, more specifically, from areas where Javanese is spoken.

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Jolof Empire

The Jolof Empire (امبراطورية جولوف), also known as Great Jolof, or the Wolof Empire, was a Wolof and Sereer confederacy state that ruled parts of West Africa situated in modern-day Senegal, Mali, Gambia and Mauritania from around the 12th century to 1549.

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Joseon

Joseon, officially Great Joseon State, was a dynastic kingdom of Korea that existed for 505 years.

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Kavirajamarga

Kavirajamarga (ಕವಿರಾಜಮಾರ್ಗ) (850 C.E.) is the earliest available work on rhetoric, poetics and grammar in the Kannada language.

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Khmer Empire

The Khmer Empire was a Hindu-Buddhist empire in Southeast Asia, centered around hydraulic cities in what is now northern Cambodia.

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Khmer language

Khmer (ខ្មែរ, UNGEGN) is an Austroasiatic language spoken by the Khmer people and the official and national language of Cambodia.

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Kievan Rus'

Kievan Rus', also known as Kyivan Rus,.

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King James Version

on the title-page of the first edition and in the entries in works like the "Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church", etc.--> The King James Version (KJV), also the King James Bible (KJB) and the Authorized Version (AV), is an Early Modern English translation of the Christian Bible for the Church of England, which was commissioned in 1604 and published in 1611, by sponsorship of King James VI and I.

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Koine Greek

Koine Greek (Koine the common dialect), also known as Hellenistic Greek, common Attic, the Alexandrian dialect, Biblical Greek, Septuagint Greek or New Testament Greek, was the common supra-regional form of Greek spoken and written during the Hellenistic period, the Roman Empire and the early Byzantine Empire.

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Language

Language is a structured system of communication that consists of grammar and vocabulary.

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Languages of Europe

There are over 250 languages indigenous to Europe, and most belong to the Indo-European language family.

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Latinisation of names

Latinisation (or Latinization) of names, also known as onomastic Latinisation, is the practice of rendering a non-Latin name in a modern Latin style.

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Lingua franca

A lingua franca (for plurals see), also known as a bridge language, common language, trade language, auxiliary language, vehicular language, or link language, is a language systematically used to make communication possible between groups of people who do not share a native language or dialect, particularly when it is a third language that is distinct from both of the speakers' native languages.

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List of languages by first written account

This is a list of languages arranged by age of the oldest existing text recording a complete sentence in the language.

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List of lingua francas

This is a list of lingua francas.

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Literary language

Literary language is the form (register) of a language used when writing in a formal, academic, or particularly polite tone; when speaking or writing in such a tone, it can also be known as formal language.

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Literature

Literature is any collection of written work, but it is also used more narrowly for writings specifically considered to be an art form, especially novels, plays, and poems.

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Louis XIV

LouisXIV (Louis-Dieudonné; 5 September 16381 September 1715), also known as Louis the Great or the Sun King, was King of France from 1643 until his death in 1715.

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Luoyang

Luoyang is a city located in the confluence area of the Luo River and the Yellow River in the west of Henan province.

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Malayalam

Malayalam is a Dravidian language spoken in the Indian state of Kerala and the union territories of Lakshadweep and Puducherry (Mahé district) by the Malayali people.

See Classical language and Malayalam

Mali Empire

The Mali Empire (Manding: MandéKi-Zerbo, Joseph: UNESCO General History of Africa, Vol. IV, Abridged Edition: Africa from the Twelfth to the Sixteenth Century, p. 57. University of California Press, 1997. or Manden Duguba; Mālī) was an empire in West Africa from 1226 to 1670.

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Manchu language

Manchu (Manchu:, Romanization) is a critically endangered East Asian Tungusic language native to the historical region of Manchuria in Northeast China.

See Classical language and Manchu language

Mandaeism

Mandaeism (Classical Mandaic), sometimes also known as Nasoraeanism or Sabianism, is a Gnostic, monotheistic and ethnic religion with Greek, Iranian, and Jewish influences. Its adherents, the Mandaeans, revere Adam, Abel, Seth, Enos, Noah, Shem, Aram, and especially John the Baptist. Mandaeans consider Adam, Seth, Noah, Shem and John the Baptist prophets, with Adam being the founder of the religion and John being the greatest and final prophet.

See Classical language and Mandaeism

Mandaic language

Mandaic, or more specifically Classical Mandaic, is the liturgical language of Mandaeism and a South Eastern Aramaic variety in use by the Mandaean community, traditionally based in southern parts of Iraq and southwest Iran, for their religious books.

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Mandinka language

The Mandinka language (Ajami: مَانْدِينْكَا كَانْجَوْ), or Mandingo, is a Mande language spoken by the Mandinka people of Guinea, northern Guinea-Bissau, the Casamance region of Senegal, and in The Gambia where it is one of the principal languages.

See Classical language and Mandinka language

Maritime Southeast Asia

Maritime Southeast Asia comprises the countries of Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, and East Timor.

See Classical language and Maritime Southeast Asia

Maya civilization

The Maya civilization was a Mesoamerican civilization that existed from antiquity to the early modern period.

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Mayan languages

The Mayan languagesIn linguistics, it is conventional to use Mayan when referring to the languages, or an aspect of a language.

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Mediterranean race

The Mediterranean race (also Mediterranid race) is an obsolete racial classification of humans based on a now-disproven theory of biological race.

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Middle Ages

In the history of Europe, the Middle Ages or medieval period (also spelt mediaeval or mediæval) lasted from approximately 500 to 1500 AD.

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Middle Bulgarian

Middle Bulgarian language (среднобългарски) was the lingua franca and the most widely spoken language of the Second Bulgarian Empire.

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Middle English

Middle English (abbreviated to ME) is a form of the English language that was spoken after the Norman Conquest of 1066, until the late 15th century.

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Middle French

Middle French (moyen français) is a historical division of the French language that covers the period from the mid-14th to the early 17th century.

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Middle High German

Middle High German (MHG; Mittelhochdeutsch (Mhdt., Mhd.)) is the term for the form of German spoken in the High Middle Ages.

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Middle High German literature

Middle High German literature refers to literature written in German between the middle of the 11th century and the middle of the 14th.

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Middle Korean

Middle Korean is the period in the history of the Korean language succeeding Old Korean and yielding in 1600 to the Modern period.

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Middle Low German

Middle Low German (Middelsassisk, label, label or label, italics, italics) is a developmental stage of Low German.

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Middle Persian

Middle Persian, also known by its endonym Pārsīk or Pārsīg (Pahlavi script: 𐭯𐭠𐭫𐭮𐭩𐭪, Manichaean script: 𐫛𐫀𐫡𐫘𐫏𐫐, Avestan script: 𐬞𐬀𐬭𐬯𐬍𐬐) in its later form, is a Western Middle Iranian language which became the literary language of the Sasanian Empire. Classical language and Middle Persian are classical languages.

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Middle Polish

Middle Polish (język średniopolski) is the period in the history of the Polish language between the 16th and 18th centuries.

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Modern language

A modern language is any human language that is currently in use as a native language.

See Classical language and Modern language

Napoleon

Napoleon Bonaparte (born Napoleone di Buonaparte; 15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821), later known by his regnal name Napoleon I, was a French military and political leader who rose to prominence during the French Revolution and led a series of successful campaigns across Europe during the Revolutionary Wars and Napoleonic Wars from 1796 to 1815.

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Nevi'im

The (נְבִיאִים Nəvīʾīm, Tiberian: Năḇīʾīm 'Prophets') is the second major division of the Hebrew Bible (the Tanakh), lying between the and.

See Classical language and Nevi'im

Nubia

Nubia (Nobiin: Nobīn) is a region along the Nile river encompassing the area between the first cataract of the Nile (south of Aswan in southern Egypt) and the confluence of the Blue and White Niles (in Khartoum in central Sudan), or more strictly, Al Dabbah.

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Odia language

Odia (ଓଡ଼ିଆ, ISO:,; formerly rendered as Oriya) is an Indo-Aryan classical language spoken in the Indian state of Odisha.

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Odia literature

Odia literature is literature written in the Odia language, mostly from the Indian state of Odisha.

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Official language

An official language is a language having certain rights to be used in defined situations.

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Old Anatolian Turkish

Old Anatolian Turkish, also referred to as Old Anatolian Turkic (Eski Anadolu Türkçesi), was the form of the Turkish language spoken in Anatolia from the 11th to 15th centuries.

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Old Catalan

Old Catalan, also known as Medieval Catalan, is the modern denomination for Romance varieties that during the Middle Ages were spoken in territories that spanned roughly the territories of the Principality of Catalonia, the Kingdom of Valencia, the Balearic Islands, and the island of Sardinia; all of them then part of the Crown of Aragon.

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Old Chinese

Old Chinese, also called Archaic Chinese in older works, is the oldest attested stage of Chinese, and the ancestor of all modern varieties of Chinese.

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Old Church Slavonic

Old Church Slavonic or Old Slavonic is the first Slavic literary language.

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Old East Slavic

Old East Slavic (traditionally also Old Russian) was a language (or a group of dialects) used by the East Slavs from the 7th or 8th century to the 13th or 14th century, until it diverged into the Russian and Ruthenian languages.

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Old English

Old English (Englisċ or Ænglisc), or Anglo-Saxon, was the earliest recorded form of the English language, spoken in England and southern and eastern Scotland in the early Middle Ages.

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Old French

Old French (franceis, françois, romanz; ancien français) was the language spoken in most of the northern half of France approximately between the late 8th and the mid-14th century.

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Old Georgian

Old Georgian (ႤႬႠჂ ႵႠႰႧႭჃႪႨ, enay kartuli) is a literary language of the Georgian monarchies attested from the 5th century.

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Old Javanese

Old Javanese or Kawi is the oldest attested phase of the Javanese language.

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Old Khmer

Old Khmer is the oldest attested stage of the Khmer language, an Austroasiatic language historically and presently spoken across Cambodia, Southern Vietnam, and parts of Thailand and Laos.

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Old Latin

Old Latin, also known as Early, Archaic or Priscan Latin (Classical lit), was the Latin language in the period roughly before 75 BC, i.e. before the age of Classical Latin.

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Old Norse

Old Norse, Old Nordic, or Old Scandinavian is a stage of development of North Germanic dialects before their final divergence into separate Nordic languages.

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Old Nubian

Old Nubian (also called Middle Nubian or Old Nobiin) is an extinct Nubian language, attested in writing from the 8th to the 15th century AD.

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Old Occitan

Old Occitan (Modern Occitan, occità antic), also called Old Provençal, was the earliest form of the Occitano-Romance languages, as attested in writings dating from the eighth through the fourteenth centuries.

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Old Persian

Old Persian is one of two directly attested Old Iranian languages (the other being Avestan) and is the ancestor of Middle Persian (the language of the Sasanian Empire).

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Old Tamil

Old Tamil is the period of the Tamil language spanning from 300 BCE to 700 CE.

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Old Uyghur

Old Uyghur was a Turkic language which was spoken in Qocho from the 9th–14th centuries as well as in Gansu.

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Ottoman Empire

The Ottoman Empire, historically and colloquially known as the Turkish Empire, was an imperial realm centered in Anatolia that controlled much of Southeast Europe, West Asia, and North Africa from the 14th to early 20th centuries; it also controlled parts of southeastern Central Europe, between the early 16th and early 18th centuries.

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Pali

Pāli, also known as Pali-Magadhi, is a Middle Indo-Aryan liturgical language on the Indian subcontinent. Classical language and Pali are classical languages.

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Pāṇini

(पाणिनि.) was a logician, Sanskrit philologist, grammarian, and revered scholar in ancient India, variously dated between the 7th and 4th century BCE.

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Persian language

Persian, also known by its endonym Farsi (Fārsī|), is a Western Iranian language belonging to the Iranian branch of the Indo-Iranian subdivision of the Indo-European languages.

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Persian literature

Persian literature comprises oral compositions and written texts in the Persian language and is one of the world's oldest literatures.

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Polish Golden Age

The Polish Golden Age (Polish: Złoty Wiek Polski) was the Renaissance period in Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, roughly corresponding to the period of rule of the King Władysław II Jagiełło (1386–1434) and Sigismund II Augustus, the last of the Jagiellonian Dynasty monarchs, until his death in 1572.

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Quran

The Quran, also romanized Qur'an or Koran, is the central religious text of Islam, believed by Muslims to be a revelation directly from God (Allah).

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Rashtrakutas

Rashtrakuta (IAST) (r. 753 – 982 CE) was a royal Indian dynasty ruling large parts of the Indian subcontinent between the 6th and 10th centuries.

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Reformation

The Reformation, also known as the Protestant Reformation and the European Reformation, was a major theological movement in Western Christianity in 16th-century Europe that posed a religious and political challenge to the papacy and the authority of the Catholic Church.

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Rekhta

Rekhta (ریختہ; रेख़्ता) was an early form of the Hindustani language.

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Renaissance

The Renaissance is a period of history and a European cultural movement covering the 15th and 16th centuries.

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Roman Empire

The Roman Empire was the state ruled by the Romans following Octavian's assumption of sole rule under the Principate in 27 BC, the post-Republican state of ancient Rome.

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Rome

Rome (Italian and Roma) is the capital city of Italy.

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Root (linguistics)

A root (or root word or radical) is the core of a word that is irreducible into more meaningful elements.

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Russian Empire

The Russian Empire was a vast empire that spanned most of northern Eurasia from its proclamation in November 1721 until its dissolution in March 1917.

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Ruthenian language

Ruthenian (ру́скаꙗ мо́ва or ру́скїй ѧзы́къ; see also other names) is an exonymic linguonym for a closely related group of East Slavic linguistic varieties, particularly those spoken from the 15th to 18th centuries in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and in East Slavic regions of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.

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Sacred language

A sacred language, holy language or liturgical language is a language that is cultivated and used primarily for religious reasons (like Mosque service) by people who speak another, primary language (like Persian, Urdu, Pashtu, Balochi, Sindhi etc.) in their daily lives.

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Sadhu bhasha

Sadhu bhasha (Chaste language) or Sanskritised Bengali was a historical literary register of the Bengali language most prominently used in the 19th to 20th centuries during the Bengali Renaissance.

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Sagas of Icelanders

The sagas of Icelanders (Íslendingasögur), also known as family sagas, are a subgenre, or text group, of Icelandic sagas.

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Sangam literature

The Sangam literature (Tamil: சங்க இலக்கியம், caṅka ilakkiyam, Malayalam: സംഘസാഹിത്യം, saṅgha sāhityam), historically known as 'the poetry of the noble ones' (Tamil: சான்றோர் செய்யுள், Cāṉṟōr ceyyuḷ), connotes the early classical Tamil literature and is the earliest known literature of South India.

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Sanskrit

Sanskrit (attributively संस्कृत-,; nominally संस्कृतम्) is a classical language belonging to the Indo-Aryan branch of the Indo-European languages.

See Classical language and Sanskrit

Sasanian Empire

The Sasanian Empire or Sassanid Empire, and officially known as Eranshahr ("Land/Empire of the Iranians"), was the last Iranian empire before the early Muslim conquests of the 7th to 8th centuries.

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Second Bulgarian Empire

The Second Bulgarian Empire was a medieval Bulgarian state that existed between 1185 and 1396.

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Sephardic Jews

Sephardic Jews (Djudíos Sefardíes), also known as Sephardi Jews or Sephardim, and rarely as Iberian Peninsular Jews, are a Jewish diaspora population associated with the Iberian Peninsula (Spain and Portugal).

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Serbia

Serbia, officially the Republic of Serbia, is a landlocked country at the crossroads of Southeast and Central Europe, located in the Balkans and the Pannonian Plain.

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Songhai Empire

The Songhai Empire was a state located in the western part of the Sahel during the 15th and 16th centuries.

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Songhay languages

The Songhay, Songhai or Ayneha languages are a group of closely related languages/dialects centred on the middle stretches of the Niger River in the West African countries of Mali, Niger, Benin, Burkina Faso and Nigeria.

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Spanish Golden Age

The Spanish Golden Age (Spanish: Siglo de Oro ˈsiɣlo ðe ˈoɾo, "Golden Century") was a period that coincided with the political rise of the Spanish Empire under the Catholic Monarchs of Spain and the Spanish Habsburgs.

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Species

A species (species) is often defined as the largest group of organisms in which any two individuals of the appropriate sexes or mating types can produce fertile offspring, typically by sexual reproduction.

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Standard language

A standard language (or standard variety, standard dialect, standardized dialect or simply standard) is a language variety that has undergone substantial codification of its grammar, lexicon, writing system, or other features and stands out among other varieties in a community as the one with the highest status or prestige.

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Sumer

Sumer is the earliest known civilization, located in the historical region of southern Mesopotamia (now south-central Iraq), emerging during the Chalcolithic and early Bronze Ages between the sixth and fifth millennium BC.

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Sumerian language

Sumerian (Also written 𒅴𒄀 eme-gi.ePSD2 entry for emegir.|'native language'|) was the language of ancient Sumer.

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Sumerogram

A Sumerogram is the use of a Sumerian cuneiform character or group of characters as an ideogram or logogram rather than a syllabogram in the graphic representation of a language other than Sumerian, such as Akkadian, Eblaite, or Hittite.

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Syriac Christianity

Syriac Christianity (ܡܫܝܚܝܘܬܐ ܣܘܪܝܝܬܐ / Mšiḥoyuṯo Suryoyto or Mšiḥāyūṯā Suryāytā) is a branch of Eastern Christianity of which formative theological writings and traditional liturgies are expressed in the Classical Syriac language, a variation of the old Aramaic language.

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Tamil language

Tamil (தமிழ்) is a Dravidian language natively spoken by the Tamil people of South Asia.

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Telugu language

Telugu (తెలుగు|) is a Dravidian language native to the Indian states of Andhra Pradesh and Telangana, where it is also the official language.

See Classical language and Telugu language

Thai language

Thai,In ภาษาไทย| ''Phasa Thai'' or Central Thai (historically Siamese;Although "Thai" and "Central Thai" have become more common, the older term, "Siamese", is still used by linguists, especially when it is being distinguished from other Tai languages (Diller 2008:6).

See Classical language and Thai language

References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_language

Also known as Canonical language, Classic language, Classical Language (India), Classical languages.

, Early New High German, Eastern Orthodox Church, Eastern Zhou, Edward Sapir, Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church, First Bulgarian Empire, First language, France, French language, French Renaissance, Geʽez, German Renaissance, Golden age (metaphor), Goryeo, Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Greek language, Guatemala, Hanseatic League, Hebrew Bible, Hebrew language, Heian period, Hellenistic period, History of Portugal (1415–1578), History of Portuguese, Holy Roman Empire, Homer, Hungarian literature, Inca Empire, Islam, Italian Renaissance, Japanese people, Javanese literature, Jolof Empire, Joseon, Kavirajamarga, Khmer Empire, Khmer language, Kievan Rus', King James Version, Koine Greek, Language, Languages of Europe, Latinisation of names, Lingua franca, List of languages by first written account, List of lingua francas, Literary language, Literature, Louis XIV, Luoyang, Malayalam, Mali Empire, Manchu language, Mandaeism, Mandaic language, Mandinka language, Maritime Southeast Asia, Maya civilization, Mayan languages, Mediterranean race, Middle Ages, Middle Bulgarian, Middle English, Middle French, Middle High German, Middle High German literature, Middle Korean, Middle Low German, Middle Persian, Middle Polish, Modern language, Napoleon, Nevi'im, Nubia, Odia language, Odia literature, Official language, Old Anatolian Turkish, Old Catalan, Old Chinese, Old Church Slavonic, Old East Slavic, Old English, Old French, Old Georgian, Old Javanese, Old Khmer, Old Latin, Old Norse, Old Nubian, Old Occitan, Old Persian, Old Tamil, Old Uyghur, Ottoman Empire, Pali, Pāṇini, Persian language, Persian literature, Polish Golden Age, Quran, Rashtrakutas, Reformation, Rekhta, Renaissance, Roman Empire, Rome, Root (linguistics), Russian Empire, Ruthenian language, Sacred language, Sadhu bhasha, Sagas of Icelanders, Sangam literature, Sanskrit, Sasanian Empire, Second Bulgarian Empire, Sephardic Jews, Serbia, Songhai Empire, Songhay languages, Spanish Golden Age, Species, Standard language, Sumer, Sumerian language, Sumerogram, Syriac Christianity, Tamil language, Telugu language, Thai language, The Canterbury Tales, Tolkāppiyam, Troubadour, Tupi language, Urdu, Vedic Sanskrit, Viking Age, West Saxon dialect, Western Roman Empire, William Shakespeare, Wolof language, World language, Yayan, Yiddishist movement, Zoology, 1st century.

Classical language, the Glossary

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