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Corporate social responsibility, the Glossary

Corporate social responsibility (CSR) or corporate social impact is a form of international private business self-regulation which aims to contribute to societal goals of a philanthropic, activist, or charitable nature by engaging in, with, or supporting professional service volunteering through pro bono programs, community development, administering monetary grants to non-profit organizations for the public benefit, or to conduct ethically oriented business and investment practices.^[1]

Accountability

Accountability, in terms of ethics and governance, is equated with answerability, culpability, liability, and the expectation of account-giving. Corporate social responsibility and Accountability are Euthenics and social concepts.

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AccountAbility

AccountAbility is an independent, global, not-for-profit organisation promoting accountability, sustainable business practices and corporate responsibility.

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Activism

Activism (or advocacy) consists of efforts to promote, impede, direct or intervene in social, political, economic or environmental reform with the desire to make changes in society toward a perceived greater good.

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Adolf A. Berle

Adolf Augustus Berle Jr. (January 29, 1895 – February 17, 1971) was an American lawyer, educator, writer, and diplomat.

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Adult education

Adult education, distinct from child education, is a practice in which adults engage in systematic and sustained self-educating activities in order to gain new forms of knowledge, skills, attitudes, or values.

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American Apparel

American Apparel Inc. is a North American clothing retailer.

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Anglosphere

The Anglosphere is the Anglo-American sphere of influence, with a core group of nations that today maintain close political, diplomatic and military co-operation.

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Aquaculture

Aquaculture (less commonly spelled aquiculture), also known as aquafarming, is the controlled cultivation ("farming") of aquatic organisms such as fish, crustaceans, mollusks, algae and other organisms of value such as aquatic plants (e.g. lotus).

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Arla Foods

Arla Foods Group is a Danish-Swedish multinational co-operative based in Viby, Denmark.

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Balanced scorecard

A balanced scorecard is a strategy performance management tool – a well-structured report used to keep track of the execution of activities by staff and to monitor the consequences arising from these actions.

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Benchmarking

Benchmarking is the practice of comparing business processes and performance metrics to industry bests and best practices from other companies.

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Berle–Dodd debate

The Berle–Dodd debate is the name for a series of exchanges over the purposes of the corporation between the New Deal architect, A. A. Berle, and Merrick Dodd, a law professor.

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Bimbo

Bimbo is slang for a conventionally attractive, sexualized, naïve, and unintelligent woman.

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Board of directors

A board of directors is an executive committee that supervises the activities of a business, a nonprofit organization, or a government agency.

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Business case

A business case captures the reasoning for initiating a project or task.

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Business development

Business development entails tasks and processes to develop and implement growth opportunities within and between organizations.

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Business ethics

Business ethics (also known as corporate ethics) is a form of applied ethics or professional ethics, that examines ethical principles and moral or ethical problems that can arise in a business environment. Corporate social responsibility and business ethics are applied ethics, industrial and organizational psychology, professional ethics and social ethics.

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Business in the Community (BITC) is a British business-community outreach charity promoting responsible business, CSR, corporate responsibility, and is one of the Prince's Charities of King Charles III (formerly the Prince of Wales).

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Business model

A business model describes how an organization creates, delivers, and captures value,Business Model Generation, Alexander Osterwalder, Yves Pigneur, Alan Smith, and 470 practitioners from 45 countries, self-published, 2010 in economic, social, cultural or other contexts.

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Bystander effect

The bystander effect, or bystander apathy, is a social psychological theory that states that individuals are less likely to offer help to a victim in the presence of other people.

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Capacity building

Capacity building (or capacity development, capacity strengthening) is the improvement in an individual's or organization's facility (or capability) "to produce, perform or deploy".

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Capitalism

Capitalism is an economic system based on the private ownership of the means of production and their operation for profit.

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Carbon Disclosure Project

The CDP (formerly the Carbon Disclosure Project) is an international non-profit organisation based in the United Kingdom, Japan, India, China, Germany, Brazil and the United States that helps companies, cities, states, regions and public authorities disclose their environmental impact.

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Carbon offsets and credits

Carbon offsetting is a carbon trading mechanism that enables entities to compensate for offset greenhouse gas emissions by investing in projects that reduce, avoid, or remove emissions elsewhere.

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Cause marketing

Cause marketing is marketing done by a for-profit business that seeks to both increase profits and to better society in accordance with corporate social responsibility, such as by including activist messages in advertising.

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Ceres (organization)

Ceres is a non-profit sustainability advocacy organization based in Boston, Massachusetts, and founded in 1989.

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Charity (practice)

Charity is the voluntary provision of assistance to those in need. Corporate social responsibility and Charity (practice) are concepts in ethics.

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CHD Group

CHD Group is an Indian non-profit global health organisation headquartered in Mangalore.

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Chief executive officer

A chief executive officer (CEO) (chief executive (CE), or managing director (MD) in the UK) is the highest officer charged with the management of an organization especially a company or nonprofit institution.

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Chief green officer

A Chief green officer (CGO), or Chief environmental commitment officer (CECO), is a corporate officer responsible for implementing and managing the corporation's commitment to reducing its carbon footprint and protecting the environment. Corporate social responsibility and Chief green officer are economy and the environment.

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Civil society

Civil society can be understood as the "third sector" of society, distinct from government and business, and including the family and the private sphere.

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Collective bargaining

Collective bargaining is a process of negotiation between employers and a group of employees aimed at agreements to regulate working salaries, working conditions, benefits, and other aspects of workers' compensation and rights for workers.

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Common good

In philosophy, economics, and political science, the common good (also commonwealth, general welfare, or public benefit) is either what is shared and beneficial for all or most members of a given community, or alternatively, what is achieved by citizenship, collective action, and active participation in the realm of politics and public service. Corporate social responsibility and common good are concepts in ethics and social concepts.

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The United Nations defines community development as "a process where community members come together to take collective action and generate solutions to common problems." It is a broad concept, applied to the practices of civic leaders, activists, involved citizens, and professionals to improve various aspects of communities, typically aiming to build stronger and more resilient local communities.

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Companies Act 2013

The Companies Act 2013 (No. 18 of 2013) is an Act of the Parliament of India which forms the primary source of Indian company law.

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Conscious business

Conscious business enterprises are those which choose to follow a multiple stakeholder approach, as opposed to 'traditional business' strategy, which focuses primarily on shareholders and profit maximation.

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Consumer behaviour

Consumer behaviour is the study of individuals, groups, or organisations and all the activities associated with the purchase, use and disposal of goods and services. Corporate social responsibility and Consumer behaviour are management cybernetics.

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Consumerism

Consumerism is a social and economic order in which the aspirations of many individuals include the acquisition of goods and services beyond those necessary for survival or traditional displays of status.

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Continental Europe

Continental Europe or mainland Europe is the contiguous mainland of Europe, excluding its surrounding islands.

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Corporate behaviour

Corporate behaviour is the actions of a company or group who are acting as a single body. Corporate social responsibility and Corporate behaviour are management cybernetics.

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Corporate governance

Corporate governance are mechanisms, processes and relations by which corporations are controlled and operated ("governed").

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Corporate personhood

Corporate personhood or juridical personality is the legal notion that a juridical person such as a corporation, separately from its associated human beings (like owners, managers, or employees), has at least some of the legal rights and responsibilities enjoyed by natural persons.

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A corporate social entrepreneur (CSE) is someone who attempts to advance a social agenda in addition to a formal job role as part of a corporation.

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Corporate sociopolitical activism

Corporate sociopolitical activism (CSA) refers to a firm's public demonstration of support or opposition to a partisan sociopolitical issue. Corporate social responsibility and Corporate sociopolitical activism are applied ethics, codes of conduct, social ethics and social finance.

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Corporate sustainability

Corporate sustainability is an approach aiming to create long-term stakeholder value through the implementation of a business strategy that focuses on the ethical, social, environmental, cultural, and economic dimensions of doing business.

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Corporation

A corporation is an organization—usually a group of people or a company—authorized by the state to act as a single entity (a legal entity recognized by private and public law as "born out of statute"; a legal person in a legal context) and recognized as such in law for certain purposes.

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Cost–benefit analysis

Cost–benefit analysis (CBA), sometimes also called benefit–cost analysis, is a systematic approach to estimating the strengths and weaknesses of alternatives.

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Creating shared value (CSV) is a business concept first introduced in a 2006 Harvard Business Review article, Strategy & Society: The Link between Competitive Advantage and Corporate Social Responsibility.

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Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease

Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease (CJD), also known as subacute spongiform encephalopathy or neurocognitive disorder due to prion disease, is a fatal neurodegenerative disease.

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Crore

A crore (abbreviated cr) denotes ten million (10,000,000 or 107 in scientific notation) and is equal to 100 lakh in the Indian numbering system.

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Customer engagement

Customer engagement is an interaction between an external consumer/customer (either B2C or B2B) and an organization (company or brand) through various online or offline channels.

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Dartmouth College v. Woodward

Trustees of Dartmouth College v. Woodward, 17 U.S. (4 Wheat.) 518 (1819), was a landmark decision in United States corporate law from the United States Supreme Court dealing with the application of the Contracts Clause of the United States Constitution to private corporations.

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Development studies

Development studies is an interdisciplinary branch of social science.

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Dharma

Dharma (धर्म) is a key concept with multiple meanings in the Indian religions (Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, and Sikhism), among others.

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Display window

A display window, also a shop window (British English) or store window (American English), is a window in a shop displaying items for sale or otherwise designed to attract customers to the store.

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Distribution of wealth

The distribution of wealth is a comparison of the wealth of various members or groups in a society.

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Diversity (business)

Diversity, in a business context, is hiring and promoting employees from a variety of different backgrounds and identities.

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DSM (company)

Koninklijke DSM N.V. (Royal DSM, commonly known as DSM, which is the acronym for Dutch State Mines), was a Dutch multinational corporation active in the fields of health, nutrition and materials.

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EarthCheck

EarthCheck, previously operating under the name EC3 Global, is a globally recognised group specialising in benchmarking, certification, and advisory services.

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Econometrics

Econometrics is an application of statistical methods to economic data in order to give empirical content to economic relationships.

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Economy for the Common Good

Economy for the Common Good (ECG) is a global social movement that advocates an alternative economic model, which is beneficial to people, the planet and future generations.

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Edmond Fernandes

Edmond Clint Fernandes (born 3 September 1990) is an Indian physician having public health expertise and a consultant (empaneled) for the United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (UNESCAP).

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Edwin Mellen Press

The Edwin Mellen Press, sometimes stylised as Mellen Press, is an academic publisher.

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Elliott Jaques

Elliott Jaques (January 18, 1917 – March 8, 2003) was a Canadian psychoanalyst, social scientist and management consultant known as the originator of concepts such as corporate culture, midlife crisis, fair pay, maturation curves, time span of discretion (level of work) and requisite organization, as a total system of managerial organization.

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Empiricism

In philosophy, empiricism is an epistemological view which holds that true knowledge or justification comes only or primarily from sensory experience and empirical evidence.

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Employee retention

Employee retention is the ability of an organization to retain its employees and ensure sustainability.

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Enron

Enron Corporation was an American energy, commodities, and services company based in Houston, Texas.

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Enterprise 2020

Enterprise 2020 was an initiative launched in October 2010 to address the European and global challenges that question patterns of living, working, learning, communicating, consuming and sharing resources.

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Environmental, social, and governance

Environmental, social, and governance (ESG) is shorthand for an investing principle that prioritizes environmental issues, social issues, and corporate governance. Corporate social responsibility and environmental, social, and governance are ethical investment.

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Environmentalism

Environmentalism or environmental rights is a broad philosophy, ideology, and social movement about supporting life, habitats, and surroundings.

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Escherichia coli

Escherichia coliWells, J. C. (2000) Longman Pronunciation Dictionary.

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Ethical banking

An ethical bank, also known as a social, alternative, civic, or sustainable bank, is a bank concerned with the social and environmental impacts of its investments and loans.

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Ethical code

Ethical codes are adopted by organizations to assist members in understanding the difference between right and wrong and in applying that understanding to their decisions. Corporate social responsibility and Ethical code are codes of conduct, ethical codes and professional ethics.

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Ethical consumerism

Ethical consumerism (alternatively called ethical consumption, ethical purchasing, moral purchasing, ethical sourcing, or ethical shopping and also associated with sustainable and green consumerism) is a type of consumer activism based on the concept of dollar voting.

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Ethical job

An ethical job is a broad term to describe a job which accords with a person's ethics or values. Corporate social responsibility and ethical job are economy and the environment.

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Ethical marketing

Ethical marketing refers to the application of marketing ethics into the marketing process.

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Ethical positioning index

The EPI (ethical positioning index) is an index which measures how ethically a brand is positioned. Corporate social responsibility and ethical positioning index are Branding terminology.

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Ethical Trading Initiative

The Ethical Trading Initiative (ETI) is a UK-based independent body founded on 9 June 1998, which brings together companies, trade unions and non-governmental organisations (NGOs) to ensure compliance with international labour standards in the global supply chains of member companies.

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EthicalQuote

Covalence EthicalQuote also called EthicalQuote or simply CEQ is a market index tracking reputation of the world's largest companies on Environmental, Social, Governance (ESG), Corporate dimensions of firms’ ethical performance.

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Ethics

Ethics is the philosophical study of moral phenomena.

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European Commission

The European Commission (EC) is the primary executive arm of the European Union (EU).

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European Union

The European Union (EU) is a supranational political and economic union of member states that are located primarily in Europe.

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Evaluation

In common usage, evaluation is a systematic determination and assessment of a subject's merit, worth and significance, using criteria governed by a set of standards.

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Exxon Valdez

Exxon Valdez was an oil tanker that gained notoriety after running aground in Prince William Sound, spilling her cargo of crude oil into the sea.

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Fair Labor Association

The Fair Labor Association (FLA) is a non-profit collaborative effort of universities, civil society organizations, and businesses.

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Fair Stone standard

Fair Stone logo The Fair Stone standard, also referred to as "fairstone", is a social and environmental standard for the global natural stone industry developed in 2007 by WiN.

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Fair trade

Fair trade is a term for an arrangement designed to help producers in developing countries achieve sustainable and equitable trade relationships. Corporate social responsibility and Fair trade are economy and the environment.

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Fair Wear Foundation

Fair Wear Foundation (Fair Wear) is an independent multi-stakeholder organisation that works with garment brands, garment workers and industry influencers to improve labour conditions in garment factories.

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Five Pillars of Islam

The Five Pillars of Islam (أركان الإسلام; also أركان الدين "pillars of the religion") are fundamental practices in Islam, considered to be obligatory acts of worship for all Muslims.

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Flash pasteurization

Flash pasteurization, also called "high-temperature short-time" (HTST) processing, is a method of heat pasteurization of perishable beverages like fruit and vegetable juices, beer, wine, and some dairy products such as milk.

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Forbes

Forbes is an American business magazine founded by B. C. Forbes in 1917 and owned by Hong Kong-based investment group Integrated Whale Media Investments since 2014.

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Foreign Corrupt Practices Act

The Foreign Corrupt Practices Act of 1977 (FCPA) (et seq.) is a United States federal law that prohibits U.S. citizens and entities from bribing foreign government officials to benefit their business interests.

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Forest Stewardship Council

The Forest Stewardship Council GmbH (FSC) is an international non-profit, multistakeholder organization established in 1993 that promotes responsible management of the world's forests via timber certification.

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FTSE Group

FTSE International Limited trading as FTSE Russell ("Footsie") is a British provider of stock market indices and associated data services, wholly owned by the London Stock Exchange (LSE) and operating from premises in Canary Wharf.

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FTSE4Good Index

The FTSE4Good Index Series is a series of ethical investment stock market indices launched in 2001 by the FTSE Group which reports on the performance of companies which demonstrate "strong Environmental, Social and Governance practices".

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Fundraising

Fundraising or fund-raising is the process of seeking and gathering voluntary financial contributions by engaging individuals, businesses, charitable foundations, or governmental agencies.

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German Trade Union Confederation

The German Trade Union Confederation (Deutscher Gewerkschaftsbund; DGB) is an umbrella organisation (sometimes known as a national trade union center) for eight German trade unions, in total representing more than 6 million people (31 December 2011).

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Global Reporting Initiative

The Global Reporting Initiative (known as GRI) is an international independent standards organization that helps businesses, governments, and other organizations understand and communicate their impacts on issues such as climate change, human rights, and corruption.

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Globalization

Globalization, or globalisation (Commonwealth English; see spelling differences), is the process of interaction and integration among people, companies, and governments worldwide.

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Goal

A goal or objective is an idea of the future or desired result that a person or a group of people envision, plan, and commit to achieve.

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Grant (money)

A grant is a financial award given by a government entity, foundation, corporation, or other organization to an individual or organization for a specific purpose.

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Green economy

A green economy is an economy that aims at reducing environmental risks and ecological scarcities, and that aims for sustainable development without degrading the environment.

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Green job

Green jobs (green-collar jobs, sustainability jobs, eco jobs or environmental jobs) are, according to the United Nations Environment Program, "work in agricultural, manufacturing, research and development (R&D), administrative, and service activities that contribute(s) substantially to preserving or restoring environmental quality.

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Green paper

In the United Kingdom, the Commonwealth countries, Hong Kong, the United States and the European Union, a green paper is a tentative government report and consultation document of policy proposals for debate and discussion.

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Greenwashing

Greenwashing (a compound word modeled on "whitewash"), also called green sheen, is a form of advertising or marketing spin that deceptively uses green PR and green marketing to persuade the public that an organization's products, goals, or policies are environmentally friendly. Corporate social responsibility and Greenwashing are economy and the environment.

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Harvard Business Review

Harvard Business Review (HBR) is a general management magazine published by Harvard Business Publishing, a not-for-profit, independent corporation that is an affiliate of Harvard Business School.

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Hein Schreuder

Hein Schreuder (24 December 1951 – 28 May 2023) was a Dutch economist and business executive, executive vice-president corporate strategy & acquisitions at DSM and professor at the University of Maastricht, especially known for his work on "Economic approaches to organizations" with Sytse Douma and for his role in the (second) transformation of DSM.

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Human resource management

Human resource management (HRM) is the strategic and coherent approach to the effective and efficient management of people in a company or organization such that they help their business gain a competitive advantage.

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Human resources

Human resources (HR) is the set of people who make up the workforce of an organization, business sector, industry, or economy.

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IKEA

Inter IKEA Systems B.V., trading as IKEA, is a Swedish multinational conglomerate that designs and sells, kitchen appliances, decoration, home accessories, and various other goods and home services.

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Inclusive business

An inclusive business is a self-sustainable business entity that productively integrates low-income populations into its value chain.

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Industry self-regulation

Industry self-regulation is the process whereby members of an industry, trade or sector of the economy monitor their own adherence to legal, ethical, or safety standards, rather than have an outside, independent agency such as a third party entity or governmental regulator monitor and enforce those standards.

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Institute for Business Value

The Institute for Business Value (IBV) a calibrated concept of IBM - is a business research organization that focuses on managerial and economic issues faced by companies and governments around the world.

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Integrated reporting

Integrated reporting (IR, or in International Integrated Reporting Council publications) in corporate communication is a "process that results in communication, most visibly a periodic “integrated report”, about value creation over time.

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Integrity management

Integrity management consulting is an emerging sector of consultancy that advises individuals and corporations on how to apply the highest ethical standards to every aspect of their business.

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Interest of the company

The interest of the company (sometimes company benefit or commercial benefit) is a concept that the board of directors in corporations are in most legal systems required to use their powers for the commercial benefit of the company and its members.

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International development

International development or global development is a broad concept denoting the idea that societies and countries have differing levels of economic or human development on an international scale.

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Islamic Reporting Initiative

The Islamic Reporting Initiative (IRI) is an independent nonprofit organization leading the creation of the IRI Standard: a reporting standard for Environmental, social and corporate governance (ESG) based on Islamic principles and values.

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ISO 14000 family

The ISO 14000 family of standards by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) relate to environmental management that exists to help organizations (a) minimize how their operations (processes, etc.) negatively affect the environment (i.e. cause adverse changes to air, water, or land); (b) comply with applicable laws, regulations, and other environmentally oriented requirements; and (c) continually improve in the above.

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ISO 26000

ISO 26000:2010 Guidance on social responsibility is an international standard providing guidelines for social responsibility (SR, often CSR - corporate social responsibility).

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Jared Diamond

Jared Mason Diamond (born September 10, 1937) is an American scientist, historian, and author.

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Joel Bakan

Joel Conrad Bakan (born 1959) is an American-Canadian writer, jazz musician, filmmaker, and professor at the School of Law of the University of British Columbia.

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John Elkington (born 23 June 1949) is an author, advisor and serial entrepreneur.

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Journal of Business Ethics

The Journal of Business Ethics is a peer-reviewed academic journal published by Springer.

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JSE Limited

JSE Limited (previously the JSE Securities Exchange and the Johannesburg Stock Exchange) is the largest stock exchange in Africa.

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Kimberley Process Certification Scheme

The Kimberley Process Certification Scheme (KPCS) is the process established in 2003 to prevent "conflict diamonds" from entering the mainstream rough diamond market by United Nations General Assembly Resolution 55/56 following recommendations in the Fowler Report.

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Late capitalism

Late capitalism is a concept first used in print (in German) by German economist Werner Sombart at the start of the 20th century.

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Lead paint

Lead paint or lead-based paint is paint containing lead.

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LEED

Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) is a green building certification program used worldwide.

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Lewiston, New York

Lewiston is a town in Niagara County, New York, United States.

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Life-cycle assessment

Life cycle assessment (LCA), also known as life cycle analysis, is a methodology for assessing environmental impacts associated with all the stages of the life cycle of a commercial product, process, or service. Corporate social responsibility and life-cycle assessment are management cybernetics.

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List of companies of India

India is a country in South Asia.

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Market failure

In neoclassical economics, market failure is a situation in which the allocation of goods and services by a free market is not Pareto efficient, often leading to a net loss of economic value.

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Marketing

Marketing is the act of satisfying and retaining customers.

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Matching funds

Matching funds are funds that are set to be paid in proportion to funds available from other sources.

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Mattel

Mattel, Inc. is an American multinational toy manufacturing and entertainment company founded in Los Angeles by Harold Matson and the husband-and-wife duo of Ruth and Elliot Handler in January 1945 and headquartered in El Segundo, California.

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Mauritius

Mauritius, officially the Republic of Mauritius, is an island nation in the Indian Ocean, about off the southeastern coast of East Africa, east of Madagascar.

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McDonald's

McDonald's Corporation is an American multinational fast food chain, founded in 1940 as a restaurant operated by Richard and Maurice McDonald, in San Bernardino, California, United States.

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Methodology

In its most common sense, methodology is the study of research methods.

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Mexico

Mexico, officially the United Mexican States, is a country in the southern portion of North America.

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Michigan

Michigan is a state in the Great Lakes region of the Upper Midwest region of the United States.

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Milton Friedman

Milton Friedman (July 31, 1912 – November 16, 2006) was an American economist and statistician who received the 1976 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences for his research on consumption analysis, monetary history and theory and the complexity of stabilization policy.

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Mineral processing

Mineral processing is the process of separating commercially valuable minerals from their ores in the field of extractive metallurgy.

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Multinational corporation

A multinational corporation (MNC; also called a multinational enterprise (MNE), transnational enterprise (TNE), transnational corporation (TNC), international corporation, or stateless corporation,with subtle but contrasting senses) is a corporate organization that owns and controls the production of goods or services in at least one country other than its home country.

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NAACP

The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) is an American civil rights organization formed in 1909 as an interracial endeavor to advance justice for African Americans by a group including W. E. B. Du Bois, Mary White Ovington, Moorfield Storey, Ida B. Wells, Lillian Wald, and Henry Moskowitz.

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Neoliberalism

Neoliberalism, also neo-liberalism, is both a political philosophy and a term used to signify the late-20th-century political reappearance of 19th-century ideas associated with free-market capitalism.

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Net zero emissions

Global net zero emissions describes the state where emissions of greenhouse gases due to human activities, and removals of these gases, are in balance over a given period.

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New institutionalism

Neo institutionalism (also referred to as neo-institutionalist theory or institutionalism) is an approach to the study of institutions that focuses on the constraining and enabling effects of formal and informal rules on the behavior of individuals and groups.

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Noblesse oblige

Noblesse oblige (literally "nobility obliges") is a French expression that means that nobility extends beyond mere entitlement, requiring people who hold such status to fulfill social responsibilities; the term retains the same meaning in English.

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Nonprofit organization

A nonprofit organization (NPO), also known as a nonbusiness entity, nonprofit institution, or simply a nonprofit (using the adjective as a noun), is a legal entity organized and operated for a collective, public or social benefit, as opposed to an entity that operates as a business aiming to generate a profit for its owners.

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Nordic model

The Nordic model comprises the economic and social policies as well as typical cultural practices common in the Nordic countries (Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden).

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Occupational safety and health

Occupational safety and health (OSH) or occupational health and safety (OHS) is a multidisciplinary field concerned with the safety, health, and welfare of people at work (i.e., while performing duties required by one's occupation). Corporate social responsibility and occupational safety and health are industrial and organizational psychology.

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Odwalla

Odwalla Inc. is an American health food company based in Dinuba, California.

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OECD

The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD; Organisation de coopération et de développement économiques, OCDE) is an intergovernmental organisation with 38 member countries, founded in 1961 to stimulate economic progress and world trade.

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OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises

The OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises are recommendations on responsible business conduct addressed by governments to multinational enterprises operating in or from the 51 adhering countries.

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Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights

The Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR) is a department of the United Nations Secretariat that works to promote and protect human rights that are guaranteed under international law and stipulated in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights of 1948.

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Organizational behavior

Organizational behavior or organisational behaviour (see spelling differences) is the "study of human behavior in organizational settings, the interface between human behavior and the organization, and the organization itself". Corporate social responsibility and organizational behavior are industrial and organizational psychology.

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Organizational ethics

Organizational ethics is the ethics of an organization, and it is how an organization responds to an internal or external stimulus.

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Organizational justice

Greenberg (1987) introduced the concept of organizational justice with regard to how an employee judges the behavior of the organization and the employee's resulting attitude and behaviour. Corporate social responsibility and organizational justice are industrial and organizational psychology.

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Patagonia, Inc.

Patagonia, Inc. is an American retailer of outdoor recreation clothing.

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Payroll giving

Payroll Giving, Workplace Giving or Give As You Earn (GAYE) is a scheme for UK taxpayers to donate money to UK Registered Charities.

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Philanthropy

Philanthropy is a form of altruism that consists of "private initiatives for the public good, focusing on quality of life".

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Philosophy of business

The philosophy of business considers the fundamental principles that underlie the formation and operation of a business enterprise; the nature and purpose of a business, and the moral obligations that pertain to it.

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PNC Financial Services

The PNC Financial Services Group, Inc. is an American bank holding company and financial services corporation based in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.

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Postgraduate education

Postgraduate education, graduate education, or graduate school consists of academic or professional degrees, certificates, diplomas, or other qualifications usually pursued by post-secondary students who have earned an undergraduate (bachelor's) degree.

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Principal–agent problem

The principal–agent problem refers to the conflict in interests and priorities that arises when one person or entity (the "agent") takes actions on behalf of another person or entity (the "principal"). Corporate social responsibility and principal–agent problem are management cybernetics.

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Pro bono

Pro bono publico ('for the public good'), usually shortened to pro bono, is a Latin phrase for professional work undertaken voluntarily and without payment.

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Professional services

Professional services are occupations in the service sector requiring special training in liberal arts and pure sciences education or professional development education.

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Profit (economics)

In economics, profit is the difference between revenue that an economic entity has received from its outputs and total costs of its inputs, also known as surplus value.

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Profit motive

In economics, the profit motive is the motivation of firms that operate so as to maximize their profits.

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Psychopathy in the workplace

While psychopaths typically represent a very small percentage of workplace staff, the presence of psychopathy in the workplace, especially within senior management, can do enormous damage.

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Public relations

Public relations (PR) is the practice of managing and disseminating information from an individual or an organization (such as a business, government agency, or a nonprofit organization) to the public in order to influence their perception.

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R. J. Reynolds Tobacco Company

The R. J. Reynolds Tobacco Company (RJR) is an American tobacco manufacturing company based in Winston-Salem, North Carolina, and headquartered at the RJR Plaza Building.

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Rana Plaza collapse

The Rana Plaza collapse (also referred to as the Savar building collapse or the collapse of Rana Plaza) was a structural failure that occurred on 24 April 2013 in the Savar Upazila of Dhaka District, Bangladesh, where an eight-storey commercial building called Rana Plaza collapsed.

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Reciprocal altruism

In evolutionary biology, reciprocal altruism is a behaviour whereby an organism acts in a manner that temporarily reduces its fitness while increasing another organism's fitness, with the expectation that the other organism will act in a similar manner at a later time.

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Recruitment

Recruitment is the overall process of identifying, sourcing, screening, shortlisting, and interviewing candidates for jobs (either permanent or temporary) within an organization. Corporate social responsibility and Recruitment are industrial and organizational psychology.

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Regulation

Regulation is the management of complex systems according to a set of rules and trends.

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Reputation management

Reputation management, originally a public relations term, refers to the influencing, controlling, enhancing, or concealing of an individual's or group's reputation.

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Requisite organization

Requisite organization (RO) is a term and methodology developed by Elliott Jaques and Kathryn Cason as a result of the research in stratified systems theory, general theory of bureaucracy, work complexity and human capability over 60 years.

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Resource-based view

The resource-based view (RBV), often referred to as the "resource-based view of the firm", is a managerial framework used to determine the strategic resources a firm can exploit to achieve sustainable competitive advantage.

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Responsible mining

Responsible mining is commonly defined as mining that involves and respects all stakeholders, minimizes and takes account of its environmental impact, and prioritizes a fair division of economic and financial benefits.

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Responsible Research and Innovation

Responsible Research and Innovation (RRI) is a term used by the European Union's Framework Programmes to describe scientific research and technological development processes that take into account effects and potential impacts on the environment and society.

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Risk

In simple terms, risk is the possibility of something bad happening.

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Robert N. Proctor

Robert Neel Proctor (born 1954) is an American historian of science and Professor of the History of Science at Stanford University, where he is also Professor by courtesy of Pulmonary Medicine.

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Robert Reich

Robert Bernard Reich (born June 24, 1946) is an American professor, author, lawyer, and political commentator.

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Ronald McDonald House Charities

Ronald McDonald House Charities (RMHC) is an independent American nonprofit organization whose stated mission is to create, find, and support programs that directly improve the health and well-being of children.

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Rosslyn Hill Mining

Rosslyn Hill Mining Pty Ltd (formerly known as Magellan Metals Pty Ltd) operates Paroo Station Mine (formerly Magellan Mine) at Wiluna in Western Australia.

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SA8000

The SA8000 Standard is an auditable certification standard that encourages organizations to develop, maintain, and apply socially acceptable practices in the workplace.

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Sainsbury's

J Sainsbury plc, trading as Sainsbury's, is a British supermarket and the second-largest chain of supermarkets in the United Kingdom.

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Shareholder primacy is a theory in corporate governance holding that shareholder interests should be assigned first priority relative to all other corporate stakeholders.

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Small and medium-sized enterprises

Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) or small and medium-sized businesses (SMBs) are businesses whose personnel and revenue numbers fall below certain limits.

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Social accounting (also known as social accounting and auditing, social accountability, social and environmental accounting, corporate social reporting, corporate social responsibility reporting, non-financial reporting or accounting) is the process of communicating the social and environmental effects of organizations' economic actions to particular interest groups within society and to society at large. Corporate social responsibility and social accounting are Euthenics.

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Social change is the alteration of the social order of a society which may include changes in social institutions, social behaviours or social relations. Corporate social responsibility and social change are social concepts.

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Social democracy is a political, social, and economic philosophy within socialism that supports political and economic democracy and supports a gradualist, reformist and democratic approach towards achieving socialism.

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Social marketing is a marketing approach which focuses on influencing behavior with the primary goal of achieving "common good".

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The social norms approach, or social norms marketing, is an environmental strategy gaining ground in health campaigns.

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Social work is an academic discipline and practice-based profession concerned with meeting the basic needs of individuals, families, groups, communities, and society as a whole to enhance their individual and collective well-being.

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Socialism is an economic and political philosophy encompassing diverse economic and social systems characterised by social ownership of the means of production, as opposed to private ownership.

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Socially responsible investing (SRI) is any investment strategy which seeks to consider financial return alongside ethical, social or environmental goals. Corporate social responsibility and Socially responsible investing are economy and the environment, ethical investment and social finance.

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Socially responsible marketing is a marketing philosophy that a company should take into consideration; "What is in the best interest of society in the present and long term?"Armstrong, Gary, and Philip Kotler.

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Sociology

Sociology is the scientific study of human society that focuses on society, human social behavior, patterns of social relationships, social interaction, and aspects of culture associated with everyday life.

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Stakeholder (corporate)

In a corporation, a stakeholder is a member of "groups without whose support the organization would cease to exist", as defined in the first usage of the word in a 1963 internal memorandum at the Stanford Research Institute.

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Stakeholder engagement

Stakeholder engagement is the process by which an organization involves people who may be affected by the decisions it makes or can influence the implementation of its decisions.

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Stakeholder management

Stakeholder management (also project stakeholder management) is a critical component in the successful delivery of any project, programme or activity.

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Standard Ethics Aei

Standard Ethics is an independent sustainability reporting rating agency based in London, known for its sustainable finance and ESG (Environmental, Social, Governance) studies.

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Stanley B. Prusiner

Stanley Ben Prusiner (born May 28, 1942) is an American neurologist and biochemist.

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Stephen Harper

Stephen Joseph Harper (born April 30, 1959) is a Canadian politician who served as the 22nd prime minister of Canada from 2006 to 2015.

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Strategic management

In the field of management, strategic management involves the formulation and implementation of the major goals and initiatives taken by an organization's managers on behalf of stakeholders, based on consideration of resources and an assessment of the internal and external environments in which the organization operates.

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Supply chain

A supply chain, sometimes expressed as a "supply-chain", is a complex logistics system that consists of facilities that convert raw materials into finished products and distribute them to end consumers or end customers.

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Supply chain management

In commerce, supply chain management (SCM) deals with a system of procurement (purchasing raw materials/components), operations management, logistics and marketing channels, through which raw materials can be developed into finished products and delivered to their end customers.

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Supreme Court of the United States

The Supreme Court of the United States (SCOTUS) is the highest court in the federal judiciary of the United States.

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Sustainability

Sustainability is a social goal for people to co-exist on Earth over a long time. Corporate social responsibility and Sustainability are economy and the environment.

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Sustainability reporting

Sustainability reporting refers to the disclosure, whether voluntary, solicited, or required, of non-financial performance information to outsiders of the organization.

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Sustainability standards and certification

Sustainability standards and certifications are voluntary guidelines used by producers, manufacturers, traders, retailers, and service providers to demonstrate their commitment to good environmental, social, ethical, and food safety practices.

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Sustainable development

Sustainable development is an approach to growth and human development that aims to meet the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Corporate social responsibility and Sustainable development are social concepts.

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Sustainable finance

Sustainable finance is the set of practices, standards, norms, regulations and products that pursue financial returns alongside environmental and/or social objectives. Corporate social responsibility and Sustainable finance are economy and the environment, ethical investment and social finance.

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Sustainable products

Sustainable products are products who are either sustainability sourced, manufactured or processed that provide environmental, social and economic benefits while protecting public health and environment over their whole life cycle, from the extraction of raw materials until the final disposal.

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Tax

A tax is a mandatory financial charge or some other type of levy imposed on a taxpayer (an individual or legal entity) by a governmental organization to collectively fund government spending, public expenditures, or as a way to regulate and reduce negative externalities.

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Tesco

Tesco plc is a British multinational groceries and general merchandise retailer headquartered in Welwyn Garden City, England.

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The Body Shop

The Body Shop International Limited, trading as the Body Shop, is a British cosmetics, skin care, and perfume company founded in 1976 by Anita Roddick.

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The Co-operative Group

The Co-operative Group Limited, trading as Co-op and formerly known as the Co-operative Wholesale Society, is a British consumer co-operative with a group of retail businesses, including grocery retail and wholesale, legal services, funerals and insurance, and social enterprise.

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The Coca-Cola Company

The Coca-Cola Company is an American multinational corporation founded in 1892.

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Triple bottom line

The triple bottom line (or otherwise noted as TBL or 3BL) is an accounting framework with three parts: social, environmental (or ecological) and economic.

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Turnover (employment)

In human resources, turnover refers to employees who leave an organization. Corporate social responsibility and turnover (employment) are industrial and organizational psychology.

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Unilever

Unilever PLC is a British multinational fast-moving consumer goods company founded on 2 September 1929 following the merger of British soap maker Lever Brothers and Dutch margarine producer Margarine Unie.

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United Nations

The United Nations (UN) is a diplomatic and political international organization whose stated purposes are to maintain international peace and security, develop friendly relations among nations, achieve international cooperation, and serve as a centre for harmonizing the actions of nations.

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United Nations Global Compact

The United Nations Global Compact is a non-binding United Nations pact to get businesses and firms worldwide to adopt sustainable and socially responsible policies, and to report on their implementation.

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United Nations Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights

The United Nations Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights (UNGPs) is an instrument consisting of 31 principles implementing the United Nations' (UN) "Protect, Respect and Remedy" framework on the issue of human rights and transnational corporations and other business enterprises.

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United States

The United States of America (USA or U.S.A.), commonly known as the United States (US or U.S.) or America, is a country primarily located in North America.

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Varieties of Capitalism

Varieties of Capitalism: The Institutional Foundations of Comparative Advantage is a 2001 book on economics, political economy, and comparative politics edited by political economists Peter A. Hall and David Soskice.

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Virgin Group

Virgin Group is a British multinational venture capital conglomerate founded by Richard Branson and Nik Powell in February 1970.

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Voluntary compliance

Voluntary compliance is conforming ("complying") to a rule, without facing negative consequences if not complying.

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Volunteer grant

Volunteer grants are charitable gifts given to non-profit organizations by corporations in recognition of volunteer work being done by a company's employees.

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Volunteering

Volunteering is a voluntary act of an individual or group freely giving time and labor, often for community service.

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W. Edwards Deming

William Edwards Deming (October 14, 1900 – December 20, 1993) was an American business theorist, composer, economist, industrial engineer, management consultant, statistician, and writer.

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Whole Foods Market

Whole Foods Market, Inc., a subsidiary of Amazon, is an American multinational supermarket chain headquartered in Austin, Texas, which sells products free from hydrogenated fats and artificial colors, flavors, and preservatives.

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2013 horse meat scandal

The 2013 horse meat scandal was a food industry scandal in parts of Europe in which foods advertised as containing beef were found to contain undeclared or improperly declared horse meat—as much as 100% of the meat content in some cases.

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References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporate_social_responsibility

Also known as Altruistic CSR, Altruistic corporate social responsibility, Corporate Citizenship, Corporate Responsibility Report, Corporate citizens, Corporate citizenships, Corporate philanthropy, Corporate social impact, Corporate social initiative, Corporate social investment, Corporate social responsability, Corporate social responsibilities, Corporate social responsiblity, Ethical CSR, Ethical corporate social responsibility, Responsible business, Responsible businesses, Social license, Social license to operate, Strategic CSR, Strategic corporate social responsibility.

, Customer engagement, Dartmouth College v. Woodward, Development studies, Dharma, Display window, Distribution of wealth, Diversity (business), DSM (company), EarthCheck, Econometrics, Economy for the Common Good, Edmond Fernandes, Edwin Mellen Press, Elliott Jaques, Empiricism, Employee retention, Enron, Enterprise 2020, Environmental, social, and governance, Environmentalism, Escherichia coli, Ethical banking, Ethical code, Ethical consumerism, Ethical job, Ethical marketing, Ethical positioning index, Ethical Trading Initiative, EthicalQuote, Ethics, European Commission, European Union, Evaluation, Exxon Valdez, Fair Labor Association, Fair Stone standard, Fair trade, Fair Wear Foundation, Five Pillars of Islam, Flash pasteurization, Forbes, Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, Forest Stewardship Council, FTSE Group, FTSE4Good Index, Fundraising, German Trade Union Confederation, Global Reporting Initiative, Globalization, Goal, Grant (money), Green economy, Green job, Green paper, Greenwashing, Harvard Business Review, Hein Schreuder, Human resource management, Human resources, IKEA, Inclusive business, Industry self-regulation, Institute for Business Value, Integrated reporting, Integrity management, Interest of the company, International development, Islamic Reporting Initiative, ISO 14000 family, ISO 26000, Jared Diamond, Joel Bakan, John Elkington (business author), Journal of Business Ethics, JSE Limited, Kimberley Process Certification Scheme, Late capitalism, Lead paint, LEED, Lewiston, New York, Life-cycle assessment, List of companies of India, Market failure, Marketing, Matching funds, Mattel, Mauritius, McDonald's, Methodology, Mexico, Michigan, Milton Friedman, Mineral processing, Multinational corporation, NAACP, Neoliberalism, Net zero emissions, New institutionalism, Noblesse oblige, Nonprofit organization, Nordic model, Occupational safety and health, Odwalla, OECD, OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises, Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, Organizational behavior, Organizational ethics, Organizational justice, Patagonia, Inc., Payroll giving, Philanthropy, Philosophy of business, PNC Financial Services, Postgraduate education, Principal–agent problem, Pro bono, Professional services, Profit (economics), Profit motive, Psychopathy in the workplace, Public relations, R. J. Reynolds Tobacco Company, Rana Plaza collapse, Reciprocal altruism, Recruitment, Regulation, Reputation management, Requisite organization, Resource-based view, Responsible mining, Responsible Research and Innovation, Risk, Robert N. Proctor, Robert Reich, Ronald McDonald House Charities, Rosslyn Hill Mining, SA8000, Sainsbury's, Shareholder primacy, Small and medium-sized enterprises, Social accounting, Social change, Social democracy, Social marketing, Social norms approach, Social work, Socialism, Socially responsible investing, Socially responsible marketing, Sociology, Stakeholder (corporate), Stakeholder engagement, Stakeholder management, Standard Ethics Aei, Stanley B. Prusiner, Stephen Harper, Strategic management, Supply chain, Supply chain management, Supreme Court of the United States, Sustainability, Sustainability reporting, Sustainability standards and certification, Sustainable development, Sustainable finance, Sustainable products, Tax, Tesco, The Body Shop, The Co-operative Group, The Coca-Cola Company, Triple bottom line, Turnover (employment), Unilever, United Nations, United Nations Global Compact, United Nations Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights, United States, Varieties of Capitalism, Virgin Group, Voluntary compliance, Volunteer grant, Volunteering, W. Edwards Deming, Whole Foods Market, 2013 horse meat scandal.

Corporate social responsibility, the Glossary

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