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Ideology of the Chinese Communist Party, the Glossary

The Chinese Communist Party (CCP) frames its ideology as Marxism–Leninism adapted to the historical context of China, often expressing it as socialism with Chinese characteristics.^[1]

264 relations: ABC-Clio, Academy of Social Sciences, Anne Applebaum, Anti-imperialism, Ash heap of history, Ashgate Publishing, Atheism, Base and superstructure, BBC Monitoring, BBC Radio 4, Beijing Review, Bicameralism, Bo Yibo, Bourgeoisie, Brill Publishers, Brookings Institution, Cambridge University Press, Capitalism, Capitalist mode of production (Marxist theory), Capitalist state, Cato Institute, Cato Journal, Central Advisory Commission, Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party, Central Intelligence Agency, Chairman of the Chinese Communist Party, Chen Yun, China Daily, China Radio International, China: An International Journal, Chinese Communist Party, Chinese Communist Revolution, Chinese culture, Chinese economic reform, Chinese nationalism, Chinese New Left, Chinese University of Hong Kong Press, Class conflict, Columbia University Press, Communism, Communist party, Communist Party of the Soviet Union, Communist society, Confucianism, Constitution, Constitution of the People's Republic of China, Continuum International Publishing Group, Core Socialist Values, Cultural Revolution, Democracy, ... Expand index (214 more) »
Socialist movements by country
State ideologies

ABC-Clio

ABC-Clio, LLC (stylized ABC-CLIO) is an American publishing company for academic reference works and periodicals primarily on topics such as history and social sciences for educational and public library settings.

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The Academy of Social Sciences is a representative body for social sciences in the United Kingdom.

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Anne Applebaum

Anne Elizabeth Applebaum (born July 25, 1964) is an American journalist and historian.

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Anti-imperialism

Anti-imperialism in political science and international relations is opposition to imperialism or neocolonialism.

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Ash heap of history

The phrase "ash heap of history", is a derogatory metaphoric reference to oblivion of things no longer relevant.

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Ashgate Publishing

Ashgate Publishing was an academic book and journal publisher based in Farnham (Surrey, United Kingdom).

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Atheism

Atheism, in the broadest sense, is an absence of belief in the existence of deities.

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Base and superstructure

In Marxist theory, society consists of two parts: the base (or substructure) and superstructure.

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BBC Monitoring

BBC Monitoring (BBCM) is a division of the British Broadcasting Corporation which monitors, and reports on, mass media worldwide using open-source intelligence.

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BBC Radio 4

BBC Radio 4 is a British national radio station owned and operated by the BBC.

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Beijing Review

Beijing Review, previously Peking Review, is China's only national news magazine in English, published by the Chinese Communist Party-owned China International Publishing Group.

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Bicameralism

Bicameralism is a type of legislature that is divided into two separate assemblies, chambers, or houses, known as a bicameral legislature.

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Bo Yibo

Bo Yibo (17 February 1908 – 15 January 2007) was a Chinese politician.

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Bourgeoisie

The bourgeoisie are a class of business owners and merchants which emerged in the Late Middle Ages, originally as a "middle class" between peasantry and aristocracy.

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Brill Publishers

Brill Academic Publishers, also known as E. J. Brill, Koninklijke Brill, Brill, is a Dutch international academic publisher of books and journals.

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Brookings Institution

The Brookings Institution, often stylized as Brookings, is an American think tank that conducts research and education in the social sciences, primarily in economics (and tax policy), metropolitan policy, governance, foreign policy, global economy, and economic development.

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Cambridge University Press

Cambridge University Press is the university press of the University of Cambridge.

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Capitalism

Capitalism is an economic system based on the private ownership of the means of production and their operation for profit.

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Capitalist mode of production (Marxist theory)

In Karl Marx's critique of political economy and subsequent Marxian analyses, the capitalist mode of production (German: Produktionsweise) refers to the systems of organizing production and distribution within capitalist societies.

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Capitalist state

The capitalist state is the state, its functions and the form of organization it takes within capitalist socioeconomic systems.

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Cato Institute

The Cato Institute is an American libertarian think tank headquartered in Washington, D.C. It was founded in 1977 by Ed Crane, Murray Rothbard, and Charles Koch, chairman of the board and chief executive officer of Koch Industries.

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Cato Journal

The Cato Journal was a triannual peer-reviewed academic journal that covered public policy from an Austro-libertarian point of view.

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Central Advisory Commission

The Central Advisory Commission (CAC) was a body of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) that existed during the era of the paramount leadership of Deng Xiaoping.

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Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party

The Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party, officially the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, is the highest organ when the national congress is not in session and is tasked with carrying out congress resolutions, directing all party work, and representing the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) externally.

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Central Intelligence Agency

The Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), known informally as the Agency, metonymously as Langley and historically as the Company, is a civilian foreign intelligence service of the federal government of the United States tasked with gathering, processing, and analyzing national security information from around the world, primarily through the use of human intelligence (HUMINT) and conducting covert action through its Directorate of Operations.

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Chairman of the Chinese Communist Party

The Chairman of the Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party was the leader of the Chinese Communist Party.

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Chen Yun

Chen Yun (pronounced; 13 June 1905 – 10 April 1995) was a Chinese revolutionary leader who was one of the most influential leaders of the People's Republic of China during the 1980s and 1990s and one of the major architects and important policy makers for the reform and opening up period, alongside Deng Xiaoping.

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China Daily

China Daily is an English-language daily newspaper owned by the Publicity Department of the Chinese Communist Party.

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China Radio International

China Radio International (CRI) is the state-owned international radio broadcaster of China.

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China: An International Journal

China: An International Journal covers politics, economics, society, geography, law, culture and international relations in modern China, including Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan.

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Chinese Communist Party

The Chinese Communist Party (CCP), officially the Communist Party of China (CPC), is the founding and sole ruling party of the People's Republic of China (PRC).

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Chinese Communist Revolution

The Chinese Communist Revolution was a social and political revolution that culminated in the establishment of the People's Republic of China (PRC) in 1949.

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Chinese culture

Chinese culture is one of the world's oldest cultures, originating thousands of years ago.

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Chinese economic reform

The Chinese economic reform or Chinese economic miracle, also known domestically as reform and opening-up, refers to a variety of economic reforms termed "socialism with Chinese characteristics" and "socialist market economy" in the People's Republic of China (PRC) that began in the late 20th century, after Mao Zedong's death in 1976.

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Chinese nationalism

Chinese nationalism is a form of nationalism in which asserts that the Chinese people are a nation and promotes the cultural and national unity of all Chinese people.

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Chinese New Left

The Chinese New Left is a term used in the People's Republic of China to describe a diverse range of left-wing political philosophies that emerged in the 1990s that are critical of the economic reforms instituted under Deng Xiaoping, which emphasized policies of market liberalization and privatization to promote economic growth and modernization.

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Chinese University of Hong Kong Press

The Chinese University of Hong Kong Press is the university press of the Chinese University of Hong Kong.

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Class conflict

In political science, the term class conflict, or class struggle, refers to the political tension and economic antagonism that exist among the social classes of society, because of socioeconomic competition for resources among the social classes, between the rich and the poor.

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Columbia University Press

Columbia University Press is a university press based in New York City, and affiliated with Columbia University.

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Communism

Communism (from Latin label) is a sociopolitical, philosophical, and economic ideology within the socialist movement, whose goal is the creation of a communist society, a socioeconomic order centered around common ownership of the means of production, distribution, and exchange that allocates products to everyone in the society based on need.

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Communist party

A communist party is a political party that seeks to realize the socio-economic goals of communism.

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Communist Party of the Soviet Union

The Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU), at some points known as the Russian Communist Party, All-Union Communist Party and Bolshevik Party, and sometimes referred to as the Soviet Communist Party (SCP), was the founding and ruling political party of the Soviet Union.

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Communist society

In Marxist thought, a communist society or the communist system is the type of society and economic system postulated to emerge from technological advances in the productive forces, representing the ultimate goal of the political ideology of communism.

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Confucianism

Confucianism, also known as Ruism or Ru classicism, is a system of thought and behavior originating in ancient China, and is variously described as a tradition, philosophy (humanistic or rationalistic), religion, theory of government, or way of life.

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Constitution

A constitution is the aggregate of fundamental principles or established precedents that constitute the legal basis of a polity, organization or other type of entity, and commonly determines how that entity is to be governed.

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Constitution of the People's Republic of China

The Constitution of the People's Republic of China is the supreme law of the People's Republic of China.

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Continuum International Publishing Group

Continuum International Publishing Group was an academic publisher of books with editorial offices in London and New York City.

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The Core Socialist Values is a set of official interpretations of the Chinese Communist Party's ideology of socialism with Chinese characteristics promoted at its 18th National Congress in 2012.

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Cultural Revolution

The Cultural Revolution, formally known as the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution, was a sociopolitical movement in the People's Republic of China (PRC).

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Democracy

Democracy (from dēmokratía, dēmos 'people' and kratos 'rule') is a system of government in which state power is vested in the people or the general population of a state.

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Democratic centralism

Democratic centralism is the organisational principle of communist states and of most communist parties to reach dictatorship of the proletariat.

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Deng Liqun

Deng Liqun (November 27, 1915 – February 10, 2015) was a Chinese politician and theorist who was one of the leading figures of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) during the 1980s, most well known for his involvement with the party's propaganda work.

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Deng Xiaoping

Deng Xiaoping (22 August 1904 – 19 February 1997) was a Chinese revolutionary and statesman who served as the paramount leader of the People's Republic of China (PRC) from December 1978 to November 1989.

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Deng Xiaoping Theory

Deng Xiaoping Theory (p), also known as Dengism, is the series of political and economic ideologies first developed by Chinese leader Deng Xiaoping.

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Deng Xiaoping's southern tour

Deng Xiaoping's southern tour, or 1992 southern tour, or simply Nanxun was the tour of Deng Xiaoping, the former Paramount leader of China, in southern China, including in Shenzhen, Zhuhai, Guangzhou and Shanghai, from January 18 to February 21, 1992.

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Developmentalism

Developmentalism is an economic theory which states that the best way for less developed economies to develop is through fostering a strong and varied internal market and imposing high tariffs on imported goods.

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Dictatorship of the proletariat

In Marxist philosophy, the dictatorship of the proletariat is a condition in which the proletariat, or working class, holds control over state power.

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Dissolution of the Soviet Union

The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) was formally dissolved as a sovereign state and subject of international law on 26 December 1991 by Declaration № 142-Н of the Soviet of the Republics of the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union.

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Dot-com bubble

The dot-com bubble (or dot-com boom) was a stock market bubble that ballooned during the late-1990s and peaked on Friday, March 10, 2000.

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Eastern Bloc

The Eastern Bloc, also known as the Communist Bloc (Combloc), the Socialist Bloc, and the Soviet Bloc, was the unofficial coalition of communist states of Central and Eastern Europe, Asia, Africa, and Latin America that were aligned with the Soviet Union and existed during the Cold War (1947–1991).

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Ecological civilization

Ecological civilization is the hypothetical concept that describes the alleged final goal of social and environmental reform within a given society.

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Economic determinism

Economic determinism is a socioeconomic theory that economic relationships (such as being an owner or capitalist or being a worker or proletarian) are the foundation upon which all other societal and political arrangements in society are based.

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Economic law

Economic law is a set of legal rules for regulating economic activity.

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Edward Elgar Publishing

Edward Elgar Publishing is a global publisher of academic books, journals and online resources in the social sciences and law.

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Eight Honors and Eight Shames

The Eight honors and Eight Shames, also known as the Eight honors and Disgraces, is a set of moral concepts developed by former General Secretary Hu Jintao for the citizens of the People's Republic of China.

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Election

An election is a formal group decision-making process by which a population chooses an individual or multiple individuals to hold public office.

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Eurocentrism

Eurocentrism (also Eurocentricity or Western-centrism) refers to viewing the West as the center of world events or superior to all other cultures.

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Exploitation of labour

Exploitation is a concept defined as, in its broadest sense, one agent taking unfair advantage of another agent.

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Falun Gong

Falun Gong or Falun Dafa is a new religious movement.

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Fang Zhimin

Fang Zhimin (Wade–Giles: Fang Chih Min; August 21, 1899 – August 6, 1935) was a Chinese communist military and political leader.

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Feudalism

Feudalism, also known as the feudal system, was a combination of legal, economic, military, cultural, and political customs that flourished in medieval Europe from the 9th to 15th centuries.

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Five-year plans of China

The Five-Year Plans are a series of social and economic development initiatives issued by the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) since 1953 in the People's Republic of China.

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Foreign direct investment

A foreign direct investment (FDI) refers to purchase of an asset in another country, such that it gives direct control to the purchaser over the asset (e.g. purchase of land and building).

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Foreign Policy

Foreign Policy is an American news publication founded in 1970 focused on global affairs, current events, and domestic and international policy.

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Four Confidences

"Four Confidences" is a political concept by Chinese Communist Party (CCP) general secretary Xi Jinping.

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Four Modernizations

The Four Modernizations (simplified Chinese: 四个现代化; traditional Chinese: 四個現代化) were goals formally announced by China's first Premier Zhou Enlai to strengthen the fields of agriculture, industry, defense, science, and technology in China.

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Four Olds

The Four Olds refer to categories used by the Red Guards during the Cultural Revolution to characterize elements of Chinese culture prior to the Chinese Communist Revolution that they were attempting to destroy.

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Free market

In economics, a free market is an economic system in which the prices of goods and services are determined by supply and demand expressed by sellers and buyers.

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Friedrich Engels

Friedrich Engels (. Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary.; 28 November 1820 – 5 August 1895) was a German philosopher, political theorist, historian, journalist, and revolutionary socialist.

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General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party

The General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party, officially the General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party, is the leader of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP), the sole ruling party of the People's Republic of China (PRC).

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German Institute for Global and Area Studies

The German Institute for Global and Area Studies (German: Leibniz-Institut für Globale und Regionale Studien), also known as GIGA, is a German research institute.

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Globalization

Globalization, or globalisation (Commonwealth English; see spelling differences), is the process of interaction and integration among people, companies, and governments worldwide.

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Government of China

The government of the People's Republic of China is based on a system of people's congress within the parameters of a unitary communist state, in which the ruling Chinese Communist Party (CCP) enacts its policies through people's congresses.

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Gravity

In physics, gravity is a fundamental interaction which causes mutual attraction between all things that have mass.

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Great Leap Forward

The Great Leap Forward was an economic and social campaign within the People's Republic of China (PRC) from 1958 to 1962, led by the Chinese Communist Party (CCP).

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Guangzhou

Guangzhou, previously romanized as Canton or Kwangchow, is the capital and largest city of Guangdong province in southern China.

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Gutian Congress

The Gutian Congress or Gutian Conference was the 9th meeting of the 4th Red Army and the first after the Nanchang Uprising and the subsequent southward flight of the rebel troops.

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Harmonious Society

The Harmonious Society (also known as Socialist Harmonious Society) is a socioeconomic concept in China that is recognized as a response to the increasing alleged social injustice and inequality emerging in mainland Chinese society as a result of unchecked economic growth, which has led to social conflict.

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Harper Perennial

Harper Perennial is a paperback imprint of the publishing house HarperCollins Publishers.

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Harvard University Press

Harvard University Press (HUP) is a publishing house established on January 13, 1913, as a division of Harvard University, and focused on academic publishing.

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Hegemony

Hegemony is the political, economic, and military predominance of one state over other states, either regional or global.

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Historical materialism

Historical materialism is Karl Marx's theory of history.

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Holy See

The Holy See (url-status,; Santa Sede), also called the See of Rome, Petrine See or Apostolic See, is the jurisdiction of the pope in his role as the Bishop of Rome.

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Hong Kong

Hong Kong is a special administrative region of the People's Republic of China.

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Hu Jintao

Hu Jintao (born 21 December 1942) is a Chinese retired politician who served as the general secretary of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) from 2002 to 2012, the president of China from 2003 to 2013, and chairman of the Central Military Commission (CMC) from 2004 to 2012.

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Hu Qiaomu

Hu Qiaomu (4 June 191228 September 1992) was a Chinese sociologist, Marxist philosopher and politician.

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Hu–Wen Administration

The Hu–Wen Administration is the name given to the Chinese leadership that officially succeeded Jiang Zemin, Li Peng and Zhu Rongji in 2002.

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Ideology of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union

Before the perestroika Soviet era reforms of Gorbachev that promoted a more liberal form of socialism, the formal ideology of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU) was Marxism–Leninism, a form of socialism consisting of a centralised command economy with a vanguardist one-party state that aimed to realize the dictatorship of the proletariat. Ideology of the Chinese Communist Party and ideology of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union are socialist movements by country and state ideologies.

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Individual

An individual is one that exists as a distinct entity.

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International trade

International trade is the exchange of capital, goods, and services across international borders or territories because there is a need or want of goods or services.

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Jiang Zemin

Jiang Zemin (17 August 1926 – 30 November 2022) was a Chinese politician who served as general secretary of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) from 1989 to 2002, as chairman of the Central Military Commission from 1989 to 2004, and as president of China from 1993 to 2003.

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Joseph Stalin

Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin (born Ioseb Besarionis dze Jughashvili; – 5 March 1953) was a Soviet politician and revolutionary who led the Soviet Union from 1924 until his death in 1953.

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Judicial independence

Judicial independence is the concept that the judiciary should be independent from the other branches of government.

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Judicial system of China

The judicial branch, organized under the constitution and organic law, is one of five organs of state power elected by the National People's Congress (NPC), in the People's Republic of China.

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Karl Marx

Karl Marx (5 May 1818 – 14 March 1883) was a German-born philosopher, political theorist, economist, historian, sociologist, journalist, and revolutionary socialist.

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Kuomintang

The Kuomintang (KMT), also referred to as the Guomindang (GMD), the Nationalist Party of China (NPC) or the Chinese Nationalist Party (CNP), is a major political party in the Republic of China, initially based on the Chinese mainland and then in Taiwan since 1949.

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Legitimacy (political)

In political science, legitimacy is the right and acceptance of an authority, usually a governing law or a regime.

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Lei Feng

Lei Feng (18 December 194015 August 1962) was a soldier in the People's Liberation Army who was the object of several major campaigns in China.

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Leiden University

Leiden University (abbreviated as LEI; Universiteit Leiden) is a public research university in Leiden, Netherlands.

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Leng Rong

Leng Rong (born August 1953) is a Chinese politician and the current deputy director of the National People's Congress Education, Science, Culture and Public Health Committee.

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Leninism

Leninism is a political ideology developed by Russian Marxist revolutionary Vladimir Lenin that proposes the establishment of the dictatorship of the proletariat led by a revolutionary vanguard party as the political prelude to the establishment of communism. Ideology of the Chinese Communist Party and Leninism are state ideologies.

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Li Dazhao

Li Dazhao or Li Ta-chao (October 29, 1889 – April 28, 1927) was a Chinese intellectual and revolutionary who participated in the New Culture Movement in the early years of the Republic of China, established in 1912.

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Li Peng

Li Peng (20 October 1928 – 22 July 2019) was a Chinese politician who served as the premier of China from 1987 to 1998, and as the Chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress, China's top legislative body, from 1998 to 2003. For much of the 1990s Li was ranked second in the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) hierarchy behind then Party General Secretary Jiang Zemin.

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Li Xiannian

Li Xiannian (pronounced; 23 June 1909 – 21 June 1992) was a Chinese Communist military and political leader, president of China from 1983 to 1988 under paramount leader Deng Xiaoping and then chairman of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference from 1988 until his death.

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Liberal democracy

Liberal democracy, western-style democracy, or substantive democracy is a form of government that combines the organization of a representative democracy with ideas of liberal political philosophy.

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Liberalism in China

Liberalism in China is a development from classical liberalism as it was introduced into China during the Republican period and, later, reintroduced after the end of the Cultural Revolution.

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Liberty

Liberty is the state of being free within society from oppressive restrictions imposed by authority on one's way of life, behavior, or political views.

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List of leaders of the Soviet Union

During its 69-year history, the Soviet Union usually had a de facto leader who would not necessarily be head of state or even head of government but would lead while holding an office such as Communist Party General Secretary.

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M. E. Sharpe

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Macau

Macau or Macao is a special administrative region of the People's Republic of China.

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Mao Zedong

Mao Zedong (26 December 1893 – 9 September 1976), also known as Chairman Mao, was a Chinese politician, Marxist theorist, military strategist, poet, and revolutionary who was the founder of the People's Republic of China (PRC).

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Maoism

Maoism, officially Mao Zedong Thought, is a variety of Marxism–Leninism that Mao Zedong developed while trying to realize a socialist revolution in the agricultural, pre-industrial society of the Republic of China and later the People's Republic of China. Ideology of the Chinese Communist Party and Maoism are state ideologies.

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March of the Volunteers

The "March of the Volunteers", originally titled the "March of the Anti-Manchukuo Counter-Japan Volunteers", has been the official national anthem of the People's Republic of China since 1978.

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Market economy

A market economy is an economic system in which the decisions regarding investment, production and distribution to the consumers are guided by the price signals created by the forces of supply and demand.

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Marxian economics

Marxian economics, or the Marxian school of economics, is a heterodox school of political economic thought.

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Marxism

Marxism is a political philosophy and method of socioeconomic analysis.

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Marxism–Leninism

Marxism–Leninism is a communist ideology that became the largest faction of the communist movement in the world in the years following the October Revolution. Ideology of the Chinese Communist Party and Marxism–Leninism are state ideologies.

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Mass line

The mass line is a political, organizational, and leadership methodology developed by Mao Zedong and the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) during the Chinese Communist Revolution.

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Means of production

In political philosophy, the means of production refers to the generally necessary assets and resources that enable a society to engage in production.

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Methodology

In its most common sense, methodology is the study of research methods.

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Mikhail Gorbachev

Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev (2 March 1931 – 30 August 2022) was a Soviet and Russian politician who served as the last leader of the Soviet Union from 1985 to the country's dissolution in 1991.

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Mode of production

In the Marxist theory of historical materialism, a mode of production (German: Produktionsweise, "the way of producing") is a specific combination of the.

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Moscow Sun Yat-sen University

Moscow Sun Yat-sen University, officially the Sun Yat-sen Communist University of the Toilers of China, was a Comintern school, which operated from 1925 to 1930 in the city of Moscow, Russia, then the Soviet Union.

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Multi-party system

In political science, a multi-party system is a political system where more than two meaningfully-distinct political parties regularly run for office and win elections.

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National People's Congress

The National People's Congress (NPC) is the highest organ of state power of the People's Republic of China.

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National security

National security, or national defence (national defense in American English), is the security and defence of a sovereign state, including its citizens, economy, and institutions, which is regarded as a duty of government.

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Nationalism

Nationalism is an idea and movement that holds that the nation should be congruent with the state.

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Natural law

Natural law (ius naturale, lex naturalis) is a system of law based on a close observation of natural order and human nature, from which values, thought by natural law's proponents to be intrinsic to human nature, can be deduced and applied independently of positive law (the express enacted laws of a state or society).

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Neoauthoritarianism (p), also known as Chinese Neoconservativism or New Conservatism since the 1990s,Peter Moody (2007), p. 151.

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New Confucianism

New Confucianism is an intellectual movement of Confucianism that began in the early 20th century in Republican China, and further developed in post-Mao era contemporary China.

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New Economic Policy

The New Economic Policy (NEP) was an economic policy of the Soviet Union proposed by Vladimir Lenin in 1921 as a temporary expedient.

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NUS Press

NUS Press is an academic press in Singapore.

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OECD

The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD; Organisation de coopération et de développement économiques, OCDE) is an intergovernmental organisation with 38 member countries, founded in 1961 to stimulate economic progress and world trade.

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On Contradiction

On Contradiction is a 1937 essay by the Chinese Communist revolutionary Mao Zedong.

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One China

One China is a phrase describing the international relationship between the People's Republic of China (PRC), situated on the Chinese Mainland, and the Republic of China (ROC), commonly known as Taiwan.

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One country, two systems

"One country, two systems" is a constitutional principle of the People's Republic of China (PRC) describing the governance of the special administrative regions of Hong Kong and Macau.

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Opium of the people

The opium of the people or opium of the masses (Opium des Volkes) is a dictum used in reference to religion, derived from a frequently paraphrased partial statement of German revolutionary and critic of political economy Karl Marx: "Religion is the opium of the people." In context, the statement is part of Marx's analysis that religion's role is as a metaphysical balm for the real suffering in the universe and in society.

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Oxford University Press

Oxford University Press (OUP) is the publishing house of the University of Oxford.

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Palgrave Macmillan

Palgrave Macmillan is a British academic and trade publishing company headquartered in the London Borough of Camden.

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People's commune

The people's commune was the highest of three administrative levels in rural areas of the People's Republic of China during the period from 1958 to 1983, until they were replaced by townships.

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People's Daily

The People's Daily is the official newspaper of the Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP).

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People's Liberation Army

The People's Liberation Army (PLA) is the military of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) and the People's Republic of China.

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People's Liberation Army Daily

The People's Liberation Army Daily, or PLA Daily for short, is the official newspaper of the Chinese People's Liberation Army (PLA).

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Petite bourgeoisie

Petite bourgeoisie (literally 'small bourgeoisie'; also anglicised as petty bourgeoisie) is a term that refers to a social class composed of semi-autonomous peasants and small-scale merchants.

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Pew Research Center

The Pew Research Center (also simply known as Pew) is a nonpartisan American think tank based in Washington, D.C. It provides information on social issues, public opinion, and demographic trends shaping the United States and the world.

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Planned economy

A planned economy is a type of economic system where the distribution of goods and services or the investment, production and the allocation of capital goods takes place according to economic plans that are either economy-wide or limited to a category of goods and services.

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Polarization (economics)

Economists refer to the polarization of the labor force when middle-class jobs—requiring a moderate level of skills, like autoworkers’ jobs—seem to disappear relative to those at the bottom, requiring few skills, and those at the top, requiring greater skill levels.

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Popular sovereignty

Popular sovereignty is the principle that the leaders of a state and its government are created and sustained by the consent of its people, who are the source of all political legitimacy.

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Populism

Populism is a range of political stances that emphasize the idea of "the people" and often juxtapose this group with "the elite".

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Pragmatism

Pragmatism is a philosophical tradition that views language and thought as tools for prediction, problem solving, and action, rather than describing, representing, or mirroring reality.

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The primary stage of socialism (sometimes referred to as the preliminary stage of socialism),Properly Understand Theories Concerning Preliminary Stage of Socialism, by Wei Xinghua and Sang Baichuan.

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Primitive communism

Primitive communism is a way of describing the gift economies of hunter-gatherers throughout history, where resources and property hunted or gathered are shared with all members of a group in accordance with individual needs.

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Princeton University Press

Princeton University Press is an independent publisher with close connections to Princeton University.

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Private property

Private property is a legal designation for the ownership of property by non-governmental legal entities.

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Productive forces

Productive forces, productive powers, or forces of production (German: Produktivkräfte) is a central idea in Marxism and historical materialism.

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Profit motive

In economics, the profit motive is the motivation of firms that operate so as to maximize their profits.

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Proletarian internationalism

Proletarian internationalism, sometimes referred to as international socialism, is the perception of all proletarian revolutions as being part of a single global class struggle rather than separate localized events.

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Proletariat

The proletariat is the social class of wage-earners, those members of a society whose only possession of significant economic value is their labour power (their capacity to work).

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Public sector

The public sector, also called the state sector, is the part of the economy composed of both public services and public enterprises.

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Qiushi

Qiushi is the leading official theoretical journal and news magazine of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP), published bi-monthly by the Central Party School and the Central Committee.

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Realpolitik

Realpolitik is the approach of conducting diplomatic or political policies based primarily on considerations of given circumstances and factors, rather than strictly following ideological, moral, or ethical premises.

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Relations of production

Relations of production (Produktionsverhältnisse) is a concept frequently used by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels in their theory of historical materialism and in Das Kapital.

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Resolution on Certain Questions in the History of Our Party since the Founding of the People's Republic of China

The Resolution on Certain Questions in the History of Our Party since the Founding of the People's Republic of China (simplified Chinese: 《关于建国以来党的若干历史问题的决议》) is a 1981 document which assesses the legacy of the Mao Zedong era and the party's priorities moving forward.

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Resource allocation

In economics, resource allocation is the assignment of available resources to various uses.

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Revisionism (Marxism)

Revisionism (Marxism), otherwise known as Marxist reformism, represents various ideas, principles, and theories that are based on a reform or revision of Marxism.

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Revolutionary socialism is a political philosophy, doctrine, and tradition within socialism that stresses the idea that a social revolution is necessary to bring about structural changes in society.

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Robert Lawrence Kuhn

Robert Lawrence Kuhn (born November 6, 1944) is a public intellectual, corporate strategist, and investment banker.

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Routledge

Routledge is a British multinational publisher.

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Rowman & Littlefield

Rowman & Littlefield Publishing Group is an American independent academic publishing company founded in 1949.

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Rule of law

The rule of law is a political ideal that all citizens and institutions within a country, state, or community are accountable to the same laws, including lawmakers and leaders.

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Ruling class

In sociology, the ruling class of a society is the social class who set and decide the political and economic agenda of society.

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Russian Revolution

The Russian Revolution was a period of political and social change in Russia, starting in 1917.

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Science and technology studies

Science and technology studies (STS) or science, technology, and society is an interdisciplinary field that examines the creation, development, and consequences of science and technology in their historical, cultural, and social contexts.

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Scientific Outlook on Development

The Scientific Outlook on Development is one of the guiding socio-economic principles of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP), credited to former Chinese leader Hu Jintao and his administration, who was in power from 2002 to 2012.

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Scientific socialism is a term which was coined in 1840 by Pierre-Joseph Proudhon in his book What is Property? to mean a society ruled by a scientific government, i.e., one whose sovereignty rests upon reason, rather than sheer will: Thus, in a given society, the authority of man over man is inversely proportional to the stage of intellectual development which that society has reached; and the probable duration of that authority can be calculated from the more or less general desire for a true government, — that is, for a scientific government.

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Seek truth from facts

"Seek truth from facts" is a historically established idiomatic expression (chengyu) in the Chinese language that first appeared in the Book of Han.

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Separation of powers

The separation of powers principle functionally differentiates several types of state power (usually law-making, adjudication, and execution) and requires these operations of government to be conceptually and institutionally distinguishable and articulated, thereby maintaining the integrity of each.

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Serve the People

"Serve the People" is a political slogan and the motto of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP).

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Shenzhen

Shenzhen is a city and special economic zone on the east bank of the Pearl River estuary on the central coast of the southern Chinese province of Guangdong, bordering Hong Kong to the south, Dongguan to the north, Huizhou to the northeast, and Macau to the southwest.

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Simon & Schuster

Simon & Schuster LLC is an American publishing company owned by Kohlberg Kravis Roberts.

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Sinicization

Sinicization, sinofication, sinification, or sinonization (from the prefix, 'Chinese, relating to China') is the process by which non-Chinese societies or groups are acculturated or assimilated into Chinese culture or society, particularly the language, societal norms, culture, and ethnic identity of the Han Chinese—the largest ethnic group of China.

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Sino-Soviet split

The Sino-Soviet split was the gradual worsening of relations between the People's Republic of China (PRC) and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) during the Cold War.

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Slavery

Slavery is the ownership of a person as property, especially in regards to their labour.

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Social justice is justice in relation to the distribution of wealth, opportunities, and privileges within a society where individuals' rights are recognized and protected.

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In sociology, a social organization is a pattern of relationships between and among individuals and groups.

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Social ownership is a type of property where an asset is recognized to be in the possession of society as a whole rather than individual members or groups within it.

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A social relation is the fundamental unit of analysis within the social sciences, and describes any voluntary or involuntary interpersonal relationship between two or more individuals within and/or between groups.

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Socialism with Chinese characteristics is a set of political theories and policies of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) that are seen by their proponents as representing Marxism–Leninism adapted to Chinese circumstances and specific time periods, consisting of Deng Xiaoping Theory, Three Represents (Jiang Zemin), Scientific Outlook on Development (Hu Jintao), and Xi Jinping Thought.

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Socialist democracy is a political system that aligns with principles of both socialism and democracy.

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The socialist market economy (SME) is the economic system and model of economic development employed in the People's Republic of China.

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The socialist mode of production, or simply (Marxist) socialism or communism as Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels used the terms communism and socialism interchangeably, is a specific historical phase of economic development and its corresponding set of social relations that emerge from capitalism in the schema of historical materialism within Marxist theory.

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Socialist patriotism is a form of patriotism promoted by Marxist–Leninist movements.

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A socialist state, socialist republic, or socialist country, sometimes referred to as a workers' state or workers' republic, is a sovereign state constitutionally dedicated to the establishment of socialism.

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South China Morning Post

The South China Morning Post (SCMP), with its Sunday edition, the Sunday Morning Post, is a Hong Kong-based English-language newspaper owned by Alibaba Group.

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Soviet Union

The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), commonly known as the Soviet Union, was a transcontinental country that spanned much of Eurasia from 1922 to 1991.

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Standing Committee of the National People's Congress

The Standing Committee of the National People's Congress (NPCSC) is the permanent body of the National People's Congress (NPC), the national legislature of the People's Republic of China.

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Stanford University Press

Stanford University Press (SUP) is the publishing house of Stanford University.

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State Administration for Religious Affairs

The National Religious Affairs Administration (NRAA), formerly the State Administration for Religious Affairs (SARA), is an external name of the United Front Work Department of the Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP).

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State capitalism

State capitalism is an economic system in which the state undertakes business and commercial (i.e., for-profit) economic activity and where the means of production are nationalized as state-owned enterprises (including the processes of capital accumulation, centralized management and wage labor).

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State-owned enterprise

A state-owned enterprise (SOE) is a business entity which is established and/or owned by a national or state/provincial government, by an executive order or an act of legislation, in order to earn profit for the government, control monopoly of the private sector over means of production, provide commodities to citizens at a lower price, implement government policies, and/or to deliver products and services to remote locations that otherwise have trouble attracting private vendors.

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SUNY Press

The State University of New York Press (more commonly referred to as the SUNY Press) is a university press affiliated with the State University of New York system.

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Supreme People's Court

The Supreme People's Court of the People's Republic of China (SPC) is the highest court of the People's Republic of China.

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Taiwan

Taiwan, officially the Republic of China (ROC), is a country in East Asia.

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Ten Major Relationships

On the Ten Major Relationships is a speech by Mao Zedong which outlines how the People's Republic of China would construct socialism different from the model of development undertaken by the Soviet Union.

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The Atlantic

The Atlantic is an American magazine and multi-platform publisher.

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The China Journal

The China Journal is a peer-reviewed academic journal focused on China.

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The China Quarterly

The China Quarterly (CQ) is a British triple-anonymous peer-reviewed academic journal established in 1960 on contemporary China including Taiwan.

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The Civil War in France

"The Civil War in France" (Der Bürgerkrieg in Frankreich) is a pamphlet written by Karl Marx, as an official statement of the General Council of the International on the character and significance of the struggle of the Communards in the Paris Commune.

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The Condition of the Working Class in England

The Condition of the Working Class in England (Die Lage der arbeitenden Klasse in England) is an 1845 book by the German philosopher Friedrich Engels, a study of the industrial working class in Victorian England.

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The New York Times

The New York Times (NYT) is an American daily newspaper based in New York City.

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The Poverty of Philosophy

The Poverty of Philosophy (French: Misère de la philosophie) is a book by Karl Marx published in Paris and Brussels in 1847, where he lived in exile from 1843 until 1849.

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The Straits Times

The Straits Times (also known informally by its abbreviation ST) is a Singaporean daily English-language newspaper owned by the SPH Media Trust.

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Theory of the productive forces

The theory of the productive forces, sometimes referred to as productive force determinism, is a variation of historical materialism and Marxism that places primary emphasis on technical advances as the basis for advances and changes in the social structure and culture of a given civilization.

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Three Represents

The Three Represents, officially the Theory of Three Represents, is a sociopolitical theory that defines the role of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) in Chinese society.

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Traditional Chinese medicine

Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) is an alternative medical practice drawn from traditional medicine in China.

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Transaction Publishers

Transaction Publishers was a New Jersey-based publishing house that specialized in social science books and journals.

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Universal value

A value is a universal value if it has the same value or worth for all, or almost all, people.

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University of British Columbia Press

The University of British Columbia Press (UBC Press) is a university press that is part of the University of British Columbia.

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University of California Press

The University of California Press, otherwise known as UC Press, is a publishing house associated with the University of California that engages in academic publishing.

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University of Chicago Press

The University of Chicago Press is the university press of the University of Chicago, a private research university in Chicago, Illinois.

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University of Washington Press

The University of Washington Press is an American academic publishing house.

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University Press of America

University Press of America was an academic imprint of the Rowman & Littlefield Publishing Group that specialized in the publication of scholarly works.

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Vanguardism

Vanguardism, in the context of Leninist revolutionary struggle, relates to a strategy whereby the most class-conscious and politically "advanced" sections of the proletariat or working class, described as the revolutionary vanguard, form organizations to advance the objectives of communism.

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Vladimir Lenin

Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov (1870 – 21 January 1924), better known as Vladimir Lenin, was a Russian revolutionary, politician and political theorist.

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Wang Huning

Wang Huning (born 6 October 1955) is a Chinese political theorist and one of the top leaders of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP), who is currently the chairman of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC).

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Wang Zhen (general)

Wang Zhen (April 11, 1908 – March 12, 1993) was a Chinese political figure who was one of the Eight Elders of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP).

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Wiley (publisher)

John Wiley & Sons, Inc., commonly known as Wiley, is an American multinational publishing company that focuses on academic publishing and instructional materials.

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World economy

The world economy or global economy is the economy of all humans in the world, referring to the global economic system, which includes all economic activities conducted both within and between nations, including production, consumption, economic management, work in general, financial transactions and trade of goods and services.

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World revolution

World revolution is the Marxist concept of overthrowing capitalism in all countries through the conscious revolutionary action of the organized working class.

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World Scientific

World Scientific Publishing is an academic publisher of scientific, technical, and medical books and journals headquartered in Singapore.

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Xi Jinping

Xi Jinping (or often;, pronounced; born 15 June 1953) is a Chinese politician who has been the general secretary of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) and chairman of the Central Military Commission (CMC), and thus the paramount leader of China, since 2012.

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Xi Jinping Thought

Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era, commonly abbreviated outside China as Xi Jinping Thought, or more recently, Xi'ism is an ideological doctrine created during General Secretary Xi Jinping's leadership of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) that combines Chinese Marxism and national rejuvenation. Ideology of the Chinese Communist Party and Xi Jinping Thought are state ideologies.

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Xia Minghan

Xia Minghan (1900 – 30 March 1928) was an early leader of the Chinese revolution, revolution martyr, and a pioneer of Chinese Communist Party (CCP).

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Xinhua News Agency

Xinhua News Agency (English pronunciation),J.

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Xue Muqiao

Xue Muqiao (25 October 1904 – 22 July 2005) was an eminent Chinese economist and politician.

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Yang Shangkun

Yang Shangkun (3 August 1907 – 14 September 1998) was a Chinese Communist military and political leader, president of the People's Republic of China from 1988 to 1993, and one of the Eight Elders that dominated the party after the death of Mao Zedong.

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Yao Yilin

Yao Yilin (September 6, 1917 – December 11, 1994) was a Vice Premier of China from 1979 to 1988, and the country's First Vice Premier from 1988 to 1993.

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Ye Xiaowen

Ye Xiaowen (born August 1950) is a Chinese politician who held various top posts relating to state regulation of religion in China from 1995 to 2009.

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Zhao Ziyang

Zhao Ziyang (赵紫阳; pronounced, 17 October 1919 – 17 January 2005) was a Chinese politician.

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Zhou Enlai

Zhou Enlai (5 March 1898 – 8 January 1976) was a Chinese statesman, diplomat, and revolutionary who served as the first Premier of the People's Republic of China from September 1954 until his death in January 1976.

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Zhuhai

Zhuhai is a prefecture-level city located on the west bank of the Pearl River estuary on the central coast of southern Guangdong province, People's Republic of China, on the southeastern edge of the Pearl River Delta.

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11th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party

The 11th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party was in a five-year session from 1977 to 1982.

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12th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party

The 12th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party was in session from September 1982 to November 1987.

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12th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party

The 12th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party was convened from September 1–11, 1982.

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13th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party

The 13th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party was held in the Great Hall of the People in Beijing from 25 October to 1 November 1987.

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14th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party

The 14th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party was convened from 12 to 18 October, 1992.

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15th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party

The 15th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party was held in Beijing between September 12 and 18, 1997.

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16th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party

The 16th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party was in session from 2002 to 2007.

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16th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party

The 16th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party was held in Beijing between November 8 and 14, 2002.

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18th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party

The 18th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party was elected by the 18th National Congress on 15 November 2012, and sat in plenary sessions until the communing of the 19th National Congress in 2017.

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1978 Truth Criterion Controversy

The 1978 Truth Criterion Controversy, also known as the 1978 Truth Criterion Discussion, sometimes referred to as the First Great Debate in contemporary China, was a sociopolitical debate around 1978, mainly revolving around Hua Guofeng's "Two Whatevers" and Deng Xiaoping's "Reform and opening up".

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1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre

The Tiananmen Square protests, known in China as the June Fourth Incident, were student-led demonstrations held in Tiananmen Square, Beijing, China, lasting from 15 April to 4 June 1989.

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1992 Consensus

The 1992 Consensus is a political term referring to the alleged outcome of a meeting in 1992 between the semiofficial representatives of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP)-led People's Republic of China (PRC) in mainland China and the Kuomintang (KMT)-led Republic of China (ROC) on Taiwan.

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1998 China floods

The 1998 China floods (1998年中国洪水) lasted from middle of June to the beginning of September 1998 in China at the Yangtze RiverChinanews.com.cn.

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References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ideology_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party

Also known as CCP ideology, Chinese Communism, Communism in China, Ideology of China, Ideology of the CPC, Ideology of the Communist Party of China, Ideology of the PRC, Ideology of the People's Republic of China, Socialism in China, Socialist democracy (Chinese Communist Party), Socialist democracy (Communist Party of China), State ideology of China, State ideology of the People's Republic of China.

Ideology of the Chinese Communist Party, the Glossary

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