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Definitions of fascism, the Glossary

What constitutes a definition of fascism and fascist governments has been a complicated and highly disputed subject concerning the exact nature of fascism and its core tenets debated amongst historians, political scientists, and other scholars ever since Benito Mussolini first used the term in 1915.^[1]

203 relations: Action (philosophy), Adolf Hitler, Age of Enlightenment, Aggression, Alfred A. Knopf, Alien (law), Amadeo Bordiga, Anti-authoritarianism, Anti-capitalism, Anti-individualism, Anti-intellectualism, Antisemitism, Apocalypse, Aristocracy, Authoritarianism, Basic Books, Benito Mussolini, Bertolt Brecht, Big business, Bloomsbury Publishing, Bourgeoisie, Capitalism, Cardiff University, Chauvinism, City Newspaper, Clara Zetkin, Classical liberalism, Collective narcissism, Columbia University, Communism, Communist International, Communist Party of Bulgaria, Conservatism, Conspiracy theory, Corporation, Corporatism, Crime, Criticism of democracy, Criticism of Marxism, Cronyism, Cult of personality, Democracy, Dictatorship, Dissent, Donald Trump, Economic materialism, Electoral fraud, Elitism, Emilio Gentile, Encyclopædia Britannica, ... Expand index (153 more) »
Definitions
Terminology by ideology

Action (philosophy)

In philosophy, an action is an event that an agent performs for a purpose, that is, guided by the person's intention.

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Adolf Hitler

Adolf Hitler (20 April 1889 – 30 April 1945) was an Austrian-born German politician who was the dictator of Nazi Germany from 1933 until his suicide in 1945.

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Age of Enlightenment

The Age of Enlightenment (also the Age of Reason and the Enlightenment) was the intellectual and philosophical movement that occurred in Europe in the 17th and the 18th centuries.

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Aggression

Aggression is a behavior aimed at opposing or attacking something or someone.

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Alfred A. Knopf

Alfred A. Knopf, Inc. is an American publishing house that was founded by Blanche Knopf and Alfred A. Knopf Sr. in 1915.

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Alien (law)

In law, an alien is any person (including an organization) who is not a citizen or a national of a specific country, although definitions and terminology differ to some degree depending upon the continent or region.

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Amadeo Bordiga

Amadeo Bordiga (13 June 1889 – 25 July 1970) was an Italian Marxist theorist.

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Anti-authoritarianism is opposition to authoritarianism, which is defined as "a form of social organisation characterised by submission to authority", "favoring complete obedience or subjection to authority as opposed to individual freedom" and to authoritarian government.

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Anti-capitalism

Anti-capitalism is a political ideology and movement encompassing a variety of attitudes and ideas that oppose capitalism.

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Anti-individualism

Anti-individualism (also known as content externalism) is an approach to linguistic meaning in philosophy, the philosophy of psychology, and linguistics.

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Anti-intellectualism

Anti-intellectualism is hostility to and mistrust of intellect, intellectuals, and intellectualism, commonly expressed as deprecation of education and philosophy and the dismissal of art, literature, history, and science as impractical, politically motivated, and even contemptible human pursuits.

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Antisemitism

Antisemitism (also spelled anti-semitism or anti-Semitism) is hostility to, prejudice towards, or discrimination against, Jews.

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Apocalypse

Apocalypse is a literary genre originating in Judaism in the centuries following the Babylonian exile (597-587 BCE) but persisting in Christianity and Islam.

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Aristocracy

Aristocracy is a form of government that places power in the hands of a small, privileged ruling class, the aristocrats.

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Authoritarianism

Authoritarianism is a political system characterized by the rejection of political plurality, the use of strong central power to preserve the political status quo, and reductions in democracy, separation of powers, civil liberties, and the rule of law.

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Basic Books

Basic Books is a book publisher founded in 1950 and located in New York City, now an imprint of Hachette Book Group.

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Benito Mussolini

Benito Amilcare Andrea Mussolini (29 July 188328 April 1945) was an Italian dictator who founded and led the National Fascist Party (PNF).

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Bertolt Brecht

Eugen Berthold Friedrich Brecht (10 February 1898 – 14 August 1956), known professionally as Bertolt Brecht, was a German theatre practitioner, playwright, and poet.

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Big business

Big business involves large-scale corporate-controlled financial or business activities. Definitions of fascism and Big business are political terminology.

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Bloomsbury Publishing

Bloomsbury Publishing plc is a British worldwide publishing house of fiction and non-fiction.

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Bourgeoisie

The bourgeoisie are a class of business owners and merchants which emerged in the Late Middle Ages, originally as a "middle class" between peasantry and aristocracy.

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Capitalism

Capitalism is an economic system based on the private ownership of the means of production and their operation for profit.

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Cardiff University

Cardiff University (Prifysgol Caerdydd) is a public research university in Cardiff, Wales.

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Chauvinism

Chauvinism is the unreasonable belief in the superiority or dominance of one's own group or people, who are seen as strong and virtuous, while others are considered weak, unworthy, or inferior.

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City Newspaper

City Newspaper is the alternative weekly newspaper of Rochester, New York.

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Clara Zetkin

Clara Zetkin (née Eißner; 5 July 1857 – 20 June 1933) was a German Marxist theorist, communist activist, and advocate for women's rights.

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Classical liberalism

Classical liberalism is a political tradition and a branch of liberalism that advocates free market and laissez-faire economics and civil liberties under the rule of law, with special emphasis on individual autonomy, limited government, economic freedom, political freedom and freedom of speech.

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Collective narcissism

In social psychology, collective narcissism (or group narcissism) is the tendency to exaggerate the positive image and importance of a group to which one belongs.

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Columbia University

Columbia University, officially Columbia University in the City of New York, is a private Ivy League research university in New York City.

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Communism

Communism (from Latin label) is a sociopolitical, philosophical, and economic ideology within the socialist movement, whose goal is the creation of a communist society, a socioeconomic order centered around common ownership of the means of production, distribution, and exchange that allocates products to everyone in the society based on need.

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Communist International

The Communist International (Comintern), also known as the Third International, was an international organization founded in 1919 that advocated world communism, and which was led and controlled by the Communist Party of the Soviet Union.

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Communist Party of Bulgaria

The Communist Party of Bulgaria (CPB, Komunisticheska Partiya na Bǎlgariya, KPB) is a communist party in Bulgaria, currently led by Aleksandar Paunov.

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Conservatism

Conservatism is a cultural, social, and political philosophy and ideology that seeks to promote and preserve traditional institutions, customs, and values.

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Conspiracy theory

A conspiracy theory is an explanation for an event or situation that asserts the existence of a conspiracy by powerful and sinister groups, often political in motivation, when other explanations are more probable.

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Corporation

A corporation is an organization—usually a group of people or a company—authorized by the state to act as a single entity (a legal entity recognized by private and public law as "born out of statute"; a legal person in a legal context) and recognized as such in law for certain purposes.

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Corporatism

Corporatism is a political system of interest representation and policymaking whereby corporate groups, such as agricultural, labour, military, business, scientific, or guild associations, come together on and negotiate contracts or policy (collective bargaining) on the basis of their common interests. Definitions of fascism and Corporatism are fascism.

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Crime

In ordinary language, a crime is an unlawful act punishable by a state or other authority.

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Criticism of democracy

Criticism of democracy, or debate on democracy and the different aspects of how to implement democracy best have been widely discussed.

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Criticism of Marxism

Criticism of Marxism (also known as Anti-Marxism) has come from various political ideologies, campaigns and academic disciplines.

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Cronyism

Cronyism is a specific form of in-group favoritism, the spoils system practice of partiality in awarding jobs and other advantages to friends or trusted colleagues, especially in politics and between politicians and supportive organizations.

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Cult of personality

A cult of personality, or a cult of the leader,Mudde, Cas and Kaltwasser, Cristóbal Rovira (2017) Populism: A Very Short Introduction. Definitions of fascism and cult of personality are political terminology.

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Democracy

Democracy (from dēmokratía, dēmos 'people' and kratos 'rule') is a system of government in which state power is vested in the people or the general population of a state.

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Dictatorship

A dictatorship is an autocratic form of government which is characterized by a leader, or a group of leaders, who hold governmental powers with few to no limitations.

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Dissent

Dissent is an opinion, philosophy or sentiment of non-agreement or opposition to a prevailing idea or policy enforced under the authority of a government, political party or other entity or individual.

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Donald Trump

Donald John Trump (born June 14, 1946) is an American politician, media personality, and businessman who served as the 45th president of the United States from 2017 to 2021.

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Economic materialism

Economic materialism can be described as either a personal attitude that attaches importance to acquiring and consuming material goods or as a logistical analysis of how physical resources are shaped into consumable products.

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Electoral fraud

Electoral fraud, sometimes referred to as election manipulation, voter fraud, or vote rigging, involves illegal interference with the process of an election, either by increasing the vote share of a favored candidate, depressing the vote share of rival candidates, or both.

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Elitism

Elitism is the notion that individuals who form an elite — a select group with desirable qualities such as intellect, wealth, power, physical attractiveness, notability, special skills, experience, lineage — are more likely to be constructive to society and deserve greater influence or authority.

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Emilio Gentile

Emilio Gentile (born 1946, Bojano) is an Italian historian and professor, specializing in the history, ideology, and culture of Italian fascism.

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Encyclopædia Britannica

The British Encyclopaedia is a general knowledge English-language encyclopaedia.

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Enemy

An enemy or a foe is an individual or a group that is considered as forcefully adverse or threatening.

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Epistemology

Epistemology is the branch of philosophy concerned with knowledge.

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Ernesto Laclau

Ernesto Laclau (6 October 1935 – 13 April 2014) was an Argentine political theorist and philosopher.

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Ernst Nolte

Ernst Nolte (11 January 1923 – 18 August 2016) was a German historian and philosopher.

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Expansionism

Expansionism refers to states obtaining greater territory through military empire-building or colonialism.

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Fascism

Fascism is a far-right, authoritarian, ultranationalist political ideology and movement, characterized by a dictatorial leader, centralized autocracy, militarism, forcible suppression of opposition, belief in a natural social hierarchy, subordination of individual interests for the perceived good of the nation or race, and strong regimentation of society and the economy.

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Fascism and ideology

The history of fascist ideology is long and it draws on many sources. Definitions of fascism and fascism and ideology are fascism.

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Finance capitalism

Finance capitalism or financial capitalism is the subordination of processes of production to the accumulation of money profits in a financial system. Financial capitalism is thus a form of capitalism where the intermediation of saving to investment becomes a dominant function in the economy, with wider implications for the political process and social evolution.

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Financial crisis

A financial crisis is any of a broad variety of situations in which some financial assets suddenly lose a large part of their nominal value.

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Francisco Franco

Francisco Franco Bahamonde (4 December 1892 – 20 November 1975) was a Spanish military general who led the Nationalist forces in overthrowing the Second Spanish Republic during the Spanish Civil War and thereafter ruled over Spain from 1939 to 1975 as a dictator, assuming the title Caudillo.

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Franklin D. Roosevelt

Franklin Delano Roosevelt (January 30, 1882April 12, 1945), commonly known by his initials FDR, was an American politician who served as the 32nd president of the United States from 1933 until his death in 1945.

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Free Inquiry

Free Inquiry is a bimonthly journal of secular humanist opinion and commentary published by the Council for Secular Humanism, a program of the Center for Inquiry.

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French Revolution

The French Revolution was a period of political and societal change in France that began with the Estates General of 1789, and ended with the coup of 18 Brumaire in November 1799 and the formation of the French Consulate.

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Friedrich Nietzsche

Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche (15 October 1844 – 25 August 1900) was a German classical scholar, philosopher, and critic of culture, who became one of the most influential of all modern thinkers.

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Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling

Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling (27 January 1775 – 20 August 1854), later (after 1812) von Schelling, was a German philosopher.

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General will

In political philosophy, the general will (volonté générale) is the will of the people as a whole.

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Genocide

Genocide is the intentional destruction of a people, either in whole or in part.

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Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel

Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel (27 August 1770 – 14 November 1831) was a German philosopher and one of the most influential figures of German idealism and 19th-century philosophy.

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George Lakoff

George Philip Lakoff (born May 24, 1941) is an American cognitive linguist and philosopher, best known for his thesis that people's lives are significantly influenced by the conceptual metaphors they use to explain complex phenomena.

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George Orwell

Eric Arthur Blair (25 June 1903 – 21 January 1950) was a British novelist, poet, essayist, journalist, and critic who wrote under the pen name of George Orwell, a name inspired by his favourite place River Orwell.

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Georgi Dimitrov

Georgi Dimitrov Mihaylov (Bulgarian: Гео̀рги Димитро̀в Миха̀йлов) also known as Georgiy Mihaylovich Dimitrov (Гео́ргий Миха́йлович Дими́тров; 18 June 1882 – 2 July 1949), was a Bulgarian communist politician who served as leader of the Bulgarian Communist Party from 1933 to 1949, and the first leader of the Communist People's Republic of Bulgaria from 1946 to 1949.

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Google Books

Google Books (previously known as Google Book Search, Google Print, and by its code-name Project Ocean) is a service from Google that searches the full text of books and magazines that Google has scanned, converted to text using optical character recognition (OCR), and stored in its digital database.

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Government

A government is the system or group of people governing an organized community, generally a state. Definitions of fascism and government are political terminology.

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György Lukács

György Lukács (born György Bernát Löwinger; szegedi Lukács György Bernát; Georg Bernard Baron Lukács von Szegedin; 13 April 1885 – 4 June 1971) was a Hungarian Marxist philosopher, literary historian, literary critic, and aesthetician.

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Harvard University Press

Harvard University Press (HUP) is a publishing house established on January 13, 1913, as a division of Harvard University, and focused on academic publishing.

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Henri Bergson

Henri-Louis Bergson (18 October 1859 – 4 January 1941) was a French philosopherHenri Bergson.

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Henri Massis

Henri Massis (21 March 1886 – 16 April 1970) was a French conservative essayist, literary critic and literary historian.

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Hero

A hero (feminine: heroine) is a real person or a main fictional character who, in the face of danger, combats adversity through feats of ingenuity, courage, or strength.

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Hierarchy

A hierarchy (from Greek:, from, 'president of sacred rites') is an arrangement of items (objects, names, values, categories, etc.) that are represented as being "above", "below", or "at the same level as" one another.

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Hoover Institution

The Hoover Institution (officially The Hoover Institution on War, Revolution, and Peace) is an American public policy think tank which promotes personal and economic liberty, free enterprise, and limited government.

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How Fascism Works

How Fascism Works: The Politics of Us and Them is a 2018 nonfiction book by Jason Stanley, the Jacob Urowsky Professor of Philosophy at Yale University.

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Human rights

Human rights are moral principles or normsJames Nickel, with assistance from Thomas Pogge, M.B.E. Smith, and Leif Wenar, 13 December 2013, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy,.

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Humanism

Humanism is a philosophical stance that emphasizes the individual and social potential, and agency of human beings, whom it considers the starting point for serious moral and philosophical inquiry.

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Ian Kershaw

Sir Ian Kershaw (born 29 April 1943) is an English historian whose work has chiefly focused on the social history of 20th-century Germany.

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Ideology

An ideology is a set of beliefs or philosophies attributed to a person or group of persons, especially those held for reasons that are not purely epistemic, in which "practical elements are as prominent as theoretical ones". Definitions of fascism and ideology are political terminology.

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Immigration

Immigration is the international movement of people to a destination country of which they are not usual residents or where they do not possess nationality in order to settle as permanent residents.

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Imperialism

Imperialism is the practice, theory or attitude of maintaining or extending power over foreign nations, particularly through expansionism, employing both hard power (military and economic power) and soft power (diplomatic power and cultural imperialism).

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Implacable hostility

In family law in the United Kingdom implacable hostility denotes the attitude shown by one parent to another in denying access to, or contact with, their child(ren) after separation or divorce.

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Instinct

Instinct is the inherent inclination of a living organism towards a particular complex behaviour, containing innate (inborn) elements.

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Intellectual

An intellectual is a person who engages in critical thinking, research, and reflection about the reality of society, and who proposes solutions for its normative problems.

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Interwar period

In the history of the 20th century, the interwar period (or interbellum) lasted from 11November 1918 to 1September 1939 (20years, 9months, 21days) – from the end of World War I (WWI) to the beginning of World War II (WWII).

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Intuition

Intuition is the ability to acquire knowledge, without recourse to conscious reasoning or needing an explanation.

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Irrationalism

Irrationalism is a philosophical movement that emerged in the early 19th century, emphasizing the non-rational dimension of human life.

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Irredentism

Irredentism is one state's desire to annex the territory of another state.

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Italy

Italy, officially the Italian Republic, is a country in Southern and Western Europe.

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Jason Stanley

Jason Stanley (born 1969) is an American philosopher who is the Jacob Urowsky Professor of Philosophy at Yale University.

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John Lukacs

John Adalbert Lukacs (Hungarian: Lukács János Albert; 31 January 1924 – 6 May 2019) was a Hungarian-born American historian and author of more than thirty books.

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Knowledge

Knowledge is an awareness of facts, a familiarity with individuals and situations, or a practical skill.

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Leon Trotsky

Lev Davidovich Bronstein (– 21 August 1940), better known as Leon Trotsky, was a Russian revolutionary, Soviet politician, and political theorist.

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Liberal democracy

Liberal democracy, western-style democracy, or substantive democracy is a form of government that combines the organization of a representative democracy with ideas of liberal political philosophy.

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Liberalism

Liberalism is a political and moral philosophy based on the rights of the individual, liberty, consent of the governed, political equality, right to private property and equality before the law.

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Liberalism (book)

Liberalism (original German title: Liberalismus) is a book by Austrian School economist and libertarian thinker Ludwig von Mises, containing economic analysis and indicting critique of socialism.

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Ludwig von Mises

Ludwig Heinrich Edler von Mises (29 September 1881 – 10 October 1973) was an Austrian–American Austrian School economist, historian, logician, and sociologist.

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Luis Britto García

Luis Britto García (born 9 October 1940, in Caracas) is a Venezuelan writer, playwright and essayist.

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Machismo

Machismo is the sense of being "manly" and self-reliant, a concept associated with "a strong sense of masculine pride: an exaggerated masculinity".

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Mark Johnson (philosopher)

Mark L. Johnson (born 24 May 1949 in Kansas City, Missouri) is Knight Professor of Liberal Arts and Sciences in the Department of Philosophy at the University of Oregon.

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Marxism

Marxism is a political philosophy and method of socioeconomic analysis.

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Marxists Internet Archive

Marxists Internet Archive (also known as MIA or Marxists.org) is a non-profit online encyclopedia that hosts a multilingual library (created in 1990) of the works of communist, anarchist, and socialist writers, such as Karl Marx, Friedrich Engels, Vladimir Lenin, Leon Trotsky, Joseph Stalin, Mao Zedong, Rosa Luxemburg, Mikhail Bakunin, Peter Kropotkin and Pierre-Joseph Proudhon, as well as that of writers of related ideologies, and even unrelated ones (for instance, Sun Tzu).

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Mass media include the diverse arrays of media that reach a large audience via mass communication.

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Merriam-Webster

Merriam-Webster, Incorporated is an American company that publishes reference books and is mostly known for its dictionaries.

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Metaphysics is the branch of philosophy that examines the basic structure of reality.

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Middle class

The middle class refers to a class of people in the middle of a social hierarchy, often defined by occupation, income, education, or social status.

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Militarism

Militarism is the belief or the desire of a government or a people that a state should maintain a strong military capability and to use it aggressively to expand national interests and/or values.

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Millenarianism

Millenarianism or millenarism is the belief by a religious, social, or political group or movement in a coming fundamental transformation of society, after which "all things will be changed".

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Mysticism

Mysticism is popularly known as becoming one with God or the Absolute, but may refer to any kind of ecstasy or altered state of consciousness which is given a religious or spiritual meaning.

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Myth

Myth is a genre of folklore consisting primarily of narratives that play a fundamental role in a society.

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Nation

A nation is a large type of social organization where a collective identity, a national identity, has emerged from a combination of shared features across a given population, such as language, history, ethnicity, culture, territory or society.

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National Autonomous University of Mexico

The National Autonomous University of Mexico (Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, UNAM), is a public research university in Mexico.

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National security

National security, or national defence (national defense in American English), is the security and defence of a sovereign state, including its citizens, economy, and institutions, which is regarded as a duty of government. Definitions of fascism and national security are political terminology.

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Nationalism

Nationalism is an idea and movement that holds that the nation should be congruent with the state.

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Nazi Germany

Nazi Germany, officially known as the German Reich and later the Greater German Reich, was the German state between 1933 and 1945, when Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party controlled the country, transforming it into a totalitarian dictatorship.

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Nazism

Nazism, formally National Socialism (NS; Nationalsozialismus), is the far-right totalitarian socio-political ideology and practices associated with Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party (NSDAP) in Germany. Definitions of fascism and Nazism are fascism.

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New Man (utopian concept)

The New Man is a utopian concept that involves the creation of a new ideal human being or citizen replacing un-ideal human beings or citizens.

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New York University Press

New York University Press (or NYU Press) is a university press that is part of New York University.

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Newspeak

In the dystopian novel Nineteen Eighty-Four (1949), by George Orwell, Newspeak is the fictional language of Oceania, a totalitarian superstate.

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NPR

National Public Radio (NPR, stylized as npr) is an American public broadcasting organization headquartered in Washington, D.C., with its NPR West headquarters in Culver City, California.

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Oppression

Oppression is malicious or unjust treatment of, or exercise of power over, a group of individuals, often in the form of governmental authority or cultural opprobrium.

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Oxford University Press

Oxford University Press (OUP) is the publishing house of the University of Oxford.

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Palgrave Macmillan

Palgrave Macmillan is a British academic and trade publishing company headquartered in the London Borough of Camden.

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Palingenetic ultranationalism

Palingenetic ultranationalism is a definition of "true fascism" proposed by political theorist Roger Griffin. Definitions of fascism and Palingenetic ultranationalism are fascism.

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Paramilitary

A paramilitary is a military that is not part of a country's official or legitimate armed forces.

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Pat Robertson

Marion Gordon "Pat" Robertson (March 22, 1930 – June 8, 2023) was an American media mogul, religious broadcaster, political commentator, presidential candidate, and charismatic minister.

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Pejorative

A pejorative word, phrase, slur, or derogatory term is a word or grammatical form expressing a negative or disrespectful connotation, a low opinion, or a lack of respect toward someone or something.

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Permutation

In mathematics, a permutation of a set can mean one of two different things.

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PM Press

PM Press is an independent publisher, founded in 2007, that specializes in radical literature.

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Political corruption

Political corruption is the use of powers by government officials or their network contacts for illegitimate private gain. Definitions of fascism and Political corruption are political terminology.

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Populism

Populism is a range of political stances that emphasize the idea of "the people" and often juxtapose this group with "the elite". Definitions of fascism and Populism are political terminology.

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Princeton University Press

Princeton University Press is an independent publisher with close connections to Princeton University.

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Progressivism

Progressivism is a political philosophy and movement that seeks to advance the human condition through social reform – primarily based on purported advancements in social organization, science, and technology.

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Proletarian revolution

A proletarian revolution or proletariat revolution is a social revolution in which the working class attempts to overthrow the bourgeoisie and change the previous political system.

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Punishment

Punishment, commonly, is the imposition of an undesirable or unpleasant outcome upon a group or individual, meted out by an authority—in contexts ranging from child discipline to criminal law—as a response and deterrent to a particular action or behavior that is deemed undesirable or unacceptable.

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Racism

Racism is discrimination and prejudice against people based on their race or ethnicity.

See Definitions of fascism and Racism

Rationalism

In philosophy, rationalism is the epistemological view that "regards reason as the chief source and test of knowledge" or "any view appealing to reason as a source of knowledge or justification",Lacey, A.R. (1996), A Dictionary of Philosophy, 1st edition, Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1976.

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Reactionary

In political science, a reactionary or a reactionist is a person who holds political views that favor a return to the status quo ante—the previous political state of society—which the person believes possessed positive characteristics that are absent from contemporary society.

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Reactionary modernism

Reactionary modernism is a term first coined by Jeffrey Herf in the 1980s to describe the mixture of "great enthusiasm for modern technology with a rejection of the Enlightenment and the values and institutions of liberal democracy" that was characteristic of the German Conservative Revolutionary movement and Nazism.

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Reason

Reason is the capacity of applying logic consciously by drawing conclusions from new or existing information, with the aim of seeking the truth.

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Recto and verso

Recto is the "right" or "front" side and verso is the "left" or "back" side when text is written or printed on a leaf of paper in a bound item such as a codex, book, broadsheet, or pamphlet.

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Religion

Religion is a range of social-cultural systems, including designated behaviors and practices, morals, beliefs, worldviews, texts, sanctified places, prophecies, ethics, or organizations, that generally relate humanity to supernatural, transcendental, and spiritual elements—although there is no scholarly consensus over what precisely constitutes a religion.

See Definitions of fascism and Religion

Revolutionary nationalism

Revolutionary nationalism is a name that has been applied to the political philosophy of many different types of nationalist political movements that wish to achieve their goals through a revolution against the established order. Definitions of fascism and Revolutionary nationalism are fascism.

See Definitions of fascism and Revolutionary nationalism

Right-wing populism

Right-wing populism, also called right populism, is a political ideology that combines right-wing politics with populist rhetoric and themes. Definitions of fascism and right-wing populism are political terminology.

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Robert Paxton

Robert Owen Paxton (born June 15, 1932) is an American political scientist and historian specializing in Vichy France, fascism, and Europe during the World War II era.

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Roger Griffin

Roger David Griffin (born 31 January 1948) is a British professor of modern history and political theorist at Oxford Brookes University, England.

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Roman Empire

The Roman Empire was the state ruled by the Romans following Octavian's assumption of sole rule under the Principate in 27 BC, the post-Republican state of ancient Rome.

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Romanticism and economics

Several economic theories of the first half of the 19th century were influenced by Romanticism, most notably those developed by Adam Müller, Simonde de Sismondi, Johann Gottlieb Fichte and Thomas Carlyle.

See Definitions of fascism and Romanticism and economics

Routledge

Routledge is a British multinational publisher.

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Ruling class

In sociology, the ruling class of a society is the social class who set and decide the political and economic agenda of society.

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Ruth Ben-Ghiat

Ruth Ben-Ghiat is an American historian.

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Scapegoating

Scapegoating is the practice of singling out a person or group for unmerited blame and consequent negative treatment.

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Scientific racism

Scientific racism, sometimes termed biological racism, is the pseudoscientific belief that the human species is divided into biologically distinct taxa called "races", and that empirical evidence exists to support or justify racial discrimination, racial inferiority, or racial superiority.

See Definitions of fascism and Scientific racism

Secular humanism

Secular humanism is a philosophy, belief system, or life stance that embraces human reason, logic, secular ethics, and philosophical naturalism, while specifically rejecting religious dogma, supernaturalism, and superstition as the basis of morality and decision-making.

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Sexism

Sexism is prejudice or discrimination based on one's sex or gender.

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Sheed and Ward

Sheed and Ward is a publishing house founded in London in 1926 by Catholic activists Frank Sheed and Maisie Ward.

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The Social Science Research Council (SSRC) is a US-based, independent, international nonprofit organization dedicated to advancing research in the social sciences and related disciplines.

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Socialism is an economic and political philosophy encompassing diverse economic and social systems characterised by social ownership of the means of production, as opposed to private ownership.

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Stanford University

Stanford University (officially Leland Stanford Junior University) is a private research university in Stanford, California.

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Stanley G. Payne

Stanley George Payne (born September 9, 1934) is an American historian of modern Spain and European fascism at the University of Wisconsin–Madison.

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Syncretism

Syncretism is the practice of combining different beliefs and various schools of thought.

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Syracuse University Press

Syracuse University Press, founded in 1943, is a university press that is part of Syracuse University.

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Terrorism

Terrorism, in its broadest sense, is the use of violence against non-combatants to achieve political or ideological aims.

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The Anatomy of Fascism

The Anatomy of Fascism is a 2004 book by Robert O. Paxton, published by Alfred A. Knopf.

See Definitions of fascism and The Anatomy of Fascism

The arts

The arts or creative arts are a vast range of human practices of creative expression, storytelling, and cultural participation.

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The Atlantic

The Atlantic is an American magazine and multi-platform publisher.

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The Doctrine of Fascism

"The Doctrine of Fascism" (italics) is an essay attributed to Benito Mussolini.

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The Lion and the Unicorn: Socialism and the English Genius

"The Lion and the Unicorn: Socialism and the English Genius" is an essay by George Orwell expressing his opinions on the situation in World War II-era Britain.

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The New World Order (Robertson book)

The New World Order is a book authored by Pat Robertson, published in 1991 by Word Publishing.

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Thomas Carlyle

Thomas Carlyle (4 December 17955 February 1881) was a Scottish essayist, historian, and philosopher from the Scottish Lowlands.

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Time (magazine)

Time (stylized in all caps as TIME) is an American news magazine based in New York City.

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To Hell and Back (Kershaw book)

To Hell and Back: Europe 1914–1949 is a book on the history of Europe, written by Ian Kershaw.

See Definitions of fascism and To Hell and Back (Kershaw book)

Toleration

Toleration is when one allows, permits, an action, idea, object, or person that one dislikes or disagrees with.

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Tom Nichols (academic)

Thomas Michael Nichols (born December 7, 1960) is an American writer, academic specialist on international affairs, and retired professor at the U.S. Naval War College.

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Totalitarianism

Totalitarianism is a political system and a form of government that prohibits opposition political parties, disregards and outlaws the political claims of individual and group opposition to the state, and controls the public sphere and the private sphere of society.

See Definitions of fascism and Totalitarianism

Trade union

A trade union (British English) or labor union (American English), often simply referred to as a union, is an organization of workers whose purpose is to maintain or improve the conditions of their employment, such as attaining better wages and benefits, improving working conditions, improving safety standards, establishing complaint procedures, developing rules governing status of employees (rules governing promotions, just-cause conditions for termination) and protecting and increasing the bargaining power of workers.

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Treason

Treason is the crime of attacking a state authority to which one owes allegiance.

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Treaty of Versailles

The Treaty of Versailles was a peace treaty signed on 28 June 1919.

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Tribune (magazine)

Tribune is a democratic socialist political magazine founded in 1937 and published in London, initially as a newspaper, then converting to a magazine in 2001.

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Tulane Law Review

The Tulane Law Review, a publication of the Tulane University Law School, was founded in 1916, and is currently published five times annually.

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Ultraconservatism

Ultraconservatism refers to extreme conservative views in politics or religious practice. Definitions of fascism and Ultraconservatism are political terminology.

See Definitions of fascism and Ultraconservatism

Ultranationalism

Ultranationalism or extreme nationalism is an extreme form of nationalism in which a country asserts or maintains detrimental hegemony, supremacy, or other forms of control over other nations (usually through violent coercion) to pursue its specific interests. Definitions of fascism and Ultranationalism are fascism.

See Definitions of fascism and Ultranationalism

Umberto Eco

Umberto Eco (5 January 1932 – 19 February 2016) was an Italian medievalist, philosopher, semiotician, novelist, cultural critic, and political and social commentator.

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United States Holocaust Memorial Museum

The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum (USHMM) is the United States' official memorial to the Holocaust.

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University of Missouri Press

The University of Missouri Press is a university press operated by the University of Missouri in Columbia, Missouri and London, England; it was founded in 1958 primarily through the efforts of English professor William Peden.

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University of Wisconsin Press

The University of Wisconsin Press (sometimes abbreviated as UW Press) is a non-profit university press publishing peer-reviewed books and journals.

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Ur-Fascism

“Ur-Fascism” or “Eternal Fascism: Fourteen Ways of Looking at a Blackshirt” (in Italian: Il fascismo eterno, or Ur-Fascismo) is a renowned essay authored by the Italian philosopher, novelist, and semiotician Umberto Eco.

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Utopia

A utopia typically describes an imaginary community or society that possesses highly desirable or near-perfect qualities for its members.

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Vintage Books

Vintage Books is a trade paperback publishing imprint of Penguin Random House originally established by Alfred A. Knopf in 1954.

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Vladimir Lenin

Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov (1870 – 21 January 1924), better known as Vladimir Lenin, was a Russian revolutionary, politician and political theorist.

See Definitions of fascism and Vladimir Lenin

War

War is an armed conflict between the armed forces of states, or between governmental forces and armed groups that are organized under a certain command structure and have the capacity to sustain military operations, or between such organized groups.

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Working class

The working class is a subset of employees who are compensated with wage or salary-based contracts, whose exact membership varies from definition to definition.

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World War II

World War II or the Second World War (1 September 1939 – 2 September 1945) was a global conflict between two alliances: the Allies and the Axis powers.

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Xenophobia

Xenophobia (from ξένος (xénos), "strange, foreign, or alien", and (phóbos), "fear") is the fear or dislike of anything which is perceived as being foreign or strange.

See Definitions of fascism and Xenophobia

Yale University

Yale University is a private Ivy League research university in New Haven, Connecticut.

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Zeev Sternhell

Zeev Sternhell (זאב שטרנהל; 10 April 1935 – 21 June 2020) was a Polish-born Israeli historian, political scientist, commentator on the Israeli–Palestinian conflict, and writer.

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7th World Congress of the Comintern

The Seventh World Congress of the Communist International (Comintern) was a multinational conference held in Moscow from July 25 through August 20, 1935 by delegated representatives of ruling and non-ruling communist parties from around the world and invited guests representing other political and organized labor organizations.

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References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Definitions_of_fascism

Also known as 14 signs of fascism, A History of Fascism, 1914–1945, Anti-Monopoly (article), At the same time too strong and too weak, Contempt for the weak, Cult of action, Cult of tradition, Definition of Fascism, Disagreement is treason, Eternal fascism, Everyone is educated to become a hero, Fascism: Comparison and Definition, Fascism: What It Is and How to Fight It, Fascist minimum, Fear of difference, Fourteen signs of fascism, Kevin Passmore, Message from the President of the United States Transmitting Recommendations Relative to the Strengthening and Enforcement of Anti-trust Laws, Message to Congress on Curbing Monopolies, Message to Congress on the Concentration of Economic Power, Pacifism is trafficking with the enemy, Popular elitism, Selective populism, Shopkeepers at War, The Birth of Fascist Ideology, The Birth of Fascist Ideology: From Cultural Rebellion to Political Revolution, The Fascist Offensive and the Tasks of the Communist International, The Fascist Tradition, The Fascist Tradition: Radical Right-Wing Extremism in Modern Europe, The Ideology of Fascism, The Ideology of Fascism: The Rationale of Totalitarianism, The Sacralization of Politics in Fascist Italy, The enemy is both strong and weak, The nature of fascism, Ur Fascism, Ur-fascism, What is Fascism, What is Fascism?.

, Enemy, Epistemology, Ernesto Laclau, Ernst Nolte, Expansionism, Fascism, Fascism and ideology, Finance capitalism, Financial crisis, Francisco Franco, Franklin D. Roosevelt, Free Inquiry, French Revolution, Friedrich Nietzsche, Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling, General will, Genocide, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, George Lakoff, George Orwell, Georgi Dimitrov, Google Books, Government, György Lukács, Harvard University Press, Henri Bergson, Henri Massis, Hero, Hierarchy, Hoover Institution, How Fascism Works, Human rights, Humanism, Ian Kershaw, Ideology, Immigration, Imperialism, Implacable hostility, Instinct, Intellectual, Interwar period, Intuition, Irrationalism, Irredentism, Italy, Jason Stanley, John Lukacs, Knowledge, Leon Trotsky, Liberal democracy, Liberalism, Liberalism (book), Ludwig von Mises, Luis Britto García, Machismo, Mark Johnson (philosopher), Marxism, Marxists Internet Archive, Mass media, Merriam-Webster, Metaphysics, Middle class, Militarism, Millenarianism, Mysticism, Myth, Nation, National Autonomous University of Mexico, National security, Nationalism, Nazi Germany, Nazism, New Man (utopian concept), New York University Press, Newspeak, NPR, Oppression, Oxford University Press, Palgrave Macmillan, Palingenetic ultranationalism, Paramilitary, Pat Robertson, Pejorative, Permutation, PM Press, Political corruption, Populism, Princeton University Press, Progressivism, Proletarian revolution, Punishment, Racism, Rationalism, Reactionary, Reactionary modernism, Reason, Recto and verso, Religion, Revolutionary nationalism, Right-wing populism, Robert Paxton, Roger Griffin, Roman Empire, Romanticism and economics, Routledge, Ruling class, Ruth Ben-Ghiat, Scapegoating, Scientific racism, Secular humanism, Sexism, Sheed and Ward, Social Science Research Council, Socialism, Stanford University, Stanley G. Payne, Syncretism, Syracuse University Press, Terrorism, The Anatomy of Fascism, The arts, The Atlantic, The Doctrine of Fascism, The Lion and the Unicorn: Socialism and the English Genius, The New World Order (Robertson book), Thomas Carlyle, Time (magazine), To Hell and Back (Kershaw book), Toleration, Tom Nichols (academic), Totalitarianism, Trade union, Treason, Treaty of Versailles, Tribune (magazine), Tulane Law Review, Ultraconservatism, Ultranationalism, Umberto Eco, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, University of Missouri Press, University of Wisconsin Press, Ur-Fascism, Utopia, Vintage Books, Vladimir Lenin, War, Working class, World War II, Xenophobia, Yale University, Zeev Sternhell, 7th World Congress of the Comintern.

Definitions of fascism, the Glossary

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