Culture of France, the Glossary

Table of Contents

1. 665 relations: Académie Française, Academic publishing, Accent (sociolinguistics), Adam Gopnik, Administrative divisions of France, Africa (Italian journal), Agnosticism, Alain Finkielkraut, Albertville, Alemannic German, Alexandre Alexeieff, Alexandre Dumas, Alfred Jarry, Algeria, Alice Guy-Blaché, All Saints' Day, All Souls' Day, Alsace, Alsatian dialect, America's Cup, Amiens Cathedral, Anatole Litvak, Ancien régime, André Malraux, Andrzej Żuławski, Angoulême International Comics Festival, Annual leave, Anti-clericalism, Antoine Watteau, Apostrophes (talk show), Appellation d'origine contrôlée, Arc de Triomphe, Architecture of Normandy, ARD (broadcaster), Arte, Assimilation (French colonialism), Association football, Assumption of Mary, Asterix, Atheism, Athens, Atonality, Auguste and Louis Lumière, Auguste Escoffier, Avant-garde, Aveyron, Édith Piaf, Île-de-France, Baccalauréat, Balenciaga, ... Expand index (615 more) »

Académie Française

The Académie Française, also known as the French Academy, is the principal French council for matters pertaining to the French language.

See Culture of France and Académie Française

Academic publishing

Academic publishing is the subfield of publishing which distributes academic research and scholarship.

See Culture of France and Academic publishing

Accent (sociolinguistics)

In sociolinguistics, an accent is a way of pronouncing a language that is distinctive to a country, area, social class, or individual.

See Culture of France and Accent (sociolinguistics)

Adam Gopnik

Adam Gopnik (born August 24, 1956) is an American writer and essayist.

See Culture of France and Adam Gopnik

Administrative divisions of France

The administrative divisions of France are concerned with the institutional and territorial organization of French territory.

See Culture of France and Administrative divisions of France

Africa (Italian journal)

Africa: Rivista semestrale di studi e ricerche (Africa (Rome) or Africa (Italy)) is a biannual peer-reviewed academic journal covering African studies.

See Culture of France and Africa (Italian journal)

Agnosticism

Agnosticism is the view or belief that the existence of God, the divine, or the supernatural is either unknowable in principle or currently unknown in fact.

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Alain Finkielkraut

Alain Luc Finkielkraut (born 30 June 1949) is a French essayist, radio producer, and public intellectual.

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Albertville

Albertville (Arpitan: Arbèrtvile) is a subprefecture of the Savoie department in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region in Southeastern France.

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Alemannic German

Alemannic, or rarely Alemannish (Alemannisch), is a group of High German dialects.

See Culture of France and Alemannic German

Alexandre Alexeieff

Alexandre Alexandrovitch Alexeieff (Russian: Александр Александрович Алексеев; 18 April 1901 – 9 August 1982) was a Russian Empire-born artist, filmmaker and illustrator who lived and worked mainly in Paris.

See Culture of France and Alexandre Alexeieff

Alexandre Dumas

Alexandre Dumas (born Dumas Davy de la Pailleterie, 24 July 1802 – 5 December 1870), also known as Alexandre Dumas nocat, was a French novelist and playwright.

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Alfred Jarry

Alfred Jarry (8 September 1873 – 1 November 1907) was a French symbolist writer who is best known for his play Ubu Roi (1896), often cited as a forerunner of the Dada, Surrealist, and Futurist movements of the 1920s and 1930s and later the Theatre of the absurd In the 1950s and 1960s He also coined the term and philosophical concept of 'pataphysics.

See Culture of France and Alfred Jarry

Algeria

Algeria, officially the People's Democratic Republic of Algeria, is a country in the Maghreb region of North Africa. It is bordered to the northeast by Tunisia; to the east by Libya; to the southeast by Niger; to the southwest by Mali, Mauritania, and Western Sahara; to the west by Morocco; and to the north by the Mediterranean Sea.

See Culture of France and Algeria

Alice Guy-Blaché

Alice Ida Antoinette Guy-Blaché (Guy;; 1 July 1873 – 24 March 1968) was a French pioneer film director.

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All Saints' Day

All Saints' Day, also known as All Hallows' Day, the Feast of All Saints, the Feast of All Hallows, the Solemnity of All Saints, and Hallowmas, is a Christian solemnity celebrated in honour of all the saints of the Church, whether they are known or unknown.

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All Souls' Day

All Souls' Day, also called The Commemoration of All the Faithful Departed, is a day of prayer and remembrance for the faithful departed, observed by Christians on 2 November.

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Alsace

Alsace (Low Alemannic German/Alsatian: Elsàss ˈɛlsɑs; German: Elsass (German spelling before 1996: Elsaß.) ˈɛlzas ⓘ; Latin: Alsatia) is a cultural region and a territorial collectivity in eastern France, on the west bank of the upper Rhine next to Germany and Switzerland.

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Alsatian dialect

Alsatian (Elsässisch or Elsässerditsch "Alsatian German"; Lorraine Franconian: Elsässerdeitsch; Alsacien; Elsässisch or Elsässerdeutsch) is the group of Alemannic German dialects spoken in most of Alsace, a formerly disputed region in eastern France that has passed between French and German control five times since 1681.

See Culture of France and Alsatian dialect

America's Cup

The America's Cup is a sailing competition and the oldest international competition still operating in any sport.

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Amiens Cathedral

The Cathedral Basilica of Our Lady of Amiens (Basilique Cathédrale Notre-Dame d'Amiens), or simply Amiens Cathedral, is a Catholic cathedral.

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Anatole Litvak

Anatoly Mikhailovich Litvak (Анатолий Михайлович Литвак; 10 May 1902 – 15 December 1974), better known as Anatole Litvak, was a Ukrainian-born American filmmaker who wrote, directed, and produced films in various countries and languages.

See Culture of France and Anatole Litvak

Ancien régime

The ancien régime was the political and social system of the Kingdom of France that the French Revolution overturned through its abolition in 1790 of the feudal system of the French nobility and in 1792 through its execution of the king and declaration of a republic.

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André Malraux

Georges André Malraux (3 November 1901 – 23 November 1976) was a French novelist, art theorist, and minister of cultural affairs.

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Andrzej Żuławski

Andrzej Żuławski (22 November 1940 – 17 February 2016) was a Polish film director and writer best known for his 1981 film Possession.

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Angoulême International Comics Festival

The Angoulême International Comics Festival (Festival international de la bande dessinée d'Angoulême) is the second largest comics festival in Europe after the Lucca Comics & Games in Italy, and the third biggest in the world after Lucca Comics & Games and the Comiket of Japan.

See Culture of France and Angoulême International Comics Festival

Annual leave

Annual leave is a period of paid time off work granted by employers to employees to be used for whatever the employee wishes.

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Anti-clericalism

Anti-clericalism is opposition to religious authority, typically in social or political matters.

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Antoine Watteau

Jean-Antoine Watteau (baptised October 10, 1684died July 18, 1721) Also via Oxford Art Online (subscription needed).

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Apostrophes (talk show)

Apostrophes was a live, weekly, literary, prime-time, talk show on French television"French TV Show on Books Is Ending", Reuters, The New York Times, September 05, 1989.

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Appellation d'origine contrôlée

In France, the appellation d'origine contrôlée (AOC) is a label that identifies an agricultural product whose stages of production and processing are carried out in a defined geographical area – the terroir – and using recognized and traditional know-how.

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Arc de Triomphe

The Arc de Triomphe de l'Étoile, often called simply the Arc de Triomphe, is one of the most famous monuments in Paris, France, standing at the western end of the Champs-Élysées at the centre of Place Charles de Gaulle, formerly named Place de l'Étoile—the étoile or "star" of the juncture formed by its twelve radiating avenues.

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Architecture of Normandy

The architecture of Normandy spans a thousand years.

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ARD (broadcaster)

ARD is a joint organisation of Germany's regional public-service broadcasters.

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Arte

Arte (Association relative à la télévision européenne (Association relating to European television), sometimes stylised in lowercase or uppercase in its logo) is a European public service channel dedicated to culture.

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Assimilation (French colonialism)

Assimilation was a major ideological component of French colonialism during the 19th and 20th centuries.

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Association football, more commonly known as football or soccer, is a team sport played between two teams of 11 players each, who primarily use their feet to propel a ball around a rectangular field called a pitch.

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Assumption of Mary

The Assumption of Mary is one of the four Marian dogmas of the Catholic Church.

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Asterix

Asterix (Astérix or Astérix le Gaulois, "Asterix the Gaul") (also known as Asterix and Obelix in some adaptations or The Adventures of Asterix) is a comic book series about a village of indomitable Gaulish warriors (including the titular hero Asterix) who adventure around the world and fight the odds of the Roman Republic, with the aid of a magic potion, during the era of Julius Caesar, in an ahistorical telling of the time after the Gallic Wars.

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Atheism

Atheism, in the broadest sense, is an absence of belief in the existence of deities.

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Athens

Athens is the capital and largest city of Greece.

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Atonality

Atonality in its broadest sense is music that lacks a tonal center, or key.

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Auguste and Louis Lumière

The Lumière brothers, Auguste Marie Louis Nicolas Lumière (19 October 1862 – 10 April 1954) and Louis Jean Lumière (5 October 1864 – 6 June 1948), were French manufacturers of photography equipment, best known for their motion picture system and the short films they produced between 1895 and 1905, which places them among the earliest filmmakers.

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Auguste Escoffier

Georges Auguste Escoffier (28 October 1846 – 12 February 1935) was a French chef, restaurateur, and culinary writer who popularized and updated traditional French cooking methods.

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Avant-garde

In the arts and in literature, the term avant-garde (from French meaning advance guard and vanguard) identifies an experimental genre, or work of art, and the artist who created it; which usually is aesthetically innovative, whilst initially being ideologically unacceptable to the artistic establishment of the time.

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Aveyron

Aveyron (Avairon) is a department in the region of Occitania, Southern France.

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Édith Piaf

Édith Piaf (born Édith Giovanna Gassion; 19 December 1915 – 10 October 1963) was a French singer best known for performing songs in the cabaret and modern chanson genres.

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Île-de-France

The Île-de-France is the most populous of the eighteen regions of France, with an official estimated population of 12,271,794 residents on 1 January 2023.

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Baccalauréat

The baccalauréat, often known in France colloquially as the bac, is a French national academic qualification that students can obtain at the completion of their secondary education (at the end of the lycée) by meeting certain requirements.

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Balenciaga

Balenciaga is a French luxury fashion line that was founded in 1919 by Spanish couturier Cristóbal Balenciaga in San Sebastián.

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Bande dessinée

Bandes dessinées (singular bande dessinée; literally 'drawn strips'), abbreviated BDs and also referred to as Franco-Belgian comics (BD franco-belge), are comics that are usually originally in French and created for readership in France and Belgium.

See Culture of France and Bande dessinée

Banlieue

In France, a banlieue is a suburb of a large city, or all its suburbs taken collectively.

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Baroque

The Baroque is a Western style of architecture, music, dance, painting, sculpture, poetry, and other arts that flourished from the early 17th century until the 1750s.

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Basilica of Saint-Denis

The Basilica of Saint-Denis (Basilique royale de Saint-Denis, now formally known as the Basilique-cathédrale de Saint-Denis) is a large former medieval abbey church and present cathedral in the commune of Saint-Denis, a northern suburb of Paris.

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Basque Country (greater region)

The Basque Country (Euskal Herria; País Vasco; Pays basque) is the name given to the home of the Basque people.

See Culture of France and Basque Country (greater region)

Basque cuisine

Basque cuisine refers to the cuisine of the Basque Country and includes meats and fish grilled over hot coals, marmitako and lamb stews, cod, Tolosa bean dishes, paprikas from Lekeitio, pintxos (Basque tapas), Idiazabal sheep's cheese, txakoli (sparkling white wine), and Basque cider.

See Culture of France and Basque cuisine

Basque language

Basque (euskara) is the only surviving Paleo-European language spoken in Europe, predating the arrival of speakers of the Indo-European languages that dominate the continent today. Basque is spoken by the Basques and other residents of the Basque Country, a region that straddles the westernmost Pyrenees in adjacent parts of northern Spain and southwestern France.

See Culture of France and Basque language

Bastille Day

Bastille Day is the common name given in English-speaking countries to the national day of France, which is celebrated on 14 July each year.

See Culture of France and Bastille Day

Bastille Day military parade

The Bastille Day military parade, also known as the 14 July military parade, translation of the French name of, is a French military parade that has been held on the morning of 14 July each year in Paris since 1880, almost without exception.

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BBC

The British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) is a British public service broadcaster headquartered at Broadcasting House in London, England.

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BBC News

BBC News is an operational business division of the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) responsible for the gathering and broadcasting of news and current affairs in the UK and around the world.

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Belle Époque

The Belle Époque or La Belle Époque was a period of French and European history that began after the end of the Franco-Prussian War in 1871 and continued until the outbreak of World War I in 1914.

See Culture of France and Belle Époque

Benelux

The Benelux Union (Benelux Unie; Union Benelux; Benelux-Unioun) or Benelux is a politico-economic union and formal international intergovernmental cooperation of three neighbouring states in Western Europe: Belgium, the Netherlands, and Luxembourg.

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Bernard Pivot

Bernard Pivot (5 May 1935 – 6 May 2024) was a French journalist, interviewer and host of cultural television programmes.

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Berry, France

The Duchy of Berry was a former province located in central France.

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Bertrand Delanoë

Bertrand Delanoë (born 30 May 1950) is a French retired politician who served as Mayor of Paris from 2001 to 2014.

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BFM TV

BFM TV (stylized as BFMTV) is a French news broadcast television and radio network, wholly owned by Altice Média.

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Biguine

Biguine (bigin) is a rhythmic dance and music style that originated from Saint-Pierre, Martinique in the 19th century.

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Bilingual education

In bilingual education, students are taught in two (or more) languages.

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Bit

The bit is the most basic unit of information in computing and digital communication.

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Bohemianism

Bohemianism is a social and cultural movement that has, at its core, a way of life away from society's conventional norms and expectations.

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Boléro

Boléro is a 1928 work for large orchestra by French composer Maurice Ravel.

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Bordeaux wine

Bordeaux wine (vin de Bordèu, vin de Bordeaux) is produced in the Bordeaux region of southwest France, around the city of Bordeaux, on the Garonne River.

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Boroughs of New York City

The boroughs of New York City are the five major governmental districts that compose New York City.

See Culture of France and Boroughs of New York City

Boudin

Boudin, black pudding in English, is essentially pig’s guts filled with blood and other ingredients, such as onions, spinach, etc.

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Bourbon Restoration in France

The Second Bourbon Restoration was the period of French history during which the House of Bourbon returned to power after the fall of the First French Empire in 1815.

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Bourgeoisie

The bourgeoisie are a class of business owners and merchants which emerged in the Late Middle Ages, originally as a "middle class" between peasantry and aristocracy.

See Culture of France and Bourgeoisie

Breton language

Breton (brezhoneg or in Morbihan) is a Southwestern Brittonic language of the Celtic language group spoken in Brittany, part of modern-day France.

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Breton nationalism

Breton nationalism is the nationalism of the historical province of Brittany, France.

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Brittany

Brittany (Bretagne,; Breizh,; Gallo: Bertaèyn or Bertègn) is a peninsula, historical country and cultural area in the north-west of modern France, covering the western part of what was known as Armorica during the period of Roman occupation.

See Culture of France and Brittany

Buddhism

Buddhism, also known as Buddha Dharma and Dharmavinaya, is an Indian religion and philosophical tradition based on teachings attributed to the Buddha, a wandering teacher who lived in the 6th or 5th century BCE.

See Culture of France and Buddhism

Bullfighting

Bullfighting is a physical contest that involves a bullfighter attempting to subdue, immobilize, or kill a bull, usually according to a set of rules, guidelines, or cultural expectations.

See Culture of France and Bullfighting

Burgundian language (Oïl)

The Burgundian language, also known by French names Bourguignon-morvandiau, Bourguignon, and Morvandiau, is an Oïl language spoken in Burgundy and particularly in the Morvan area of the region.

See Culture of France and Burgundian language (Oïl)

Burgundy

Burgundy (Bourgogne; Burgundian: bourguignon) is a historical territory and former administrative region and province of east-central France.

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Burgundy wine

Burgundy wine (Bourgogne or vin de Bourgogne) is made in the Burgundy region of eastern France, in the valleys and slopes west of the Saône, a tributary of the Rhône.

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Byte

The byte is a unit of digital information that most commonly consists of eight bits.

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Cahiers du Cinéma

() is a French film magazine co-founded in 1951 by André Bazin, Jacques Doniol-Valcroze, and Joseph-Marie Lo Duca.

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Camembert

Camembert (also) is a moist, soft, creamy, surface-ripened cow's milk cheese.

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Camille Pissarro

Jacob Abraham Camille Pissarro (10 July 1830 – 13 November 1903) was a Danish-French Impressionist and Neo-Impressionist painter born on the island of St Thomas (now in the US Virgin Islands, but then in the Danish West Indies).

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Canada

Canada is a country in North America.

See Culture of France and Canada

Canal+ (French TV channel)

Canal+ (meaning "Channel Plus"), also spelt Canal Plus and sometimes abbreviated C+ or Canal, is a French premium television channel owned by the Groupe Canal+.

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Cannabis (drug)

Cannabis, also known as marijuana or weed, among other names, is a non-chemically uniform drug from the cannabis plant.

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Cannes Film Festival

The Cannes Film Festival (Festival de Cannes), until 2003 called the International Film Festival (Festival international du film), is an annual film festival held in Cannes, France, which previews new films of all genres, including documentaries, from all around the world.

See Culture of France and Cannes Film Festival

Capitole de Toulouse

The Capitole back side The Capitole de Toulouse (Capitòli de Tolosa), commonly known as the Capitole, is the heart of the municipal administration and the city hall of the French city of Toulouse.

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Cardinal Richelieu

Armand Jean du Plessis, 1st Duke of Richelieu (9 September 1585 – 4 December 1642), known as Cardinal Richelieu, was a French statesman and prelate of the Catholic Church.

See Culture of France and Cardinal Richelieu

Cardiovascular disease

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is any disease involving the heart or blood vessels.

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Caribbean

The Caribbean (el Caribe; les Caraïbes; de Caraïben) is a subregion of the Americas that includes the Caribbean Sea and its islands, some of which are surrounded by the Caribbean Sea and some of which border both the Caribbean Sea and the North Atlantic Ocean; the nearby coastal areas on the mainland are sometimes also included in the region.

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Catalan language

Catalan (or; autonym: català), known in the Valencian Community and Carche as Valencian (autonym: valencià), is a Western Romance language.

See Culture of France and Catalan language

Cathar castles

Cathar castles (in French Châteaux cathares) are a group of medieval castles located in the Languedoc region.

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Catherinette

Catherinette was a traditional French label for a woman of twenty-five years who was still unmarried by the Feast of Saint Catherine (25 November).

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Catholic Church

The Catholic Church, also known as the Roman Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with 1.28 to 1.39 billion baptized Catholics worldwide as of 2024.

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Catholic school

Catholic schools are parochial pre-primary, primary and secondary educational institutions administered in association with the Catholic Church.

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Celine Dion

Céline Marie Claudette Dion (born 30 March 1968) is a Canadian singer.

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Centralisation

Centralisation or centralization (see spelling differences) is the process by which the activities of an entity or organization, particularly those regarding planning, decision-making and control of strategies and policies, become concentrated within a particular group, sector, department or region within that entity or organization.

See Culture of France and Centralisation

Chamonix

Chamonix-Mont-Blanc (Chamôni-Mont-Blanc), more commonly known simply as Chamonix (Chamôni), is a commune in the Haute-Savoie department in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region in Southeastern France.

See Culture of France and Chamonix

Champagne (province)

Champagne was a province in the northeast of the Kingdom of France, now best known as the Champagne wine region for the sparkling white wine that bears its name in modern-day France.

See Culture of France and Champagne (province)

Champs-Élysées

The Avenue des Champs-Élysées is an avenue in the 8th arrondissement of Paris, France, long and wide, running between the Place de la Concorde in the east and the Place Charles de Gaulle in the west, where the Arc de Triomphe is located.

See Culture of France and Champs-Élysées

Chanel

Chanel is a luxury fashion house founded in 1910 by Coco Chanel in Paris.

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Chanson

A chanson (chanson française) is generally any lyric-driven French song.

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Charlemagne

Charlemagne (2 April 748 – 28 January 814) was King of the Franks from 768, King of the Lombards from 774, and Emperor, of what is now known as the Carolingian Empire, from 800, holding these titles until his death in 814.

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Charles Aznavour

Charles Aznavour (born Charles Aznavourian, 22 May 1924 – 1 October 2018) was a French singer of Armenian ancestry, as well as a lyricist, actor and diplomat.

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Charles de Gaulle

Charles André Joseph Marie de Gaulle (22 November 18909 November 1970) was a French military officer and statesman who led the Free French Forces against Nazi Germany in World War II and chaired the Provisional Government of the French Republic from 1944 to 1946 to restore democracy in France.

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Charles Frederick Worth

Charles Frederick Worth (13 October 1825 – 10 March 1895) was an English fashion designer who founded the House of Worth, one of the foremost fashion houses of the 19th and early 20th centuries.

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Charolais cattle

The Charolais or Charolaise is a French breed of taurine beef cattle.

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Chartres Cathedral

Chartres Cathedral, also known as the Cathedral of Our Lady of Chartres (Cathédrale Notre-Dame de Chartres), is a Catholic Cathedral in Chartres, France, about southwest of Paris, and is the seat of the Bishop of Chartres.

See Culture of France and Chartres Cathedral

Chauvinism

Chauvinism is the unreasonable belief in the superiority or dominance of one's own group or people, who are seen as strong and virtuous, while others are considered weak, unworthy, or inferior.

See Culture of France and Chauvinism

Château d'Amboise

The Château d'Amboise is a château in Amboise, located in the Indre-et-Loire département of the Loire Valley in France.

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Château d'Angers

The Château d'Angers is a castle in the city of Angers in the Loire Valley, in the département of Maine-et-Loire, in France.

See Culture of France and Château d'Angers

Château de Chambord

The Château de Chambord in Chambord, Centre-Val de Loire, France, is one of the most recognisable châteaux in the world because of its very distinctive French Renaissance architecture, which blends traditional French medieval forms with classical Renaissance structures.

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Château de Chenonceau

The Château de Chenonceau is a French château spanning the river Cher, near the small village of Chenonceaux, Indre-et-Loire, Centre-Val de Loire.

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Château de Chinon

Château de Chinon is a château located on the bank of the river Vienne in Chinon, France.

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Château de Montsoreau

The Château de Montsoreau is a Flamboyant Gothic castle in the Loire Valley, directly built in the Loire riverbed.

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Château de Vincennes

The Château de Vincennes is a former fortress and royal residence next to the town of Vincennes, on the eastern edge of Paris, alongside the Bois de Vincennes.

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Chinese people in Réunion

Chinois, also referred to by the Réunion Creole name Sinwa or Sinoi, are ethnic Chinese residing in Réunion, a French overseas department in the Indian Ocean.

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Christian de Portzamparc

Christian de Portzamparc (born 5 May 1944) is a French architect and urbanist.

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Christian Dior

Christian Ernest Dior (21 January 1905 – 24 October 1957) was a French fashion designer and founder of one of the world's top fashion houses, Christian Dior SE.

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Christian Lacroix

Christian Marie Marc Lacroix (born 16 May 1951) is a French fashion designer.

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Christianity

Christianity is an Abrahamic monotheistic religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus Christ.

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Christians

A Christian is a person who follows or adheres to Christianity, a monotheistic Abrahamic religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus Christ.

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Chromaticism

Chromaticism is a compositional technique interspersing the primary diatonic pitches and chords with other pitches of the chromatic scale.

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Chrysanthemum

Chrysanthemums, sometimes called mums or chrysanths, are flowering plants of the genus Chrysanthemum in the family Asteraceae.

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Cinémathèque française

The (French cinematheque), founded in 1936, is a French non-profit film organization that holds one of the largest archives of film documents and film-related objects in the world.

See Culture of France and Cinémathèque française

Cinema of France

The cinema of France comprises the film industry and its film productions, whether made within the nation of France or by French film production companies abroad.

See Culture of France and Cinema of France

Cinema of the United States

The cinema of the United States, consisting mainly of major film studios (also known metonymously as Hollywood) along with some independent films, has had a large effect on the global film industry since the early 20th century.

See Culture of France and Cinema of the United States

Citizenship

Citizenship is a membership and allegiance to a sovereign state.

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Civil solidarity pact

In France, a civil solidarity pact (pacte civil de solidarité), commonly known as a PACS, is a contractual form of civil union between two adults for organising their joint life.

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Civil union

A civil union (also known as a civil partnership) is a legally recognized arrangement similar to marriage, created primarily as a means to provide recognition in law for same-sex couples.

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Civilizing mission

The civilizing mission (misión civilizadora; Missão civilizadora; Mission civilisatrice) is a political rationale for military intervention and for colonization purporting to facilitate the Westernization or Japanization of indigenous peoples, especially in the period from the 15th to the 20th centuries.

See Culture of France and Civilizing mission

Classical music

Classical music generally refers to the art music of the Western world, considered to be distinct from Western folk music or popular music traditions.

See Culture of France and Classical music

Claude Debussy

(Achille) Claude Debussy (|group.

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Claude Lorrain

Claude Lorrain (born Claude Gellée, called le Lorrain in French; traditionally just Claude in English; c. 1600 – 23 November 1682) was a French painter, draughtsman and etcher of the Baroque era.

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Claude Monet

Oscar-Claude Monet (14 November 1840 – 5 December 1926) was a French painter and founder of impressionism painting who is seen as a key precursor to modernism, especially in his attempts to paint nature as he perceived it.

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Claude Montana

Claude Montana (29 June 1947 – 23 February 2024) was a French fashion designer.

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CNN

Cable News Network (CNN) is a multinational news channel and website operating from Midtown Atlanta, Georgia, U.S. Founded in 1980 by American media proprietor Ted Turner and Reese Schonfeld as a 24-hour cable news channel, and presently owned by the Manhattan-based media conglomerate Warner Bros. Discovery (WBD), CNN was the first television channel to provide 24-hour news coverage and the first all-news television channel in the United States.

See Culture of France and CNN

Cohabitation

Cohabitation is an arrangement where people who are not married, usually couples, live together.

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Concert champêtre

Concert champêtre (Pastoral Concerto), FP 49, is a harpsichord concerto by Francis Poulenc, which also exists in a version for piano solo with very slight changes in the solo part.

See Culture of France and Concert champêtre

Constitution of France

The current Constitution of France was adopted on 4 October 1958.

See Culture of France and Constitution of France

Contemporary classical music

Contemporary classical music is Western art music composed close to the present day.

See Culture of France and Contemporary classical music

Contingent work

Contingent work, casual work, or contract work, is an employment relationship with limited job security, payment on a piece work basis, typically part-time (typically with variable hours) that is considered non-permanent.

See Culture of France and Contingent work

Contrat nouvelle embauche

A contrat nouvelle embauche (abbreviated CNE), known as a new employment contract, new recruitment contract or new-job contract in English is a French employment contract proposed by Prime Minister Dominique de Villepin (UMP) which came into force by ordinance on August 2, 2010.

See Culture of France and Contrat nouvelle embauche

Cornish language

Cornish (Standard Written Form: Kernewek or Kernowek) is a Southwestern Brittonic language of the Celtic language family.

See Culture of France and Cornish language

Corsica

Corsica (Corse; Còrsega) is an island in the Mediterranean Sea and one of the 18 regions of France.

See Culture of France and Corsica

Corsican language

Corsican (endonym: corsu; full name: lingua corsa) is a Romance language consisting of the continuum of the Italo-Dalmatian dialects spoken on the Mediterranean island of Corsica, France, and in the northern regions of the island of Sardinia, Italy, located due south.

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Cotidianul

The logo used between 2003 and 2007 Cotidianul (meaning The Daily in English) is a Romanian-language newspaper published in Bucharest, Romania.

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County of Flanders

The County of Flanders was one of the most powerful political entities in the medieval Low Countries, located on the North Sea coast of what is now Belgium.

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Crémieux Decree

The Crémieux Decree was a law that granted French citizenship to the majority of the Jewish population in French Algeria (around 35,000), signed by the Government of National Defense on 24 October 1870 during the Franco-Prussian War.

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Crêpe

A crêpe or crepe is a dish made from unleavened batter or dough that is cooked on a frying pan or a griddle.

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Croissant

A croissant is a French pastry made from puff pastry in a crescent shape.

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Cubism

Cubism is an early-20th-century avant-garde art movement begun in Paris that revolutionized painting and the visual arts, and influenced artistic innovations in music, ballet, literature, and architecture.

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Cuisine

A cuisine is a style of cooking characterized by distinctive ingredients, techniques and dishes, and usually associated with a specific culture or geographic region.

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Cult

A cult is a group requiring unwavering devotion to a set of beliefs and practices which are considered deviant outside the norms of society, which is typically led by a charismatic and self-appointed leader who tightly controls its members.

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Cultural diversity

Cultural diversity is the quality of diverse or different cultures, as opposed to monoculture.

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Cultural exception

Cultural exception (l'exception culturelle) is a political concept introduced by France in General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) negotiations in 1993 to treat culture differently from other commercial products.

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Cultural hegemony

In Marxist philosophy, cultural hegemony is the dominance of a culturally diverse society by the ruling class who shape the culture of that society—the beliefs and explanations, perceptions, values, and mores—so that the worldview of the ruling class becomes the accepted cultural norm.

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Cultural identity

Cultural identity is a part of a person's identity, or their self-conception and self-perception, and is related to nationality, ethnicity, religion, social class, generation, locality, gender, or any kind of social group that has its own distinct culture.

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Cultural imperialism

Cultural imperialism (also cultural colonialism) comprises the cultural dimensions of imperialism.

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Culture of Martinique

As an overseas department of France, Martinique's culture is French and Caribbean.

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Culture of the United States

The culture of the United States of America, also referred to as American culture, encompasses various social behaviors, institutions, and norms in the United States, including forms of speech, literature, music, visual arts, performing arts, food, sports, religion, law, technology as well as other customs, beliefs, and forms of knowledge.

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Cutlery

Cutlery (also referred to as silverware, flatware, or tableware) includes any hand implement used in preparing, serving, and especially eating food in Western culture.

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Dada

Dada or Dadaism was an art movement of the European avant-garde in the early 20th century, with early centres in Zürich, Switzerland, at the Cabaret Voltaire (in 1916), founded by Hugo Ball with his companion Emmy Hennings, and in Berlin in 1917.

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Daphnis et Chloé

Daphnis et Chloé is a 1912 symphonie chorégraphique, or choreographic symphony, for orchestra and wordless chorus by Maurice Ravel.

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Dauphiné

The Dauphiné is a former province in southeastern France, whose area roughly corresponded to that of the present departments of Isère, Drôme and Hautes-Alpes.

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Deaflympics

The Deaflympics, also known as Deaflympiad (previously called World Games for the Deaf, and International Games for the Deaf) are a periodic series of multi-sport events sanctioned by the International Olympic Committee (IOC) at which Deaf athletes compete at an elite level.

See Culture of France and Deaflympics

Decentralization

Decentralization or decentralisation is the process by which the activities of an organization, particularly those regarding planning and decision-making, are distributed or delegated away from a central, authoritative location or group and given to smaller factions within it.

See Culture of France and Decentralization

Decimal separator

A decimal separator is a symbol that separates the integer part from the fractional part of a number written in decimal form (e.g., "." in 12.45).

See Culture of France and Decimal separator

Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen

The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen (Déclaration des droits de l'Homme et du citoyen de 1789), set by France's National Constituent Assembly in 1789, is a human civil rights document from the French Revolution.

See Culture of France and Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen

Decolonization

independence. Decolonization is the undoing of colonialism, the latter being the process whereby imperial nations establish and dominate foreign territories, often overseas.

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Demographics of France

The demography of France is monitored by the Institut national d'études démographiques (INED) and the (INSEE).

See Culture of France and Demographics of France

Dialogues of the Carmelites

Dialogues des Carmélites (Dialogues of the Carmelites), FP 159, is an opera in three acts, divided into twelve scenes with linking orchestral interludes, with music and libretto by Francis Poulenc, completed in 1956.

See Culture of France and Dialogues of the Carmelites

Digital cinema

Digital cinema refers to the adoption of digital technology within the film industry to distribute or project motion pictures as opposed to the historical use of reels of motion picture film, such as 35 mm film.

See Culture of France and Digital cinema

Dominique de Villepin

Dominique Marie François René Galouzeau de Villepin (born 14 November 1953) is a French politician who served as Prime Minister of France from 31 May 2005 to 17 May 2007 under President Jacques Chirac.

See Culture of France and Dominique de Villepin

Dominique Perrault

Dominique Perrault (born 9 April 1953 in Clermont-Ferrand) is a French architect and urban planner.

See Culture of France and Dominique Perrault

Dordogne

Dordogne (or;; Dordonha) is a large rural department in south west France, with its prefecture in Périgueux.

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Douglas Kennedy (writer)

Douglas Kennedy (born January 1, 1955) is an American novelist.

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Dreyfus affair

The Dreyfus affair (affaire Dreyfus) was a political scandal that divided the Third French Republic from 1894 until its resolution in 1906.

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Duchy of Lorraine

The Duchy of Lorraine (Lorraine; Lothringen), originally Upper Lorraine, was a duchy now included in the larger present-day region of Lorraine in northeastern France.

See Culture of France and Duchy of Lorraine

Edgar Degas

Edgar Degas (born Hilaire-Germain-Edgar De Gas,; 19 July 183427 September 1917) was a French Impressionist artist famous for his pastel drawings and oil paintings.

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Edgardo Cozarinsky

Edgardo Cozarinsky (13 January 1939 – 2 June 2024) was an Argentine writer and filmmaker.

See Culture of France and Edgardo Cozarinsky

Edict of Nantes

The Edict of Nantes was signed in April 1598 by King Henry IV and granted the minority Calvinist Protestants of France, also known as Huguenots, substantial rights in the nation, which was predominantly Catholic.

See Culture of France and Edict of Nantes

Education in France

Education in France is organized in a highly centralized manner, with many subdivisions.

See Culture of France and Education in France

Egalitarianism

Egalitarianism, or equalitarianism, is a school of thought within political philosophy that builds on the concept of social equality, prioritizing it for all people.

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Eiffel Tower

The Eiffel Tower (Tour Eiffel) is a wrought-iron lattice tower on the Champ de Mars in Paris, France.

See Culture of France and Eiffel Tower

Elle (magazine)

Elle (stylized in all caps) is a worldwide women's magazine of French origin that offers a mix of fashion and beauty content, and society and lifestyle.

See Culture of France and Elle (magazine)

Empire style

The Empire style (style Empire) is an early-nineteenth-century design movement in architecture, furniture, other decorative arts, and the visual arts, representing the second phase of Neoclassicism.

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Endurance racing (motorsport)

Endurance racing is a form of motorsport racing which is meant to test the durability of equipment and endurance of participants.

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Erik Satie

Eric Alfred Leslie Satie (17 May 18661 July 1925), who signed his name Erik Satie after 1884, was a French composer and pianist.

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Ernest Hemingway

Ernest Miller Hemingway (July 21, 1899 – July 2, 1961) was an American novelist, short-story writer and journalist.

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Eugène Delacroix

Ferdinand Victor Eugène Delacroix (26 April 1798 – 13 August 1863) was a French Romantic artist who was regarded as the leader of the French Romantic school.

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Eugène Rubens-Alcais

Eugène Rubens-Alcais (7 May 1884 – 8 March 1963) was a French deaf activist in the field of sports.

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Eugène Viollet-le-Duc

Eugène Emmanuel Viollet-le-Duc (27 January 181417 September 1879) was a French architect and author, famous for his restoration of the most prominent medieval landmarks in France.

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Eugen Weber

Eugen Joseph Weber (April 24, 1925 – May 17, 2007) was a Romanian-born American historian with a special focus on Western civilization.

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Eurobarometer

Eurobarometer is a series of public opinion surveys conducted regularly on behalf of the European Commission and other EU institutions since 1973.

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Euronews

Euronews (stylised in lowercase) is a European television news network, headquartered in Lyon, France.

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Europe

Europe is a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere.

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European Commission

The European Commission (EC) is the primary executive arm of the European Union (EU).

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European Union

The European Union (EU) is a supranational political and economic union of member states that are located primarily in Europe.

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Eurosport

Eurosport is a French group of pay television networks in Europe and parts of Asia.

See Culture of France and Eurosport

Extended family

An extended family is a family that extends beyond the nuclear family of parents and their children to include aunts, uncles, grandparents, cousins or other relatives, all living nearby or in the same household.

See Culture of France and Extended family

Family values

Family values, sometimes referred to as familial values, are traditional or cultural values that pertain to the family's structure, function, roles, beliefs, attitudes, and ideals.

See Culture of France and Family values

Fashion show

A fashion show (French défilé de mode) is an event put on by a fashion designer to showcase their upcoming line of clothing and/or accessories during a fashion week.

See Culture of France and Fashion show

Fête de la Musique

The Fête de la Musique, also known in English as Music Day, Make Music Day, or World Music Day, is an annual music celebration that takes place on 21 June.

See Culture of France and Fête de la Musique

Feast of the Ascension

The Feast of the Ascension of Jesus Christ (also called the Solemnity of the Ascension of the Lord, Ascension Day, Ascension Thursday, or sometimes Holy Thursday) commemorates the Christian belief of the bodily Ascension of Jesus into Heaven.

See Culture of France and Feast of the Ascension

Fencing

Fencing is a combat sport that features sword fighting.

See Culture of France and Fencing

Filmmaking

Filmmaking or film production is the process by which a motion picture is produced.

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Financial Times

The Financial Times (FT) is a British daily newspaper printed in broadsheet and also published digitally that focuses on business and economic current affairs.

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First Employment Contract

The contrat première embauche (CPE; first employment contract) was a new form of employment contract pushed in spring 2006 in France by Prime Minister Dominique de Villepin.

See Culture of France and First Employment Contract

Flag of France

The national flag of France (drapeau français) is a tricolour featuring three vertical bands coloured blue (hoist side), white, and red.

See Culture of France and Flag of France

Françafrique

In international relations, Françafrique is France's sphere of influence (or pré carré in French, meaning 'backyard') over former French and (also French-speaking) Belgian colonies in sub-Saharan Africa.

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François Boucher

François Boucher (29 September 1703 – 30 May 1770) was a French painter, draughtsman and etcher, who worked in the Rococo style.

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François Couperin

François Couperin (10 November 1668 – 11 September 1733) was a French Baroque composer, organist and harpsichordist.

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François Hollande

François Gérard Georges Nicolas Hollande (born 12 August 1954) is a French politician who served as President of France from 2012 to 2017.

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France

France, officially the French Republic, is a country located primarily in Western Europe.

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France 2

France 2 is a French public national television channel.

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France 24

France 24 (vingt-quatre in French) is a French publicly-funded international news television network based in Paris.

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France 3

France 3 is a French free-to-air public television channel and part of the France Télévisions group, which also includes France 2, France 4, France 5 and France Info.

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France 4

France 4 is a French free-to-air television channel owned by France Télévisions, focused on children's programming.

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France 5

France 5 is a French free-to-air public television channel, part of the France Télévisions group.

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France at the Olympics

The modern Olympic Games were founded by French historian Pierre de Coubertin.

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France Info (TV channel)

France Info (stylized as franceinfo) is a French domestic rolling news channel which started broadcasting on 31 August 2016 at 6:00 p.m. on the Web.

See Culture of France and France Info (TV channel)

The France national football team (Équipe de France de football) represents France in men's international football.

See Culture of France and France national football team

France national rugby union team

The France national rugby union team (Équipe de France de rugby à XV) represents the French Rugby Federation (FFR; Fédération française de rugby) in men's international rugby union matches.

See Culture of France and France national rugby union team

France profonde

La France profonde ("Deep France") is a phrase that denotes the existence of "deep" and profoundly "French" aspects in the culture of French provincial towns, of French village life and rural agricultural culture, which escape the "dominant ideologies" (Michel Dion's expression) and the hegemony of Paris (as well as other major cities).

See Culture of France and France profonde

France Télévisions

France Télévisions (stylized since 2018 as) is the French national public television broadcaster.

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Francis Poulenc

Francis Jean Marcel Poulenc (7 January 189930 January 1963) was a French composer and pianist.

See Culture of France and Francis Poulenc

Francis Veber

Francis Paul Veber (born 28 July 1937) is a French film director, screenwriter and producer, and playwright.

See Culture of France and Francis Veber

Franco-Provençal

Franco-Provençal (also Francoprovençal, Patois or Arpitan) is a language within the Gallo-Romance family, originally spoken in east-central France, western Switzerland and northwestern Italy.

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Franco-Prussian War

The Franco-Prussian War or Franco-German War, often referred to in France as the War of 1870, was a conflict between the Second French Empire and the North German Confederation led by the Kingdom of Prussia.

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Francophonie

The Francophonie or Francophone world is the whole body of people and organisations around the world who use the French language regularly for private or public purposes.

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Free trade

Free trade is a trade policy that does not restrict imports or exports.

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Freedom of conscience

Freedom of conscience is the freedom of an individual to act upon their moral beliefs.

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Freedom of religion

Freedom of religion or religious liberty is a principle that supports the freedom of an individual or community, in public or private, to manifest religion or belief in teaching, practice, worship, and observance.

See Culture of France and Freedom of religion

Freedom of religion in France

Freedom of religion in France is guaranteed by the constitutional rights set forth in the 1789 Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen.

See Culture of France and Freedom of religion in France

French Baroque architecture

French Baroque architecture, usually called French classicism, was a style of architecture during the reigns of Louis XIII (1610–1643), Louis XIV (1643–1715) and Louis XV (1715–1774).

See Culture of France and French Baroque architecture

French colonial empire

The French colonial empire comprised the overseas colonies, protectorates, and mandate territories that came under French rule from the 16th century onward.

See Culture of France and French colonial empire

French Fifth Republic

The Fifth Republic (Cinquième République) is France's current republican system of government.

See Culture of France and French Fifth Republic

French Guiana

French Guiana (or; Guyane,; Lagwiyann or Gwiyann) is an overseas department and region of France located on the northern coast of South America in the Guianas and the West Indies.

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French hip hop

French hip hop or French rap (rap français), is the hip hop music style developed in French-speaking countries.

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French language

French (français,, or langue française,, or by some speakers) is a Romance language of the Indo-European family.

See Culture of France and French language

French law on secularity and conspicuous religious symbols in schools

The French law on secularity and conspicuous religious symbols in schools bans wearing conspicuous religious symbols in French public (e.g., government-operated) primary and secondary schools.

See Culture of France and French law on secularity and conspicuous religious symbols in schools

French literature

French literature generally speaking, is literature written in the French language, particularly by citizens of France; it may also refer to literature written by people living in France who speak traditional languages of France other than French.

See Culture of France and French literature

French National Centre for Scientific Research

The French National Centre for Scientific Research (Centre national de la recherche scientifique, CNRS) is the French state research organisation and is the largest fundamental science agency in Europe.

See Culture of France and French National Centre for Scientific Research

French New Wave

The New Wave (Nouvelle Vague), also called the French New Wave, is a French art film movement that emerged in the late 1950s.

See Culture of France and French New Wave

French Open

The French Open (Internationaux de France de tennis), also known as Roland-Garros, is a major tennis tournament held over two weeks at the Stade Roland Garros in Paris, France, beginning in late May each year.

See Culture of France and French Open

French opera

French opera is both the art of opera in France and opera in the French language.

See Culture of France and French opera

French paradox

The French paradox is an apparently paradoxical epidemiological observation that French people have a relatively low incidence of coronary heart disease (CHD), while having a diet relatively rich in saturated fats, in apparent contradiction to the widely held belief that the high consumption of such fats is a risk factor for CHD.

See Culture of France and French paradox

French Parliament

The French Parliament (Parlement français) is the bicameral legislature of the French Fifth Republic, consisting of the upper house, the Senate (Sénat), and the lower house, the National Assembly (Assemblée nationale).

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French people

The French people (lit) are a nation primarily located in Western Europe that share a common French culture, history, and language, identified with the country of France.

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French Polynesia

French Polynesia (Polynésie française; Pōrīnetia Farāni) is an overseas collectivity of France and its sole overseas country.

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French popular music

French popular music is a music of France belonging to any of a number of musical styles that are accessible to the general public and mostly distributed commercially.

See Culture of France and French popular music

French Renaissance

The French Renaissance was the cultural and artistic movement in France between the 15th and early 17th centuries.

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French Revolution

The French Revolution was a period of political and societal change in France that began with the Estates General of 1789, and ended with the coup of 18 Brumaire in November 1799 and the formation of the French Consulate.

See Culture of France and French Revolution

French Third Republic

The French Third Republic (Troisième République, sometimes written as La IIIe République) was the system of government adopted in France from 4 September 1870, when the Second French Empire collapsed during the Franco-Prussian War, until 10 July 1940, after the Fall of France during World War II led to the formation of the Vichy government.

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French Wars of Religion

The French Wars of Religion were a series of civil wars between French Catholics and Protestants (called Huguenots) from 1562 to 1598.

See Culture of France and French Wars of Religion

French West Indies

The French West Indies or French Antilles (Antilles françaises,; Antiy fwansé) are the parts of France located in the Antilles islands of the Caribbean.

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French wine

French wine is produced all throughout France, in quantities between 50 and 60 million hectolitres per year, or 7–8 billion bottles.

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Functional illiteracy

Functional illiteracy consists of reading and writing skills that are inadequate "to manage daily living and employment tasks that require reading skills beyond a basic level".

See Culture of France and Functional illiteracy

Funk

Funk is a music genre that originated in African-American communities in the mid-1960s when musicians created a rhythmic, danceable new form of music through a mixture of various music genres that were popular among African-Americans in the mid-20th century.

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Gabriel Fauré

Gabriel Urbain Fauré (12 May 1845 – 4 November 1924) was a French composer, organist, pianist and teacher.

See Culture of France and Gabriel Fauré

Gallo language

Gallo is a regional language of eastern Brittany.

See Culture of France and Gallo language

Garabit viaduct

The Garabit viaduct (viaduc de Garabit) is a railway arch bridge spanning the Truyère, near Ruynes-en-Margeride, Cantal, France, in the mountainous Massif Central region.

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Gascony

Gascony (Gascogne; Gasconha; Gaskoinia) was a province of the southwestern Kingdom of France that succeeded the Duchy of Gascony (602–1453).

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Gaspar Noé

Gaspar Noé (born 27 December 1963) is an Argentine-Italian filmmaker based in Paris.

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Gaspard de la nuit

Gaspard de la nuit (subtitled Trois poèmes pour piano d'après Aloysius Bertrand), M. 55 is a suite of piano pieces by Maurice Ravel, written in 1908.

See Culture of France and Gaspard de la nuit

Gaullism

Gaullism (Gaullisme) is a French political stance based on the thought and action of World War II French Resistance leader Charles de Gaulle, who would become the founding President of the Fifth French Republic.

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Gauloises

Gauloises ("Gaulish" in French; cigarette is a feminine noun in French) is a brand of cigarette of French origin.

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Géla Babluani

Géla Babluani (გელა ბაბლუანი) is a Georgian–French film director.

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General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade

The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) is a legal agreement between many countries, whose overall purpose was to promote international trade by reducing or eliminating trade barriers such as tariffs or quotas.

See Culture of France and General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade

Geography of France

The geography of France consists of a terrain that is mostly flat plains or gently rolling hills in the north and west and mountainous in the south (including the Massif Central and the Pyrenees) and the east (the highest points being in the Alps).

See Culture of France and Geography of France

Georges Brassens

Georges Charles Brassens (22 October 1921 – 29 October 1981) was a French singer-songwriter and poet.

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Germany

Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG), is a country in Central Europe.

See Culture of France and Germany

Gertrude Stein

Gertrude Stein (February 3, 1874 – July 27, 1946) was an American novelist, poet, playwright, and art collector.

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Gloria (Poulenc)

The Gloria by Francis Poulenc, FP 177, scored for soprano solo, large orchestra, and chorus, is a setting of the Gloria text from the mass ordinary.

See Culture of France and Gloria (Poulenc)

Gojira (band)

Gojira is a French heavy metal band from Ondres.

See Culture of France and Gojira (band)

Gothic architecture

Gothic architecture is an architectural style that was prevalent in Europe from the late 12th to the 16th century, during the High and Late Middle Ages, surviving into the 17th and 18th centuries in some areas.

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Gothic art

Gothic art was a style of medieval art that developed in Northern France out of Romanesque art in the 12th century AD, led by the concurrent development of Gothic architecture.

See Culture of France and Gothic art

Government of France

The Government of France (French: Gouvernement français), officially the Government of the French Republic, exercises executive power in France.

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Graham Robb

Graham Macdonald Robb FRSL (born 2 June 1958, in Manchester) is a British author and critic specialising in French literature.

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Grand Mosque of Paris

The Grand Mosque of Paris (Grande Mosquée de Paris), also known as the Great Mosque of Paris or simply the Paris Mosque, is located in the 5th arrondissement and is one of the largest mosques in France.

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Grand Slam (tennis)

The Grand Slam in tennis is the achievement of winning all four major championships in one discipline in a calendar year.

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Grande école

A grande école is a specialized top-level educational institution in France and some other previous French colonies such as Morocco or Tunisia.

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Graphic novel

A graphic novel is a long-form work of sequential art.

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Grenoble

Grenoble (or Grainóvol; Graçanòbol) is the prefecture and largest city of the Isère department in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region of southeastern France.

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Guadeloupe

Guadeloupe (Gwadloup) is an overseas department and region of France in the Caribbean.

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Gustave Courbet

Jean Désiré Gustave Courbet (10 June 1819 – 31 December 1877) was a French painter who led the Realism movement in 19th-century French painting.

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Gustave Eiffel

Alexandre Gustave Eiffel (Bonickhausen dit Eiffel; 15 December 1832 – 27 December 1923) was a French civil engineer.

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Guyenne

Guyenne or Guienne (Guiana) was an old French province which corresponded roughly to the Roman province of Aquitania Secunda and the Catholic archdiocese of Bordeaux.

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Halloween

Halloween or Hallowe'en (less commonly known as Allhalloween, All Hallows' Eve, or All Saints' Eve) is a celebration observed in many countries on 31 October, the eve of the Western Christian feast of All Hallows' Day.

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Haredi Judaism

Haredi Judaism (translit,; plural Haredim) is a branch of Orthodox Judaism that is characterized by its strict interpretation of religious sources and its accepted (Jewish law) and traditions, in opposition to more accommodating or modern values and practices.

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Harpsichord

A harpsichord (clavicembalo, clavecin, Cembalo; clavecín, cravo, клавеси́н (tr. klavesín or klavesin), klavecimbel, klawesyn) is a musical instrument played by means of a keyboard.

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Hashish

Hashish (), commonly shortened to hash, is an oleoresin made by compressing and processing parts of the cannabis plant, typically focusing on flowering buds (female flowers) containing the most trichomes.

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Haussmann's renovation of Paris

Haussmann's renovation of Paris was a vast public works programme commissioned by French Emperor Napoleon III and directed by his prefect of the Seine, Georges-Eugène Haussmann, between 1853 and 1870.

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Haute couture

Haute couture (French for 'high sewing', 'high dressmaking') is the creation of exclusive custom-fitted high-end fashion design.

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Haute cuisine

Haute cuisine or grande cuisine is a style of cooking characterised by meticulous preparation, elaborate presentation, and the use of high quality ingredients.

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Hector Berlioz

Louis-Hector Berlioz (11 December 1803 – 8 March 1869) was a French Romantic composer and conductor.

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Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec

Comte Henri Marie Raymond de Toulouse-Lautrec-Monfa (24 November 1864 – 9 September 1901), known as Toulouse-Lautrec, was a French painter, printmaker, draughtsman, caricaturist, and illustrator whose immersion in the colourful and theatrical life of Paris in the late 19th century allowed him to produce a collection of enticing, elegant, and provocative images of the sometimes decadent affairs of those times.

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Henri I, Duke of Guise

Henri I de Lorraine, Duke of Guise, Prince of Joinville, Count of Eu (31 December 1550 – 23 December 1588), sometimes called Le Balafré ('Scarface'), was the eldest son of François, Duke of Guise, and Anna d'Este.

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Henry IV of France

Henry IV (Henri IV; 13 December 1553 – 14 May 1610), also known by the epithets Good King Henry or Henry the Great, was King of Navarre (as Henry III) from 1572 and King of France from 1589 to 1610.

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High culture

In a society, high culture encompasses cultural objects of aesthetic value, which a society collectively esteems as being exemplary works of art, and the intellectual works of literature and music, history and philosophy, which a society considers representative of their culture.

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History of Auvergne

The history of the Auvergne dates back to the early Middle Ages, when it was a historic province in south-central France.

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History of France

The first written records for the history of France appeared in the Iron Age.

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Hofstede's cultural dimensions theory

Hofstede's cultural dimensions theory is a framework for cross-cultural psychology, developed by Geert Hofstede.

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Honoré Daumier

Honoré-Victorin Daumier (February 26, 1808 – February 10 or 11, 1879) was a French painter, sculptor, and printmaker, whose many works offer commentary on the social and political life in France, from the Revolution of 1830 to the fall of the second Napoleonic Empire in 1870.

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Honoré de Balzac

Honoré de Balzac (more commonly,; born Honoré Balzac;Jean-Louis Dega, La vie prodigieuse de Bernard-François Balssa, père d'Honoré de Balzac: Aux sources historiques de La Comédie humaine, Rodez, Subervie, 1998, 665 p. 20 May 1799 – 18 August 1850) was a French novelist and playwright.

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Hot chocolate

Hot chocolate, also known as hot cocoa or drinking chocolate, is a heated drink consisting of shaved or melted chocolate or cocoa powder, heated milk or water, and usually a sweetener.

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Hubert de Givenchy

Count Hubert James Marcel Taffin de Givenchy (20 February 1927 – 10 March 2018) was a French aristocrat and fashion designer who founded the luxury fashion and perfume house of Givenchy in 1952.

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Huguenots

The Huguenots were a religious group of French Protestants who held to the Reformed (Calvinist) tradition of Protestantism.

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Huguenots in South Africa

Many people of European heritage in South Africa are descended from Huguenots.

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Ian McEwan

Ian Russell McEwan (born 21 June 1948) is a British novelist and screenwriter.

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Impressionism

Impressionism was a 19th-century art movement characterized by relatively small, thin, yet visible brush strokes, open composition, emphasis on accurate depiction of light in its changing qualities (often accentuating the effects of the passage of time), ordinary subject matter, unusual visual angles, and inclusion of movement as a crucial element of human perception and experience.

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Impressionism in music

Impressionism in music was a movement among various composers in Western classical music (mainly during the late 19th and early 20th centuries) whose music focuses on mood and atmosphere, "conveying the moods and emotions aroused by the subject rather than a detailed tone‐picture".

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Indians in Réunion

Indians in Réunion are people of Indian origin in Réunion.

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Infix notation

Infix notation is the notation commonly used in arithmetical and logical formulae and statements.

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Institut de France

The paren) is a French learned society, grouping five académies, including the. It was established in 1795 at the direction of the National Convention. Located on the Quai de Conti in the 6th arrondissement of Paris, the institute manages approximately 1,000 foundations, as well as museums and châteaux open for visit.

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Institut français d'opinion publique

The Institut français d'opinion publique (IFOP; French Institute of Public Opinion) is an international polling and market research firm, whose motto is "Connection creates value".

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Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques

The National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies (Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques), abbreviated INSEE or Insee, is the national statistics bureau of France.

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International Herald Tribune

The International Herald Tribune (IHT) was a daily English-language newspaper published in Paris, France, for international English-speaking readers.

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International Olympic Committee

The International Olympic Committee (IOC; Comité international olympique, CIO) is a non-governmental sports organisation based in Lausanne, Switzerland.

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International System of Units

The International System of Units, internationally known by the abbreviation SI (from French Système international d'unités), is the modern form of the metric system and the world's most widely used system of measurement.

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Ipsos

Ipsos Group S.A. (an acronym of Institut Public de Sondage d'Opinion Secteur) is a multinational market research and consulting firm with headquarters in Paris, France.

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Islam

Islam (al-Islām) is an Abrahamic monotheistic religion centered on the Quran and the teachings of Muhammad, the religion's founder.

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Islam in France

Islam is a minority religion in France that is followed by around 3 million to 5.7 million people in France, which is around 4% to 10% of the nation's population.

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Jack Lang (French politician)

Jack Mathieu Émile Lang (born 2 September 1939) is a French politician.

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Jacques Chirac

Jacques René Chirac (29 November 193226 September 2019) was a French politician who served as President of France from 1995 to 2007.

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Jacques Toubon

Jacques Toubon (born 21 June 1941) is a right-wing French politician who held several major national and Parisian offices.

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Jacques Tourneur

Jacques Tourneur (November 12, 1904 – December 19, 1977) was a French-American filmmaker, active during the Golden Age of Hollywood.

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Jacques-Louis David

Jacques-Louis David (30 August 1748 – 29 December 1825) was a French painter in the Neoclassical style, considered to be the preeminent painter of the era.

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Jean Nouvel

Jean Nouvel (born 12 August 1945) is a French architect.

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Jean Paul Gaultier

Jean Paul Gaultier (born 24 June 1952) is a French haute couture and prêt-à-porter fashion designer.

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Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres

Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres (29 August 1780 – 14 January 1867) was a French Neoclassical painter.

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Jean-Baptiste Colbert

Jean-Baptiste Colbert (29 August 1619 – 6 September 1683) was a French statesman who served as First Minister of State from 1661 until his death in 1683 under the rule of King Louis XIV.

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Jean-Baptiste Lully

Jean-Baptiste Lully (– 22 March 1687) was a French composer, dancer and instrumentalist of Italian birth, who is considered a master of the French Baroque music style.

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Jean-Honoré Fragonard

Jean-Honoré Fragonard (5 April 1732 (birth/baptism certificate) – 22 August 1806) was a French painter and printmaker whose late Rococo manner was distinguished by remarkable facility, exuberance, and hedonism.

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Jean-Paul Sartre

Jean-Paul Charles Aymard Sartre (21 June 1905 – 15 April 1980) was a French philosopher, playwright, novelist, screenwriter, political activist, biographer, and literary critic, considered a leading figure in 20th-century French philosophy and Marxism.

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Jean-Philippe Rameau

Jean-Philippe Rameau (–) was a French composer and music theorist.

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Jeux d'eau (Ravel)

Jeux d'eau is a piece for solo piano by Maurice Ravel, composed in 1901 and given its first public performance the following year.

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Jewish population by country

the world's core Jewish population (those identifying as Jews above all else) was estimated at 15.7 million, which is approximately 0.2% of the 8 billion worldwide population.

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John le Carré

David John Moore Cornwell (19 October 193112 December 2020), better known by his pen name John le Carré, was a British and Irish author, best known for his espionage novels, many of which were successfully adapted for film or television.

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Jonathan Fenby

Jonathan Fenby CBE (born 11 November 1942) is a British writer, analyst, historian and journalist who edited major newspapers in Britain and Asia.

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José Bové

Joseph "José" Bové (born 11 June 1953) is a French farmer, labor leader and alter-globalization activist, and spokesman for Via Campesina.

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Joséphine de Beauharnais

Joséphine Bonaparte (born Marie Josèphe Rose Tascher de La Pagerie; 23 June 1763 – 29 May 1814) was the first wife of Emperor Napoleon I and as such Empress of the French from 18 May 1804 until their marriage was annulled on 10 January 1810.

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Judo

is an unarmed modern Japanese martial art, combat sport, Olympic sport (since 1964), and the most prominent form of jacket wrestling competed internationally.

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Jules Ferry laws

The Jules Ferry Laws are a set of French laws which established free education in 1881, then mandatory and ''laic'' (secular) education in 1882.

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Jules Hardouin-Mansart

Jules Hardouin-Mansart (16 April 1646 – 11 May 1708) was a French Baroque architect and builder whose major work included the Place des Victoires (1684–1690); Place Vendôme (1690); the domed chapel of Les Invalides (1690), and the Grand Trianon of the Palace of Versailles.

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July Monarchy

The July Monarchy (Monarchie de Juillet), officially the Kingdom of France (Royaume de France), was a liberal constitutional monarchy in France under italic, starting on 26 July 1830, with the July Revolution of 1830, and ending 23 February 1848, with the Revolution of 1848.

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Kabyle people

The Kabyle people (Izwawen or Leqbayel or Iqbayliyen,, al-qabā'il) are a Berber ethnic group indigenous to Kabylia in the north of Algeria, spread across the Atlas Mountains, east of Algiers.

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Kanak people

The Kanaks (French spelling until 1984: Canaque) are the indigenous Melanesian inhabitants of New Caledonia, an overseas collectivity of France in the southwest Pacific.

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Kiteboarding

Kiteboarding or kitesurfing is a sport that involves using wind power with a large power kite to pull a rider across a water, land, snow, sand, or other surface.

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Krzysztof Kieślowski

Krzysztof Kieślowski (27 June 1941 – 13 March 1996) was a Polish film director and screenwriter.

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L'Express

(stylized in all caps) is a French weekly news magazine headquartered in Paris.

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La Défense

La Défense is the major business district in France's Paris metropolitan area, west of the city limits.

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La Madeleine, Paris

The Church of Sainte-Marie-Madeleine (French: L'église Sainte-Marie-Madeleine), or less formally, La Madeleine, is a Catholic parish church on Place de la Madeleine in the 8th arrondissement of Paris.

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Languedoc

The Province of Languedoc (Lengadòc) is a former province of France.

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Langues d'oïl

The langues d'oïl (The diaeresis over the 'i' indicates the two vowels are sounded separately) are a dialect continuum that includes standard French and its closest autochthonous relatives historically spoken in the northern half of France, southern Belgium, and the Channel Islands.

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Lascaux

Lascaux (Grotte de Lascaux, "Lascaux Cave") is a network of caves near the village of Montignac, in the department of Dordogne in southwestern France.

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Lausanne

Lausanne (Losena) is the capital and largest city of the Swiss French-speaking canton of Vaud.

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Léo Ferré

Léo Ferré (24 August 1916 – 14 July 1993) was a French-born Monégasque poet and composer, and a dynamic and controversial live performer.

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Le Corbusier

Charles-Édouard Jeanneret (6 October 188727 August 1965), known as Le Corbusier, was a Swiss-French architect, designer, painter, urban planner and writer, who was one of the pioneers of what is now regarded as modern architecture.

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Le Figaro

() is a French daily morning newspaper founded in 1826.

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Le Monde

Le Monde (The World) is a French daily afternoon newspaper.

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Le Nouvel Obs

Le Nouvel Obs, previously known as L'Obs (2014–2024), Le Nouvel Observateur (1964–2014), France-Observateur (1954–1964), L'Observateur aujourd'hui (1953–1954), and L'Observateur politique, économique et littéraire (1950–1953), is a weekly French news magazine.

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Le Point

Le Point is a French weekly political and conservative news magazine published in Paris.

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Le Puy-en-Velay

Le Puy-en-Velay (literally Le Puy in Velay; Lo Puèi de Velai) is the prefecture of the Haute-Loire department in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region of south-central France.

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Le Tombeau de Couperin

Le Tombeau de Couperin (The Grave of Couperin) is a suite for solo piano by Maurice Ravel, composed between 1914 and 1917.

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Legal drinking age

The legal drinking age is the minimum age at which a person can legally consume alcoholic beverages.

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Lentil

The lentil (Vicia lens or Lens culinaris) is an edible legume.

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Leonardo da Vinci

Leonardo di ser Piero da Vinci (15 April 14522 May 1519) was an Italian polymath of the High Renaissance who was active as a painter, draughtsman, engineer, scientist, theorist, sculptor, and architect.

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Les biches

Les biches ("The Hinds" or "The Does", or "The Darlings") is a one-act ballet to music by Francis Poulenc, choreographed by Bronislava Nijinska and premiered by the Ballets Russes on 6 January 1924 at the Salle Garnier in Monte Carlo.

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Les Invalides

The Hôtel des Invalides ("house of invalids"), commonly called italic, is a complex of buildings in the 7th arrondissement of Paris, France, containing museums and monuments, all relating to the military history of France, as well as a hospital and an Old Soldiers' retirement home, the building's original purpose.

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Les Rita Mitsouko

Les Rita Mitsouko (translation: The Rita Mitsukos) were a French pop rock group formed by Fred Chichin and Catherine Ringer.

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LGBT rights in France

Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) rights in France are some of the most progressive by world standards.

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Liberty Leading the People

Liberty Leading the People (La Liberté guidant le peuple) is a painting of the Romantic era by the French artist Eugène Delacroix, commemorating the July Revolution of 1830 that toppled King Charles X. A bare-breasted woman of the people with a Phrygian cap personifying the concept and Goddess of Liberty leads a varied group of people forward over a barricade and the bodies of the fallen, holding aloft the flag of the French Revolution – the tricolour, which again became France's national flag after these events – in one hand and brandishing a bayonetted musket with the other.

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Lille

Lille (Rijsel; Lile; Rysel) is a city in the northern part of France, within French Flanders.

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Lily of the valley

Lily of the valley (Convallaria majalis), sometimes written lily-of-the-valley, is a woodland flowering plant with sweetly scented, pendent, bell-shaped white flowers borne in sprays in spring.

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Limousin (province)

Limousin (Lemosin) is a former province of the Kingdom of France.

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Lingua franca

A lingua franca (for plurals see), also known as a bridge language, common language, trade language, auxiliary language, vehicular language, or link language, is a language systematically used to make communication possible between groups of people who do not share a native language or dialect, particularly when it is a third language that is distinct from both of the speakers' native languages.

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Linguistic purism

Linguistic purism or linguistic protectionism is a concept having a dual notion with respect to foreign languages and with respect to the internal variants of a language (dialects) The first meaning is the historical trend of every language to conservate intact it's lexical structure of word families, in opposition to foreign influence which are considered contamination of purity.

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Lionel Jospin

Lionel Robert Jospin (born 12 July 1937) is a French politician who served as Prime Minister of France from 1997 to 2002.

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List of countries by literacy rate

This is a list of countries by literacy rate.

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List of ethnic groups of Africa

The ethnic groups of Africa number in the thousands, with each ethnicity generally having its own language (or dialect of a language) and culture.

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List of French cheeses

This is a list of French cheeses documenting the varieties of cheeses, a milk-based food that is produced in wide-ranging flavors, textures, and forms, which are found in France.

See Culture of France and List of French cheeses

List of French people

French people of note include.

See Culture of France and List of French people

List of newspapers in France

Below is a list of newspapers in France.

See Culture of France and List of newspapers in France

The Remarkable Gardens of France is intended to be a list and description, by region, of the more than three hundred gardens classified as "Jardins remarquables" by the Ministry of Culture and the Comité des Parcs et Jardins de France.

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List of universities and colleges in France

This list of universities and colleges in France includes universities and other higher education institutes that provide both education curricula and related degrees up to doctoral degree and also contribute to research activities.

See Culture of France and List of universities and colleges in France

List of World Heritage Sites in France

This is a list of World Heritage Sites in France with properties of cultural and natural heritage in France as inscribed on UNESCO's World Heritage List or as on the country's tentative list.

See Culture of France and List of World Heritage Sites in France

Loire Valley

The Loire Valley (Vallée de la Loire), spanning, is a valley located in the middle stretch of the Loire river in central France, in both the administrative regions Pays de la Loire and Centre-Val de Loire.

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Long and short scales

The long and short scales are two of several naming systems for integer powers of ten which use some of the same terms for different magnitudes.

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Lorrain language

Lorrain is a language (often referred to as patois) spoken by now a minority of people in Lorraine in France, small parts of Alsace and in Gaume in Belgium.

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Lorraine Franconian

Lorraine Franconian (Lorraine Franconian: Plàtt or lottrìnger Plàtt; francique lorrain or platt lorrain; Lothringisch) is an ambiguous designation for dialects of West Central German (Westmitteldeutsch), a group of High German dialects spoken in the Moselle department of the former northeastern French region of Lorraine (See Linguistic boundary of Moselle).

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Lost Generation

The Lost Generation is the demographic cohort that reached early adulthood during World War I, and preceded the Greatest Generation.

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Louis XIII

Louis XIII (sometimes called the Just; 27 September 1601 – 14 May 1643) was King of France from 1610 until his death in 1643 and King of Navarre (as Louis II) from 1610 to 1620, when the crown of Navarre was merged with the French crown.

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Louis XIV

LouisXIV (Louis-Dieudonné; 5 September 16381 September 1715), also known as Louis the Great or the Sun King, was King of France from 1643 until his death in 1715.

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Louis XVI

Louis XVI (Louis Auguste;; 23 August 175421 January 1793) was the last king of France before the fall of the monarchy during the French Revolution.

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Louvre

The Louvre, or the Louvre Museum, is a national art museum in Paris, France, and one of the most famous museums in the world.

See Culture of France and Louvre

Louvre Pyramid

The Louvre Pyramid (Pyramide du Louvre) is a large glass-and-metal structure designed by the Chinese-American architect I. M. Pei.

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Luc Besson

Luc Paul Maurice Besson (born 18 March 1959) is a French filmmaker.

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LVMH

LVMH Moët Hennessy Louis Vuitton, commonly known as LVMH, is a French multinational holding company and conglomerate specializing in luxury goods, headquartered in Paris.

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Lyon

Lyon (Franco-Provençal: Liyon), formerly spelled in English as Lyons, is the second largest city of France by urban area It is located at the confluence of the rivers Rhône and Saône, to the northwest of the French Alps, southeast of Paris, north of Marseille, southwest of Geneva, northeast of Saint-Étienne.

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M6 (TV channel)

M6, also known as italic, is the most profitable private national French television channel and the third most watched television network in the French-speaking world.

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Mano Negra (band)

Mano Negra (complete Spanish name: La Mano Negra, sometimes abbreviated to La Mano in France) was a French music group active from 1987 to 1994 and fronted by Manu Chao.

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Marc-Antoine Charpentier

Marc-Antoine Charpentier (1643 – 24 February 1704) was a French Baroque composer during the reign of Louis XIV.

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Marin Marais

Marin Marais (31 May 1656, in Paris – 15 August 1728, in Paris) was a French composer and viol player.

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Marlboro

Marlboro is an American brand of cigarettes owned and manufactured by Philip Morris USA (a branch of Altria) within the United States and by Philip Morris International (now separate from Altria) outside the US except Canada where the brand is owned and manufactured by Imperial Tobacco Canada.

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Marseille

Marseille or Marseilles (Marseille; Marselha; see below) is the prefecture of the French department of Bouches-du-Rhône and of the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region.

See Culture of France and Marseille

Martial arts

Martial arts are codified systems and traditions of combat practiced for a number of reasons such as self-defence; military and law enforcement applications; competition; physical, mental, and spiritual development; entertainment; and the preservation of a nation's intangible cultural heritage.

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Martinique

Martinique (Matinik or Matnik; Kalinago: Madinina or Madiana) is an island in the Lesser Antilles of the West Indies, in the eastern Caribbean Sea.

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Matignon Agreements (1936)

The Matignon Agreements (French: Accords de Matignon) were signed on 7 June 1936, between the ''Confédération générale de la production française'' (CGPF) employers' organization, the CGT trade union and the French state.

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Maurice Ohana

Maurice Ohana (12 June 1913 – 13 November 1992) was a French composer.

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Maurice Ravel

Joseph Maurice Ravel (7 March 1875 – 28 December 1937) was a French composer, pianist and conductor.

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Mayotte

Mayotte (Mayotte,; Maore,; Maori), officially the Department of Mayotte (Département de Mayotte), is an overseas department and region and single territorial collectivity of France.

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McDonald's

McDonald's Corporation is an American multinational fast food chain, founded in 1940 as a restaurant operated by Richard and Maurice McDonald, in San Bernardino, California, United States.

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Melting pot

A melting pot is a monocultural metaphor for a heterogeneous society becoming more homogeneous, the different elements "melting together" with a common culture; an alternative being a homogeneous society becoming more heterogeneous through the influx of foreign elements with different cultural backgrounds, possessing the potential to create disharmony within the previous culture.

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Metric prefix

A metric prefix is a unit prefix that precedes a basic unit of measure to indicate a multiple or submultiple of the unit.

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Metropolitan France

Metropolitan France (France métropolitaine or la Métropole), also known as European France, is the area of France which is geographically in Europe.

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Michael Haneke

Michael Haneke (born 23 March 1942) is an Austrian film director and screenwriter.

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Michel Richard Delalande

Michel Richard Delalande (15 December 1657 – 18 June 1726) was a French Baroque composer and organist who was in the service of King Louis XIV.

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Michelin Guide

The Michelin Guides are a series of guide books that have been published by the French tyre company Michelin since 1900.

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Middle Ages

In the history of Europe, the Middle Ages or medieval period (also spelt mediaeval or mediæval) lasted from approximately 500 to 1500 AD.

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Midnight Mass

In many Western Christian traditions, Midnight Mass is the first liturgy of Christmastide that is celebrated on the night of Christmas Eve, traditionally beginning at midnight when Christmas Eve gives way to Christmas Day.

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Military service

Military service is service by an individual or group in an army or other militia, air forces, and naval forces, whether as a chosen job (volunteer) or as a result of an involuntary draft (conscription).

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Millau

Millau (Milhau) is a commune in Occitania, France.

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Millau Viaduct

The Millau Viaduct (Viaduc de Millau) is a multispan cable-stayed bridge completed in 2004 across the gorge valley of the Tarn near (west of) Millau in the Aveyron department in the Occitanie Region, in Southern France.

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Mini Transat 6.50

Mini Transat 6.50 also known by a number of alternatives Mini, Class Mini, Transat 650 is a development measurement controlled offshore sailing primarily used for racing in the Mini Transat Race hence the name.

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Minister of Sports (France)

The Minister of Sports is a cabinet member in the Government of France.

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Mireille Guiliano

Mireille Guiliano (born April 14, 1946, in Moyeuvre-Grande, France) is a French-American author and former corporate executive at LVMH.

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Miroirs

Ravel in 1907 Miroirs (French for "Mirrors") is a five-movement suite for solo piano written by French composer Maurice Ravel between 1904 and 1905.

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Miscegenation

Miscegenation is marriage or admixture between people who are members of different races.

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Modest Mussorgsky

Modest Petrovich Mussorgsky (In his day, the name was written Модестъ Петровичъ Мусоргскій.|Modest Petrovich Musorgsky|mɐˈdɛst pʲɪˈtrovʲɪtɕ ˈmusərkskʲɪj|Ru-Modest Petrovich Mussorgsky version.ogg; –) was a Russian composer, one of the group known as "The Five".

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Mona Lisa

The Mona Lisa (Gioconda or Monna Lisa; Joconde) is a half-length portrait painting by Italian artist Leonardo da Vinci.

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Montparnasse

Montparnasse is an area in the south of Paris, France, on the left bank of the river Seine, centred at the crossroads of the Boulevard du Montparnasse and the Rue de Rennes, between the Rue de Rennes and boulevard Raspail.

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Morocco

Morocco, officially the Kingdom of Morocco, is a country in the Maghreb region of North Africa.

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Mouvements perpétuels

Mouvements perpétuels, FP 14a, is a short three-movement solo-piano piece by French composer Francis Poulenc.

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Multiculturalism

The term multiculturalism has a range of meanings within the contexts of sociology, political philosophy, and colloquial use.

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Multilingualism

Multilingualism is the use of more than one language, either by an individual speaker or by a group of speakers.

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Multiracial people

The terms multiracial people or mixed-race people refer to people who are of more than two ''races'', and the terms multi-ethnic people or ethnically mixed people refer to people who are of more than two ethnicities.

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Muslims

Muslims (God) are people who adhere to Islam, a monotheistic religion belonging to the Abrahamic tradition.

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Nancy, France

Nancy is the prefecture of the northeastern French department of Meurthe-et-Moselle.

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Napoleon

Napoleon Bonaparte (born Napoleone di Buonaparte; 15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821), later known by his regnal name Napoleon I, was a French military and political leader who rose to prominence during the French Revolution and led a series of successful campaigns across Europe during the Revolutionary Wars and Napoleonic Wars from 1796 to 1815.

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Napoleon III

Napoleon III (Charles-Louis Napoléon Bonaparte; 20 April 18089 January 1873) was the first president of France from 1848 to 1852, and the last monarch of France as the second Emperor of the French from 1852 until he was deposed on 4 September 1870.

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National Rally

The National Rally (Rassemblement National,, RN), known as the National Front from 1972 to 2018 (Front National,, FN), is a French far-right political party, described as right-wing populist and nationalist.

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Neoclassicism

Neoclassicism, also spelled Neo-classicism, emerged as a Western cultural movement in the decorative and visual arts, literature, theatre, music, and architecture that drew inspiration from the art and culture of classical antiquity.

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New Caledonia

New Caledonia (Nouvelle-Calédonie) is a ''sui generis'' collectivity of overseas France in the southwest Pacific Ocean, south of Vanuatu, about east of Australia, and from Metropolitan France.

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New Philosophers

The New Philosophers (nouveaux philosophes) is the generation of French philosophers who are united by their respective breaks from Marxism in the early 1970s.

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New Year

The New Year is the time or day at which a new calendar year begins and the calendar's year count increments by one.

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News magazine

A news magazine is a typed, printed, and published magazine, radio, or television program, usually published weekly, consisting of articles about current events.

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Niagara (band)

Niagara was a French rock band that achieved popularity both in France and Canada in the 1980s and early 1990s.

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Nicolas Poussin

Nicolas Poussin (June 1594 – 19 November 1665) was a French painter who was a leading painter of the classical French Baroque style, although he spent most of his working life in Rome.

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Nicolas Sarkozy

Nicolas Paul Stéphane Sarközy de Nagy-Bocsa (born 28 January 1955) is a French politician who served as the president of France and co-prince of Andorra from 2007 to 2012.

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Noir Désir

Noir Désir ("Black Desire") was a French rock band from Bordeaux.

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Normandy

Normandy (Normandie; Normaundie, Nouormandie; from Old French Normanz, plural of Normant, originally from the word for "northman" in several Scandinavian languages) is a geographical and cultural region in northwestern Europe, roughly coextensive with the historical Duchy of Normandy.

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Nuclear family

A nuclear family (also known as an elementary family, atomic family, cereal packet family or conjugal family) is a family group consisting of parents and their children (one or more), typically living in one home residence.

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Obesity

Obesity is a medical condition, sometimes considered a disease, in which excess body fat has accumulated to such an extent that it can potentially have negative effects on health.

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Occitan language

Occitan (occitan), also known as (langue d'oc) by its native speakers, sometimes also referred to as Provençal, is a Romance language spoken in Southern France, Monaco, Italy's Occitan Valleys, as well as Spain's Val d'Aran in Catalonia; collectively, these regions are sometimes referred to as Occitania.

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Occitania

Occitania (Occitània,, or, Occitanie) is the historical region in Southern Europe where the Occitan language was historically spoken and where it is sometimes used as a second language.

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Octet (computing)

The octet is a unit of digital information in computing and telecommunications that consists of eight bits.

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Olympic Games

The modern Olympic Games or Olympics (Jeux olympiques) are the leading international sporting events featuring summer and winter sports competitions in which thousands of athletes from around the world participate in a variety of competitions.

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Opposition to immigration

Opposition to immigration, also known as anti-immigration, is a political ideology that seeks to restrict immigration.

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Orders of magnitude (numbers)

This list contains selected positive numbers in increasing order, including counts of things, dimensionless quantities and probabilities.

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Organic farming

Organic farming, also known as ecological farming or biological farming,Labelling, article 30 of is an agricultural system that uses fertilizers of organic origin such as compost manure, green manure, and bone meal and places emphasis on techniques such as crop rotation and companion planting.

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Organisation internationale de la Francophonie

The Organisation internationale de la Francophonie (OIF; sometimes shortened to the Francophonie, La Francophonie, sometimes also called International Organisation of italic in English) is an international organization representing countries and regions where French is a lingua franca or customary language, where a significant proportion of the population are francophones (French speakers), or where there is a notable affiliation with French culture.

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Otar Iosseliani

Otar Iosseliani (ოთარ იოსელიანი otar ioseliani; 2 February 1934 – 17 December 2023) was a Georgian film director, known for movies such as Falling Leaves, Pastorale and Favourites of the Moon.

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Overseas collectivity

The French overseas collectivities (collectivité d'outre-mer abbreviated as COM) are first-order administrative divisions of France, like the French regions, but have a semi-autonomous status.

See Culture of France and Overseas collectivity

Overseas departments and regions of France

The overseas departments and regions of France (départements et régions d'outre-mer,; DROM) are departments of the French Republic which are outside the continental Europe situated portion of France, known as "metropolitan France".

See Culture of France and Overseas departments and regions of France

Overseas France

Overseas France (France d'outre-mer, also France ultramarine) consists of 13 French territories outside Europe, mostly the remains of the French colonial empire that remained a part of the French state under various statuses after decolonization.

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Overseas territory (France)

The term overseas territory (territoire d'outre-mer or TOM) is an administrative division of France and is currently only applied to the French Southern and Antarctic Lands.

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Oyster

Oyster is the common name for a number of different families of salt-water bivalve molluscs that live in marine or brackish habitats.

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Pablo Picasso

Pablo Ruiz Picasso (25 October 1881 – 8 April 1973) was a Spanish painter, sculptor, printmaker, ceramicist, and theatre designer who spent most of his adult life in France.

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Paco Rabanne

Francisco Rabaneda Cuervo (18 February 1934 – 3 February 2023), more commonly known under the pseudonym of Paco Rabanne, was a Spanish fashion designer.

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Palace of Versailles

The Palace of Versailles (château de Versailles) is a former royal residence commissioned by King Louis XIV located in Versailles, about west of Paris, France.

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Palais Garnier

The italic (Garnier Palace), also known as italic (Garnier Opera), is a historic 1,979-seatBeauvert 1996, p. 102.

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Palais-Royal

The Palais-Royal is a former French royal palace located on Rue Saint-Honoré in the 1st arrondissement of Paris.

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Palme d'Or

The (Golden Palm) is the highest prize awarded to the director of the Best Feature Film of the Official Competition at the Cannes Film Festival.

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Pan-European identity

Pan-European identity is the sense of personal identification with Europe, in a cultural or political sense.

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Panthéon

The Panthéon (from the Classical Greek word πάνθειον,, ' to all the gods') is a monument in the 5th arrondissement of Paris, France.

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Paris

Paris is the capital and largest city of France.

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Paris Fashion Week

Paris Fashion Week (Semaine de la mode de Paris) is a series of designer presentations held semi-annually in Paris, France, with spring/summer and autumn/winter events held each year.

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Paris Masters

The Paris Masters (formerly known as the Paris Open, and currently called the Rolex Paris Masters for sponsorship reasons) is an annual tennis tournament for male professional players held in Paris, France.

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Paris Métro

The Paris Métro (Métro de Paris; short for Métropolitain), operated by the Régie autonome des transports parisiens (RATP), is a rapid transit system in the Paris metropolitan area, France.

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Paris to the Moon

Paris to the Moon (2000,, Random House) is a book of essays by The New Yorker writer Adam Gopnik.

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Parkour

Parkour is an athletic training discipline or sport in which practitioners (called traceurs) attempt to get from one point to another in the fastest and most efficient way possible, without assisting equipment and often while performing feats of acrobatics.

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Parliamentary Commission on Cults in France

The French National Assembly, the lower house of the Parliament of France, set up a Parliamentary Commission on Cults in France (Commission parlementaire sur les sectes en France) on 11 July 1995 following the events involving the members of the Order of the Solar Temple in late 1994 in the French region of Vercors, in Switzerland and in Canada.

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Pascal Bruckner

Pascal Bruckner (born 15 December 1948, in Paris) is a French writer, one of the "New Philosophers" who came to prominence in the 1970s and 1980s.

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Pathé

Pathé (styled as PATHÉ!) is a French major film production and distribution company, owning a number of cinema chains through its subsidiary Pathé Cinémas and television networks across Europe.

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Paul Andreu

Paul Andreu (10 July 1938 – 11 October 2018) was a French architect, known for his designs of multiple airports such as Charles de Gaulle Airport in Paris, and multiple prestigious projects in China, including the National Centre for the Performing Arts in Beijing.

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Paul Auster

Paul Benjamin Auster (February 3, 1947 – April 30, 2024) was an American writer, novelist, memoirist, poet, and filmmaker.

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Paul Cézanne

Paul Cézanne (19 January 1839 – 22 October 1906) was a French Post-Impressionist painter whose work introduced new modes of representation and influenced avant-garde artistic movements of the early 20th century.

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Paul Gauguin

Eugène Henri Paul Gauguin (7 June 1848 – 8 May 1903) was a French painter, sculptor, printmaker, ceramist, and writer, whose work has been primarily associated with the Post-Impressionist and Symbolist movements.

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Pâtisserie

A pâtisserie, patisserie in English or pastry shop in American English, is a type of bakery that specializes in pastries and sweets.

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Pétanque

Pétanque (petanca; petanca) is a sport that falls into the category of boules sports (along with raffa, bocce, boule lyonnaise, lawn bowls, crown green bowling).

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Peasant

A peasant is a pre-industrial agricultural laborer or a farmer with limited land-ownership, especially one living in the Middle Ages under feudalism and paying rent, tax, fees, or services to a landlord. In Europe, three classes of peasants existed: non-free slaves, semi-free serfs, and free tenants.

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Pentecost

Pentecost (also called Whit Sunday, Whitsunday or Whitsun) is a Christian holiday which takes place on the 49th day (50th day when inclusive counting is used) after Easter Day.

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Phoenix (band)

Phoenix is a French indie rock band from Versailles, formed in 1995.

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Picard language

Picard (also) is a langue d'oïl of the Romance language family spoken in the northernmost of France and parts of Hainaut province in Belgium.

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Picardy

Picardy (Picard and Picardie) is a historical territory and a former administrative region of France.

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Pictures at an Exhibition

Pictures at an Exhibition is a piano suite in ten movements, plus a recurring and varied Promenade theme, written in 1874 by Russian composer Modest Mussorgsky.

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Pierre Balmain

Pierre Alexandre Claudius Balmain (18 May 1914 – 29 June 1982) was a French fashion designer and founder of leading post-war fashion house Balmain.

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Pierre Boulez

Pierre Louis Joseph Boulez (26 March 19255 January 2016) was a French composer, conductor and writer, and the founder of several musical institutions.

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Pierre Cardin

Pierre Cardin, born Pietro Costante Cardin (2 July 1922 – 29 December 2020), was an Italian-born naturalised-French fashion designer.

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Pierre de Coubertin

Charles Pierre de Frédy, Baron de Coubertin (born Pierre de Frédy; 1 January 1863 – 2 September 1937), also known as Pierre de Coubertin and Baron de Coubertin, was a French educator and historian, co-founder of the International Olympic Committee, and its second president.

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Pierre Schaeffer

Pierre Henri Marie Schaeffer (English pronunciation:,; 14 August 1910 – 19 August 1995) was a French composer, writer, broadcaster, engineer, musicologist, acoustician and founder of Groupe de Recherche de Musique Concrète (GRMC).

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Pierre Waldeck-Rousseau

Pierre Marie René Ernest Waldeck-Rousseau (2 December 184610 August 1904) was a French Republican politician who served for three years as the Prime Minister of France.

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Pierre-Auguste Renoir

Pierre-Auguste Renoir (25 February 1841 – 3 December 1919) was a French artist who was a leading painter in the development of the Impressionist style.

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Place Stanislas

The Place Stanislas is a large pedestrianised square in the French city of Nancy, in the Lorraine historic region.

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Plum Village Monastery

The Plum Village Monastery (Làng Mai; Village des pruniers) is a Buddhist monastery of the Plum Village Tradition in the Dordogne, southern France near the city of Bordeaux.

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Plum Village Tradition

The Plum Village Tradition is a school of Buddhism named after the Plum Village Monastery in France, the first monastic practice center founded by Thích Nhất Hạnh.

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Poitevin dialect

Poitevin (poetevin) is a dialect of Poitevin–Saintongeais, one of the regional languages of France, spoken in the historical province of Poitou, now administratively divided between Pays de la Loire (Loire countries) and Nouvelle-Aquitaine (New Aquitaine).

See Culture of France and Poitevin dialect

Popular Front (France)

The Popular Front (Front populaire) was an alliance of left-wing movements in France, including the French Communist Party (PCF), the socialist SFIO and the Radical-Socialist Republican Party, during the interwar period.

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Presentation of Jesus

The Presentation of Jesus is an early episode in the life of Jesus Christ, describing his presentation at the Temple in Jerusalem.

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President of France

The president of France, officially the president of the French Republic (Président de la République française), is the executive head of state of France, and the commander-in-chief of the French Armed Forces.

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Presses Universitaires de France

Presses universitaires de France (PUF; University Press of France), founded in 1921 by Paul Angoulvent (1899–1976), is a French publishing house.

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Prevalence of tobacco use

Prevalence of tobacco use is reported by the World Health Organization (WHO), which focuses on cigarette smoking due to reported data limitations.

See Culture of France and Prevalence of tobacco use

Private sphere

The private sphere is the complement or opposite to the public sphere.

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Prix Femina

The Prix Femina is a French literary prize awarded each year by an exclusively female jury.

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Prix Goncourt

The Prix Goncourt (Le prix Goncourt,, The Goncourt Prize) is a prize in French literature, given by the académie Goncourt to the author of "the best and most imaginative prose work of the year".

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Prix Renaudot

The Prix Théophraste-Renaudot or is a French literary award.

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Protestantism

Protestantism is a branch of Christianity that emphasizes justification of sinners through faith alone, the teaching that salvation comes by unmerited divine grace, the priesthood of all believers, and the Bible as the sole infallible source of authority for Christian faith and practice.

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Provence

Provence is a geographical region and historical province of southeastern France, which extends from the left bank of the lower Rhône to the west to the Italian border to the east; it is bordered by the Mediterranean Sea to the south.

See Culture of France and Provence

Provinces of France

Under the Ancien Régime, the Kingdom of France was subdivided in multiple different ways (judicial, military, ecclesiastical, etc.) into several administrative units, until the National Constituent Assembly adopted a more uniform division into departments (départements) and districts in late 1789.

See Culture of France and Provinces of France

Public housing

Public housing is a form of housing tenure in which the property is usually owned by a government authority, either central or local.

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Public sphere

The public sphere (Öffentlichkeit) is an area in social life where individuals can come together to freely discuss and identify societal problems, and through that discussion influence political action.

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Quintal

The quintal or centner is a historical unit of mass in many countries which is usually defined as 100 base units, such as pounds or kilograms.

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Racism

Racism is discrimination and prejudice against people based on their race or ethnicity.

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Radio France Internationale

Radio France Internationale, usually referred to as RFI, is the state-owned international radio news network of France.

See Culture of France and Radio France Internationale

Rapsodie espagnole

Rapsodie espagnole is an orchestral rhapsody written by Maurice Ravel.

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Réunion

La Réunion, "La Reunion"; La Réunion; Reunionese Creole; previously known as Île Bourbon.

See Culture of France and Réunion

Reactionary

In political science, a reactionary or a reactionist is a person who holds political views that favor a return to the status quo ante—the previous political state of society—which the person believes possessed positive characteristics that are absent from contemporary society.

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Ready-to-wear

Ready-to-wear (RTW)also called prêt-à-porter, or off-the-rack or off-the-peg in casual useis the term for garments sold in finished condition in standardized sizes, as distinct from made-to-measure or bespoke clothing tailored to a particular person's frame.

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Realism (arts)

Realism in the arts is generally the attempt to represent subject matter truthfully, without artificiality and avoiding speculative and supernatural elements.

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Regional language

* A regional language is a language spoken in a region of a sovereign state, whether it be a small area, a federated state or province or some wider area.

See Culture of France and Regional language

Regions of France

France is divided into eighteen administrative regions (régions, singular région), of which thirteen are located in metropolitan France (in Europe), while the other five are overseas regions (not to be confused with the overseas collectivities, which have a semi-autonomous status).

See Culture of France and Regions of France

Reims Cathedral

Notre-Dame de Reims (meaning "Our Lady of Reims"), known in English as Reims Cathedral, is a Roman Catholic cathedral in the French city of the same name, the archiepiscopal see of the Archdiocese of Reims.

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Religion in France

The majority of the religious population in France identifies as Christian.

See Culture of France and Religion in France

Religious law

Religious law includes ethical and moral codes taught by religious traditions.

See Culture of France and Religious law

Remembrance Day

Remembrance Day (also known as Poppy Day owing to the tradition of wearing a remembrance poppy) is a memorial day observed in Commonwealth member states since the end of the First World War to honour armed forces members who have died in the line of duty.

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Renaissance

The Renaissance is a period of history and a European cultural movement covering the 15th and 16th centuries.

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Republicanism

Republicanism is a Western political ideology that encompasses a range of ideas from civic virtue, political participation, harms of corruption, positives of mixed constitution, rule of law, and others.

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Robert Darnton

Robert Choate Darnton (born May 10, 1939) is an American cultural historian and academic librarian who specializes in 18th-century France.

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Rock music in France

French rock is a form of rock music produced in France, primarily with lyrics in the French language.

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Rococo

Rococo, less commonly Roccoco, also known as Late Baroque, is an exceptionally ornamental and dramatic style of architecture, art and decoration which combines asymmetry, scrolling curves, gilding, white and pastel colours, sculpted moulding, and trompe-l'œil frescoes to create surprise and the illusion of motion and drama.

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Rodent

Rodents (from Latin rodere, 'to gnaw') are mammals of the order Rodentia, which are characterized by a single pair of continuously growing incisors in each of the upper and lower jaws.

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Roman Polanski

Raymond Roman Thierry Polański (born 18 August 1933) is a French and Polish film director, producer, screenwriter, actor and convicted sex offender.

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Romance languages

The Romance languages, also known as the Latin or Neo-Latin languages, are the languages that are directly descended from Vulgar Latin.

See Culture of France and Romance languages

Romanesque architecture

Romanesque architecture is an architectural style of medieval Europe that was predominant in the 11th and 12th centuries.

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Romani people

The Romani, also spelled Romany or Rromani and colloquially known as the Roma (Rom), are an ethnic group of Indo-Aryan origin who traditionally lived a nomadic, itinerant lifestyle.

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Romanticism

Romanticism (also known as the Romantic movement or Romantic era) was an artistic and intellectual movement that originated in Europe towards the end of the 18th century.

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Rugby league

Rugby league football, commonly known as rugby league in English-speaking countries and rugby XIII in non-Anglophone Europe and South America, and referred to colloquially as football, footy or league in its heartlands, is a full-contact sport played by two teams of thirteen players on a rectangular field measuring wide and long with H-shaped posts at both ends.

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Rugby league in France

Rugby league has been played in France since 1934.

See Culture of France and Rugby league in France

Rugby union

Rugby union football, commonly known simply as rugby union or more often just rugby, is a close-contact team sport that originated at Rugby School in England in the first half of the 19th century.

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Rugby union in France

Rugby union in France is a popular team sport.

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Rugby World Cup

The Men's Rugby World Cup is a rugby union tournament contested every four years between the top international teams, the winners of which are recognised as the World champions of the sport.

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Rush hour

A rush hour (American English, British English) or peak hour (Australian English) is a part of the day during which traffic congestion on roads and crowding on public transport is at its highest.

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Saint-Denis, Seine-Saint-Denis

Saint-Denis is a commune in the northern suburbs of Paris, France.

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Saintongeais dialect

Saintongeais (séntunjhaes) is a dialect of Poitevin–Saintongeais spoken halfway down the western coast of France in the former provinces of Saintonge, Aunis and Angoumois, all of which have been incorporated into the current departments of Charente and Charente-Maritime as well as in parts of the neighbouring department of Gironde and a town in Dordogne.

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Salad

A salad is a dish consisting of mixed ingredients, frequently vegetables.

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Same-sex marriage in France

Same-sex marriage has been legal in France since 18 May 2013, making France the thirteenth country in the world and the ninth in Europe to allow same-sex couples to marry.

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Savate

Savate, also known as French boxing (boxe Française), is a French kickboxing combat sport that uses the hands and feet as weapons combining elements of English boxing with kicking techniques.

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Savoy

Savoy (Savouè; Savoie; Italian: Savoia) is a cultural-historical region in the Western Alps.

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Sébastien Le Prestre, Marquis of Vauban

Sébastien Le Prestre, seigneur de Vauban, later styling himself as the marquis de Vauban (baptised 15 May 163330 March 1707), commonly referred to as Vauban, was a French military engineer and Marshal of France who worked under Louis XIV.

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Scandinavia

Scandinavia is a subregion of Northern Europe, with strong historical, cultural, and linguistic ties between its constituent peoples.

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Second Empire style

Second Empire style, also known as the Napoleon III style, is a highly eclectic style of architecture and decorative arts originating in the Second French Empire.

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Second French Empire

The Second French Empire, officially the French Empire, was an Imperial Bonapartist regime, ruled by Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte (Napoleon III) from 14 January 1852 to 27 October 1870, between the Second and the Third French Republics.

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Secondary education in France

In France, secondary education is in two stages.

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Secularism

Secularism is the principle of seeking to conduct human affairs based on naturalistic considerations, uninvolved with religion.

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Secularism in France

('secularism') is the constitutional principle of secularism in France.

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Seine-Saint-Denis

italic is a department of France located in the Grand Paris metropolis in the italic region.

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Self-defense

Self-defense (self-defence primarily in Commonwealth English) is a countermeasure that involves defending the health and well-being of oneself from harm.

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Sephardic Jews

Sephardic Jews (Djudíos Sefardíes), also known as Sephardi Jews or Sephardim, and rarely as Iberian Peninsular Jews, are a Jewish diaspora population associated with the Iberian Peninsula (Spain and Portugal).

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Serge Gainsbourg

Serge Gainsbourg (born Lucien Ginsburg; 2 April 1928 – 2 March 1991) was a French singer-songwriter, actor, composer, and director.

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Shaka Ponk

Shaka Ponk (sometimes abbreviated as SHKPNK) is a French musical band formed in Paris in 2002.

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Siege of La Rochelle

The Siege of La Rochelle (or sometimes Le Grand Siège de La Rochelle) was a result of a war between the French royal forces of Louis XIII of France and the Huguenots of La Rochelle in 1627–1628.

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Simone de Beauvoir

Simone Lucie Ernestine Marie Bertrand de Beauvoir (9 January 1908 – 14 April 1986) was a French existentialist philosopher, writer, social theorist, and feminist activist.

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Single parent

A single parent is a person who has a child or children but does not have a spouse or live-in partner to assist in the upbringing or support of the child.

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Six Nations Championship

The Six Nations Championship (known as the Guinness Six Nations for sponsorship reasons) is an annual international men's rugby union competition between the teams of England, France, Ireland, Italy, Scotland and Wales.

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Skiing

Skiing is the use of skis to glide on snow for basic transport, a recreational activity, or a competitive winter sport.

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The Socialist Party (Parti socialiste, PS) is a centre-left to left-wing political party in France.

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Sonia Rykiel

Sonia Rykiel (25 May 1930 – 25 August 2016) was a French fashion designer and writer.

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Soprano

A soprano is a type of classical female singing voice and has the highest vocal range of all voice types.

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Sports car racing

Sports car racing is a form of motorsport road racing which utilises sports cars that have two seats and enclosed wheels.

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St. Bartholomew's Day massacre

The St.

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Stade de France

Stade de France is the national stadium of France, located just north of Paris in the commune of Saint-Denis.

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Stade Roland Garros

Stade Roland Garros ("Roland Garros Stadium") is a complex of tennis courts, including stadiums, located in Paris that hosts the French Open.

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State religion

A state religion (also called official religion) is a religion or creed officially endorsed by a sovereign state.

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Strasbourg

Strasbourg (Straßburg) is the prefecture and largest city of the Grand Est region of eastern France, at the border with Germany in the historic region of Alsace.

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Superbus (band)

Superbus is a five-piece French pop rock band formed in 1999 with Jenn Ayache on lead vocals.

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Surrealism

Surrealism is an art and cultural movement that developed in Europe in the aftermath of World War I in which artists aimed to allow the unconscious mind to express itself, often resulting in the depiction of illogical or dreamlike scenes and ideas.

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Table football, also known as foosball or table soccer, is a tabletop game loosely based on association football. Its object is to move the ball into the opponent's goal by manipulating rods which have figures attached resembling football players of two opposing teams. Although its rules often vary by country and region when the game is played casually, competitive-level table football is played according to a unified code.

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Techno

Techno is a genre of electronic dance music which is generally produced for use in a continuous DJ set, with tempos being in the range of 120 to 150 beats per minute (BPM).

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Tennis

Tennis is a racket sport that is played either individually against a single opponent (singles) or between two teams of two players each (doubles).

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Terroir

Terroir (from terre) is a French term used to describe the environmental factors that affect a crop's phenotype, including unique environment contexts, farming practices and a crop's specific growth habitat.

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Texas Instruments

Texas Instruments Incorporated (TI) is an American multinational semiconductor company headquartered in Dallas, Texas.

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TF1

TF1 (standing for Télévision Française 1) is a French commercial television network owned by TF1 Group, controlled by the Bouygues conglomerate.

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Théodore Géricault

Jean-Louis André Théodore Géricault (26 September 1791 – 26 January 1824) was a French painter and lithographer, whose best-known painting is The Raft of the Medusa.

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The Adventures of Tintin

The Adventures of Tintin (Les Aventures de Tintin) is a series of 24 comic albums created by Belgian cartoonist Georges Remi, who wrote under the pen name Hergé.

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The Daily Telegraph

The Daily Telegraph, known online and elsewhere as The Telegraph, is a British daily broadsheet newspaper published in London by Telegraph Media Group and distributed in the United Kingdom and internationally.

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The Holocaust

The Holocaust was the genocide of European Jews during World War II.

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The Marais

The Marais (Le Marais; "the marsh") is a historic district in Paris, France.

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The Tears of the White Man

The Tears of the White Man: Compassion as Contempt is a 1983 book by the French philosopher Pascal Bruckner.

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The Thinker

The Thinker (Le Penseur) is a bronze sculpture by Auguste Rodin, situated atop a stone pedestal.

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Thierry Mugler

Manfred Thierry Mugler (21 December 1948 – 23 January 2022) was a French fashion designer, creative director and creative adviser of Mugler.

See Culture of France and Thierry Mugler

Tignes

Tignes is a commune in the Tarentaise Valley, in the Savoie department in the Rhône-Alpes region in south-eastern France, known for the highest skiable area and the longest ski season in Europe.

See Culture of France and Tignes

Toubon Law

The Toubon Law (full name: law 94-665 of 4 August 1994 relating to usage of the French language) is a French law mandating the use of the French language in official government publications, in all advertisements, in all workplaces, in commercial contracts, in some other commercial communication contexts, in all government-financed schools, and some other contexts.

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Toulouse

Toulouse (Tolosa) is the prefecture of the French department of Haute-Garonne and of the larger region of Occitania.

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Tour de France

The Tour de France is an annual men's multiple-stage bicycle race held primarily in France.

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Trade show

A trade show, also known as trade fair, trade exhibition, or trade exposition, is an exhibition organized so that companies in a specific industry can showcase and demonstrate their latest products and services, meet with industry partners and customers, study activities of competitors, and examine recent market trends and opportunities.

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Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study

The International Association for the Evaluation of Educational Achievement (IEA)'s Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS) is a series of international assessments of the mathematics and science knowledge of students around the world.

See Culture of France and Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study

Tunisia

Tunisia, officially the Republic of Tunisia, is the northernmost country in Africa.

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Turkey

Turkey, officially the Republic of Türkiye, is a country mainly in Anatolia in West Asia, with a smaller part called East Thrace in Southeast Europe.

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Turntablism

Turntablism is the art of manipulating sounds and creating new music, sound effects, mixes and other creative sounds and beats, typically by using two or more turntables and a cross fader-equipped DJ mixer.

See Culture of France and Turntablism

TV5Monde

TV5Monde, formerly known as TV5, is a French public television network, broadcasting several channels of French-language programming.

See Culture of France and TV5Monde

UEFA Euro 1984

The 1984 UEFA European Football Championship final tournament was held in France from 12 to 27 June 1984.

See Culture of France and UEFA Euro 1984

UEFA Euro 2016

The 2016 UEFA European Football Championship, commonly referred to as UEFA Euro 2016 (stylised as UEFA EURO 2016) or simply Euro 2016, was the 15th UEFA European Championship, the quadrennial international men's football championship of Europe organised by UEFA.

See Culture of France and UEFA Euro 2016

UGC (cinema operator)

UGC is a cinema operator in France and Belgium, operating 57 cinemas as of 2022.

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UNESCO

The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO; pronounced) is a specialized agency of the United Nations (UN) with the aim of promoting world peace and security through international cooperation in education, arts, sciences and culture.

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Unifrance

Unifrance is an organization for promoting French films in France and abroad.

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Union for a Popular Movement

The Union for a Popular Movement (Union pour un mouvement populaire; UMP) was a liberal-conservative political party in France, largely inspired by the Gaullist tradition.

See Culture of France and Union for a Popular Movement

United Kingdom

The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom (UK) or Britain, is a country in Northwestern Europe, off the coast of the continental mainland.

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Universal Declaration of Human Rights

The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) is an international document adopted by the United Nations General Assembly that enshrines the rights and freedoms of all human beings.

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Universalism

Universalism is the philosophical and theological concept that some ideas have universal application or applicability.

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Value-added tax

A value-added tax (VAT or goods and services tax (GST), general consumption tax (GCT)), is a consumption tax that is levied on the value added at each stage of a product's production and distribution.

See Culture of France and Value-added tax

Varieties of French

Varieties of the French language are spoken in France and around the world.

See Culture of France and Varieties of French

Vendée Globe

The Vendée Globe is a single-handed (solo) non-stop round the world yacht race.

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Venus de Milo

The Venus de Milo or Aphrodite of Melos is an ancient Greek marble sculpture that was created during the Hellenistic period.

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Vichy France

Vichy France (Régime de Vichy; 10 July 1940 – 9 August 1944), officially the French State (État français), was the French rump state headed by Marshal Philippe Pétain during World War II.

See Culture of France and Vichy France

Victor Hugo

Victor-Marie Hugo, vicomte Hugo (26 February 1802 – 22 May 1885), sometimes nicknamed the Ocean Man, was a French Romantic writer and politician.

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Vietnamese people

The Vietnamese people (người Việt) or the Kinh people (người Kinh|lit.

See Culture of France and Vietnamese people

Villeurbanne

Villeurbanne (Velorbana) is a commune in the Metropolis of Lyon in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region in eastern France.

See Culture of France and Villeurbanne

Vogue (magazine)

Vogue U.S., also known as American Vogue, or simply Vogue, (stylized in all caps) is a monthly fashion and lifestyle magazine that covers style news, including haute couture fashion, beauty, culture, living, and runway.

See Culture of France and Vogue (magazine)

Welsh language

Welsh (Cymraeg or y Gymraeg) is a Celtic language of the Brittonic subgroup that is native to the Welsh people.

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William Boyd (writer)

William Andrew Murray Boyd (born 7 March 1952) is a Scottish novelist, short story writer and screenwriter.

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Winter Olympic Games

The Winter Olympic Games (Jeux olympiques d'hiver) is a major international multi-sport event held once every four years for sports practiced on snow and ice.

See Culture of France and Winter Olympic Games

World Jewish Congress

The World Jewish Congress (WJC) was founded in Geneva, Switzerland in August 1936 as an international federation of Jewish communities and organizations.

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World war

A world war is an international conflict that involves most or all of the world's major powers.

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World Wide Web

The World Wide Web (WWW or simply the Web) is an information system that enables content sharing over the Internet through user-friendly ways meant to appeal to users beyond IT specialists and hobbyists.

See Culture of France and World Wide Web

Yogurt

Yogurt (from; also spelled yoghurt, yogourt or yoghourt) is a food produced by bacterial fermentation of milk.

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Yule log (cake)

A Yule log or bûche de Noël is a traditional Christmas cake, often served as a dessert, especially in France, Belgium, Luxembourg, Lebanon, Switzerland, Vietnam, and Quebec, Canada.

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Yves Saint Laurent (designer)

Yves Henri Donat Mathieu-Saint-Laurent (1 August 1936 – 1 June 2008), referred to as Yves Saint Laurent or YSL, was a French fashion designer who, in 1962, founded his eponymous fashion label.

See Culture of France and Yves Saint Laurent (designer)

ZDF

ZDF, short for i, is a German public-service television broadcaster based in Mainz, Rhineland-Palatinate.

See Culture of France and ZDF

1900 Summer Olympics

The 1900 Summer Olympics (Jeux olympiques d'été de 1900), today officially known as the Games of the II Olympiad (Jeux de la IIe olympiade) and also known as Paris 1900, were an international multi-sport event that took place in Paris, France, from 14 May to 28 October 1900.

See Culture of France and 1900 Summer Olympics

1905 French law on the Separation of the Churches and the State

The 1905 French law on the Separation of the Churches and State (French) was passed by the Chamber of Deputies on 3 July 1905.

See Culture of France and 1905 French law on the Separation of the Churches and the State

1924 Summer Deaflympics

The First International Silent Games (Premiers Jeux Silencieux Internationaux), or First International Games for the Deaf (Premiers Jeux Internationaux pour les Sourds), now referred to retroactively as the 1924 Summer Deaflympics (Sourdlympiques d'été de 1924), were the inaugural edition of the Deaflympics.

See Culture of France and 1924 Summer Deaflympics

1924 Summer Olympics

The 1924 Summer Olympics (Jeux olympiques d'été de 1924), officially the Games of the VIII Olympiad (Jeux de la VIIIe olympiade) and officially branded as Paris 1924, were an international multi-sport event held in Paris, France.

See Culture of France and 1924 Summer Olympics

1924 Winter Olympics

The 1924 Winter Olympics, officially known as the I Olympic Winter Games (Iers Jeux olympiques d'hiver) and commonly known as Chamonix 1924 (Chamôni 1924), were a winter multi-sport event which was held in 1924 in Chamonix, France.

See Culture of France and 1924 Winter Olympics

1938 FIFA World Cup

The 1938 FIFA World Cup was the third edition of the World Cup, the quadrennial international football championship for senior men's national teams.

See Culture of France and 1938 FIFA World Cup

1960 European Nations' Cup

The 1960 European Nations' Cup was the inaugural tournament of the UEFA European Championship, held every four years and organised by UEFA.

See Culture of France and 1960 European Nations' Cup

1968 Winter Olympics

The 1968 Winter Olympics, officially known as the X Olympic Winter Games (Les Xes Jeux olympiques d'hiver), were a winter multi-sport event held from 6 to 18 February 1968 in Grenoble, France.

See Culture of France and 1968 Winter Olympics

1992 Winter Olympics

The 1992 Winter Olympics, officially known as the XVI Olympic Winter Games (XVIes Jeux Olympiques d'hiver) and commonly known as Albertville '92 (Arpitan: Arbèrtvile '92), was a winter multi-sport event held from 8 to 23 February 1992 in and around Albertville, France.

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1998 FIFA World Cup

The 1998 FIFA World Cup was the 16th FIFA World Cup, the football world championship for men's national teams.

See Culture of France and 1998 FIFA World Cup

19th-century French literature

19th-century French literature concerns the developments in French literature during a dynamic period in French history that saw the rise of Democracy and the fitful end of Monarchy and Empire.

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2006 youth protests in France

The 2006 youth protests in France occurred during the months of February, March, and April as a result of opposition to a measure set to deregulate labour.

See Culture of France and 2006 youth protests in France

2007 Rugby World Cup

The 2007 Rugby World Cup (Coupe du monde de rugby 2007) was the sixth Rugby World Cup, a quadrennial international rugby union competition organised by the International Rugby Board.

See Culture of France and 2007 Rugby World Cup

2019 FIFA Women's World Cup

The 2019 FIFA Women's World Cup was the eighth edition of the FIFA Women's World Cup, the quadrennial international Women's football championship contested by 24 women's national teams representing member associations of FIFA.

See Culture of France and 2019 FIFA Women's World Cup

2023 Rugby World Cup

The 2023 Rugby World Cup (Coupe du monde de rugby 2023) was the tenth men's Rugby World Cup, the quadrennial world championship for national rugby union teams.

See Culture of France and 2023 Rugby World Cup

24 Hours of Le Mans

The 24 Hours of Le Mans (24 Heures du Mans) is an endurance-focused sports car race held annually near the town of Le Mans, France.

See Culture of France and 24 Hours of Le Mans

24-hour clock

The modern 24-hour clock is the convention of timekeeping in which the day runs from midnight to midnight and is divided into 24 hours.

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35-hour workweek

The 35-hour workweek is a labour reform policy adopted in France in February 2000, under Prime Minister Lionel Jospin's Plural Left government.

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References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_France

Also known as Culture in France, Family structure in France, French Culture, French customs, French popular culture, French traditions, Frenchness, Regional customs of France, Regional traditions of France.

, Bande dessinée, Banlieue, Baroque, Basilica of Saint-Denis, Basque Country (greater region), Basque cuisine, Basque language, Bastille Day, Bastille Day military parade, BBC, BBC News, Belle Époque, Benelux, Bernard Pivot, Berry, France, Bertrand Delanoë, BFM TV, Biguine, Bilingual education, Bit, Bohemianism, Boléro, Bordeaux wine, Boroughs of New York City, Boudin, Bourbon Restoration in France, Bourgeoisie, Breton language, Breton nationalism, Brittany, Buddhism, Bullfighting, Burgundian language (Oïl), Burgundy, Burgundy wine, Byte, Cahiers du Cinéma, Camembert, Camille Pissarro, Canada, Canal+ (French TV channel), Cannabis (drug), Cannes Film Festival, Capitole de Toulouse, Cardinal Richelieu, Cardiovascular disease, Caribbean, Catalan language, Cathar castles, Catherinette, Catholic Church, Catholic school, Celine Dion, Centralisation, Chamonix, Champagne (province), Champs-Élysées, Chanel, Chanson, Charlemagne, Charles Aznavour, Charles de Gaulle, Charles Frederick Worth, 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Olympics, France Info (TV channel), France national football team, France national rugby union team, France profonde, France Télévisions, Francis Poulenc, Francis Veber, Franco-Provençal, Franco-Prussian War, Francophonie, Free trade, Freedom of conscience, Freedom of religion, Freedom of religion in France, French Baroque architecture, French colonial empire, French Fifth Republic, French Guiana, French hip hop, French language, French law on secularity and conspicuous religious symbols in schools, French literature, French National Centre for Scientific Research, French New Wave, French Open, French opera, French paradox, French Parliament, French people, French Polynesia, French popular music, French Renaissance, French Revolution, French Third Republic, French Wars of Religion, French West Indies, French wine, Functional illiteracy, Funk, Gabriel Fauré, Gallo language, Garabit viaduct, Gascony, Gaspar Noé, Gaspard de la nuit, Gaullism, Gauloises, Géla Babluani, General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, Geography of France, Georges Brassens, Germany, Gertrude Stein, Gloria (Poulenc), Gojira (band), Gothic architecture, Gothic art, Government of France, Graham Robb, Grand Mosque of Paris, Grand Slam (tennis), Grande école, Graphic novel, Grenoble, Guadeloupe, Gustave Courbet, Gustave Eiffel, Guyenne, Halloween, Haredi Judaism, Harpsichord, Hashish, Haussmann's renovation of Paris, Haute couture, Haute cuisine, Hector Berlioz, Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec, Henri I, Duke of Guise, Henry IV of France, High culture, History of Auvergne, History of France, Hofstede's cultural dimensions theory, Honoré Daumier, Honoré de Balzac, Hot chocolate, Hubert de Givenchy, Huguenots, Huguenots in South Africa, Ian McEwan, Impressionism, Impressionism in music, Indians in Réunion, Infix notation, Institut de France, Institut français d'opinion publique, Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques, International Herald Tribune, International Olympic Committee, International System of Units, Ipsos, Islam, Islam in France, Jack Lang (French politician), Jacques Chirac, Jacques Toubon, Jacques Tourneur, Jacques-Louis David, Jean Nouvel, Jean Paul Gaultier, Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres, Jean-Baptiste Colbert, Jean-Baptiste Lully, Jean-Honoré Fragonard, Jean-Paul Sartre, Jean-Philippe Rameau, Jeux d'eau (Ravel), Jewish population by country, John le Carré, Jonathan Fenby, José Bové, Joséphine de Beauharnais, Judo, Jules Ferry laws, Jules Hardouin-Mansart, July Monarchy, Kabyle people, Kanak people, Kiteboarding, Krzysztof Kieślowski, L'Express, La Défense, La Madeleine, Paris, Languedoc, Langues d'oïl, Lascaux, Lausanne, Léo Ferré, Le Corbusier, Le Figaro, Le Monde, Le Nouvel Obs, Le Point, Le Puy-en-Velay, Le Tombeau de Couperin, Legal drinking age, Lentil, Leonardo da Vinci, Les biches, Les Invalides, Les Rita Mitsouko, LGBT rights in France, Liberty Leading the People, Lille, Lily of the valley, Limousin (province), Lingua franca, Linguistic 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